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Intuition TCP's window-based congestion control functions by estimating the available bandwidth-delay product. A loss happens when the congestion window exceeds the available bandwidth-delay product (BDP) Large delay and/or rate variation causes the available BDP to vary as well. Thus, TCP's window-based congestion control may trigger a loss even when the congestion window is significantly below the "average" BDP but larger than the instantaneous BDP If the instantaneous BDP shrinks by sufficiently large amount, multiple packets can be lost at the same time, causing further window backoff and even timeouts |