Network Working Group H. Harney Request for Comments: 4535 U. Meth Category: Standards Track A. Colegrove SPARTA, Inc. G. Gross IdentAware June 2006 GSAKMP: Group Secure Association Key Management Protocol Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract This document specifies the Group Secure Association Key Management Protocol (GSAKMP). The GSAKMP provides a security framework for creating and managing cryptographic groups on a network. It provides mechanisms to disseminate group policy and authenticate users, rules to perform access control decisions during group establishment and recovery, capabilities to recover from the compromise of group members, delegation of group security functions, and capabilities to destroy the group. It also generates group keys. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................7 1.1. GSAKMP Overview ............................................7 1.2. Document Organization ......................................9 2. Terminology .....................................................9 3. Security Considerations ........................................12 3.1. Security Assumptions ......................................12 3.2. Related Protocols .........................................13 3.2.1. ISAKMP .............................................13 3.2.2. FIPS Pub 196 .......................................13 3.2.3. LKH ................................................13 3.2.4. Diffie-Hellman .....................................14 3.3. Denial of Service (DoS) Attack ............................14 3.4. Rekey Availability ........................................14 3.5. Proof of Trust Hierarchy ..................................15 4. Architecture ...................................................15 4.1. Trust Model ...............................................15 4.1.1. Components .........................................15 4.1.2. GO .................................................16 4.1.3. GC/KS ..............................................16 4.1.4. Subordinate GC/KS ..................................17 4.1.5. GM .................................................17 4.1.6. Assumptions ........................................18 4.2. Rule-Based Security Policy ................................18 4.2.1. Access Control .....................................19 4.2.2. Authorizations for Security-Relevant Actions .......20 4.3. Distributed Operation .....................................20 4.4. Concept of Operation ......................................22 4.4.1. Assumptions ........................................22 4.4.2. Creation of a Policy Token .........................22 4.4.3. Creation of a Group ................................23 4.4.4. Discovery of GC/KS .................................24 4.4.5. GC/KS Registration Policy Enforcement ..............24 4.4.6. GM Registration Policy Enforcement .................24 4.4.7. Autonomous Distributed GSAKMP Operations ...........24 5. Group Life Cycle ...............................................27 5.1. Group Definition ..........................................27 5.2. Group Establishment .......................................27 5.2.1. Standard Group Establishment .......................28 5.2.1.1. Request to Join ...........................30 5.2.1.2. Key Download ..............................31 5.2.1.3. Request to Join Error .....................33 5.2.1.4. Key Download - Ack/Failure ................34 5.2.1.5. Lack of Ack ...............................35 5.2.2. Cookies: Group Establishment with Denial of Service Protection .................................36 5.2.3. Group Establishment for Receive-Only Members .......39 Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 5.3. Group Maintenance .........................................39 5.3.1. Group Management ...................................39 5.3.1.1. Rekey Events ..............................39 5.3.1.2. Policy Updates ............................40 5.3.1.3. Group Destruction .........................40 5.3.2. Leaving a Group ....................................41 5.3.2.1. Eviction ..................................41 5.3.2.2. Voluntary Departure without Notice ........41 5.3.2.3. De-Registration ...........................41 5.3.2.3.1. Request to Depart ..............41 5.3.2.3.2. Departure_Response .............43 5.3.2.3.3. Departure_ACK ..................44 6. Security Suite .................................................45 6.1. Assumptions ...............................................45 6.2. Definition Suite 1 ........................................45 7. GSAKMP Payload Structure .......................................47 7.1. GSAKMP Header .............................................47 7.1.1. GSAKMP Header Structure ............................47 7.1.1.1. GroupID Structure .........................51 7.1.1.1.1. UTF-8 ..........................51 7.1.1.1.2. Octet String ...................52 7.1.1.1.3. IPv4 Group Identifier ..........52 7.1.1.1.4. IPv6 Group Identifier ..........53 7.1.2. GSAKMP Header Processing ...........................53 7.2. Generic Payload Header ....................................55 7.2.1. Generic Payload Header Structure ...................55 7.2.2. Generic Payload Header Processing ..................56 7.3. Policy Token Payload ......................................56 7.3.1. Policy Token Payload Structure .....................56 7.3.2. Policy Token Payload Processing ....................57 7.4. Key Download Payload ......................................58 7.4.1. Key Download Payload Structure .....................58 7.4.1.1. Key Datum Structure .......................61 7.4.1.2. Rekey Array Structure .....................63 7.4.2. Key Download Payload Processing ....................63 7.5. Rekey Event Payload .......................................64 7.5.1. Rekey Event Payload Structure ......................64 7.5.1.1. Rekey Event Header Structure .............66 7.5.1.2. Rekey Event Data Structure ...............67 7.5.1.2.1. Key Package Structure ..........68 7.5.2. Rekey Event Payload Processing .....................69 7.6. Identification Payload ....................................71 7.6.1. Identification Payload Structure ...................71 7.6.1.1. ID_U_NAME Structure .......................74 7.6.2. Identification Payload Processing ..................74 7.6.2.1. ID_U_NAME Processing ......................75 7.7. Certificate Payload .......................................75 7.7.1. Certificate Payload Structure ......................75 Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 7.7.2. Certificate Payload Processing .....................77 7.8. Signature Payload .........................................78 7.8.1. Signature Payload Structure ........................78 7.8.2. Signature Payload Processing .......................80 7.9. Notification Payload ......................................81 7.9.1. Notification Payload Structure .....................81 7.9.1.1. Notification Data - Acknowledgement (ACK) Payload Type ........................83 7.9.1.2. Notification Data - Cookie_Required and Cookie Payload Type ...83 7.9.1.3. Notification Data - Mechanism Choices Payload Type ......................84 7.9.1.4. Notification Data - IPv4 and IPv6 Value Payload Types .......................85 7.9.2. Notification Payload Processing ....................85 7.10. Vendor ID Payload ........................................86 7.10.1. Vendor ID Payload Structure .......................86 7.10.2. Vendor ID Payload Processing ......................87 7.11. Key Creation Payload .....................................88 7.11.1. Key Creation Payload Structure ....................88 7.11.2. Key Creation Payload Processing ...................89 7.12. Nonce Payload ............................................90 7.12.1. Nonce Payload Structure ...........................90 7.12.2. Nonce Payload Processing ..........................91 8. GSAKMP State Diagram ...........................................92 9. IANA Considerations ............................................95 9.1. IANA Port Number Assignment ...............................95 9.2. Initial IANA Registry Contents ............................95 10. Acknowledgements ..............................................96 11. References ....................................................97 11.1. Normative References .....................................97 11.2. Informative References ...................................98 Appendix A. LKH Information ......................................100 A.1. LKH Overview .............................................100 A.2. LKH and GSAKMP ...........................................101 A.3. LKH Examples .............................................102 A.3.1. LKH Key Download Example ..........................102 A.3.2. LKH Rekey Event Example ..........................103 Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 List of Figures 1 GSAKMP Ladder Diagram .........................................28 2 GSAKMP Ladder Diagram with Cookies ............................37 3 GSAKMP Header Format ..........................................47 4 GroupID UTF-8 Format ..........................................51 5 GroupID Octet String Format ...................................52 6 GroupID IPv4 Format ...........................................52 7 GroupID IPv6 Format ...........................................53 8 Generic Payload Header ........................................55 9 Policy Token Payload Format ...................................56 10 Key Download Payload Format ...................................58 11 Key Download Data Item Format .................................59 12 Key Datum Format ..............................................61 13 Rekey Array Structure Format ..................................63 14 Rekey Event Payload Format ....................................64 15 Rekey Event Header Format .....................................66 16 Rekey Event Data Format .......................................68 17 Key Package Format ............................................68 18 Identification Payload Format .................................72 19 Unencoded Name (ID-U-NAME) Format .............................74 20 Certificate Payload Format ....................................76 21 Signature Payload Format ......................................78 22 Notification Payload Format ...................................81 23 Notification Data - Acknowledge Payload Type Format ...........83 24 Notification Data - Mechanism Choices Payload Type Format......84 25 Vendor ID Payload Format ......................................86 26 Key Creation Payload Format ...................................88 27 Nonce Payload Format ..........................................90 28 GSAKMP State Diagram ..........................................92 29 LKH Tree .....................................................100 30 GSAKMP LKH Tree ..............................................101 Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 List of Tables 1 Request to Join (RTJ) Message Definition ......................30 2 Key Download (KeyDL) Message Definition .......................31 3 Request to Join Error (RTJ-Err) Message