©Ą WebDAV L. Dusseault Internet-Draft OSAF Expires: January 15, 2005 J. Crawford IBM July 17, 2004 HTTP Extensions for Distributed Authoring - WebDAV RFC2518 bis draft-ietf-webdav-rfc2518bis-06 Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http:// www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on January 15, 2005. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved. Abstract WebDAV consists of a set of methods, headers, and content-types ancillary to HTTP/1.1 for the management of resource properties, creation and management of resource collections, namespace manipulation, and resource locking (collision avoidance). RFC2518 was published in February 1998, and this draft makes minor revisions mostly due to interoperability experience. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 1] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 1. Introduction This document describes an extension to the HTTP/1.1 protocol that allows clients to perform remote web content authoring operations. This extension provides a coherent set of methods, headers, request entity body formats, and response entity body formats that provide operations for: Properties: The ability to create, remove, and query information about Web pages, such as their authors, creation dates, etc. Also, the ability to link pages of any media type to related pages. Collections: The ability to create sets of documents and to retrieve a hierarchical membership listing (like a directory listing in a file system). Locking: The ability to keep more than one person from working on a document at the same time. This prevents the "lost update problem", in which modifications are lost as first one author then another writes changes without merging the other author's changes. Namespace Operations: The ability to instruct the server to copy and move Web resources. Requirements and rationale for these operations are described in a companion document, "Requirements for a Distributed Authoring and Versioning Protocol for the World Wide Web" (RFC2291) [15]. This standard does not specify the versioning operations suggested by RFC2291 [15]. That work was done in a separate document, "Versioning Extensions to WebDAV" (RFC3253) [18]. The sections below provide a detailed introduction to resource properties (Section 4), collections of resources (Section 5), and locking operations (Section 6). These sections introduce the abstractions manipulated by the WebDAV-specific HTTP methods (Section 8) and the new HTTP headers used with WebDAV methods (Section 9). While the status codes provided by HTTP/1.1 are sufficient to describe most error conditions encountered by WebDAV methods, there are some errors that do not fall neatly into the existing categories. This specification defines new status codes developed for WebDAV methods (Section 10) and describes existing HTTP status codes (Section 11) as used in WebDAV. Since some WebDAV methods may operate over many resources, the Multi-Status response (Section 12) has been introduced to return status information for multiple resources. Finally, this version of WebDAV introduces XML elements in error response bodies in Section 15. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 2] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 WebDAV uses XML [11] to marshal complicated request and response information, as well as to express metadata, so this specification contains definitions of all XML elements used (Section 13). WebDAV includes a few special rules on how to process XML (Section 16) appearing in WebDAV so that it truly is extensible. WebDAV employs the property mechanism to store information about the current state of the resource. For example, when a lock is taken out on a resource, a lock information property describes the current state of the lock. Finishing off the specification are sections on what it means to be compliant with this specification (Section 17), on internationalization support (Section 18), and on security (Section 19). Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 3] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 2. Notational Conventions Since this document describes a set of extensions to the HTTP/1.1 protocol, the augmented BNF used herein to describe protocol elements is exactly the same as described in section 2.1 of RFC2616 [8], including the rules about implied linear white-space. Since this augmented BNF uses the basic production rules provided in section 2.2 of RFC2616 [8], these rules apply to this document as well. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [3]. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 4] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 3. Terminology URI/URL - A Uniform Resource Identifier and Uniform Resource Locator, respectively. These terms (and the distinction between them) are defined in RFC2396 [6]. Collection - A resource that contains a set of URLs, which identify and locate member resources and which meet the collections requirements (Section 5). Member URL - A URL which is a member of the set of URLs contained by a collection. Internal Member URL - A Member URL that is immediately relative to the URL of the collection (the definition of immediately relative is given later (Section 5.2)). Property - A name/value pair that contains descriptive information about a resource. Live Property - A property whose semantics and syntax are enforced by the server. For example, the live "getcontentlength" property has its value, the length of the entity returned by a GET request, automatically calculated by the server. Dead Property - A property whose semantics and syntax are not enforced by the server. The server only records the value of a dead property; the client is responsible for maintaining the consistency of the syntax and semantics of a dead property. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 5] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 4. Data Model for Resource Properties 4.1 The Resource Property Model Properties are pieces of data that describe the state of a resource. Properties are data about data. Properties are used in distributed authoring environments to provide for efficient discovery and management of resources. For example, a 'subject' property might allow for the indexing of all resources by their subject, and an 'author' property might allow for the discovery of what authors have written which documents. The DAV property model consists of name/value pairs. The name of a property identifies the property's syntax and semantics, and provides an address by which to refer to its syntax and semantics. There are two categories of properties: "live" and "dead". A live property has its syntax and semantics enforced by the server. Live properties include cases where a) the value of a property is read- only, maintained by the server, and b) the value of the property is maintained by the client, but the server performs syntax checking on submitted values. All instances of a given live property MUST comply with the definition associated with that property name. A dead property has its syntax and semantics enforced by the client; the server merely records the value of the property verbatim. 4.2 Existing Metadata Proposals Properties have long played an essential role in the maintenance of large document repositories, and many current proposals contain some notion of a property, or discuss web metadata more generally. These include PICS [20], PICS-NG, XML, Web Collections, and several proposals on representing relationships within HTML. Work on PICS-NG and Web Collections has been subsumed by the Resource Description Framework (RDF) metadata activity of the World Wide Web Consortium. RDF consists of a network-based data model and an XML representation of that model. Some proposals come from a digital library perspective. These include the Dublin Core [RFC2413] metadata set and the Warwick Framework [WF], a container architecture for different metadata schemas. The literature includes many examples of metadata, including MARC [USMARC], a bibliographic metadata format, and a technical report bibliographic format employed by the Dienst system [RFC1807]. Additionally, the proceedings from the first IEEE Metadata conference describe many community-specific metadata sets. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 6] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Participants of the 1996 Metadata II Workshop in Warwick, UK [WF], noted that "new metadata sets will develop as the networked infrastructure matures" and "different communities will propose, design, and be responsible for different types of metadata." These observations can be corroborated by noting that many community- specific sets of metadata already exist, and there is significant motivation for the development of new forms of metadata as many communities increasingly make their data available in digital form, requiring a metadata format to assist data location and cataloging. 4.3 Properties and HTTP Headers Properties already exist, in a limited sense, in HTTP message headers. However, in distributed authoring environments a relatively large number of properties are needed to describe the state of a resource, and setting/returning them all through HTTP headers is inefficient. Thus a mechanism is needed which allows a principal to identify a set of properties in which the principal is interested and to set or retrieve just those properties. 4.4 XML Usage In HTTP/1.1, method parameter information was exclusively encoded in HTTP headers. Unlike HTTP/1.1, WebDAV encodes method parameter information either in an XML [11] request entity body, or in an HTTP header. The use of XML to encode method parameters was motivated by the ability to add extra XML elements to existing structures, providing extensibility; and by XML's ability to encode information in ISO 10646 character sets, providing internationalization support. In addition to encoding method parameters, XML is used in WebDAV to encode the responses from methods, providing the extensibility and internationalization advantages of XML for method output, as well as input. The XML namespace extension [10] is also used in this specification in order to allow for new XML elements to be added without fear of colliding with other element names. Although WebDAV request and response bodies can be extended by arbitrary XML elements, which can be ignored by the message recipient, an XML element in the "DAV:" namespace SHOULD NOT be used in the request or response body unless that XML element is explicitly defined in an IETF RFC reviewed by a WebDAV working group. Note that "DAV:" is a scheme name defined solely to provide a namespace for WebDAV XML elements and property names. This practice is discouraged in part because registration of new scheme names is difficult. "DAV:" was defined as the WebDAV namespace before Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 7] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 standard best practices emerged, and this namespace is kept and still used because of significant existing deployments, but this should not be emulated. 4.5 Property Values The value of a property is always a (well-formed) XML fragment. XML has been chosen because it is a flexible, self-describing, structured data format that supports rich schema definitions, and because of its support for multiple character sets. XML's self- describing nature allows any property's value to be extended by adding new elements. Older clients will not break when they encounter extensions because they will still have the data specified in the original schema and will ignore elements they do not understand. XML's support for multiple character sets allows any human-readable property to be encoded and read in a character set familiar to the user. XML's support for multiple human languages, using the "xml:lang" attribute, handles cases where the same character set is employed by multiple human languages. Note that xml:lang scope is recursive, so a xml:lang attribute on any element containing a property name element applies to the property value unless it has been overridden by a more locally scoped attribute. A property is always represented in XML with an XML element consisting of the property name. The simplest example is an empty property, which is different from a property that does not exist. The value of a property appears inside the property name element. The value may be any kind of well-formed XML content, including both text-only and mixed content. When the property value contains further XML elements, namespaces that are in scope for that part of the XML document apply within the property value as well, and MUST be preserved in server storage for retransmission later. Namespace prefixes need not be preserved due to the rules of prefix declaration in XML. Attributes on the property name element may convey information about the property, but are not considered part of the value. However, when language information appears in the 'xml:lang' attribute on the property name element, the language information MUST be preserved in server storage for retransmission later. The XML attribute xml:space MUST NOT be used to change white space handling. White space in property values is significant. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 8] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 4.6 Property Names A property name is a universally unique identifier that is associated with a schema that provides information about the syntax and semantics of the property. Because a property's name is universally unique, clients can depend upon consistent behavior for a particular property across multiple resources, on the same and across different servers, so long as that property is "live" on the resources in question, and the implementation of the live property is faithful to its definition. The XML namespace mechanism, which is based on URIs [6], is used to name properties because it prevents namespace collisions and provides for varying degrees of administrative control. The property namespace is flat; that is, no hierarchy of properties is explicitly recognized. Thus, if a property A and a property A/B exist on a resource, there is no recognition of any relationship between the two properties. It is expected that a separate specification will eventually be produced which will address issues relating to hierarchical properties. Finally, it is not possible to define the same property twice on a single resource, as this would cause a collision in the resource's property namespace. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 9] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 5. Collections of Web Resources This section provides a description of a new type of Web resource, the collection, and discusses its interactions with the HTTP URL namespace. The purpose of a collection resource is to model collection-like objects (e.g., file system directories) within a server's namespace. All DAV compliant resources MUST support the HTTP URL namespace model specified herein. 5.1 HTTP URL Namespace Model The HTTP URL namespace is a hierarchical namespace where the hierarchy is delimited with the "/" character. An HTTP URL namespace is said to be consistent if it meets the following conditions: for every URL in the HTTP hierarchy there exists a collection that contains that URL as an internal member. The root, or top-level collection of the namespace under consideration is exempt from the previous rule. Neither HTTP/1.1 nor WebDAV require that the entire HTTP URL namespace be consistent. However, certain WebDAV methods are prohibited from producing results that cause namespace inconsistencies. Although implicit in RFC2616 [8] and RFC2396 [6], any resource, including collection resources, MAY be identified by more than one URI. For example, a resource could be identified by multiple HTTP URLs. 5.2 Collection Resources A collection is a resource whose state consists of at least a list of internal member URLs and a set of properties, but which may have additional state such as entity bodies returned by GET. An internal member URL MUST be immediately relative to a base URL of the collection. That is, the internal member URL is equal to a containing collection's URL plus an additional segment for non- collection resources, or additional segment plus trailing slash "/" for collection resources, where segment is defined in section 3.3 of RFC2396 [6]. Any given internal member URL MUST only belong to the collection once, i.e., it is illegal to have multiple instances of the same URL in a collection. Properties defined on collections behave exactly as do properties on non-collection resources. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 10] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 For all WebDAV compliant resources A and B, identified by URLs U and V, for which U is immediately relative to V, B MUST be a collection that has U as an internal member URL. So, if the resource with URL http://example.com/bar/blah is WebDAV compliant and if the resource with URL http://example.com/bar/ is WebDAV compliant then the resource with URL http://example.com/bar/ must be a collection and must contain URL http://example.com/bar/blah as an internal member. Collection resources MAY list the URLs of non-WebDAV compliant children in the HTTP URL namespace hierarchy as internal members but are not required to do so. For example, if the resource with URL http://example.com/bar/blah is not WebDAV compliant and the URL http://example.com/bar/ identifies a collection then URL http:// example.com/bar/blah may or may not be an internal member of the collection with URL http://example.com/bar/. If a WebDAV compliant resource has no WebDAV compliant children in the HTTP URL namespace hierarchy then the WebDAV compliant resource is not required to be a collection. There is a standing convention that when a collection is referred to by its name without a trailing slash, the server MAY handle the request as if the trailing slash were present. In this case it SHOULD return a Content-Location header in the response, pointing to the URL ending with the "/". For example, if a client invokes a method on http://example.bar/blah (no trailing slash), the server may respond as if the operation were invoked on http://example.com/blah/ (trailing slash), and should return a Content-Location header with the value http://example.bar/blah/. Wherever a server produces a URL referring to a collection, the server MUST include the trailing slash. In general clients SHOULD use the "/" form of collection names. A resource MAY be a collection but not be WebDAV compliant. That is, the resource may comply with all the rules set out in this specification regarding how a collection is to behave without necessarily supporting all methods that a WebDAV compliant resource is required to support. In such a case the resource may return the DAV:resourcetype property with the value DAV:collection but MUST NOT return a DAV header containing the value "1" on an OPTIONS response. Clients MUST be able to support the case where WebDAV resources are contained inside non-WebDAV resources. For example, if a OPTIONS response from "http://example.com/servlet/dav/collection" indicates WebDAV support, the client cannot assume that "http://example.com/ servlet/dav/" or its parent necessarily are WebDAV collections. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 11] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 5.3 Source Resources and Output Resources For many resources, the entity returned by a GET method exactly matches the persistent state of the resource, for example, a GIF file stored on a disk. For this simple case, the URL at which a resource is accessed is identical to the URL at which the source (the persistent state) of the resource is accessed. This is also the case for HTML source files that are not processed by the server prior to transmission. However, the server can sometimes process HTML resources before they are transmitted as a return entity body. For example, a server- side-include directive within an HTML file might instruct a server to replace the directive with another value, such as the current date. In this case, what is returned by GET (HTML plus date) differs from the persistent state of the resource (HTML plus directive). Typically there is no way to access the HTML resource containing the unprocessed directive. Sometimes the entity returned by GET is the output of a data- producing process that is described by one or more source resources (that may not even have a location in the URI namespace). A single data-producing process may dynamically generate the state of a potentially large number of output resources. An example of this is a CGI script that describes a "finger" gateway process that maps part of the namespace of a server into finger requests, such as http:// finger.example.com/finger_gateway/user@host. Although this problem would usefully be solved, interoperable WebDAV implementations have been widely deployed without actually solving this problem. Thus, the source vs. output problem is not solved in this specification, and has been deferred to a separate document. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 12] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 6. Locking The ability to lock a resource provides a mechanism for serializing access to that resource. Using a lock, an authoring client can provide a reasonable guarantee that another principal will not modify a resource while it is being edited. In this way, a client can prevent the "lost update" problem. This specification allows locks to vary over two client-specified parameters, the number of principals involved (exclusive vs. shared) and the type of access to be granted. This document defines locking for only one access type, write. However, the syntax is extensible, and permits the eventual specification of locking for other access types. 6.1 Exclusive Vs. Shared Locks The most basic form of lock is an exclusive lock. Only one exclusive lock may exist on any resource, whether it is directly or indirectly locked (Section 7.5). Exclusive locks avoid having to merge results, without requiring any coordination other than the methods described in this specification. However, there are times when the goal of a lock is not to exclude others from exercising an access right but rather to provide a mechanism for principals to indicate that they intend to exercise their access rights. Shared locks are provided for this case. A shared lock allows multiple principals to receive a lock. Hence any principal with appropriate access can use the lock. With shared locks there are two trust sets that affect a resource. The first trust set is created by access permissions. Principals who are trusted, for example, may have permission to write to the resource. Among those who have access permission to write to the resource, the set of principals who have taken out a shared lock also must trust each other, creating a (typically) smaller trust set within the access permission write set. Starting with every possible principal on the Internet, in most situations the vast majority of these principals will not have write access to a given resource. Of the small number who do have write access, some principals may decide to guarantee their edits are free from overwrite conflicts by using exclusive write locks. Others may decide they trust their collaborators will not overwrite their work (the potential set of collaborators being the set of principals who have write permission) and use a shared lock, which informs their collaborators that a principal may be working on the resource. