DNSEXT Working Group Olafur Gudmundsson INTERNET-DRAFT June 2003 Updates: RFC 1035, RFC 2535, RFC 3008, RFC 3090. Delegation Signer Resource Record Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as ``work in progress.'' The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html This draft expires on January 19, 2004. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All rights reserved. Abstract The delegation signer (DS) resource record is inserted at a zone cut (i.e., a delegation point) to indicate that the delegated zone is digitally signed and that the delegated zone recognizes the indicated key as a valid zone key for the delegated zone. The DS RR is a modification to the DNS Security Extensions definition, motivated by operational considerations. The intent is to use this resource record as an explicit statement about the delegation, rather than relying on inference. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 1] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 This document defines the DS RR, gives examples of how it is used and describes the implications on resolvers. This change is not backwards compatible with RFC 2535. This document updates RFC1035, RFC2535, RFC3008 and RFC3090. Table of contents Status of this Memo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Reserved Words" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Specification of the Delegation key Signer" . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Delegation Signer Record Model" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Protocol Change" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 RFC2535 2.3.4 and 3.4: Special Considerations at Delegation Points" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.1.1 Special processing for DS queries" . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.1.2 Special processing when child and an ancestor share server" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.1.3 Modification on use of KEY RR in the construction of Responses" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2 Signer's Name (replaces RFC3008 section 2.7)" . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3 Changes to RFC3090" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3.1 RFC3090: Updates to section 1: Introduction" . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3.2 RFC3090 section 2.1: Globally Secured" . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.3.3 RFC3090 section 3: Experimental Status." . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2.4 NULL KEY elimination" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Comments on Protocol Changes" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 Wire Format of the DS record" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4.1 Justifications for Fields" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.5 Presentation Format of the DS Record" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.6 Transition Issues for Installed Base" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.6.1 Backwards compatibility with RFC2535 and RFC1035" . . . . . . 12 2.7 KEY and corresponding DS record example" . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Resolver" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 DS Example" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Resolver Cost Estimates for DS Records" . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4 Security Considerations: " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5 IANA Considerations: " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6 Acknowledgments" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Normative References: " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Informational References" " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Author Address" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Full Copyright Statement" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 2] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 1 Introduction Familiarity with the DNS system [RFC1035], DNS security extensions [RFC2535] and DNSSEC terminology [RFC3090] is important. Experience shows that when the same data can reside in two administratively different DNS zones, the data frequently gets out of sync. The presence of an NS RRset in a zone anywhere other than at the apex indicates a zone cut or delegation. The RDATA of the NS RRset specifies the authoritative servers for the delegated or "child" zone. Based on actual measurements, 10-30% of all delegations on the Internet have differing NS RRsets at parent and child. There are a number of reasons for this, including a lack of communication between parent and child and bogus name servers being listed to meet registry requirements. DNSSEC [RFC2535,RFC3008,RFC3090] specifies that