Definition ............33 4 Key Download - Ack/Failure (KeyDL-A/F) Message Definition .....34 5 Lack of Ack (LOA) Message Definition ..........................35 6 Cookie Download Message Definition ............................37 7 Rekey Event Message Definition ................................40 8 Request_to_Depart (RTD) Message Definition ....................42 9 Departure_Response (DR) Message Definition ....................43 10 Departure_ACK (DA) Message Definition .........................44 11 Group Identification Types ....................................48 12 Payload Types .................................................49 13 Exchange Types ................................................49 14 Policy Token Types ............................................57 15 Key Download Data Item Types ..................................60 16 Cryptographic Key Types .......................................62 17 Rekey Event Types .............................................66 18 Identification Classification .................................72 19 Identification Types ..........................................73 20 Certificate Payload Types .....................................77 21 Signature Types ...............................................79 22 Notification Types ............................................82 23 Acknowledgement Types .........................................83 24 Mechanism Types ...............................................84 25 Nonce Hash Types ..............................................85 26 Types Of Key Creation Information .............................89 27 Nonce Types ...................................................91 28 GSAKMP States .................................................93 29 State Transition Events .......................................94 Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 1. Introduction GSAKMP provides policy distribution, policy enforcement, key distribution, and key management for cryptographic groups. Cryptographic groups all share a common key (or set of keys) for data processing. These keys all support a system-level security policy so that the cryptographic group can be trusted to perform security- relevant services. The ability of a group of entities to perform security services requires that a Group Secure Association (GSA) be established. A GSA ensures that there is a common "group-level" definition of security policy and enforcement of that policy. The distribution of cryptographic keys is a mechanism utilizing the group-level policy enforcements. 1.1. GSAKMP Overview Protecting group information requires the definition of a security policy and the enforcement of that policy by all participating parties. Controlling dissemination of cryptographic key is the primary mechanism to enforce the access control policy. It is the primary purpose of GSAKMP to generate and disseminate a group key in a secure fashion. GSAKMP separates group security management functions and responsibilities into three major roles:1) Group Owner, 2) Group Controller Key Server, and 3) Group Member. The Group Owner is responsible for creating the security policy rules for a group and expressing these in the policy token. The Group Controller Key Server (GC/KS) is responsible for creating and maintaining the keys and enforcing the group policy by granting access to potential Group Members (GMs) in accordance with the policy token. To enforce a group's policy, the potential Group Members need to have knowledge of the access control policy for the group, an unambiguous identification of any party downloading keys to them, and verifiable chains of authority for key download. In other words, the Group Members need to know who potentially will be in the group and to verify that the key disseminator is authorized to act in that capacity. In order to establish a Group Secure Association (GSA) to support these activities, the identity of each party in the process MUST be unambiguously asserted and authenticated. It MUST also be verified that each party is authorized, as defined by the policy token, to function in his role in the protocol (e.g., GM or GC/KS). Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 The security features of the establishment protocol for the GSA include - Group policy identification - Group policy dissemination - GM to GC/KS SA establishment to protect data - Access control checking GSAKMP provides mechanisms for cryptographic group creation and management. Other protocols may be used in conjunction with GSAKMP to allow various applications to create functional groups according to their application-specific requirements. For example, in a small-scale video conference, the organizer might use a session invitation protocol like SIP [RFC3261] to transmit information about the time of the conference, the address of the session, and the formats to be used. For a large-scale video transmission, the organizer might use a multicast announcement protocol like SAP [RFC2974]. This document describes a useful default set of security algorithms and configurations, Security Suite 1. This suite allows an entire set of algorithms and settings to be described to prospective group members in a concise manner. Other security suites MAY be defined as needed and MAY be disseminated during the out-of-band announcement of a group. Distributed architectures support large-scale cryptographic groups. Secure distributed architectures require authorized delegation of GSA actions to network resources. The fully specified policy token is the mechanism to facilitate this authorization. Transmission of this policy token to all joining GMs allows GSAKMP to securely support distributed architectures and multiple data sources. Many-to-many group communications require multiple data sources. Multiple data sources are supported because the inclusion of a policy token and policy payloads allow group members to review the group access control and authorization parameters. This member review process gives each member (each potential source of data) the ability to determine if the group provides adequate protection for member data. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 1.2. Document Organization The remainder of this document is organized as follows:Section 2 presents the terminology and concepts used to present the requirements of this protocol. Section 3 outlines the security considerations with respect to GSAKMP. Section 4 defines the architecture of GSAKMP. Section 5 describes the group management life cycle. Section 6 describes the Security Suite Definition. Section 7 presents the message types and formats used during each phase of the life cycle. Section 8 defines the state diagram for the protocol. 2. Terminology The following terminology is used throughout this document. Requirements Terminology: Keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT" and "MAY" that appear in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Certificate: A data structure used to verifiably bind an identity to a cryptographic key (e.g., X.509v3). Compromise Recovery: The act of recovering a secure operating state after detecting that a group member cannot be trusted. This can be accomplished by rekey. Cryptographic Group: A set of entities sharing or desiring to share a GSA. Group Controller Key Server (GC/KS): A group member with authority to perform critical protocol actions including creating and distributing keys and building and maintaining the rekey structures. As the group evolves, it MAY become desirable to have multiple controllers perform these functions. Group Member (GM): A Group Member is any entity with access to the group keys. Regardless of how a member becomes a part of the group or how the group is structured, GMs will perform the following actions: - Authenticate and validate the identities and the authorizations of entities performing security-relevant actions - Accept group keys from the GC/KS - Request group keys from the GC/KS Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 - Enforce the cooperative group policies as stated in the group policy token - Perform peer review of key management actions - Manage local key Group Owner (GO): A Group Owner is the entity authorized for generating and modifying an authenticatable policy token for the group, and notifying the GC/KS to start the group. Group Policy: The Group Policy completely describes the protection mechanisms and security-relevant behaviors of the group. This policy MUST be commonly understood and enforced by the group for coherent secure operations. Group Secure Association (GSA): A GSA is a logical association of users or hosts that share cryptographic key(s). This group may be established to support associations between applications or communication protocols. Group Traffic Protection Key (GTPK): The key or keys created for protecting the group data. Key Datum: A single key and its associated attributes for its usage. Key Encryption Key (KEK): Key used in an encryption mechanism for wrapping another key. Key Handle: The identifier of a particular instance or version of a key. Key ID: The identifier for a key that MUST stay static throughout the life cycle of this key. Key Package: Type/Length/Data format containing a Key Datum. Logical Key Hierarchy (LKH) Array: The group of keys created to facilitate the LKH compromise recovery methodology. Policy Token (PT): The policy token is a data structure used to disseminate group policy and the mechanisms to enforce it. The policy token is issued and signed by an authorized Group Owner. Each member of the group MUST verify the token, meet the group join policy, and enforce the policy of the group (e.g., encrypt application data with a specific algorithm). The group policy token will contain a variety of information including: Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 - GSAKMP protocol version - Key creation method - Key dissemination policy - Access control policy - Group authorization policy - Compromise recovery policy - Data protection mechanisms Rekey: The act of changing keys within a group as defined by policy. Rekey Array: The construct that contains all the rekey information for a particular member. Rekey Key: The KEK used to encrypt keys for a subset of the group. Subordinate Group Controller Key Server (S-GC/KS): Any group member having the appropriate processing and trust characteristics, as defined in the group policy, that has the potential to act as a S-GC/KS. This will allow the group processing and communication requirements to be distributed equitably throughout the network (e.g., distribute group key). The optional use of GSAKMP with Subordinate Group Controller Key Servers will be documented in a separate paper. Wrapping KeyID: The Key ID of the key used to wrap a Key Package. Wrapping Key Handle: The key handle of the key used to wrap the Key Package. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 3. Security Considerations In addition to the specification of GSAKMP itself, the security of an implemented GSAKMP system is affected by supporting factors. These are discussed here. 3.1. Security Assumptions The following assumptions are made as the basis for the security discussion: 1. GSAKMP assumes its supporting platform can provide the process and data separation services at the appropriate assurance level to support its groups. 