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 13] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 The WebDAV extensions to HTTP do not need to provide all of the communications paths necessary for principals to coordinate their activities. When using shared locks, principals may use any out of band communication channel to coordinate their work (e.g., face-to- face interaction, written notes, post-it notes on the screen, telephone conversation, Email, etc.) The intent of a shared lock is to let collaborators know who else may be working on a resource. Shared locks are included because experience from web distributed authoring systems has indicated that exclusive locks are often too rigid. An exclusive lock is used to enforce a particular editing process: take out an exclusive lock, read the resource, perform edits, write the resource, release the lock. This editing process has the problem that locks are not always properly released, for example when a program crashes, or when a lock owner leaves without unlocking a resource. While both timeouts and administrative action can be used to remove an offending lock, neither mechanism may be available when needed; the timeout may be long or the administrator may not be available. 6.2 Required Support A WebDAV compliant resource is not required to support locking in any form. If the resource does support locking it may choose to support any combination of exclusive and shared locks for any access types. The reason for this flexibility is that locking policy strikes to the very heart of the resource management and versioning systems employed by various storage repositories. These repositories require control over what sort of locking will be made available. For example, some repositories only support shared write locks while others only provide support for exclusive write locks while yet others use no locking at all. As each system is sufficiently different to merit exclusion of certain locking features, this specification leaves locking as the sole axis of negotiation within WebDAV. 6.3 Lock Tokens A lock token is a type of state token, represented as a URI, which identifies a particular lock. A lock token is returned in the Lock- Token header in the response to a successful LOCK operation. The lock token also appears in the value of the lockdiscovery property, the value of which is returned in the body of the response to a successful LOCK operation (this property also includes the tokens of other current locks on the resource). Finally, the lockdiscovery property can be queried using PROPFIND and the token can be discovered that way. Each lock has only one unique lock token. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 14] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Lock token URIs MUST be unique across all resources for all time. This uniqueness constraint allows lock tokens to be submitted across resources and servers without fear of confusion. This specification provides a lock token URI scheme called opaquelocktoken that meets the uniqueness requirements. However resources are free to return any URI scheme so long as it meets the uniqueness requirements. The IETF recommends using registered URI schemes to ensure uniqueness. Having a lock token provides no special access rights. Anyone can find out anyone else's lock token by performing lock discovery. Locks MUST be enforced based upon whatever authentication mechanism is used by the server, not based on the secrecy of the token values. 6.4 opaquelocktoken Lock Token URI Scheme The opaquelocktoken URI scheme is designed to be unique across all resources for all time. Due to this uniqueness quality, a client may submit an opaque lock token in an If header on a resource other than the one that returned it. In order to guarantee uniqueness across all resources for all time the opaquelocktoken requires the use of the Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) mechanism, as described in ISO-11578 [12]. Opaquelocktoken generators, however, have a choice of how they create these tokens. They can either generate a new UUID for every lock token they create or they can create a single UUID and then add extension characters. If the second method is selected then the program generating the extensions MUST guarantee that the same extension will never be used twice with the associated UUID. OpaqueLockToken-URI = "opaquelocktoken:" UUID [Extension] ; The UUID production is the string representation of a UUID, as defined in ISO-11578 [12]. Note that white space (LWS) is not allowed between elements of this production. Extension = path ; path is defined in section 3.3 of RFC2396 [6] 6.5 Lock Capability Discovery Since server lock support is optional, a client trying to lock a resource on a server can either try the lock and hope for the best, or perform some form of discovery to determine what lock capabilities the server supports. This is known as lock capability discovery. A client can determine what lock types the server supports by retrieving the supportedlock property. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 15] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Any DAV compliant resource that supports the LOCK method MUST support the supportedlock property. 6.6 Active Lock Discovery If another principal locks a resource that a principal wishes to access, it is useful for the second principal to be able to find out who the first principal is. For this purpose the lockdiscovery property is provided. This property lists all outstanding locks, describes their type, and where available, provides their lock token. Any DAV compliant resource that supports the LOCK method MUST support the lockdiscovery property. 6.7 Avoiding Lost Updates Although the locking mechanisms specified here provide some help in preventing lost updates, they cannot guarantee that updates will never be lost. Consider the following scenario: Two clients A and B are interested in editing the resource 'index.html'. Client A is an HTTP client rather than a WebDAV client, and so does not know how to perform locking. Client A doesn't lock the document, but does a GET and begins editing. Client B does LOCK, performs a GET and begins editing. Client B finishes editing, performs a PUT, then an UNLOCK. Client A performs a PUT, overwriting and losing all of B's changes. There are several reasons why the WebDAV protocol itself cannot prevent this situation. First, it cannot force all clients to use locking because it must be compatible with HTTP clients that do not comprehend locking. Second, it cannot require servers to support locking because of the variety of repository implementations, some of which rely on reservations and merging rather than on locking. Finally, being stateless, it cannot enforce a sequence of operations like LOCK / GET / PUT / UNLOCK. WebDAV servers that support locking can reduce the likelihood that clients will accidentally overwrite each other's changes by requiring clients to lock resources before modifying them. Such servers would effectively prevent HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1 clients from modifying resources. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 16] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 WebDAV clients can be good citizens by using a lock / retrieve / write /unlock sequence of operations (at least by default) whenever they interact with a WebDAV server that supports locking. HTTP 1.1 clients can be good citizens, avoiding overwriting other clients' changes, by using entity tags in If-Match headers with any requests that would modify resources. Information managers may attempt to prevent overwrites by implementing client-side procedures requiring locking before modifying WebDAV resources. 6.8 Locks and Multiple Bindings A resource may be made available through more than one URI. However locks apply to resources, not URIs. Therefore a LOCK request on a resource MUST NOT succeed if can not be honored by all the URIs through which the resource is addressable. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 17] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 7. Write Lock This section describes the semantics specific to the write lock type. The write lock is a specific instance of a lock type, and is the only lock type described in this specification. Write locks prevent unauthorized changes to resources. In general terms, changes affected by write locks include changes to: o the content of the resource o any dead property of the resource o any live property defined to be lockable (all properties defined in this specification are lockable) o the direct membership of the resource, if it is a collection o the URL/location of a resource The next few sections describe in more specific terms how write locks interact with various operations. 7.1 Methods Restricted by Write Locks A write lock MUST prevent a principal without the lock from successfully executing a PUT, POST, PROPPATCH, LOCK, UNLOCK, MOVE, DELETE, or MKCOL on the locked resource. All other current methods, GET in particular, function independently of the lock. Note, however, that as new methods are created it will be necessary to specify how they interact with a write lock. 7.2 Write Locks and Lock Tokens A successful request for an exclusive or shared write lock MUST result in the generation of a unique lock token associated with the requesting principal. Thus if five principals have a shared write lock on the same resource there will be five lock tokens, one for each principal. 7.3 Write Locks and Properties While those without a write lock may not alter a property on a resource it is still possible for the values of live properties to change, even while locked, due to the requirements of their schemas. Only dead properties and live properties defined to respect locks are guaranteed not to change while write locked. 7.4 Write Locks and Unmapped URLs It is possible to lock an unmapped URL in order to lock the name for Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 18] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 use. This is a simple way to avoid the lost-update problem on the creation of a new resource (another way is to use If-None-Match header specified in HTTP 1.1). It has the side benefit of locking the new resource immediately for use of the creator. The lost-update problem is not an issue for collections because MKCOL can only be used to create a collection, not to overwrite an existing collection. In order to immediately lock a collection upon creation, clients may attempt to pipeline the MKCOL and LOCK requests together. A lock request to an unmapped URL SHOULD result in the creation of an locked resource with empty content. A subsequent PUT request with the correct lock token SHOULD normally succeed, and this new request provides the content, content-type, content-language and other information as appropriate. In this situation, a WebDAV server that was implemented from RFC2518 MAY create "lock-null" resources which are special and unusual resources. Historically, a lock-null resource: o Responds with a 404 or 405 to any DAV method except for PUT, MKCOL, OPTIONS, PROPFIND, LOCK, UNLOCK. o Appears as a member of its parent collection. o Disappears (URI becomes unmapped) if its lock goes away before it is converted to a regular resource. (This must also happen if it is renamed or moved, or if any parent collection is renamed or moved, because locks are tied to URLs). o May be turned into a regular resource when a PUT request to the URL is successful. Ceases to be a lock-null resource. o May be turned into a collection when a MKCOL request to the URL is successful. Ceases to be a lock-null resource. o Has defined values for lockdiscovery and supportedlock properties. However, interoperability and compliance problems have been found with lock-null resources. Therefore, they are deprecated. WebDAV servers SHOULD create regular locked empty resources, which are and behave in every way as normal resources. A locked empty resource: o Can be read, deleted, moved, copied, and in all ways behave as a regular resource, not a lock-null resource. o Appears as a member of its parent collection. o SHOULD NOT disappear when its lock goes away (clients must therefore be responsible for cleaning up their own mess, as with any other operation) o SHOULD default to having no content type. o MAY NOT have values for properties like getcontentlanguage which haven't been specified yet by the client. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 19] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 o May have content added with a PUT request. MUST be able to change content type. o MUST NOT be turned into a collection. A MKCOL request must fail as it would to any existing resource. o MUST have defined values for lockdiscovery and supportedlock properties. o The response MUST indicate that a resource was created, by use of the "201 Created" response code (a LOCK request to an existing resource instead will result in 200 OK). The body must still include the lockdiscovery property, as with a LOCK request to an existing resource. The client is expected to update the locked empty resource shortly after locking it, using PUT and possibly PROPPATCH. When the client uses PUT to overwrite a locked empty resource the client MUST supply a Content-Type if any is known. If the client supplies a Content- Type value the server MUST set that value (this requirement actually applies to any resource that is overwritten but is particularly necessary for locked empty resources which are initially created with no Content-Type. Clients can easily interoperate both with servers that support the deprecated lock-null resources and servers that support simpler locked empty resources by only attempting PUT after a LOCK to an unmapped URL, not MKCOL or GET. 7.5 Write Locks and Collections A write lock on a collection, whether created by a "Depth: 0" or "Depth: infinity" lock request, prevents the addition or removal of member URLs of the collection by non-lock owners. A zero-depth lock on a collection affects changes to the direct membership of that collection. When a principal issues a PUT or POST request to create a new resource in a write locked collection, or issues a DELETE to an existing internal member URL of a write locked collection, this request MUST fail if the principal does not provide the correct lock token for the locked collection. In addition, a depth-infinity lock affects all write operations to all descendents of the locked collection. With a depth-infinity lock, the root of the lock is directly locked, and all its descendants are indirectly locked. o Any new resource added as a descendent of a depth-infinity locked collection becomes indirectly locked. o Any indirectly locked resource moved out of the locked collection into an unlocked collection is thereafter unlocked. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 20] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 o Any indirectly locked resource moved out of a locked source collection into a depth-infinity locked target collection remains indirectly locked but is now within the scope of the lock on the target collection (the target collection's lock token will thereafter be required to make further changes). If a depth-infinity write LOCK request is issued to a collection containing member URLs identifying resources that are currently locked in a manner which conflicts with the write lock, the request MUST fail with a 423 (Locked) status code, and the response SHOULD contain the 'missing-lock-token' precondition. If a lock owner causes the URL of a resource to be added as an internal member URL of a depth-infinity locked collection then the new resource MUST be automatically added to the lock. This is the only mechanism that allows a resource to be added to a write lock. Thus, for example, if the collection /a/b/ is write locked and the resource /c is moved to /a/b/c then resource /a/b/c will be added to the write lock. 7.6 Write Locks and the If Request Header If a user agent is not required to have knowledge about a lock when requesting an operation on a locked resource, the following scenario might occur. Program A, run by User A, takes out a write lock on a resource. Program B, also run by User A, has no knowledge of the lock taken out by Program A, yet performs a PUT to the locked resource. In this scenario, the PUT succeeds because locks are associated with a principal, not a program, and thus program B, because it is acting with principal AČ”s credential, is allowed to perform the PUT. However, had program B known about the lock, it would not have overwritten the resource, preferring instead to present a dialog box describing the conflict to the user. Due to this scenario, a mechanism is needed to prevent different programs from accidentally ignoring locks taken out by other programs with the same authorization. In order to prevent these collisions a lock token MUST be submitted by an authorized principal for all locked resources that a method may change or the method MUST fail. A lock token is submitted when it appears in an If header. For example, if a resource is to be moved and both the source and destination are locked then two lock tokens must be submitted in the if header, one for the source and the other for the destination. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 21] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Example - Write Lock >>Request COPY /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html If: () >>Response HTTP/1.1 204 No Content In this example, even though both the source and destination are locked, only one lock token must be submitted, for the lock on the destination. This is because the source resource is not modified by a COPY, and hence unaffected by the write lock. In this example, user agent authentication has previously occurred via a mechanism outside the scope of the HTTP protocol, in the underlying transport layer. 7.7 Write Locks and COPY/MOVE A COPY method invocation MUST NOT duplicate any write locks active on the source. However, as previously noted, if the COPY copies the resource into a collection that is locked with "Depth: infinity", then the resource will be added to the lock. A successful MOVE request on a write locked resource MUST NOT move the write lock with the resource. However, the resource is subject to being added to an existing lock at the destination (see Section 7.5). For example, if the MOVE makes the resource a child of a collection that is locked with "Depth: infinity", then the resource will be added to that collection's lock. Additionally, if a resource locked with "Depth: infinity" is moved to a destination that is within the scope of the same lock (e.g., within the namespace tree covered by the lock), the moved resource will again be a added to the lock. In both these examples, as specified in Section 7.6, an If header must be submitted containing a lock token for both the source and destination. 7.8 Refreshing Write Locks A client MUST NOT submit the same write lock request twice. Note Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 22] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 that a client is always aware it is resubmitting the same lock request because it must include the lock token in the If header in order to make the request for a resource that is already locked. However, a client may submit a LOCK method with an If header but without a body. This form of LOCK MUST only be used to "refresh" a lock. Meaning, at minimum, that any timers associated with the lock MUST be re-set. A server may return a Timeout header with a lock refresh that is different than the Timeout header returned when the lock was originally requested. Additionally clients may submit Timeout headers of arbitrary value with their lock refresh requests. Servers, as always, may ignore Timeout headers submitted by the client. Note that timeout is measured in seconds remaining until expiration. If an error is received in response to a refresh LOCK request the client MUST NOT assume that the lock was refreshed. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 23] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 8. HTTP Methods for Distributed Authoring 8.1 General request and response handling 8.1.1 Use of XML Some of the following new HTTP methods use XML as a request and response format. All DAV compliant clients and resources MUST use XML parsers that are compliant with XML [11] and XML Namespaces [10]. All XML used in either requests or responses MUST be, at minimum, well formed and use namespaces correctly. If a server receives non- wellformed XML in a request it MUST reject the entire request with a 400 (Bad Request). If a client receives ill-formed XML in a response then it MUST NOT assume anything about the outcome of the executed method and SHOULD treat the server as malfunctioning. 8.1.2 Required Bodies in Requests Some of these new methods do not define bodies. Servers MUST examine all requests for a body, even when a body was not expected. In cases where a request body is present but would be ignored by a server, the server MUST reject the request with 415 (Unsupported Media Type). This informs the client (which may have been attempting to use an extension) that the body could not be processed as they intended. 8.1.3 Use of Location header in responses When the Location header is used in a response, it is used by the server to indicate the preferred address for the target resource of the request. Whenever the server has a preferred address, it should use that address consistently. This means that when a response contains a Location header, all the URLs in the response body (e.g. a Multi-Status) should be consistent (most importantly, should use the same host and port). 8.1.4 Required Response Headers: Date Note that HTTP 1.1 requires the Date header in all responses if possible. 