a child zone needs to have its KEY RRset signed by its parent to create a verifiable chain of KEYs. There has been some debate on where the signed KEY RRset should reside, whether at the child [RFC2535] or at the parent. If the KEY RRset resides at the child, maintaining the signed KEY RRset in the child requires frequent two-way communication between the two parties. First the child transmits the KEY RRset to the parent and then the parent sends the signature(s) to the child. Storing the KEY RRset at the parent was thought to simplify the communication. DNSSEC [RFC2535] requires that the parent store a NULL KEY record for an unsecure child zone to indicate that the child is unsecure. A NULL KEY record is a waste: an entire signed RRset is used to communicate effectively one bit of information--that the child is unsecure. Chasing down NULL KEY RRsets complicates the resolution process in many cases, because servers for both parent and child need to be queried for the KEY RRset if the child server does not return it. Storing the KEY RRset only in the parent zone simplifies this and would allow the elimination of the NULL KEY RRsets entirely. For large delegation zones the cost of NULL keys is a significant barrier to deployment. Prior to the restrictions imposed by RFC3445[RFC3445], another implication of the DNSSEC key model is that the KEY record could be used to store public keys for other protocols in addition to DNSSEC keys. There are number of potential problems with this, including: 1. The KEY RRset can become quite large if many applications and protocols store their keys at the zone apex. Possible protocols are IPSEC, HTTP, SMTP, SSH and others that use public key cryptography. 2. The KEY RRset may require frequent updates. 3. The probability of compromised or lost keys, which trigger emergency key rollover procedures, increases. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 3] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 4. The parent may refuse to sign KEY RRsets with non-DNSSEC zone keys. 5. The parent may not meet the child's expectations of turnaround time for resigning the KEY RRset. Given these reasons, SIG@parent isn't any better than SIG/KEY@Child. 1.2 Reserved Words The key words "MAY","MAY NOT", "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "RECOMMENDED", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119. 2 Specification of the Delegation key Signer This section defines the Delegation Signer (DS) RR type (type code TBD) and the changes to DNS to accommodate it. 2.1 Delegation Signer Record Model This document presents a replacement for the DNSSEC KEY record chain of trust [RFC2535] that uses a new RR that resides only at the parent. This record identifies the key(s) that the child uses to self-sign its own KEY RRset. Even though DS identifies two roles for KEYs, Key Signing Key (KSK) and Zone Signing Key (ZSK), there is no requirement that zone use two different keys for these roles. It is expected that many small zones will only use one key, while larger zones will be more likely to use multiple keys. The chain of trust is now established by verifying the parent KEY RRset, the DS RRset from the parent and the KEY RRset at the child. This is cryptographically equivalent to using just KEY records. Communication between the parent and child is greatly reduced, since the child only needs to notify the parent about changes in keys that sign its apex KEY RRset. The parent is ignorant of all other keys in the child's apex KEY RRset. Furthermore, the child maintains full control over the apex KEY RRset and its content. The child can maintain any policies regarding its KEY usage for DNSSEC with minimal impact on the parent. Thus if the child wants to have frequent key rollover for its DNS zone keys, the parent does not need to be aware of it. The child can use one key to sign only its apex KEY RRset and a different key to sign the other RRsets in the zone. This model fits well with a slow roll out of DNSSEC and the islands of security model. In this model, someone who trusts "good.example." Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 4] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 can preconfigure a key from "good.example." as a trusted key, and from then on trusts any data signed by that key or that has a chain of trust to that key. If "example." starts advertising DS records, "good.example." does not have to change operations by suspending self-signing. DS records can be used in configuration files to identify trusted keys instead of KEY records. Another significant advantage is that the amount of information stored in large delegation zones is reduced: rather than the NULL KEY record at every unsecure delegation demanded by RFC 2535, only secure delegations require additional information in the form of a signed DS RRset. The main disadvantage of this approach is that verifying a zone's KEY RRset requires two signature verification operations instead of the one in RFC 2535 chain of trust. There is no impact on the number of signatures verified for other types of RRsets. 