8.1.5 ETag HTTP 1.1 recommends the use of the ETag header in responses to GET and PUT requests. Correct use of ETags is even more important in a distributed authoring environment, because ETags are necessary along with locks to avoid the lost-update problem. A client might fail to renew a lock, for example when the lock times out and the client is accidentally offline or in the middle of a long upload. When a Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 24] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 client fails to renew the lock, it's quite possible the resource can still be relocked and the user can go on editing, as long as no changes were made in the meantime. ETags are required for the client to be able to distinguish this case. Otherwise, the client is forced to ask the user whether to overwrite the resource on the server without even being able to tell the user whether it has changed. Timestamps do not solve this problem nearly as well as ETags. WebDAV servers SHOULD support strong ETags for all resources that may be PUT. If ETags are supported for a resource, the server MUST return the ETag header in all PUT and GET responses to that resource, as well as provide the same value for the 'getetag' property. Because clients may be forced to prompt users or throw away changed content if the ETag changes, a WebDAV server MUST not change the ETag (or getlastmodified value) for a resource that has an unchanged body. The ETag represents the state of the body or contents of the resource. There is no similar way to tell if properties have changed. 8.1.6 Including error response bodies HTTP and WebDAV did not use the bodies of most error responses for machine-parsable information until DeltaV introduced a mechanism to include more specific information in the body of an error response (section 1.6 of RFC3253 [18]). The mechanism is appropriate to use with any error response that may take a body but does not already have a body defined. The mechanism is particularly appropriate when a status code can mean many things (for example, 400 Bad Request can mean required headers are missing, headers are incorrectly formatted, or much more). This mechanism does not take the place of using a correct numeric error code as defined here or in HTTP, because the client MUST always be able to take a reasonable course of action based only on the numeric error. However, it does remove the need to define new numeric error codes, avoiding the confusion of who is allowed to define such new codes. The codes used in this mechanism are XML elements in a namespace, so naturally any group defining a new error code can use their own namespace. As always, the "DAV:" namespace is reserved for use by IETF-chartered WebDAV working groups. A server supporting "bis" SHOULD include a specific XML error code in a "DAV:error" response body element, when a specific XML error code is defined in this document. The Č¼DAV:errorČ« element may contain multiple elements describing specific errors. For error conditions not specified in this document, the server MAY simply choose an appropriate numeric status and leave the response body blank. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 25] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx In this specification, both the numeric and the XML error code are defined for some failure situations, in which case the XML error code must have the "DAV:" namespace, appear in the "error" root element, and be returned in a body with the numeric error code specified. 8.2 PROPFIND The PROPFIND method retrieves properties defined on the resource identified by the Request-URI, if the resource does not have any internal members, or on the resource identified by the Request-URI and potentially its member resources, if the resource is a collection that has internal member URLs. All DAV compliant resources MUST support the PROPFIND method and the propfind XML element (Section 13.25) along with all XML elements defined for use with that element. A client may submit a Depth header with a value of "0", "1", or "infinity" with a PROPFIND on a collection resource. Servers MUST support the "0", "1" and "infinity" behaviors on WebDAV-compliant resources. By default, the PROPFIND method without a Depth header MUST act as if a "Depth: infinity" header was included. A client may submit a propfind XML element in the body of the request method describing what information is being requested. It is possible to request: o Request particular property values, by naming the properties desired within the 'prop' element (the ordering of properties in here MAY be ignored by server) o Request all dead property values, by using 'dead-props' element. This can be combined with retrieving specific live properties named as above. Servers advertising support for RFC2518bis MUST support this feature. o Request property values for those properties defined in this specification plus dead properties, by using 'allprop' element o Request a list of names of all the properties defined on the resource, by using the 'propname' element. A client may choose not to submit a request body. An empty PROPFIND request body MUST be treated as if it were an 'allprop' request. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 26] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Note that 'allprop' does not return values for all live properties. WebDAV servers increasingly have expensively-calculated or lengthy properties (see RFC3253 [18] and RFC3744 [19]) and do not return all properties already. Instead, WebDAV clients can use propname requests to discover what live properties exist, and request named properties when retrieving values. A WebDAV server MAY omit certain live properties from other specifications when responding to an allprop request from an older client, and MAY return only custom (dead) properties and those defined in this specification. All servers MUST support returning a response of content type text/ xml or application/xml that contains a multistatus XML element that describes the results of the attempts to retrieve the various properties. The multistatus contains one response element for each resource in the scope of the request (in no required order) or may be empty if no resources match the request. If there is an error retrieving a property then a proper error result MUST be included in the response. A request to retrieve the value of a property which does not exist is an error and MUST be noted, if the response uses a multistatus XML element, with a response XML element which contains a 404 (Not Found) status value. Consequently, the multistatus XML element for a collection resource with member URLs MUST include a response XML element for each member URL of the collection, to whatever depth was requested. Each response XML element MUST contain an href XML element that gives the URL of the resource on which the properties in the prop XML element are defined. URLs for collections appearing in the results MUST end in a slash character. Results for a PROPFIND on a collection resource with internal member URLs are returned as a flat list whose order of entries is not significant. A server enumerating the members of a collection using absolute URLs in a PROPFIND response MUST use a common prefix in those URLs, and that prefix MUST be the absolute URL used in the response to refer to the parent collection. Unless otherwise notified, clients may expect that the URL for the parent collection in the PROPFIND response will be the same URL that was used to refer to the parent collection in the PROPFIND request. Servers MAY use an alternate URL for the parent collection in a PROPFIND response, but in this case the server MUST include a Content-Location header whose value is the fully-qualified URL used by the server to refer to the parent collection in this response. Clients expect the fully-qualified URLs of members of a collection to have a common prefix which is the fully-qualified URL of the parent Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 27] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 collection itself. URLs in a PROPFIND response body MAY be represented as fully- qualified URLs, in which case they must all contain the full parent collection URL (scheme, host, port, and absolute path). Alternatively, these URLs MAY be absolute paths (not containing scheme, host or port), but in this case they must all still contain the full parent collection path. If a server allows resource names to include characters that arenČ”t legal in HTTP URL paths, these characters must be URI-escaped on the wire. For example, it is illegal to use a space character or double- quote in a URI [6]. URIs appearing in PROPFIND or PROPPATCH XML bodies (or other XML marshalling defined in this specification) are still subject to all URI rules, including forbidden characters. Properties may be subject to access control. In the case of allprop and propname, if a principal does not have the right to know whether a particular property exists then the property MAY be silently excluded from the response. The results of this method SHOULD NOT be cached. 8.2.1 Example - Retrieving Named Properties >>Request PROPFIND /file HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Content-type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 28] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 http://www.example.com/file Box type A J.J. Johnson HTTP/1.1 200 OK HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden The user does not have access to the DingALing property. There has been an access violation error. In this example, PROPFIND is executed on a non-collection resource http://www.example.com/file. The propfind XML element specifies the name of four properties whose values are being requested. In this case only two properties were returned, since the principal issuing the request did not have sufficient access rights to see the third and fourth properties. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 29] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 8.2.2 Example - Retrieving Named and Dead Properties >>Request PROPFIND /mycol/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Depth: 1 Content-type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx In this example, PROPFIND is executed on a collection resource http:/ /www.example.com/mycol/. The client requests the values of two specific live properties plus all dead properties (names and values). The response is not shown. 8.2.3 Example - Using propname to Retrieve all Property Names >>Request PROPFIND /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.example.com/container/ Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 30] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 HTTP/1.1 200 OK http://www.example.com/container/front.html HTTP/1.1 200 OK In this example, PROPFIND is invoked on the collection resource http://www.example.com/container/, with a propfind XML element containing the propname XML element, meaning the name of all properties should be returned. Since no Depth header is present, it assumes its default value of "infinity", meaning the name of the properties on the collection and all its descendents should be returned. Consistent with the previous example, resource http:// www.example.com/container/ has six properties defined on it: bigbox and author in the "http://www.example.com/boxschema/" namespace, and creationdate, displayname, resourcetype, and supportedlock in the "DAV:" namespace. The resource http://www.example.com/container/index.html, a member of the "container" collection, has nine properties defined on it, bigbox in the "http://www.example.com/boxschema/" namespace and, creationdate, displayname, getcontentlength, getcontenttype, getetag, Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 31] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 getlastmodified, resourcetype, and supportedlock in the "DAV:" namespace. This example also demonstrates the use of XML namespace scoping and the default namespace. Since the "xmlns" attribute does not contain a prefix, the namespace applies by default to all enclosed elements. Hence, all elements which do not explicitly state the namespace to which they belong are members of the "DAV:" namespace schema. 8.2.4 PROPFIND Request Errors PROPFIND requests may also fail entirely, before the server even gets a chance to evaluate individual properties. 404 (Not Found) and 401 (Unauthorized) are possible as with every request. These are some other notable errors. 403 Forbidden - A server MAY reject all PROPFIND requests on collections with depth header of "Infinity", in which case it SHOULD use this error with the element 'propfind-infinite-depth-forbidden' inside the body. 8.3 PROPPATCH The PROPPATCH method processes instructions specified in the request body to set and/or remove properties defined on the resource identified by the Request-URI. All DAV compliant resources MUST support the PROPPATCH method and MUST process instructions that are specified using the propertyupdate, set, and remove XML elements. Execution of the directives in this method is, of course, subject to access control constraints. DAV compliant resources SHOULD support the setting of arbitrary dead properties. The request message body of a PROPPATCH method MUST contain the propertyupdate XML element. Instruction processing MUST occur in document order (an exception to the normal rule that ordering is irrelevant). Instructions MUST either all be executed or none executed. Thus if any error occurs during processing all executed instructions MUST be undone and a proper error result returned. Instruction processing details can be found in the definition of the set and remove instructions in sections 13.23 and section 13.24. 8.3.1 Status Codes for use with 207 (Multi-Status) The following are examples of response codes one would expect to be used in a 207 (Multi-Status) response for this method. Note, however, that unless explicitly prohibited any 2/3/4/5xx series Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 32] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 response code may be used in a 207 (Multi-Status) response. 200 (OK) - The command succeeded. As there can be a mixture of sets and removes in a body, a 201 (Created) seems inappropriate. 403 (Forbidden) - The client, for reasons the server chooses not to specify, cannot alter one of the properties. 403 (Forbidden): The client has attempted to set a read- only property, such as getetag. If returning this error, the server SHOULD use 'read-only-property' inside the response body. 409 (Conflict) - The client has provided a value whose semantics are not appropriate for the property. 423 (Locked) - The specified resource is locked and the client either is not a lock owner or the lock type requires a lock token to be submitted and the client did not submit it. This response SHOULD contain the 'missing-lock-token' precondition element. 507 (Insufficient Storage) - The server did not have sufficient space to record the property. 8.3.2 Example - PROPPATCH >>Request PROPPATCH /bar.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Jim Whitehead Roy Fielding Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 33] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.example.com/bar.html HTTP/1.1 424 Failed Dependency HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict Copyright Owner can not be deleted or altered. In this example, the client requests the server to set the value of the "Authors" property in the "http://www.w3.com/standards/z39.50/" namespace, and to remove the property "Copyright-Owner" in the "http://www.w3.com/standards/z39.50/" namespace. Since the Copyright-Owner property could not be removed, no property modifications occur. The 424 (Failed Dependency) status code for the Authors property indicates this action would have succeeded if it were not for the conflict with removing the Copyright-Owner property. 8.4 MKCOL Method The MKCOL method is used to create a new collection. All WebDAV compliant resources MUST support the MKCOL method. MKCOL creates a new collection resource at the location specified by the Request-URI. If the resource identified by the Request-URI is non-null then the MKCOL MUST fail. During MKCOL processing, a server MUST make the Request-URI a member of its parent collection, unless the Request-URI is "/". If no such ancestor exists, the method MUST fail. When the MKCOL operation creates a new collection resource, all ancestors MUST already exist, or the method MUST fail with a 409 (Conflict) status code. For example, if a request to create collection /a/b/c/d/ is made, and /a/b/c/ does not exist, the request must fail. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 34] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 When MKCOL is invoked without a request body, the newly created collection SHOULD have no members. A MKCOL request message may contain a message body. The behavior of a MKCOL request when the body is present is limited to creating collections, members of a collection, bodies of members and properties on the collections or members. If the server receives a MKCOL request entity type it does not support or understand it MUST respond with a 415 (Unsupported Media Type) status code. If the server decides to reject the request based on the presence of an entity or the type of an entity, it should use the 415 (Unsupported Media Type) status code. The exact behavior of MKCOL for various request media types is undefined in this document, and will be specified in separate documents. 8.4.1 MKCOL Status Codes Responses from a MKCOL request MUST NOT be cached as MKCOL has non- idempotent semantics. 201 (Created) - The collection was created. 403 (Forbidden) - This indicates at least one of two conditions: 1) the server does not allow the creation of collections at the given location in its namespace, or 2) the parent collection of the Request-URI exists but cannot accept members. 405 (Method Not Allowed) - MKCOL can only be executed on an unmapped URL. 409 (Conflict) - A collection cannot be made at the Request-URI until one or more intermediate collections have been created. The server MUST NOT create those intermediate collections automatically. 415 (Unsupported Media Type) - The server does not support the request type of the body. 507 (Insufficient Storage) - The resource does not have sufficient space to record the state of the resource after the execution of this method. 8.4.2 Example - MKCOL This example creates a collection called /webdisc/xfiles/ on the server www.example.com. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 35] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 >>Request MKCOL /webdisc/xfiles/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com >>Response HTTP/1.1 201 Created 8.5 GET, HEAD for Collections The semantics of GET are unchanged when applied to a collection, since GET is defined as, "retrieve whatever information (in the form of an entity) is identified by the Request-URI" [RFC2616]. GET when applied to a collection may return the contents of an "index.html" resource, a human-readable view of the contents of the collection, or something else altogether. Hence it is possible that the result of a GET on a collection will bear no correlation to the membership of the collection. Similarly, since the definition of HEAD is a GET without a response message body, the semantics of HEAD are unmodified when applied to collection resources. 8.6 POST for Collections Since by definition the actual function performed by POST is determined by the server and often depends on the particular resource, the behavior of POST when applied to collections cannot be meaningfully modified because it is largely undefined. Thus the semantics of POST are unmodified when applied to a collection. 8.7 DELETE 8.7.1 DELETE for Non-Collection Resources When a client issues a DELETE request to a Request-URI mapping to a non-collection resource, if the operation is successful the server MUST remove that mapping. Thus, after a successful DELETE operation (and in the absence of other actions) a subsequent GET/HEAD/PROPFIND request to the target Request-URI MUST return 404 (Not Found). 8.7.2 DELETE for Collections The DELETE method on a collection MUST act as if a "Depth: infinity" header was used on it. A client MUST NOT submit a Depth header with Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 36] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 a DELETE on a collection with any value but infinity. DELETE instructs that the collection specified in the Request-URI and all resources identified by its internal member URLs are to be deleted. If any resource identified by a member URL cannot be deleted then all of the member's ancestors MUST NOT be deleted, so as to maintain namespace consistency. Any headers included with DELETE MUST be applied in processing every resource to be deleted. When the DELETE method has completed processing it MUST result in a consistent namespace. If an error occurs deleting an internal resource (a resource other than the resource identified in the Request-URI) then the response can be a 207 (Multi-Status). Multi-Status is used here to indicate which internal resources could NOT be deleted, including an error code which should help the client understand which resources caused the failure. For example, the Multi-Status body could include a response with status 423 (Locked) if an internal resource was locked. The server MAY return a 4xx status response, rather than a Multi- Status, if the entire DELETE request failed and it canČ”t identify the internal resources that caused the DELETE to fail. 424 (Failed Dependency) errors SHOULD NOT be in the 207 (Multi- Status). They can be safely left out because the client will know that the ancestors of a resource could not be deleted when the client receives an error for the ancestor's progeny. Additionally 204 (No Content) errors SHOULD NOT be returned in the 207 (Multi- Status). The reason for this prohibition is that 204 (No Content) is the default success code. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 37] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 8.7.3 Example - DELETE >>Request DELETE /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.example.com/container/resource3 HTTP/1.1 423 Locked In this example the attempt to delete http://www.example.com/ container/resource3 failed because it is locked, and no lock token was submitted with the request. Consequently, the attempt to delete http://www.example.com/container/ also failed. Thus the client knows that the attempt to delete http://www.example.com/container/ must have also failed since the parent can not be deleted unless its child has also been deleted. Even though a Depth header has not been included, a depth of infinity is assumed because the method is on a collection. 8.8 PUT 8.8.1 PUT for Non-Collection Resources A PUT performed on an existing resource replaces the GET response entity of the resource. Properties defined on the resource may be recomputed during PUT processing but are not otherwise affected. For example, if a server recognizes the content type of the request body, it may be able to automatically extract information that could be profitably exposed as properties. A PUT that would result in the creation of a resource without an appropriately scoped parent collection MUST fail with a 409 (Conflict). Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 38] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 8.8.2 PUT for Collections As defined in RFC2616 [8], the "PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied Request-URI." Since submission of an entity representing a collection would implicitly encode creation and deletion of resources, this specification intentionally does not define a transmission format for creating a collection using PUT. Instead, the MKCOL method is defined to create collections. 8.9 COPY The COPY method creates a duplicate of the source resource, identified by the Request-URI, in the destination resource, identified by the URI in the Destination header. The Destination header MUST be present. The exact behavior of the COPY method depends on the type of the source resource. All WebDAV compliant resources MUST support the COPY method. However, support for the COPY method does not guarantee the ability to copy a resource. For example, separate programs may control resources on the same server. As a result, it may not be possible to copy a resource to a location that appears to be on the same server. 8.9.1 COPY for Non-collection Resources When the source resource is not a collection the result of the COPY method is the creation of a new resource at the destination whose state and behavior match that of the source resource as closely as possible. Since the environment at the destination may be different than at the source due to factors outside the scope of control of the server, such as the absence of resources required for correct operation, it may not be possible to completely duplicate the behavior of the resource at the destination. Subsequent alterations to the destination resource will not modify the source resource. Subsequent alterations to the source resource will not modify the destination resource. 8.9.2 COPY for Properties After a successful COPY invocation, all dead properties on the source resource MUST be duplicated on the destination resource, along with all properties as appropriate. Live properties described in this document SHOULD be duplicated as identically behaving live properties at the destination resource, but not necessarily with the same values. If a property cannot be copied live, then its value MUST be duplicated, octet-for-octet, in an identically named, dead property on the destination resource. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 39] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 A COPY operation creates a new resource, much like a PUT operation does. Live properties which are related to resource creation (such as creationdate) should have their values set accordingly. 8.9.3 COPY for Collections The COPY method on a collection without a Depth header MUST act as if a Depth header with value "infinity" was included. A client may submit a Depth header on a COPY on a collection with a value of "0" or "infinity". Servers MUST support the "0" and "infinity" Depth header behaviors on WebDAV-compliant resources. A COPY of depth infinity instructs that the collection resource identified by the Request-URI is to be copied to the location identified by the URI in the Destination header, and all its internal member resources are to be copied to a location relative to it, recursively through all levels of the collection hierarchy. A COPY of "Depth: 0" only instructs that the collection and its properties but not resources identified by its internal member URLs, are to be copied. Any headers included with a COPY MUST be applied in processing every resource to be copied with the exception of the Destination header. The Destination header only specifies the destination URI for the Request-URI. When applied to members of the collection identified by the Request-URI the value of Destination is to be modified to reflect the current location in the hierarchy. So, if the Request-URI is /a/ with Host header value http://example.com/ and the Destination is http://example.com/b/ then when http://example.com/a/c/d is processed it must use a Destination of http://example.com/b/c/d. When the COPY method has completed processing it MUST have created a consistent namespace at the destination (see Section 8.7.2for the definition of namespace consistency). However, if an error occurs while copying an internal collection, the server MUST NOT copy any resources identified by members of this collection (i.e., the server must skip this subtree), as this would create an inconsistent namespace. After detecting an error, the COPY operation SHOULD try to finish as much of the original copy operation as possible (i.e., the server should still attempt to copy other subtrees and their members, that are not descendents of an error-causing collection). So, for example, if an infinite depth copy operation is performed on collection /a/, which contains collections /a/b/ and /a/c/, and an error occurs copying /a/b/, an attempt should still be made to copy / a/c/. Similarly, after encountering an error copying a non- Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 40] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 collection resource as part of an infinite depth copy, the server SHOULD try to finish as much of the original copy operation as possible. If an error in executing the COPY method occurs with a resource other than the resource identified in the Request-URI then the response MUST be a 207 (Multi-Status), and the URL of the resource causing the failure MUST appear with the specific error. The 424 (Failed Dependency) status code SHOULD NOT be returned in the 207 (Multi-Status) response from a COPY method. These responses can be safely omitted because the client will know that the progeny of a resource could not be copied when the client receives an error for the parent. Additionally 201 (Created)/204 (No Content) status codes SHOULD NOT be returned as values in 207 (Multi-Status) responses from COPY methods. They, too, can be safely omitted because they are the default success codes. 8.9.4 COPY and the Overwrite Header If a resource exists at the destination and the Overwrite header is "T" then prior to performing the copy the server MUST perform a DELETE with "Depth: infinity" on the destination resource. If the Overwrite header is set to "F" then the operation will fail. 8.9.5 Status Codes 201 (Created) - The source resource was successfully copied. The copy operation resulted in the creation of a new resource. 204 (No Content) - The source resource was successfully copied to a pre-existing destination resource. 207 (Multi-Status) - Multiple resources were to be affected by the COPY, but errors on some of them prevented the operation from taking place. Specific error messages, together with the most appropriate of the source and destination URLs, appear in the body of the multi- status response. E.g. if a destination resource was locked and could not be overwritten, then the destination resource URL appears with the 423 (Locked) status. 403 (Forbidden) - The operation is forbidden. Possibly this is because the source and destination resources are the same resource. 409 (Conflict) - A resource cannot be created at the destination until one or more intermediate collections have been created. The server MUST NOT create those intermediate collections automatically. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 41] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 412 (Precondition Failed) - A precondition failed, e.g. the Overwrite header is "F" and the state of the destination resource is non-null. 423 (Locked) - The destination resource, or resource within the destination collection, was locked. This response SHOULD contain the 'missing-lock-token' precondition element. 502 (Bad Gateway) - This may occur when the destination is on another server, repository or namespace. Either the source namespace does not support copying to the destination namespace, or the destination namespace refuses to accept the resource. The client may wish to try GET/PUT and PROPFIND/PROPPATCH instead. 507 (Insufficient Storage) - The destination resource does not have sufficient space to record the state of the resource after the execution of this method. 8.9.6 COPY Examples This example shows resource http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/ index.html being copied to the location http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/ f/fielding/index.html. The 204 (No Content) status code indicates the existing resource at the destination was overwritten. COPY with Overwrite >>Request COPY /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html >>Response HTTP/1.1 204 No Content The following example shows the same copy operation being performed, but with the Overwrite header set to "F." A response of 412 (Precondition Failed) is returned because the destination resource has a non-null state. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 42] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 COPY with No Overwrite >>Request COPY /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html Overwrite: F >>Response HTTP/1.1 412 Precondition Failed Example - COPY of a Collection >>Request COPY /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Destination: http://www.example.com/othercontainer/ Depth: infinity >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.example.com/othercontainer/R2/ HTTP/1.1 423 Locked The Depth header is unnecessary as the default behavior of COPY on a collection is to act as if a "Depth: infinity" header had been submitted. In this example most of the resources, along with the collection, were copied successfully. However the collection R2 failed because the destination R2 is locked. Because there was an error copying R2, none of R2's members were copied. However no errors were listed for those members due to the error minimization rules. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 43] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 8.10 MOVE The MOVE operation on a non-collection resource is the logical equivalent of a copy (COPY), followed by consistency maintenance processing, followed by a delete of the source, where all three actions are performed atomically. The consistency maintenance step allows the server to perform updates caused by the move, such as updating all URLs other than the Request-URI which identify the source resource, to point to the new destination resource. Consequently, the Destination header MUST be present on all MOVE methods and MUST follow all COPY requirements for the COPY part of the MOVE method. All WebDAV compliant resources MUST support the MOVE method. However, support for the MOVE method does not guarantee the ability to move a resource to a particular destination. For example, separate programs may actually control different sets of resources on the same server. Therefore, it may not be possible to move a resource within a namespace that appears to belong to the same server. If a resource exists at the destination, the destination resource will be deleted as a side-effect of the MOVE operation, subject to the restrictions of the Overwrite header. 8.10.1 MOVE for Properties Live properties described in this document MUST be moved along with the resource, such that the resource has identically behaving live properties at the destination resource, but not necessarily with the same values. If the live properties will not work the same way at the destination, the server MUST fail the request (the client can perform COPY then DELETE if it wants a MOVE to work that badly). This can mean that the server reports the live property as "Not Found" if that's the most appropriate behavior for that live property at the destination, as long as the live property is still supported with the same semantics. MOVE is frequently used by clients to rename a file without changing its parent collection, so it's not appropriate to reset live properties which are set at resource creation. For example, the creationdate property value SHOULD remain the same after a MOVE. Dead properties must be moved along with the resource. 8.10.2 MOVE for Collections A MOVE with "Depth: infinity" instructs that the collection identified by the Request-URI be moved to the address specified in Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 44] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 the Destination header, and all resources identified by its internal member URLs are to be moved to locations relative to it, recursively through all levels of the collection hierarchy. The MOVE method on a collection MUST act as if a "Depth: infinity" header was used on it. A client MUST NOT submit a Depth header on a MOVE on a collection with any value but "infinity". Any headers included with MOVE MUST be applied in processing every resource to be moved with the exception of the Destination header. The behavior of the Destination header is the same as given for COPY on collections. When the MOVE method has completed processing it MUST have created a consistent namespace at both the source and destination (see section 5.1 for the definition of namespace consistency). However, if an error occurs while moving an internal collection, the server MUST NOT move any resources identified by members of the failed collection (i.e., the server must skip the error-causing subtree), as this would create an inconsistent namespace. In this case, after detecting the error, the move operation SHOULD try to finish as much of the original move as possible (i.e., the server should still attempt to move other subtrees and the resources identified by their members, that are not descendents of an error-causing collection). So, for example, if an infinite depth move is performed on collection /a/, which contains collections /a/b/ and /a/c/, and an error occurs moving /a/b/, an attempt should still be made to try moving /a/c/. Similarly, after encountering an error moving a non- collection resource as part of an infinite depth move, the server SHOULD try to finish as much of the original move operation as possible. If an error occurs with a resource other than the resource identified in the Request-URI then the response MUST be a 207 (Multi-Status), and the errored resource's URL MUST appear with the specific error. The 424 (Failed Dependency) status code SHOULD NOT be returned in the 207 (Multi-Status) response from a MOVE method. These errors can be safely omitted because the client will know that the progeny of a resource could not be moved when the client receives an error for the parent. Additionally 201 (Created)/204 (No Content) responses SHOULD NOT be returned as values in 207 (Multi-Status) responses from a MOVE. These responses can be safely omitted because they are the default success codes. 8.10.3 MOVE and the Overwrite Header If a resource exists at the destination and the Overwrite header is "T" then prior to performing the move the server MUST perform a Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 45] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 DELETE with "Depth: infinity" on the destination resource. If the Overwrite header is set to "F" then the operation will fail. 8.10.4 Status Codes 201 (Created) - The source resource was successfully moved, and a new resource was created at the destination. 204 (No Content) - The source resource was successfully moved to a pre-existing destination resource. 207 (Multi-Status) - Multiple resources were to be affected by the MOVE, but errors on some of them prevented the operation from taking place. Specific error messages, together with the most appropriate of the source and destination URLs, appear in the body of the multi- status response. E.g. if a source resource was locked and could not be moved, then the source resource URL appears with the 423 (Locked) status. 403 (Forbidden) - The source and destination resources are the same. 409 (Conflict) - A resource cannot be created at the destination until one or more intermediate collections have been created. The server MUST NOT create those intermediate collections automatically. Or, the server was unable to preserve the behavior of the live properties and still move the resource to the destination (see 'live-properties-not-preserved' postcondition). 412 (Precondition Failed) Ș A condition failed, e.g. the Overwrite header is "F" and the state of the destination resource is non-null. 423 (Locked) - The source or the destination resource, or some resource within the source or destination collection, was locked. This response SHOULD contain the 'missing-lock-token' precondition element. 502 (Bad Gateway) - This may occur when the destination is on another server and the destination server refuses to accept the resource. This could also occur when the destination is on another sub-section of the same server namespace. 8.10.5 Examples This example shows resource http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/ index.html being moved to the location http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/ f/fielding/index.html. The contents of the destination resource would have been overwritten if the destination resource had been non-null. In this case, since there was nothing at the destination Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 46] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 resource, the response code is 201 (Created). MOVE of a Non-Collection >>Request MOVE /~fielding/index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.ics.uci.edu Destination: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html >>Response HTTP/1.1 201 Created Location: http://www.ics.uci.edu/users/f/fielding/index.html MOVE of a Collection >>Request MOVE /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Destination: http://www.example.com/othercontainer/ Overwrite: F If: () () >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.example.com/othercontainer/C2/ HTTP/1.1 423 Locked In this example the client has submitted a number of lock tokens with the request. A lock token will need to be submitted for every resource, both source and destination, anywhere in the scope of the method, that is locked. In this case the proper lock token was not submitted for the destination http://www.example.com/othercontainer/ C2/. This means that the resource /container/C2/ could not be moved. Because there was an error moving /container/C2/, none of /container/ Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 47] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 C2's members were moved. However no errors were listed for those members due to the error minimization rules. User agent authentication has previously occurred via a mechanism outside the scope of the HTTP protocol, in an underlying transport layer. 8.11 LOCK Method The following sections describe the LOCK method, which is used to take out a lock of any access type and to refresh an existing lock. These sections on the LOCK method describe only those semantics that are specific to the LOCK method and are independent of the access type of the lock being requested. Any resource which supports the LOCK method MUST, at minimum, support the XML request and response formats defined herein. A LOCK method invocation to an unlocked resource creates a lock on the resource identified by the Request-URI, which becomes the root of the lock. Lock method requests to create a new lock MUST have a XML request body which contains an owner XML element and other information for this lock request. The server MUST preserve the information provided by the client in the owner field when the lock information is requested. The LOCK request MAY have a Timeout header. Clients MUST assume that locks may arbitrarily disappear at any time, regardless of the value given in the Timeout header. The Timeout header only indicates the behavior of the server if extraordinary circumstances do not occur. For example, a sufficiently privileged user may remove a lock at any time or the system may crash in such a way that it loses the record of the lock's existence. The response MUST contain the value of the lockdiscovery property in a prop XML element. A success response to a LOCK request MUST include the Lock-Token response header with the token associated with the new lock, and MUST contain a body with the value of the 'lockdiscovery' property. Note that the Lock-Token header would not be returned in the response for a successful refresh LOCK request because a new lock was not created. The scope of a lock is the entire state of the resource, including its body and associated properties. As a result, a lock on a resource MUST also lock the resource's properties. For collections, a lock also affects the ability to add or remove members. The nature of the effect depends upon the type of access control involved. This means that if a collection is locked, its lock-token is required in all these cases: Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 48] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 o DELETE a collection's direct internal member o MOVE a member out of the collection o MOVE a member into the collection, unless it overwrites a pre- existing member o MOVE to rename it within a collection, o COPY a member into a collection, unless it overwrites a pre- existing member o PUT or MKCOL request which would create a new member. The collection's lock token is required in addition to the lock token on the internal member itself, if it exists. The interaction of a LOCK with various methods is dependent upon the lock type. However, independent of lock type, a successful DELETE of a resource MUST cause all of its direct locks to be removed. 8.11.1 Refreshing Locks A lock is refreshed by sending a LOCK request without a body to a resource within the scope of the lock. A LOCK request to refresh a lock must specify which lock to refresh by using the Lock-Token header with a single lock token (only one lock may be refreshed at a time). This request MUST NOT contain a body, but it may contain a Timeout header. A server MAY accept the Timeout header to change the duration remaining on the lock to the new value. A server MUST ignore the Depth header on a LOCK refresh, and the client SHOULD NOT send the Depth header on a LOCK refresh as the server will not convert the lock or confirm the depth. If the resource has other (shared) locks, those locks are unaffected by a lock refresh. Additionally, those locks do not prevent the named lock from being refreshed. Note that in RFC2518, clients were indicated through the example in the text to use the If header to specify what lock to refresh (rather than the Lock-Token header). Servers are encouraged to continue to support this as well as the Lock-Token header. 8.11.2 Depth and Locking The Depth header may be used with the LOCK method. Values other than 0 or infinity MUST NOT be used with the Depth header on a LOCK method. All resources that support the LOCK method MUST support the Depth header. A Depth header of value 0 means to just lock the resource specified by the Request-URI. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 49] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 If the Depth header is set to infinity then the resource specified in the Request-URI along with all its internal members, all the way down the hierarchy, are to be locked. A successful result MUST return a single lock token which represents all the resources that have been locked. If an UNLOCK is successfully executed on this token, all associated resources are unlocked. If the lock cannot be granted to all resources, a 207 (Multi-Status) status code MUST be returned with a response entity body containing a multistatus XML element describing which resource(s) prevented the lock from being granted. Hence, partial success is not an option. Either the entire hierarchy is locked or no resources are locked. If no Depth header is submitted on a LOCK request then the request MUST act as if a "Depth:infinity" had been submitted. 8.11.3 Locking Unmapped URLs A successful LOCK method MUST result in the creation of an empty resource which is locked (and which is not a collection), when a resource did not previously exist at that URL. Later on, the lock may go away but the empty resource remains. Empty resources MUST then appear in PROPFIND responses including that URL in the response scope. A server MUST respond successfully to a GET request to an empty resource, either by using a 204 No Content response, or by using 200 OK with a Content-Length header indicating zero length and no Content-Type. 8.11.4 Lock Compatibility Table The table below describes the behavior that occurs when a lock request is made on a resource. Current State Shared Lock Request Exclusive Lock Request -------------------------------------------------------------------- None True True Shared Lock True False Exclusive Lock False False* Legend: True = lock may be granted. False = lock MUST NOT be granted. *=It is illegal for a principal to request the same lock twice. The current lock state of a resource is given in the leftmost column, and lock requests are listed in the first row. The intersection of a row and column gives the result of a lock request. For example, if a shared lock is held on a resource, and an exclusive lock is Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 50] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 requested, the table entry is "false", indicating the lock must not be granted. 8.11.5 LOCK responses 200 (OK) - The lock request succeeded and the value of the lockdiscovery property is included in the body. 409 (Conflict) - A resource cannot be created at the destination until one or more intermediate collections have been created. The server MUST NOT create those intermediate collections automatically. 412 (Precondition Failed) - The included lock token was not enforceable on this resource or the server could not satisfy the request in the lockinfo XML element. 423 (Locked) - The resource is locked already. For consistency's sake, this response SHOULD contain the 'missing-lock-token' precondition element. 400 (Bad Request), with 'request-uri-must-match-lock-token' precondition - The LOCK request was made with a Lock-Token header, indicating that the client wishes to refresh the given lock. However, the Request-URI did not fall within the scope of the lock identified by the token. The lock may have a scope that does not include the Request-URI, or the lock could have disappeared, or the token may be invalid. 8.11.6 Example - Simple Lock Request >>Request LOCK /workspace/webdav/proposal.doc HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Timeout: Infinite, Second-4100000000 Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@example.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 51] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 >>Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Lock-Token: Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx infinity http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html Second-604800 opaquelocktoken:e71d4fae-5dec-22d6-fea5- 00a0c91e6be4 http://example.com/workspace/webdav /proposal.doc This example shows the successful creation of an exclusive write lock on resource http://example.com/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc. The resource http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html contains contact information for the owner of the lock. The server has an activity-based timeout policy in place on this resource, which causes the lock to automatically be removed after 1 week (604800 seconds). Note that the nonce, response, and opaque fields have not been calculated in the Authorization request header. Note that the locktoken and lockroot href elements would not contain any whitespace. The line return appearing in this document is only for formatting. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 52] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 8.11.7 Example - Refreshing a Write Lock >>Request LOCK /workspace/webdav/proposal.doc HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Timeout: Infinite, Second-4100000000 Lock-Token: Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@example.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." >>Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx infinity http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html Second-604800 opaquelocktoken:e71d4fae-5dec-22d6-fea5- 00a0c91e6be4 http://example.com/workspace/webdav /proposal.doc This request would refresh the lock, attempting to reset the timeout to the new value specified in the timeout header. Notice that the client asked for an infinite time out but the server choose to ignore Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 53] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 the request. In this example, the nonce, response, and opaque fields have not been calculated in the Authorization request header. 8.11.8 Example - Multi-Resource Lock Request >>Request LOCK /webdav/ HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Timeout: Infinite, Second-4100000000 Depth: infinity Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@example.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ejw/contact.html >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://example.com/webdav/secret HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden http://example.com/webdav/ HTTP/1.1 424 Failed Dependency Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 54] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 This example shows a request for an exclusive write lock on a collection and all its children. In this request, the client has specified that it desires an infinite length lock, if available, otherwise a timeout of 4.1 billion seconds, if available. The request entity body contains the contact information for the principal taking out the lock, in this case a web page URL. The error is a 403 (Forbidden) response on the resource http:// example.com/webdav/secret. Because this resource could not be locked, none of the resources were locked. Note also that the lockdiscovery property for the Request-URI has been included as required. In this example the lockdiscovery property is empty which means that there are no outstanding locks on the resource. In this example, the nonce, response, and opaque fields have not been calculated in the Authorization request header. 8.12 UNLOCK Method The UNLOCK method removes the lock identified by the lock token in the Lock-Token request header. The Request-URI MUST identify a resource within the scope of the lock. The If header is not needed to provide the lock token although servers SHOULD still evaluate the If header and treat it as a conditional header. For a successful response to this method, the server MUST remove the lock from the resource identified by the Request-URI and from all other resources included in the lock. If all resources which have been locked under the submitted lock token can not be unlocked then the UNLOCK request MUST fail. A successful response to an UNLOCK method does not mean that the resource is necessarily unlocked. It means that the specific lock corresponding to the specified token no longer exists. Any DAV compliant resource which supports the LOCK method MUST support the UNLOCK method. 8.12.1 Status Codes 204 (No Content) - Normal success response 400 (Bad Request) - No lock token was provided (see 'missing-lock-token' precondition), or request was made to a Request-URI that was not within the scope of the lock (see 'requesturi-must-match-lock-token' precondition). Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 55] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 403 (Forbidden) - The currently authenticated principal does not have permission to remove the lock (the server SHOULD use the 'need-privileges' precondition element). 412 (Precondition Failed) - The resource was not locked. 8.12.2 Example >>Request UNLOCK /workspace/webdav/info.doc HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com Lock-Token: Authorization: Digest username="ejw", realm="ejw@example.com", nonce="...", uri="/workspace/webdav/proposal.doc", response="...", opaque="..." >>Response HTTP/1.1 204 No Content In this example, the lock identified by the lock token "opaquelocktoken:a515cfa4-5da4-22e1-f5b5-00a0451e6bf7" is successfully removed from the resource http://example.com/workspace/ webdav/info.doc. If this lock included more than just one resource, the lock is removed from all resources included in the lock. The 204 (No Content) status code is used instead of 200 (OK) because there is no response entity body. In this example, the nonce, response, and opaque fields have not been calculated in the Authorization request header. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 56] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 9. HTTP Headers for Distributed Authoring All DAV headers follow the same basic formatting rules as HTTP headers. This includes rules like line continuation and how to combine (or separate) multiple instances of the same header using commas. 9.1 DAV Header DAV = "DAV" ":" #( compliance-code ) compliance-code = ( "1" | "2" | "bis" | extend ) extend = Coded-URL | token This general-header appearing in the response indicates that the resource supports the DAV schema and protocol as specified. All DAV compliant resources MUST return the DAV header on all OPTIONS responses. The value is a comma-separated list of all compliance class identifiers that the resource supports. Class identifiers may be Coded-URLs or tokens (as defined by [RFC2616]). Identifiers can appear in any order. Identifiers that are standardized through the IETF RFC process are tokens, but other identifiers SHOULD be Coded- URLs to encourage uniqueness. A resource must show class 1 compliance if it shows class 2 or "bis" compliance. In general, support for one compliance class does not entail support for any other. Please refer to section 16 for more details on compliance classes defined in this specification. This header must also appear on responses to OPTIONS requests to the special '*' Request-URI as defined in HTTP/1.1. In this case it means that the repository supports the named features in at least some internal namespaces. As an optional request header, this header allows the client to advertise compliance with named features. Clients need not advertise 1, 2 or bis because a WebDAV server currently doesn't need that information to decide how to respond to requests defined in this specification or in HTTP/1.1. However, future extensions may define client compliance codes. When used as a request header, the DAV header MAY affect caching so this header SHOULD NOT be used on all GET requests. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 57] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 9.2 Depth Header Depth = "Depth" ":" ("0" | "1" | "infinity") The Depth request header is used with methods executed on resources which could potentially have internal members to indicate whether the method is to be applied only to the resource ("Depth: 0"), to the resource and its immediate children, ("Depth: 1"), or the resource and all its progeny ("Depth: infinity"). The Depth header is only supported if a method's definition explicitly provides for such support. The following rules are the default behavior for any method that supports the Depth header. A method may override these defaults by defining different behavior in its definition. Methods which support the Depth header may choose not to support all of the header's values and may define, on a case by case basis, the behavior of the method if a Depth header is not present. For example, the MOVE method only supports "Depth: infinity" and if a Depth header is not present will act as if a "Depth: infinity" header had been applied. Clients MUST NOT rely upon methods executing on members of their hierarchies in any particular order or on the execution being atomic unless the particular method explicitly provides such guarantees. Upon execution, a method with a Depth header will perform as much of its assigned task as possible and then return a response specifying what it was able to accomplish and what it failed to do. So, for example, an attempt to COPY a hierarchy may result in some of the members being copied and some not. Any headers on a method that has a defined interaction with the Depth header MUST be applied to all resources in the scope of the method except where alternative behavior is explicitly defined. For example, an If-Match header will have its value applied against every resource in the method's scope and will cause the method to fail if the header fails to match. If a resource, source or destination, within the scope of the method with a Depth header is locked in such a way as to prevent the successful execution of the method, then the lock token for that resource MUST be submitted with the request in the If request header. The Depth header only specifies the behavior of the method with Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 58] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 regards to internal children. If a resource does not have internal children then the Depth header MUST be ignored. Please note, however, that it is always an error to submit a value for the Depth header that is not allowed by the method's definition. Thus submitting a "Depth: 1" on a COPY, even if the resource does not have internal members, will result in a 400 (Bad Request). The method should fail not because the resource doesn't have internal members, but because of the illegal value in the header. 9.3 Destination Header Destination = "Destination" ":" ( absoluteURI ) The Destination request header specifies the URI which identifies a destination resource for methods such as COPY and MOVE, which take two URIs as parameters. Note that the absoluteURI production is defined in RFC2396 [6]. If the Destination value is an absolute URI, it may name a different server (or different port or scheme). If the source server cannot attempt a copy to the remote server, it MUST fail the request with a 502 (Bad Gateway) response. Servers MAY attempt to copy the resource to the remote server using PUT/PROPPATCH or another mechanism. 9.4 Force-Authentication Header Force-Authentication = "Force-Authentication" ":" Method The Force-Authentication request header is used with the OPTIONS method to specify that the client wants to be challenged for authentication credentials to the resource identified by the Request-URI. If present on a request to a WebDAV-compliant resource, the server MUST respond with either 401 (Unauthorized) or 501 (Not Implemented) status code. The Method value is used for the client to indicate what method it intends to use first on the resource identified in the Request-URI. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 59] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 9.5 If Header If = "If" ":" ( 1*No-tag-list | 1*Tagged-list) No-tag-list = List Tagged-list = Resource 1*List Resource = Coded-URL List = #( "(" List | Clause ")" ) Clause = ["Not"] State-token | State-token State-token = Coded-URL | "[" entity-tag "]" Coded-URL = "<" absoluteURI ">" The If request header is intended to have similar functionality to the If- Match header defined in section 14.24 of RFC2616 [8]. However the If header is intended for use with any URI which represents state information, referred to as a state token, about a resource as well as ETags. A typical example of a state token is a lock token, and lock tokens are the only state tokens defined in this specification. The state token is a special token that must never match an actual valid lock token. The purpose of this is described in section 9.5.5. The If header's purpose is to describe a series of state lists. If the state of the resource to which the header is applied does not match any of the specified state lists then the request MUST fail with a 412 (Precondition Failed). If one of the described state lists matches the state of the resource then the request may succeed. The server must parse the If header when it appears on any request, evaluate all the clauses, and if the conditional evaluates to false, fail the request. Note that the absoluteURI production is defined in RFC2396 [6]. RFC2518 originally defined the If header without comma separators. This oversight meant that the If header couldn't be divided up among multiple lines according to the HTTP header manipulation rules. Servers supporting "bis" MUST be able to accept commas in If header values. If the header has commas between tokens or clauses, the header can be evaluated simply by removing the commas and proceeding with the evaluation rules. 9.5.1 No-tag-list Production The No-tag-list production describes a series of state tokens and ETags. If multiple No-tag-list productions are used then one only needs to match the state of the resource for the method to be allowed to continue. All untagged tokens apply to the resource identified in the Request-URI. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 60] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Example - no-tag-list production If: ( ["I am an ETag"]), (["I am another ETag"]) The previous header would require that the resource identified in the Request-URI be locked with the specified lock token and in the state identified by the "I am an ETag" ETag or in the state identified by the second ETag "I am another ETag". To put the matter more plainly one can think of the previous If header as being in the form (or (and ["I am an ETag"]) (and ["I am another ETag"])). 9.5.2 Tagged-list Production The tagged-list production scopes a list production. That is, it specifies that the lists following the resource specification only apply to the specified resource. The scope of the resource production begins with the list production immediately following the resource production and ends with the next resource production, if any. All clauses must be evaluated. If the state of the resource named in the tag does not match any of the associated state lists then the request MUST fail with a 412 (Precondition Failed). The same URI MUST NOT appear more than once in a resource production in an If header. Example - Tagged List If header COPY /resource1 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Destination: http://www.example.com/resource2 If: ( [W/"A weak ETag"]), (["strong ETag"]), (["another strong ETag"]) In this example http://www.example.com/resource1 is being copied to http://www.example.com/resource2. When the method is first applied to http://www.example.com/resource1, resource1 must be in the state specified by "( [W/"A weak ETag"]) (["strong ETag"])", that is, it either must be locked with a lock token of "locktoken:a-write-lock-token" and have a weak entity tag W/ "A weak ETag" or it must have a strong entity tag "strong ETag". That is the only success condition since the resource http:// www.bar.bar/random never has the method applied to it (the only other resource listed in the If header) and http://www.example.com/ resource2 is not listed in the If header. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 61] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 9.5.3 Not Production Every state token or ETag is either current, and hence describes the state of a resource, or is not current, and does not describe the state of a resource. The boolean operation of matching a state token or ETag to the current state of a resource thus resolves to a true or false value. The "Not" production is used to reverse that value. The scope of the not production is the state-token or entity-tag immediately following it. If: (Not ) When submitted with a request, this If header requires that all operand resources must not be locked with locktoken:write1 and must be locked with locktoken:write2. The Not production is particularly useful with the "" state token. The clause "Not " must evaluate to true. Thus, any "OR" statement containing the clause "Not " must also evaluate to true. 9.5.4 Matching Function When performing If header processing, the definition of a matching state token or entity tag is as follows. Identifying a resource: The resource is identified by the URI along with the token, in tagged list production, or by the Request-URI in untagged list production. Matching entity tag: Where the entity tag matches an entity tag associated with the identified resource. Matching state token: Where there is an exact match between the state token in the If header and any state token on the identified resource. A lock state token is considered to match if the resource is anywhere in the scope of the lock. Example - Matching lock tokens with collection locks DELETE /specs/rfc2518.txt HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com If: () For this example, the lock token must be compared to the identified resource, which is the 'specs' collection identified by the URL in the tagged list production. If the 'specs' collection is not locked or has a lock with a different token, the request MUST fail. If the Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 62] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 'specs' collection is locked (depth infinity) with that lock token, then this request could succeed, both because the If header evaluates to true, and because the lock token for the lock affecting the affected resource has been provided. Alternatively, a request where the 'rfc2518.txt' URL is associated with the lock token in the If header could also succeed. 9.5.5 If Header and Non-DAV Aware Proxies Non-DAV aware proxies will not honor the If header, since they will not understand the If header, and HTTP requires non-understood headers to be ignored. When communicating with HTTP/1.1 proxies, the "Cache-Control: no-cache" request header MUST be used so as to prevent the proxy from improperly trying to service the request from its cache. When dealing with HTTP/1.0 proxies the "Pragma: no- cache" request header MUST be used for the same reason. 9.6 Lock-Token Header Lock-Token = "Lock-Token" ":" Coded-URL The Lock-Token request header is used with the UNLOCK method to identify the lock to be removed. The lock token in the Lock-Token request header MUST identify a lock that contains the resource identified by Request-URI as a member. The Lock-Token response header is used with the LOCK method to indicate the lock token created as a result of a successful LOCK request to create a new lock. 9.7 Overwrite Header Overwrite = "Overwrite" ":" ("T" | "F") The Overwrite request header specifies whether the server should overwrite the state of a non-null destination resource during a COPY or MOVE. A value of "F" states that the server must not perform the COPY or MOVE operation if the state of the destination resource is non-null. If the overwrite header is not included in a COPY or MOVE request then the resource MUST treat the request as if it has an overwrite header of value "T". While the Overwrite header appears to duplicate the functionality of the If-Match: * header of HTTP/1.1, If-Match applies only to the Request-URI, and not to the Destination of a COPY or MOVE. If a COPY or MOVE is not performed due to the value of the Overwrite header, the method MUST fail with a 412 (Precondition Failed) status code. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 63] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 All DAV compliant resources MUST support the Overwrite header. 9.8 Timeout Request Header TimeOut = "Timeout" ":" 1#TimeType TimeType = ("Second-" DAVTimeOutVal | "Infinite") DAVTimeOutVal = 1*digit Clients may include Timeout request headers in their LOCK requests. However, the server is not required to honor or even consider these requests. Clients MUST NOT submit a Timeout request header with any method other than a LOCK method. Timeout response values MUST use a Second value or Infinite. The "Second" TimeType specifies the number of seconds that will elapse between granting of the lock at the server, and the automatic removal of the lock. The timeout value for TimeType "Second" MUST NOT be greater than 2^32-1. The timeout counter MUST be restarted if a refresh LOCK request is successful. The timeout counter SHOULD NOT be restarted at any other time. If the timeout expires then the lock may be lost. Specifically, if the server wishes to harvest the lock upon time-out, the server SHOULD act as if an UNLOCK method was executed by the server on the resource using the lock token of the timed-out lock, performed with its override authority. Thus logs should be updated with the disposition of the lock, notifications should be sent, etc., just as they would be for an UNLOCK request. Servers are advised to pay close attention to the values submitted by clients, as they will be indicative of the type of activity the client intends to perform. For example, an applet running in a browser may need to lock a resource, but because of the instability of the environment within which the applet is running, the applet may be turned off without warning. As a result, the applet is likely to ask for a relatively small timeout value so that if the applet dies, the lock can be quickly harvested. However, a document management system is likely to ask for an extremely long timeout because its user may be planning on going off-line. A client MUST NOT assume that just because the time-out has expired the lock has been lost. Likewise, a client MUST NOT assume that just because the time-out has not expired, the lock still exists (and for this reason, clients are strongly advised to use ETags as well). Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 64] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 10. Status Code Extensions to HTTP/1.1 The following status codes are added to those defined in HTTP/1.1 RFC2616 [8]. 10.1 102 Processing The 102 (Processing) status code is an interim response used to inform the client that the server has accepted the complete request, but has not yet completed it. This status code SHOULD only be sent when the server has a reasonable expectation that the request will take significant time to complete. As guidance, if a method is taking longer than 20 seconds (a reasonable, but arbitrary value) to process the server SHOULD return a 102 (Processing) response. The server MUST send a final response after the request has been completed. Methods can potentially take a long period of time to process, especially methods that support the Depth header. In such cases the client may time-out the connection while waiting for a response. To prevent this the server may return a 102 (Processing) status code to indicate to the client that the server is still processing the method. 10.2 207 Multi-Status The 207 (Multi-Status) status code provides status for multiple independent operations (see Section 12 for more information). 10.3 422 Unprocessable Entity The 422 (Unprocessable Entity) status code means the server understands the content type of the request entity (hence a 415(Unsupported Media Type) status code is inappropriate), and the syntax of the request entity is correct (thus a 400 (Bad Request) status code is inappropriate) but was unable to process the contained instructions. For example, this error condition may occur if an XML request body contains well-formed (i.e., syntactically correct), but semantically erroneous XML instructions. 10.4 423 Locked The 423 (Locked) status code means the source or destination resource of a method is locked. This response SHOULD contain the 'missing-lock-token' element and corresponding href in the error body. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 65] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 10.5 424 Failed Dependency The 424 (Failed Dependency) status code means that the method could not be performed on the resource because the requested action depended on another action and that action failed. For example, if a command in a PROPPATCH method fails then, at minimum, the rest of the commands will also fail with 424 (Failed Dependency). 10.6 507 Insufficient Storage The 507 (Insufficient Storage) status code means the method could not be performed on the resource because the server is unable to store the representation needed to successfully complete the request. This condition is considered to be temporary. If the request which received this status code was the result of a user action, the request MUST NOT be repeated until it is requested by a separate user action. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 66] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 11. Use of HTTP Status Codes 11.1 301 Moved Permanently Any WebDAV request may be redirected using this status code. 11.2 302 Found Any WebDAV request may be redirected using this status code. 11.3 400 Bad Request This code may be used if: o the Host header is missing in any request o The protocol version is HTTP/1.0 o Any header is improperly formatted o The request method line is improperly formatted 11.4 403 Forbidden To be used if the server does not ever accept this method on this kind of resource. For example, if a PUT is not accepted on a collection. 11.5 409 Conflict The 409 Conflict is most typically returned when a method that attempts to create a new resource must fail, because one of the collections that resource depends on does not exist. However, other types of conflicts are defined in specifications extending RFC2518. Therefore, this can be returned in response to all methods. 11.6 414 Request-URI Too Long This status code is used in HTTP 1.1 only for Request-URIs, because full URIs arenČ”t used in other headers. WebDAV specifies full URLs in other headers, therefore this error may be used if the URI is too long in other locations as well. This status code may be used in response to any method in this specification. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 67] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 12. Multi-Status Response The default 207 (Multi-Status) response body is a text/xml or application/xml HTTP entity that contains a single XML element called multistatus, which contains a set of XML elements called response which contain 200, 300, 400, and 500 series status codes generated during the method invocation. 100 series status codes SHOULD NOT be recorded in a response XML element. The 207 status code itself MUST NOT be considered a success response, it is only completely successful if all response elements inside contain success status codes. The body of a 207 Multi-Status response MUST contain a URL associated with each specific status code, so that the client can tell whether the error occurred with the source resource, destination resource or some other resource in the scope of the request. URLs for collections appearing in the results SHOULD end in a '/' character. When a Multi-Status body is returned in response to a PROPFIND or another request with a single scope, all URLs appearing in the body must be equal to or inside the request-URI, thus the URLs MAY be absolute or MAY be relative. o If the URLs are absolute, then the server MUST ensure that the URLs have the same prefix (scheme, host, port, and path) as the URL of the requested resource (which may be the same as the Request-URI or may be the corrected in the response Location header). o If the URLs are relative, they MUST be resolved against the Location header, if present, or as second choice against the Request-URI. When a Multi-Status body is returned in response to MOVE or COPY, relative URIs resolution is ambiguous (the request had both a source and a destination URL). Thus, URLs appearing in the responses to MOVE or COPY SHOULD be absolute and fully-qualified URLs. 12.1 Responses requiring Location in Multi-Status The 300-303, 305 and 307 responses defined in HTTP 1.1 normally take a Location header to indicate where the client should make the request. The Multi-Status response syntax as defined in RFC2518 did not allow for the Location header information to be included in an unambiguous way, so servers MAY choose not to use these status codes in Multi-Status responses. If a clients receives this status code in Multi-Status, the client MAY reissue the request to the individual resource, so that the server can issue a response with a Location header for each resource. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 68] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Additionally, this specification defines a new element that servers MAY use in the response element to provide a location value in Multi-Status (see Section 13.29). Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 69] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 13. XML Element Definitions In this section, the final line of each section gives the element type declaration using the format defined in XML [11]. The "Value" field, where present, specifies further restrictions on the allowable contents of the XML element using BNF (i.e., to further restrict the values of a PCDATA element). The "Extensibility" field discusses how the element may be extended in the future (or in existing extensions to WebDAV. All of the elements defined here may be extended by the addition of attributes and child elements not defined in this specification. 13.1 activelock XML Element Name: activelock Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Describes a lock on a resource. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.2 depth XML Element Name: depth Namespace: DAV: Purpose: The value of the Depth header. Value: "0" | "1" | "infinity" Extensibility: MAY be extended with attributes which SHOULD be ignored. 13.3 locktoken XML Element Name: locktoken Namespace: DAV: Purpose: The lock token associated with a lock. Description: The href contains a single lock token URI which refers to the lock (i.e., the OpaqueLockToken-URI production in section 6.4). Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 70] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 13.4 lockroot XML Element Name: lockroot Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains the root URL of the lock, which is the URL through which the resource was addressed in the LOCK request. Description: The href contains a URL with the address of the root of the lock. The server SHOULD include this in all lockdiscovery property values and the response to LOCK requests. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.5 timeout XML Element Name: timeout Namespace: DAV: Purpose: The number of seconds remaining before a lock expires. Value: TimeType (defined in Section 9.8). Extensibility: MAY be extended with attributes which SHOULD be ignored. 13.6 collection XML Element Name: collection Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Identifies the associated resource as a collection. The resourcetype property of a collection resource MUST contain this element. It is normally empty but extensions may add sub-elements. Extensibility: MAY be extended with child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.7 href XML Element Name: href Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Identifies the content of the element as a URI. In many situations, this URI MUST be a HTTP URI, and furthermore, it MUST identify a WebDAV resource. There is one exception to this general rule in the lockdiscovery property, where the lock token (which is a URI but may not be a HTTP URI) is inside the href element. Other specifications SHOULD be explicit if the href Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 71] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 element is to contain non-HTTP URIs. Value: URI (See section 3.2.1 of RFC2616 [8]) Extensibility: MAY be extended with attributes which SHOULD be ignored. 13.8 lockentry XML Element Name: lockentry Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Defines the types of locks that can be used with the resource. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.9 lockinfo XML Element Name: lockinfo Namespace: DAV: Purpose: The lockinfo XML element is used with a LOCK method to specify the type of lock the client wishes to have created. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.10 lockscope XML Element Name: lockscope Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Specifies whether a lock is an exclusive lock, or a shared lock. Extensibility: SHOULD NOT be extended with child elements. MAY be extended with attributes which SHOULD be ignored. 13.11 exclusive XML Element Name: exclusive Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Specifies an exclusive lock Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 72] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Extensibility: Normally empty, but MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.12 shared XML Element Name: shared Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Specifies a shared lock Extensibility: Normally empty, but MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.13 locktype XML Element Name: locktype Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Specifies the access type of a lock. At present, this specification only defines one lock type, the write lock. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.14 write XML Element Name: write Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Specifies a write lock. Extensibility: Normally empty, but MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.15 multistatus XML Element Name: multistatus Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains multiple response messages. Description The responsedescription at the top level is used to provide a general message describing the overarching nature of the response. If this value is available an application may use it instead of presenting the individual response descriptions Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 73] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 contained within the responses. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.16 response XML Element Name: locktype Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Holds a single response describing the effect of a method on resource and/or its properties. Description: A particular href MUST NOT appear more than once as the child of a response XML element under a multistatus XML element. This requirement is necessary in order to keep processing costs for a response to linear time. Essentially, this prevents having to search in order to group together all the responses by href. There are, however, no requirements regarding ordering based on href values. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.17 propstat XML Element Name: propstat Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Groups together a prop and status element that is associated with a particular href element. Description: The propstat XML element MUST contain one prop XML element and one status XML element. The contents of the prop XML element MUST only list the names of properties to which the result in the status element applies. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.18 status XML Element Name: status Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Holds a single HTTP status-line Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 74] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Value: status-line (status-line defined in RFC2616 [8] Extensibility: MAY be extended with attributes which SHOULD be ignored. 13.19 responsedescription XML Element Name: responsedescription Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains a message that can be displayed to the user explaining the nature of the response. Description: This XML element provides information suitable to be presented to a user. Extensibility: MAY be extended with attributes which SHOULD be ignored. 13.20 owner XML Element Name: owner Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Provides information about the principal taking out a lock. Description The owner XML element provides information sufficient for either directly contacting a principal (such as a telephone number or Email URI), or for discovering the principal (such as the URL of a homepage) who owns a lock. This information is provided by the client, and may only be altered by the server if the owner value provided by the client is empty. Extensibility MAY be extended with child elements, mixed content, text content or attributes. Structured content, for example one or more child elements containing URLs, is RECOMMENDED. 13.23 remove XML element Name: remove Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Lists the DAV properties to be removed from a resource. Description: Remove instructs that the properties specified in prop should be removed. Specifying the removal of a property that does not exist is not an error. All the XML elements in a prop XML element inside of a remove XML element MUST be empty, as only the names of properties to be removed are required. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.24 set XML element Name: set Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Lists the DAV property values to be set for a resource. Description: The set XML element MUST contain only a prop XML element. The elements contained by the prop XML element inside the set XML element MUST specify the name and value of properties that are set on the resource identified by Request-URI. If a property already exists then its value is replaced. Language tagging information appearing in the scope of the prop element (in the "xml:lang" attribute, if present) MUST be persistently stored along with the property, and MUST be subsequently retrievable Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 76] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 using PROPFIND. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.25 propfind XML Element Name: propfind Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Specifies the properties to be returned from a PROPFIND method. Four special elements are specified for use with propfind: prop, dead-props, allprop and propname. If prop is used inside propfind it MUST NOT contain property values. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized, as long as it still contains one of the required elements. 13.26 allprop XML Element Name: allprop Namespace: DAV: Purpose: The allprop XML element specifies that all names and values of dead properties and the live properties defined by this document existing on the resource are to be returned. Extensibility: Normally empty, but MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.27 propname XML Element Name: propname Namespace: DAV: Purpose: The propname XML element specifies that only a list of property names on the resource is to be returned. Extensibility: Normally empty, but MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.28 dead-props XML Element Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 77] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Name: dead-props Namespace: DAV: Purpose: The dead-props XML element specifies that all dead properties, names and values, should be returned in the response. Extensibility: Normally empty, but MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.29 location XML Element Name: location Namespace: DAV: Purpose: In normal responses (not Multi-Status), some status codes go along with a Location header. When these status codes are used in a Multi-Status response, this element is used instead. Description: Contains a single href element with the same URI that would be used in a Location header. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 13.30 error XML Element Name: error Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Error responses, particularly 403 Forbidden and 409 Conflict, sometimes need more information to indicate what went wrong. When an error response contains a body in WebDAV, the body is in XML with the root element 'error'. The 'error' tag SHOULD include a standard error tag defined in this specification or another specification. The 'error' tag MAY include custom error tags (in custom namespaces) which a client can safely ignore. Description: Contains any XML element Extensibility: Fully extensible with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 78] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 14. DAV Properties For DAV properties, the name of the property is also the same as the name of the XML element that contains its value. In the section below, the final line of each section gives the element type declaration using the format defined in XML [11]. The "Value" field, where present, specifies further restrictions on the allowable contents of the XML element using BNF (i.e., to further restrict the values of a PCDATA element). Note that a resource may have only one value for a property of a given name, so the property may only show up once in PROPFIND responses or PROPPATCH requests. Some property values are calculated by the server and it is not appropriate to allow client changes, thus they are protected. Existing server implementations already have different sets of RFC2518 properties protected, but clients can have some expectations which properties are normally protected. The value of a protected property may not be changed even by a user with permission to edit other properties. The value of an unprotected property may be changed by some users with appropriate permissions. 