2.2 Protocol Change All DNS servers and resolvers that support DS MUST support the OK bit [RFC3225] and a larger message size [RFC3226]. In order for a delegation to be considered secure the delegation MUST contain a DS RRset. If a query contains the OK bit, a server returning a referral for the delegation MUST include the following RRsets in the authority section in this order: If DS RRset is present: parent's copy of child's NS RRset DS and SIG(DS) If no DS RRset is present: parent's copy of child's NS RRset parent's zone NXT and SIG(NXT) This increases the size of referral messages, possibly causing some or all glue to be omitted. If the DS or NXT RRsets with signatures do not fit in the DNS message, the TC bit MUST be set. Additional section processing is not changed. A DS RRset accompanying a NS RRset indicates that the child zone is secure. If a NS RRset exists without a DS RRset, the child zone is unsecure (from the parents point of view). DS RRsets MUST NOT appear at non-delegation points or at a zone's apex. Section 2.2.1 defines special considerations related to authoritative servers responding to DS queries and replaces RFC2535 sections 2.3.4 and 3.4. Section 2.2.2 replaces RFC3008 section 2.7, and section 2.2.3 updates RFC3090. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 5] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 2.2.1 RFC2535 2.3.4 and 3.4: Special Considerations at Delegation Points DNS security views each zone as a unit of data completely under the control of the zone owner with each entry (RRset) signed by a special private key held by the zone manager. But the DNS protocol views the leaf nodes in a zone that are also the apex nodes of a child zone (i.e., delegation points) as "really" belonging to the child zone. The corresponding domain names appear in two master files and might have RRsets signed by both the parent and child zones' keys. A retrieval could get a mixture of these RRsets and SIGs, especially since one server could be serving both the zone above and below a delegation point [RFC 2181]. Each DS RRset stored in the parent zone MUST be signed by at least one of the parent zone's private keys. The parent zone MUST NOT contain a KEY RRset at any delegation point. Delegations in the parent MAY contain only the following RR types: NS, DS, NXT and SIG. The NS RRset MUST NOT be signed. The NXT RRset is the exceptional case: it will always appear differently and authoritatively in both the parent and child zones if both are secure. A secure zone MUST contain a self-signed KEY RRset at its apex. Upon verifying the DS RRset from the parent, a resolver MAY trust any KEY identified in the DS RRset as a valid signer of the child's apex KEY RRset. Resolvers configured to trust one of the keys signing the KEY RRset MAY now treat any data signed by the zone keys in the KEY RRset as secure. In all other cases resolvers MUST consider the zone unsecure. A DS RRset MUST NOT appear at a zone's apex. An authoritative server queried for type DS MUST return the DS RRset in the answer section. 2.2.1.1 Special processing for DS queries When a server is authoritative for the parent zone at a delegation point and receives a query for the DS record at that name, it MUST answer based on data in the parent zone, return DS or negative answer. This is true whether or not it is also authoritative for the child zone. When the server is authoritative for the child zone at a delegation point but not the parent zone, there is no natural response, since the child zone is not authoritative for the DS record at the zone's apex. As these queries are only expected to originate from recursive servers which are not DS-aware, the authoritative server MUST answer with: RCODE: NOERROR AA bit: set Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 6] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 Answer Section: Empty Authority Section: SOA [+ SIG(SOA) + NXT + SIG(NXT)] That is, it answers as if it is authoritative and the DS record does not exist. DS-aware recursive servers will query the parent zone at delegation points, so will not be affected by this. A server authoritative for only the child zone, that is also a caching server MAY (if the RD bit is set in the query) perform recursion to find the DS record at the delegation point, or MAY return the DS record from its cache. In this case, the AA bit MUST not be set in the response. 