14.1 creationdate Property Name: creationdate Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Records the time and date the resource was created. Value: date-time (defined in RFC3339 [9], see the ABNF in section 5.6.) Protected: MAY be protected. Some servers allow creationdate to be changed to reflect the time the document was created if that is more meaningful to the user (rather than the time it was uploaded). Thus, clients SHOULD NOT use this property in synchronization logic (use getetag instead). COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value SHOULD be kept during a MOVE operation, but is normally re-initialized when a resource is created with a COPY. It should not be set in a COPY. Description: The creationdate property should be defined on all DAV compliant resources. If present, it contains a timestamp of the moment when the resource was created (i.e., the moment it had non-null state). Extensibility: MAY contain attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.2 displayname Property Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 79] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Name: displayname Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Provides a name for the resource that is suitable for presentation to a user. Value: Any text Protected: Possibly COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value SHOULD be preserved in local COPY and MOVE operations. It MAY be attempted to be set in a COPY operation to a remote server. Description: The displayname property should be defined on all DAV compliant resources. If present, the property contains a description of the resource that is suitable for presentation to a user. Extensibility: MAY contain attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.3 getcontentlanguage Property Name: getcontentlanguage Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains the Content-Language header returned by a GET without accept headers Value: language-tag (language-tag is defined in section 14.13 of RFC2616 [8]) Protected: SHOULD NOT be protected, so that clients can reset the language. COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value SHOULD be preserved in local COPY and MOVE operations. It SHOULD be attempted to be set in a COPY operation to a remote server. Description: The getcontentlanguage property MUST be defined on any DAV compliant resource that returns the Content-Language header on a GET. Extensibility: MAY contain attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.4 getcontentlength Property Name: getcontentlength Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains the Content-Length header returned by a GET without accept headers. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 80] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Value: content-length (see section 14.14 of RFC2616 [8]) Protected: SHOULD be protected so clients cannot set to misleading values Description: The getcontentlength property MUST be defined on any DAV compliant resource that returns the Content-Length header in response to a GET. COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value is dependent on the size of the destination resource, not the value of the property on the source resource. Extensibility: MAY contain attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.5 getcontenttype Property Name: getcontenttype Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains the Content-Type header returned by a GET without accept headers. Value: media-type (defined in section 3.7 of RFC2616 [8]) Protected: SHOULD NOT be protected, so clients may fix this value COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value SHOULD be preserved in local COPY and MOVE operations. In a remote COPY operation that is implemented through a PUT request, the PUT request must have the appropriate Content-Type header. Description: This getcontenttype property MUST be defined on any DAV compliant resource that returns the Content-Type header in response to a GET. Extensibility: MAY contain attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.6 getetag Property Name: getetag Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains the ETag header returned by a GET without accept headers. Value: entity-tag (defined in section 3.11 of RFC2616 [8]) Protected: MUST be protected because this value is created and controlled by the server. COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value is dependent on the final state of the destination resource, not the value of the property on the source resource. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 81] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Description: The getetag property MUST be defined on any DAV compliant resource that returns the Etag header. Refer to RFC2616 for a complete definition of the semantics of an ETag. Note that changes in properties or lock state MUST not cause a resourceČ”s ETag to change. Extensibility: MAY contain attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.7 getlastmodified Property Name: getlastmodified Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Contains the Last-Modified header returned by a GET method without accept headers. Value: HTTP-date (defined in section 3.3.1 of RFC2616 [8]) Protected: SHOULD be protected because some clients may rely on the value for appropriate caching behavior, or on the value of the Last-Modified header to which this property is linked. COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value is dependent on the last modified date of the destination resource, not the value of the property on the source resource. Note that some server implementations use the file system date modified value for the 'getlastmodified' value, and this is preserved in a MOVE even when the HTTP Last-Modified value SHOULD change. Thus, clients cannot rely on this value for caching and SHOULD use ETags. Description: Note that the last-modified date on a resource SHOULD only reflect changes in the body (the GET responses) of the resource. A change in a property only SHOULD NOT cause the last-modified date to change, because clients MAY rely on the last-modified date to know when to overwrite the existing body. The getlastmodified property MUST be defined on any DAV compliant resource that returns the Last- Modified header in response to a GET. Extensibility: MAY contain attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.8 lockdiscovery Property Name: lockdiscovery Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Describes the active locks on a resource Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 82] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Protected: MUST be protected. Clients change the list of locks through LOCK and UNLOCK, not through PROPPATCH. COPY/MOVE behaviour: The value of this property depends on the lock state of the destination, not on the locks of the source resource. Recall that locks are not moved in a MOVE operation. Description: The lockdiscovery property returns a listing of who has a lock, what type of lock he has, the timeout type and the time remaining on the timeout, and the associated lock token. If there are no locks, but the server supports locks, the property will be present but contain zero Č½activelockČ” elements. If there is one or more lock, an Č½activelockČ” element appears for each lock on the resource. Extensibility: MAY be extended with additional child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.8.1 Example - Retrieving the lockdiscovery Property >>Request PROPFIND /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Content-Length: xxxx Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.example.com/container/ Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 83] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 0 Jane Smith Infinite opaquelocktoken:f81de2ad-7f3d-a1b2-4f3c- 00a0c91a9d76 http://www.example.com/container/ HTTP/1.1 200 OK This resource has a single exclusive write lock on it, with an infinite timeout. 14.9 resourcetype Property Name: resourcetype Namespace: DAV: Purpose: Specifies the nature of the resource. Protected: SHOULD be protected. Resource type is generally decided through the operation creating the resource (MKCOL vs PUT), not by PROPPATCH. COPY/MOVE behaviour: Generally a COPY/MOVE of a resource results in the same type of resource at the destination. In a remote COPY, the source server SHOULD NOT attempt to set this property. Description: The resourcetype property MUST be defined on all DAV compliant resources. The default value is empty. Extensibility: MAY be extended with any child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. If the element contains the 'collection' child element plus additional unrecognized elements/attributes, it should generally be treated as a collection. If the element contains no recognized child elements it should be treated as a non- collection WebDAV-compliant resource. Example: (fictional example to show extensibility) Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 84] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 14.10 supportedlock Property Name: supportedlock Namespace: DAV: Purpose: To provide a listing of the lock capabilities supported by the resource. Protected: MUST be protected. Servers determine what lock mechanisms are supported, not clients. COPY/MOVE behaviour: This property value is dependent on the kind of locks supported at the destination, not on the value of the property at the source resource. Servers attempting to COPY to a destination should not attempt to set this property at the destination. Description: The supportedlock property of a resource returns a listing of the combinations of scope and access types which may be specified in a lock request on the resource. Note that the actual contents are themselves controlled by access controls so a server is not required to provide information the client is not authorized to see. Extensibility: MAY be extended with any child elements or attributes which SHOULD be ignored if not recognized. 14.10.1 Example - Retrieving the supportedlock Property Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 85] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 >>Request PROPFIND /container/ HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Content-Length: xxxx Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" >>Response HTTP/1.1 207 Multi-Status Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: xxxx http://www.example.com/container/ HTTP/1.1 200 OK Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 86] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 15. Precondition/postcondition XML elements The numerical status codes used in HTTP responses are not sufficiently granular or informative for all purposes. Some extensions to HTTP have used the error response body along with some status codes in order to provide additiona machine-readable response detail. The machine-readable codes are XML elements classified as preconditions (generally client error or failure to meet the conditions in order for the request to be considered) and postconditions (generally server error or failure to respond successfully to an otherwise valid request). The precondition or postcondition XML element appears inside an 'error' element which is the root of the XML body of the response. The 'error' root element or the precondition or postcondition elements MAY contain additional XML elements or attributes not defined in this specification. XML elements in error response bodies were not used in RFC2518, but were introduced in RFC2518bis. Thus, use of these informative elements is RECOMMENDED. Even if clients do not automatically recognize the error bodies they can be quite useful in interoperability testing and debugging. Name: external-entities-forbidden Namespace: DAV: Use with: 403 Forbidden Purpose: (precondition) -- If the server rejects a client request because the request body contains an external entity, the server SHOULD use this error. Name: requesturi-must-match-lock-token Namespace: DAV: Use with: 400 Bad Request Purpose: (precondition) -- A request may include a Lock-Token header to identify a lock for the purposes of an operation such as refresh LOCK or UNLOCK. However, if the Request-URI doe not fall within the scope of the lock identified by the token, the server SHOULD use this error. The lock may have a scope that does not include the Request-URI, or the lock could have disappeared, or the token may be invalid. Name: missing-lock-token Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 87] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Namespace: DAV: Use with: 400 Bad Request Purpose: (precondition) -- If the server rejects a request because the request MUST have a lock token and is missing the lock token header or header value (e.g. on an UNLOCK request), the server SHOULD use this error. Name: live-properties-not-preserved Namespace: DAV: Use with: 409 Conflict Purpose: (postcondition) -- The server received an otherwise-valid MOVE or COPY request, but cannot maintain the live properties with the same behavior at the destination. It may be that the server only supports some live properties in some parts of the repository, or simply has an internal error. Name: read-only-property Namespace: DAV: Use with: 403 Forbidden Purpose: (precondition) -- The client attempted to set a read-only property in a PROPPATCH (such as 'getetag'). Name: propfind-infinite-depth-forbidden Namespace: DAV: Use with: 403 Forbidden Purpose: (precondition) -- This server does not allow infinite-depth PROPFIND requests on collections. Name: need-privileges Namespace: DAV: Use with: 403 Forbidden Purpose: (precondition) -- The currently authenticated user simply does not have the privileges required to do the requested operation (e.g. UNLOCK a lock created by someone else). Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 88] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Name: missing-lock-token Namespace: DAV: Use with: 423 Locked Purpose: (precondition) -- The request could not succeed because a lock token should have been provided. This element, if present, MUST contain the URL of a locked resource that prevented the request. In cases of MOVE, COPY and DELETE where collection locks are involved, it can be difficult for the client to find out which locked resource made the request fail -- but the server is only resonsible for returning one such locked resource. The server MAY return every locked resource that prevented the request from succeeding if it knows them all. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 89] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 16. Instructions for Processing XML in DAV All DAV compliant resources MUST ignore any unknown XML element and all its children encountered while processing a DAV method that uses XML as its command language. This restriction also applies to the processing, by clients, of DAV property values where unknown XML elements SHOULD be ignored unless the property's schema declares otherwise. This restriction does not apply to setting dead DAV properties on the server where the server MUST record unknown XML elements. Additionally, this restriction does not apply to the use of XML where XML happens to be the content type of the entity body, for example, when used as the body of a PUT. Since XML can be transported as text/xml or application/xml, a DAV server MUST accept DAV method requests with XML parameters transported as either text/xml or application/xml, and a DAV client MUST accept XML responses using either text/xml or application/xml. XML DTD fragments are included for all the XML elements defined in this specification. However, legal XML may not be valid according to any DTD due to namespace usage and extension rules, so the DTD is only informational. A recipient of a WebDAV message with an XML body MUST NOT validate the XML document according to any hard-coded or dynamically-declared DTD. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 90] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 17. DAV Compliance Classes A DAV compliant resource can advertise several classes of compliance. A client can discover the compliance classes of a resource by executing OPTIONS on the resource, and examining the "DAV" header which is returned. Note particularly that resources are spoken of as being compliant, rather than servers. That is because theoretically some resources on a server could support different feature sets. E.g. a server could have a sub-repository where an advanced feature like server was supported, even if that feature was not supported on all servers. Since this document describes extensions to the HTTP/1.1 protocol, minimally all DAV compliant resources, clients, and proxies MUST be compliant with RFC2616 [8]. A resource that is class 2 compliant must also be class 1 compliant, and a resource that is compliant with "bis" must also be class 1 compliant. 17.1 Class 1 A class 1 compliant resource MUST meet all "MUST" requirements in all sections of this document. Class 1 compliant resources MUST return, at minimum, the value "1" in the DAV header on all responses to the OPTIONS method. 17.2 Class 2 A class 2 compliant resource MUST meet all class 1 requirements and support the LOCK method, the supportedlock property, the lockdiscovery property, the Time-Out response header and the Lock- Token request header. A class "2" compliant resource SHOULD also support the Time-Out request header and the owner XML element. Class 2 compliant resources MUST return, at minimum, the values "1" and "2" in the DAV header on all responses to the OPTIONS method. 17.3 Class 'bis' A resource can explicitly advertise its support for the revisions to RFC2518 made in this document. In particular, this allows clients to use the Force-Authentication header on requests. Class 1 must be supported as well. Class 2 MAY be supported. A resource that supports bis MUST support: Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 91] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 o the Force-Authentication header. o Any behavior that it supports, in the manner specified in this document, rather than in the manner specified in RFC2518, for all client requests. A server MAY use an older behavior for specific clients that are discovered to have interoperability problems with the requirements of this specification, but MUST NOT use an older behavior indiscriminately. Example: DAV: 1, bis Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 92] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 18. Internationalization Considerations In the realm of internationalization, this specification complies with the IETF Character Set Policy RFC2277 [8]. In this specification, human-readable fields can be found either in the value of a property, or in an error message returned in a response entity body. In both cases, the human-readable content is encoded using XML, which has explicit provisions for character set tagging and encoding, and requires that XML processors read XML elements encoded, at minimum, using the UTF-8 RFC2279 [5] and UTF-16 encodings of the ISO 10646 multilingual plane. XML examples in this specification demonstrate use of the charset parameter of the Content-Type header, as defined in RFC2376 [17], as well as the XML declarations which provide charset identification information for MIME and XML processors. XML also provides a language tagging capability for specifying the language of the contents of a particular XML element. The "xml:lang" attribute appears on an XML element to identify the language of its content and attributes. See XML [11] for definitions of values and scoping. WebDAV applications MUST support the character set tagging, character set encoding, and the language tagging functionality of the XML specification. Implementors of WebDAV applications are strongly encouraged to read "XML Media Types" RFC2376 [17] for instruction on which MIME media type to use for XML transport, and on use of the charset parameter of the Content-Type header. Names used within this specification fall into four categories: names of protocol elements such as methods and headers, names of XML elements, names of properties, and names of conditions. Naming of protocol elements follows the precedent of HTTP, using English names encoded in USASCII for methods and headers. Since these protocol elements are not visible to users, and are simply long token identifiers, they do not need to support multiple languages. Similarly, the names of XML elements used in this specification are not visible to the user and hence do not need to support multiple languages. WebDAV property names are qualified XML names (pairs of XML namespace name and local name). Although some applications (e.g., a generic property viewer) will display property names directly to their users, it is expected that the typical application will use a fixed set of properties, and will provide a mapping from the property name and namespace to a human-readable field when displaying the property name to a user. It is only in the case where the set of properties is not known ahead of time that an application need display a property name Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 93] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 URI to a user. We recommend that applications provide human-readable property names wherever feasible. For error reporting, we follow the convention of HTTP/1.1 status codes, including with each status code a short, English description of the code (e.g., 423 (Locked)). While the possibility exists that a poorly crafted user agent would display this message to a user, internationalized applications will ignore this message, and display an appropriate message in the user's language and character set. Since interoperation of clients and servers does not require locale information, this specification does not specify any mechanism for transmission of this information. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 94] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 19. Security Considerations This section is provided to detail issues concerning security implications of which WebDAV applications need to be aware. All of the security considerations of HTTP/1.1 (discussed in RFC2616 [8]) and XML (discussed in RFC2376 [17]) also apply to WebDAV. In addition, the security risks inherent in remote authoring require stronger authentication technology, introduce several new privacy concerns, and may increase the hazards from poor server design. These issues are detailed below. 