2.2.1.2 Special processing when child and an ancestor share server Special rules are needed to permit DS RR aware servers to gracefully interact with older caches which otherwise might falsely label a server as lame because of the placement of the DS RR set. Such a situation might arise when a server is authoritative for both a zone and it's grandparent, but not the parent. This sounds like an obscure example, but it is very real. The root zone is currently served on 13 machines, and "root-servers.net." is served on 4 of the same 13, but "net." is served elsewhere. When a server receives a query for (, DS, ), the response MUST be determined from reading these rules in order: 1) If the server is authoritative for the zone that holds the DS RR set (i.e., the zone that delegates , aka the "parent" zone), the response contains the DS RR set as an authoritative answer. 2) If the server is offering recursive service and the RD bit is set in the query, the server performs the query itself (according to the rules for resolvers described below) and returns its findings. 3) If the server is authoritative for the zone that holds the 's SOA RR set, the response is an authoritative negative answer as described in 2.2.1.1. 4) If the server is authoritative for a zone or zones above the QNAME, a referral to the most enclosing zone's servers is made. 5) If the server is not authoritative for any part of the QNAME, a response indicating a lame server for QNAME is given. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 7] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 Using these rules will require some special processing on the part of a DS RR aware resolver. To illustrate this, an example is used. Assuming a server is authoritative for roots.example.net. and for the root zone but not the intervening two zones (or the intervening two label deep zone). Assume that QNAME=roots.example.net., QTYPE=DS, and QCLASS=IN. The resolver will issue this request (assuming no cached data) expecting a referral to a net. server. Instead, rule number 3 above applies and a negative answer is returned by the server. The reaction by the resolver is not to accept this answer as final as it can determine from the SOA RR in the negative answer the context within which the server has answered. A solution to this is to instruct the resolver to hunt for the authoritative zone of the data in a brute force manner. This can be accomplished by taking the owner name of the returned SOA RR and striping off enough left-hand labels until a successful NS response is obtained. A successful response here means that the answer has NS records in it. (Entertaining the possibility that a cut point can be two labels down in a zone.) Returning to the example, the response will include a negative answer with either the SOA RR for "roots.example.net." or "example.net." depending on whether roots.example.net is a delegated domain. In either case, removing the left most label of the SOA owner name will lead to the location of the desired data. 2.2.1.3 Modification on use of KEY RR in the construction of Responses This section updates RFC2535 section 3.5 by replacing it with the following: A query for KEY RR MUST NOT trigger any additional section processing. Security aware resolvers will include corresponding SIG records in the answer section. KEY records SHOULD NOT be added to the additional records section in response to any query. RFC2535 specified that KEY records be added to the additional section when SOA or NS records where included in an answer. This was done to reduce round trips (in the case of SOA) and to force out NULL KEYs (in the NS case). As this document obsoletes NULL keys there is no need for the inclusion of KEYs with NSs. Furthermore as SOAs are included in the authority section of negative answers, including the Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 8] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 KEYs each time will cause redundant transfers of KEYs. RFC2535 section 3.5 also included rule for adding the KEY RRset to the response for a query for A and AAAA types. As Restrict KEY[RFC3445] eliminated use of KEY RR by all applications this rule is no longer needed. 2.2.2 Signer's Name (replaces RFC3008 section 2.7) The signer's name field of a SIG RR MUST contain the name of the zone to which the data and signature belong. The combination of signer's name, key tag, and algorithm MUST identify a zone key if the SIG is to be considered material. This document defines a standard policy for DNSSEC validation; local policy MAY override the standard policy. There are no restrictions on the signer field of a SIG(0) record. The combination of signer's name, key tag, and algorithm MUST identify a key if this SIG(0) is to be processed. 2.2.3 Changes to RFC3090 A number of sections of RFC3090 need to be updated to reflect the DS record. 2.2.3.1 RFC3090: Updates to section 1: Introduction Most of the text is still relevant but the words ``NULL key'' are to be replaced with ``missing DS RRset''. In section 1.3 the last three paragraphs discuss the confusion in sections of RFC 2535 that are replaced in section 2.2.1 above. Therefore, these paragraphs are now obsolete. 2.2.3.2 RFC3090 section 2.1: Globally Secured Rule 2.1.b is replaced by the following rule: 2.1.b. The KEY RRset at a zone's apex MUST be self-signed by a private key whose public counterpart MUST appear in a zone signing KEY RR (2.a) owned by the zone's apex and specifying a mandatory-to- implement algorithm. This KEY RR MUST be identified by a DS RR in a signed DS RRset in the parent zone. If a zone cannot get its parent to advertise a DS record for it, the child zone cannot be considered globally secured. The only exception to this is the root zone, for which there is no parent zone. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 9] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 2.2.3.3 RFC3090 section 3: Experimental Status. The only difference between experimental status and globally secured is the missing DS RRset in the parent zone. All locally secured zones are experimental. 2.2.4 NULL KEY elimination RFC3445 section 3 eliminates the top two bits in the flags field of KEY RR. These two bits were used to indicate NULL KEY or NO KEY. RFC3090 defines that zone is either secure or not, these rules eliminates the possible need to put NULL keys in the zone apex to indicate that the zone is not secured for a algorithm. Along with this document these other two eliminate all uses for the NULL KEY, This document obsoletes NULL KEY. 2.3 Comments on Protocol Changes Over the years there have been various discussions surrounding the DNS delegation model, declaring it to be broken because there is no good way to assert if a delegation exists. In the RFC2535 version of DNSSEC, the presence of the NS bit in the NXT bit map proves there is a delegation at this name. Something more explicit is needed and the DS record addresses this need for secure delegations. The DS record is a major change to DNS: it is the first resource record that can appear only on the upper side of a delegation. Adding it will cause interoperabilty problems and requires a flag day for DNSSEC. Many old servers and resolvers MUST be upgraded to take advantage of DS. Some old servers will be able to be authoritative for zones with DS records but will not add the NXT or DS records to the authority section. The same is true for caching servers; in fact, some might even refuse to pass on the DS or NXT records. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 10] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 2.4 Wire Format of the DS record The DS (type=TDB) record contains these fields: key tag, algorithm, digest type, and the digest of a public key KEY record that is allowed and/or used to sign the child's apex KEY RRset. Other keys MAY sign the child's apex KEY RRset. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | key tag | algorithm | Digest type | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | digest (length depends on type) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | (SHA-1 digest is 20 bytes) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-| | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-| | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The key tag is calculated as specified in RFC2535. Algorithm MUST be an algorithm number assigned in the range 1..251 and the algorithm MUST be allowed to sign DNS data. The digest type is an identifier for the digest algorithm used. The digest is calculated over the canonical name of the delegated domain name followed by the whole RDATA of the KEY record (all four fields). digest = hash( canonical FQDN on KEY RR | KEY_RR_rdata) KEY_RR_rdata = Flags | Protocol | Algorithm | Public Key Digest type value 0 is reserved, value 1 is SHA-1, and reserving other types requires IETF standards action. For interoperabilty reasons, keeping number of digest algorithms low is strongly RECOMMENDED. The only reason to reserve additional digest types is to increase security. DS records MUST point to zone KEY records that are allowed to authenticate DNS data. The indicated KEY records protocol field MUST be set to 3; flag field bit 7 MUST be set to 1. The value of other flag bits is not significant for the purposes of this document. The size of the DS RDATA for type 1 (SHA-1) is 24 bytes, regardless of key size. New digest types probably will have larger digests. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 11] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 2.4.1 Justifications for Fields The algorithm and key tag fields are present to allow resolvers to quickly identify the candidate KEY records to examine. SHA-1 is a strong cryptographic checksum: it is computationally infeasible for an attacker to generate a KEY record that has the same SHA-1 digest. Combining the name of the key and the key rdata as input to the digest provides stronger assurance of the binding. Having the key tag in the DS record adds greater assurance than the SHA-1 digest alone, as there are now two different mapping functions. This format allows concise representation of the keys that the child will use, thus keeping down the size of the answer for the delegation, reducing the probability of DNS message overflow. The SHA-1 hash is strong enough to uniquely identify the key and is similar to the PGP key footprint. The digest type field is present for possible future expansion. The DS record is well suited to listing trusted keys for islands of security in configuration files. 2.5 Presentation Format of the DS Record The presentation format of the DS record consists of three numbers (key tag, algorithm and digest type) followed by the digest itself presented in hex: example. DS 12345 3 1 123456789abcdef67890123456789abcdef67890 2.6 Transition Issues for Installed Base No backwards compatibility with RFC2535 is provided. RFC2535-compliant resolvers will assume that all DS-secured delegations are locally secure. This is bad, but the DNSEXT Working Group has determined that rather than dealing with both RFC2535-secured zones and DS-secured zones, a rapid adoption of DS is preferable. Thus the only option for early adopters is to upgrade to DS as soon as possible. 2.6.1 Backwards compatibility with RFC2535 and RFC1035 This section documents how a resolver determines the type of delegation. RFC1035 delegation (in parent) has: RFC1035 NS RFC2535 adds the following two cases: Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 12] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 Secure RFC2535: NS + NXT + SIG(NXT) NXT bit map contains: NS SIG NXT Unsecure RFC2535: NS + KEY + SIG(KEY) + NXT + SIG(NXT) NXT bit map contains: NS SIG KEY NXT KEY must be a NULL key. DNSSEC with DS has the following two states: Secure DS: NS + DS + SIG(DS) NXT bit map contains: NS SIG NXT DS Unsecure DS: NS + NXT + SIG(NXT) NXT bit map contains: NS SIG NXT It is difficult for a resolver to determine if a delegation is secure RFC 2535 or unsecure DS. This could be overcome by adding a flag to the NXT bit map, but only upgraded resolvers would understand this flag, anyway. Having both parent and child signatures for a KEY RRset might allow old resolvers to accept a zone as secure, but the cost of doing this for a long time is much higher than just prohibiting RFC 2535-style signatures at child zone apexes and forcing rapid deployment of DS-enabled servers and resolvers. RFC 2535 and DS can in theory be deployed in parallel, but this would require resolvers to deal with RFC 2535 configurations forever. This document obsoletes the NULL KEY in parent zones, which is a difficult enough change that to cause a flag day. 2.7 KEY and corresponding DS record example This is an example of a KEY record and the corresponding DS record. dskey.example. KEY 256 3 1 ( AQPwHb4UL1U9RHaU8qP+Ts5bVOU1s7fYbj2b3CCbzNdj 4+/ECd18yKiyUQqKqQFWW5T3iVc8SJOKnueJHt/Jb/wt ) ; key id = 28668 DS 28668 1 1 49FD46E6C4B45C55D4AC69CBD3CD34AC1AFE51DE Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 13] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 3 Resolver 3.1 DS Example To create a chain of trust, a resolver goes from trusted KEY to DS to KEY. Assume the key for domain "example." is trusted. Zone "example." contains at least the following records: example. SOA example. NS ns.example. example. KEY example. NXT NS SOA KEY SIG NXT secure.example. example. SIG(SOA) example. SIG(NS) example. SIG(NXT) example. SIG(KEY) secure.example. NS ns1.secure.example. secure.example. DS tag=12345 alg=3 digest_type=1 secure.example. NXT NS SIG NXT DS unsecure.example. secure.example. SIG(NXT) secure.example. SIG(DS) unsecure.example NS ns1.unsecure.example. unsecure.example. NXT NS SIG NXT example. unsecure.example. SIG(NXT) In zone "secure.example." following records exist: secure.example. SOA secure.example. NS ns1.secure.example. secure.example. KEY secure.example. KEY secure.example. NXT secure.example. SIG(KEY) secure.example. SIG(SOA) secure.example. SIG(NS) secure.example. SIG(NXT) In this example the private key for "example." signs the DS record for "secure.example.", making that a secure delegation. The DS record states which key is expected to sign the KEY RRset at "secure.example.". Here "secure.example." signs its KEY RRset with the KEY identified in the DS RRset, thus the KEY RRset is validated and trusted. This example has only one DS record for the child, but parents MUST allow multiple DS records to facilitate key rollover and multiple KEY algorithms. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 14] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 The resolver determines the security status of "unsecure.example." by examining the parent zone's NXT record for this name. The absence of the DS bit indicates an unsecure delegation. Note the NXT record SHOULD only be examined after verifying the corresponding signature. 3.2 Resolver Cost Estimates for DS Records From a RFC2535 resolver point of view, for each delegation followed to chase down an answer, one KEY RRset has to be verified. Additional RRsets might also need to be verified based on local policy (e.g., the contents of the NS RRset). Once the resolver gets to the appropriate delegation, validating the answer might require verifying one or more signatures. A simple A record lookup requires at least N delegations to be verified and one RRset. For a DS-enabled resolver, the cost is 2N+1. For an MX record, where the target of the MX record is in the same zone as the MX record, the costs are N+2 and 2N+2, for RFC 2535 and DS, respectively. In the case of negatives answer the same ratios hold true. The resolver have to do an extra query to get the DS record and this increases the overall cost of resolving this question, but this is never worse than chasing down NULL KEY records from the parent in RFC2535 DNSSEC. DS adds processing overhead on resolvers and increases the size of delegation answers, but much less than storing signatures in the parent zone. 4 Security Considerations: This document proposes a change to the validation chain of KEY records in DNSSEC. The change is not believed to reduce security in the overall system. In RFC2535 DNSSEC, the child zone has to communicate keys to its parent and prudent parents will require some authentication with that transaction. The modified protocol will require the same authentication, but allows the child to exert more local control over its own KEY RRset. There is a remote possibility that an attacker could generate a valid KEY that matches all the DS fields, of a specific DS set, and thus forge data from the child. This possibility is considered impractical, as on average more than 2 ^ (160 - ) keys would have to be generated before a match would be found. An attacker that wants to match any DS record will have to generate on average at least 2^80 keys. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 15] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 The DS record represents a change to the DNSSEC protocol and there is an installed base of implementations, as well as textbooks on how to set up secure delegations. Implementations that do not understand the DS record will not be able to follow the KEY to DS to KEY chain and will consider all zones secured that way as unsecure. 5 IANA Considerations: IANA needs to allocate an RR type code for DS from the standard RR type space (type 43 requested). IANA needs to open a new registry for the DS RR type for digest algorithms. Defined types are: 0 is Reserved, 1 is SHA-1. Adding new reservations requires IETF standards action. 6 Acknowledgments Over the last few years a number of people have contributed ideas that are captured in this document. The core idea of using one key to sign only the KEY RRset comes from discussions with Bill Manning and Perry Metzger on how to put in a single root key in all resolvers. Alexis Yushin, Brian Wellington, Sam Weiler, Paul Vixie, Jakob Schlyter, Scott Rose, Edward Lewis, Lars-Johan Liman, Matt Larson, Mark Kosters, Dan Massey, Olaf Kolman, Phillip Hallam-Baker, Miek Gieben, Havard Eidnes, Donald Eastlake 3rd., Randy Bush, David Blacka, Steve Bellovin, Rob Austein, Derek Atkins, Roy Arends, Mark Andrews, Harald Alvestrand, and others have provided useful comments. Normative References: [RFC1035] P. Mockapetris, ``Domain Names - Implementation and Specification'', STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. [RFC2535] D. Eastlake, ``Domain Name System Security Extensions'', RFC 2535, March 1999. [RFC3008] B. Wellington, ``Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC) Signing Authority'', RFC 3008, November 2000. [RFC3090] E. Lewis `` DNS Security Extension Clarification on Zone Status'', RFC 3090, March 2001. [RFC3225] D. Conrad, ``Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC'', RFC 3225, December 2001. [RFC3445] D. Massey, S. Rose ``Limiting the scope of the KEY Resource Record (RR)``, RFC 3445, December 2002. Gudmundsson Expires January 2004 [Page 16] INTERNET-DRAFT Delegation Signer Record June 2003 Informational References [RFC2181] R. Elz, R. Bush, ``Clarifications to the DNS Specification'', RFC 2181, July 1997. [RFC3226] O. Gudmundsson, ``DNSSEC and IPv6 A6 aware server/resolver message size requirements'', RFC 3226, December 2001. Author Address Olafur Gudmundsson 3821 Village Park Drive Chevy Chase, MD, 20815 USA Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. 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