19.1 Authentication of Clients Due to their emphasis on authoring, WebDAV servers need to use authentication technology to protect not just access to a network resource, but the integrity of the resource as well. Furthermore, the introduction of locking functionality requires support for authentication. A password sent in the clear over an insecure channel is an inadequate means for protecting the accessibility and integrity of a resource as the password may be intercepted. Since Basic authentication for HTTP/1.1 performs essentially clear text transmission of a password, Basic authentication MUST NOT be used to authenticate a WebDAV client to a server unless the connection is secure. Furthermore, a WebDAV server MUST NOT send Basic authentication credentials in a WWW-Authenticate header unless the connection is secure. Examples of secure connections include a Transport Layer Security (TLS) connection employing a strong cipher suite with mutual authentication of client and server, or a connection over a network which is physically secure, for example, an isolated network in a building with restricted access. WebDAV applications MUST support the Digest authentication scheme RFC2069 [2]. Since Digest authentication verifies that both parties to a communication know a shared secret, a password, without having to send that secret in the clear, Digest authentication avoids the security problems inherent in Basic authentication while providing a level of authentication which is useful in a wide range of scenarios. 19.2 Denial of Service Denial of service attacks are of special concern to WebDAV servers. WebDAV plus HTTP enables denial of service attacks on every part of a system's resources. The underlying storage can be attacked by PUTting extremely large Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 95] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 files. Asking for recursive operations on large collections can attack processing time. Making multiple pipelined requests on multiple connections can attack network connections. WebDAV servers need to be aware of the possibility of a denial of service attack at all levels. 19.3 Security through Obscurity WebDAV provides, through the PROPFIND method, a mechanism for listing the member resources of a collection. This greatly diminishes the effectiveness of security or privacy techniques that rely only on the difficulty of discovering the names of network resources. Users of WebDAV servers are encouraged to use access control techniques to prevent unwanted access to resources, rather than depending on the relative obscurity of their resource names. 19.4 Privacy Issues Connected to Locks When submitting a lock request a user agent may also submit an owner XML field giving contact information for the person taking out the lock (for those cases where a person, rather than a robot, is taking out the lock). This contact information is stored in a lockdiscovery property on the resource, and can be used by other collaborators to begin negotiation over access to the resource. However, in many cases this contact information can be very private, and should not be widely disseminated. Servers SHOULD limit read access to the lockdiscovery property as appropriate. Furthermore, user agents SHOULD provide control over whether contact information is sent at all, and if contact information is sent, control over exactly what information is sent. 19.5 Privacy Issues Connected to Properties Since property values are typically used to hold information such as the author of a document, there is the possibility that privacy concerns could arise stemming from widespread access to a resource's property data. To reduce the risk of inadvertent release of private information via properties, servers are encouraged to develop access control mechanisms that separate read access to the resource body and read access to the resource's properties. This allows a user to control the dissemination of their property data without overly restricting access to the resource's contents. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 96] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 19.6 Implications of XML External Entities XML supports a facility known as "external entities", defined in section 4.2.2 of XML [11], which instruct an XML processor to retrieve and include additional XML. An external XML entity can be used to append or modify the document type declaration (DTD) associated with an XML document. An external XML entity can also be used to include XML within the content of an XML document. For non- validating XML, such as the XML used in this specification, including an external XML entity is not required by XML [11]. However, XML [11] does state that an XML processor may, at its discretion, include the external XML entity. External XML entities have no inherent trustworthiness and are subject to all the attacks that are endemic to any HTTP GET request. Furthermore, it is possible for an external XML entity to modify the DTD, and hence affect the final form of an XML document, in the worst case significantly modifying its semantics, or exposing the XML processor to the security risks discussed in RFC2376 [17]. Therefore, implementers must be aware that external XML entities should be treated as untrustworthy. If a server implementor chooses not to handle external XML entities, it SHOULD respond to requests containing external entities with the precondition defined above (external-entities-forbidden). There is also the scalability risk that would accompany a widely deployed application which made use of external XML entities. In this situation, it is possible that there would be significant numbers of requests for one external XML entity, potentially overloading any server which fields requests for the resource containing the external XML entity. 19.7 Risks Connected with Lock Tokens This specification, in section 6.4, requires the use of Universal Unique Identifiers (UUIDs) for lock tokens, in order to guarantee their uniqueness across space and time. UUIDs, as defined in ISO-11578 [12], contain a "node" field which "consists of the IEEE address, usually the host address. For systems with multiple IEEE 802 nodes, any available node address can be used." Since a WebDAV server will issue many locks over its lifetime, the implication is that it will also be publicly exposing its IEEE 802 address. There are several risks associated with exposure of IEEE 802 addresses. Using the IEEE 802 address: o It is possible to track the movement of hardware from subnet to subnet. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 97] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 o It may be possible to identify the manufacturer of the hardware running a WebDAV server. o It may be possible to determine the number of each type of computer running WebDAV. Section 24.2 of this specification details an alternate mechanism for generating the "node" field of a UUID without using an IEEE 802 address, which alleviates the risks associated with exposure of IEEE 802 addresses by using an alternate source of uniqueness. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 98] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 20. IANA Considerations This document defines two namespaces, the namespace of property names, and the namespace of WebDAV-specific XML elements used within property values. The use of XML namespaces means that unique WebDAV property names and XML elements can be quickly defined by any WebDAV user or application, without requiring IANA action. This specification defines a distinguished set of property names and XML elements that are understood by all WebDAV applications. The property names and XML elements in this specification are all in the "DAV:" namespace. In natural language, a property like the "creationdate" property in the "DAV:" namespace is sometimes referred to as "DAV:creationdate" for brevity. This specification also defines a URI scheme for the encoding of lock tokens, the opaquelocktoken URI scheme described in section 6.4. To ensure correct interoperation based on this specification, IANA must reserve the URI namespaces starting with "DAV:" and with "opaquelocktoken:" for use by this specification, its revisions, and related WebDAV specifications. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 99] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 21. Acknowledgements A specification such as this thrives on piercing critical review and withers from apathetic neglect. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the following people, whose insights were so valuable at every stage of our work. Contributors to RFC2518 Terry Allen, Harald Alvestrand, Jim Amsden, Becky Anderson, Alan Babich, Sanford Barr, Dylan Barrell, Bernard Chester, Tim Berners- Lee, Dan Connolly, Jim Cunningham, Ron Daniel, Jr., Jim Davis, Keith Dawson, Mark Day, Brian Deen, Martin Duerst, David Durand, Lee Farrell, Chuck Fay, Wesley Felter, Roy Fielding, Mark Fisher, Alan Freier, George Florentine, Jim Gettys, Phill Hallam-Baker, Dennis Hamilton, Steve Henning, Mead Himelstein, Alex Hopmann, Andre van der Hoek, Ben Laurie, Paul Leach, Ora Lassila, Karen MacArthur, Steven Martin, Larry Masinter, Michael Mealling, Keith Moore, Thomas Narten, Henrik Nielsen, Kenji Ota, Bob Parker, Glenn Peterson, Jon Radoff, Saveen Reddy, Henry Sanders, Christopher Seiwald, Judith Slein, Mike Spreitzer, Einar Stefferud, Greg Stein, Ralph Swick, Kenji Takahashi, Richard N. Taylor, Robert Thau, John Turner, Sankar Virdhagriswaran, Fabio Vitali, Gregory Woodhouse, and Lauren Wood. Two from this list deserve special mention. The contributions by Larry Masinter have been invaluable, both in helping the formation of the working group and in patiently coaching the authors along the way. In so many ways he has set high standards we have toiled to meet. The contributions of Judith Slein in clarifying the requirements, and in patiently reviewing draft after draft, both improved this specification and expanded our minds on document management. We would also like to thank John Turner for developing the XML DTD. The authors of RFC2518 were Yaron Goland, Jim Whitehead, A. Faizi, Steve Carter and D. Jensen. Although their names had to be removed due to IETF author count restrictions they can take credit for the majority of the design of WebDAV. Additional Contributors to This Specification Valuable contributions to RFC2518 bis came from some already named. New contributors must also be gratefully acknowledged. Julian Reschke, Geoff Clemm, Joel Soderberg, and Dan Brotsky hashed out specific text on the list or in meetings. Ilya Kirnos supplied text for Force-Authentication header. Joe Hildebrand contributed as co-chair. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 100] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 22. References 22.1 Normative References [1] Noble, B., Nguyen, G., Satyanarayanan, M. and R. Katz, "Mobile Network Tracing", RFC 2041, October 1996. [2] Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., Sink, E. and L. Stewart, "An Extension to HTTP : Digest Access Authentication", RFC 2069, January 1997. [3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [4] Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages", BCP 18, RFC 2277, January 1998. [5] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. [6] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396, August 1998. [7] Goland, Y., Whitehead, E., Faizi, A., Carter, S. and D. Jensen, "HTTP Extensions for Distributed Authoring -- WEBDAV", RFC 2518, February 1999. [8] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [9] Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, July 2002. [10] Bray, T., Hollander, D. and A. Layman, "Namespaces in XML", W3C REC REC-xml-names-19990114, January 1999. [11] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. and E. Maler, "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition)", W3C FirstEdition REC-xml-20001006, October 2000. [12] International Organization for Standardization, "Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Remote Procedure Call (RPC)", ISO Standard 11578, 1996. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 101] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 22.2 Informational References [13] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996. [14] Lasher, R. and D. Cohen, "A Format for Bibliographic Records", RFC 1807, June 1995. [15] Slein, J., Vitali, F., Whitehead, E. and D. Durand, "Requirements for a Distributed Authoring and Versioning Protocol for the World Wide Web", RFC 2291, February 1998. [16] Weibel, S., Kunze, J., Lagoze, C. and M. Wolf, "Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery", RFC 2413, September 1998. [17] Whitehead, E. and M. Makoto, "XML Media Types", RFC 2376, July 1998. [18] Clemm, G., Amsden, J., Ellison, T., Kaler, C. and J. Whitehead, "Versioning Extensions to WebDAV (Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning)", RFC 3253, March 2002. [19] Clemm, G., Reschke, J., Sedlar, E. and J. Whitehead, "Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) Access Control Protocol", RFC 3744, May 2004. [20] Krauskopf, T., Miller, J., Resnick, P. and W. Treese, "PICS 1.1 Label Distribution -- Label Syntax and Communication Protocols", W3C REC REC-PICS-labels-961031, October 1996. [21] Lagoze, C., "The Warwick Framework: A Container Architecture for Diverse Sets of Metadata", July/August 1996, . [22] Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, "Network Development and MARC Standards, Office, ed. 1994. "USMARC Format for Bibliographic Data"", 1994. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 102] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Authors' Addresses Lisa Dusseault Open Source Application Foundation 2064 Edgewood Dr. Palo Alto, CA 94303 US EMail: lisa@osafoundation.org Jason L Crawford IBM P.O.Box 704 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 US EMail: nnjason8451@smallcue.com Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 103] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Appendix A. Previous Authors' Addresses Editors of RFC2518 Y. Y. Goland Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399 Email: yarong@microsoft.com E. J. Whitehead, Jr. Dept. Of Information and Computer Science University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-3425 Email: ejw@ics.uci.edu A. Faizi Netscape 685 East Middlefield Road Mountain View, CA 94043 Email: asad@netscape.com S. R. Carter Novell 1555 N. Technology Way M/S ORM F111 Orem, UT 84097-2399 Email: srcarter@novell.com D. Jensen Novell 1555 N. Technology Way M/S ORM F111 Orem, UT 84097-2399 Email: dcjensen@novell.com Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 104] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Appendix B. Appendices B.1 Appendix 1 - Notes on Processing XML Elements B.1.1 Notes on Empty XML Elements XML supports two mechanisms for indicating that an XML element does not have any content. The first is to declare an XML element of the form . The second is to declare an XML element of the form . The two XML elements are semantically identical. B.1.2 Notes on Illegal XML Processing XML is a flexible data format that makes it easy to submit data that appears legal but in fact is not. The philosophy of "Be flexible in what you accept and strict in what you send" still applies, but it must not be applied inappropriately. XML is extremely flexible in dealing with issues of white space, element ordering, inserting new elements, etc. This flexibility does not require extension, especially not in the area of the meaning of elements. There is no kindness in accepting illegal combinations of XML elements. At best it will cause an unwanted result and at worst it can cause real damage. B.1.3 Example - XML Syntax Error The following request body for a PROPFIND method is illegal. The definition of the propfind element only allows for the allprop or the propname element, not both. Thus the above is an error and must be responded to with a 400 (Bad Request). Imagine, however, that a server wanted to be "kind" and decided to pick the allprop element as the true element and respond to it. A client running over a bandwidth limited line who intended to execute a propname would be in for a big surprise if the server treated the command as an allprop. Additionally, if a server were lenient and decided to reply to this request, the results would vary randomly from server to server, with some servers executing the allprop directive, and others executing Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 105] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 the propname directive. This reduces interoperability rather than increasing it. B.1.4 Example - Unknown XML Element The previous example was illegal because it contained two elements that were explicitly banned from appearing together in the propfind element. However, XML is an extensible language, so one can imagine new elements being defined for use with propfind. Below is the request body of a PROPFIND and, like the previous example, must be rejected with a 400 (Bad Request) by a server that does not understand the expired-props element. To understand why a 400 (Bad Request) is returned let us look at the request body as the server unfamiliar with expired-props sees it. As the server does not understand the expired-props element, according to the WebDAV-specific XML processing rules specified in Section 16, it must ignore it. Thus the server sees an empty propfind, which by the definition of the propfind element is illegal. Please note that had the extension been additive it would not necessarily have resulted in a 400 (Bad Request). For example, imagine the following request body for a PROPFIND: *boss* The previous example contains the fictitious element leave-out. Its purpose is to prevent the return of any property whose name matches the submitted pattern. If the previous example were submitted to a server unfamiliar with leave-out, the only result would be that the Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 106] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 leave-out element would be ignored and a propname would be executed. B.2 Appendix 2: UUID Node Generation UUIDs, as defined in ISO-11578 [12], contain a "node" field that contains one of the IEEE 802 addresses for the server machine. As noted in section 18, there are several security risks associated with exposing a machine's IEEE 802 address. This section provides an alternate mechanism for generating the "node" field of a UUID which does not employ an IEEE 802 address. WebDAV servers MAY use this algorithm for creating the node field when generating UUIDs. The text in this section is originally from an Internet-Draft by Paul Leach and Rich Salz, who are noted here to properly attribute their work. The ideal solution is to obtain a 47 bit cryptographic quality random number, and use it as the low 47 bits of the node ID, with the most significant bit of the first octet of the node ID set to 1. This bit is the unicast/multicast bit, which will never be set in IEEE 802 addresses obtained from network cards; hence, there can never be a conflict between UUIDs generated by machines with and without network cards. If a system does not have a primitive to generate cryptographic quality random numbers, then in most systems there are usually a fairly large number of sources of randomness available from which one can be generated. Such sources are system specific, but often include: - the percent of memory in use - the size of main memory in bytes - the amount of free main memory in bytes - the size of the paging or swap file in bytes - free bytes of paging or swap file - the total size of user virtual address space in bytes - the total available user address space bytes - the size of boot disk drive in bytes - the free disk space on boot drive in bytes - the current time - the amount of time since the system booted - the individual sizes of files in various system directories - the creation, last read, and modification times of files in various system directories - the utilization factors of various system resources (heap, etc.) - current mouse cursor position - current caret position - current number of running processes, threads - handles or IDs of the desktop window and the active window - the value of stack pointer of the caller - the process and thread ID of caller - various processor architecture specific performance counters (instructions executed, cache misses, TLB misses) (Note that it is precisely the above kinds of sources of randomness that are used to seed cryptographic quality random number generators Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 107] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 on systems without special hardware for their construction.) In addition, items such as the computer's name and the name of the operating system, while not strictly speaking random, will help differentiate the results from those obtained by other systems. The exact algorithm to generate a node ID using these data is system specific, because both the data available and the functions to obtain them are often very system specific. However, assuming that one can concatenate all the values from the randomness sources into a buffer, and that a cryptographic hash function such as MD5 is available, then any 6 bytes of the MD5 hash of the buffer, with the multicast bit (the high bit of the first byte) set will be an appropriately random node ID. Other hash functions, such as SHA-1, can also be used. The only requirement is that the result be suitably random, in the sense that the outputs from a set uniformly distributed inputs are themselves uniformly distributed, and that a single bit change in the input can be expected to cause half of the output bits to change. B.3 Changes B.3.1 Changes in -01 B.3.2 Changes in -06 Specified that a successful LOCK request to an unmapped URL creates a new, empty locked resource. Resolved UNLOCK_NEEDS_IF_HEADER by clarifying that only Lock-Token header is needed on UNLOCK. Added Section 15 on preconditions and postconditions and defined a number of preconditions and postconditions. The 'missing-lock-token' precondition resolves the REPORT_OTHER_RESOURCE_LOCKED issue. Added example of matching lock token to URI in the case of a collection lock in the If header section. Removed ability for Destination header to take "abs_path" in order to keep consistent with other places where client provides URLs (If header, href element in request body) Clarified the href element - that it generally contains HTTP URIs but not always. Attempted to fix the BNF describing the If header to allow commas Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 108] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Clarified presence of Depth header on LOCK refresh requests. Dusseault & Crawford Expires January 15, 2005 [Page 109] Internet-Draft RFC2518bis July 2004 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. 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