2. The key generation function of the cryptographic engine will only generate strong keys. 3. The security of this protocol is critically dependent on the randomness of the randomly chosen parameters. These should be generated by a strong random or properly seeded pseudo-random source [RFC4086]. 4. The security of a group can be affected by the accuracy of the system clock. Therefore, GSAKMP assumes that the system clock is close to correct time. If a GSAKMP host relies on a network time service to set its local clock, then that protocol must be secure against attackers. The maximum allowable clock skew across the group membership is policy configurable, with a default of 5 minutes. 5. As described in the message processing section, the use of the nonce value used for freshness along with a signature is the mechanism used to foil replay attacks. In any use of nonces, a core requirement is unpredictability of the nonce, from an attacker's viewpoint. The utility of the nonce relies on the inability of an attacker either to reuse old nonces or to predict the nonce value. 6. GSAKMP does not provide identity protection. 7. The group's multicast routing infrastructure is not secured by GSAKMP, and therefore it may be possible to create a multicast flooding denial of service attack using the multicast application's data stream. Either an insider (i.e., a rogue GM) or a non-member could direct the multicast routers to spray data at a victim system. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 8. The compromise of a S-GC/KS forces the re-registration of all GMs under its control. The GM recognizes this situation by finding the S-GC/KS's certificate on a CRL as supplied by a service such as LDAP. 9. The compromise of the GO forces termination of the group. The GM recognizes this situation by finding the GO's certificate on a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) as supplied by a service such as LDAP. 3.2. Related Protocols GSAKMP derives from two (2) existing protocols: ISAKMP [RFC2408] and FIPS Pub 196 [FIPS196]. In accordance with Security Suite 1, GSAKMP implementations MUST support the use of Diffie-Hellman key exchange [DH77] for two-party key creation and MAY use Logical Key Hierarchy (LKH) [RFC2627] for rekey capability. The GSAKMP design was also influenced by the following protocols: [HHMCD01], [RFC2093], [RFC2094], [BMS], and [RFC2412]. 3.2.1. ISAKMP ISAKMP provides a flexible structure of chained payloads in support of authenticated key exchange and security association management for pairwise communications. GSAKMP builds upon these features to provide policy enforcement features in support of diverse group communications. 3.2.2. FIPS Pub 196 FIPS Pub 196 provides a mutual authentication protocol. 3.2.3. LKH When group policy dictates that a recovery of the group security is necessary after the discovery of the compromise of a GM, then GSAKMP relies upon a rekey capability (i.e., LKH) to enable group recovery after a compromise [RFC2627]. This is optional since in many instances it may be better to destroy the compromised group and rebuild a secure group. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 3.2.4. Diffie-Hellman A Group may rely upon two-party key creation mechanisms, i.e., Diffie-Hellman, to protect sensitive data during download. The information in this section borrows heavily from [IKEv2], as this protocol has already worked through similar issues and GSAKMP is using the same security considerations for its purposes. This section will contain paraphrased sections of [IKEv2] modified for GSAKMP as appropriate. The strength of a key derived from a Diffie-Hellman exchange using specific p and g values depends on the inherent strength of the values, the size of the exponent used, and the entropy provided by the random number generator used. A strong random number generator combined with the recommendations from [RFC3526] on Diffie-Hellman exponent size is recommended as sufficient. An implementation should make note of this conservative estimate when establishing policy and negotiating security parameters. Note that these limitations are on the Diffie-Hellman values themselves. There is nothing in GSAKMP that prohibits using stronger values, nor is there anything that will dilute the strength obtained from stronger values. In fact, the extensible framework of GSAKMP encourages the definition of more Security Suites. It is assumed that the Diffie-Hellman exponents in this exchange are erased from memory after use. In particular, these exponents MUST NOT be derived from long-lived secrets such as the seed to a pseudo- random generator that is not erased after use. 3.3. Denial of Service (DoS) Attack This GSAKMP specification addresses the mitigation for a distributed IP spoofing attack (a subset of possible DoS attacks) in Section 5.2.2, "Cookies: Group Establishment with Denial of Service Protection". 3.4. Rekey Availability In addition to GSAKMP's capability to do rekey operations, GSAKMP MUST also have the capability to make this rekey information highly available to GMs. The necessity of GMs receiving rekey messages requires the use of methods to increase the likelihood of receipt of rekey messages. These methods MAY include multiple transmissions of the rekey message, posting of the rekey message on a bulletin board, etc. Compliant GSAKMP implementations supporting the optional rekey capability MUST support retransmission of rekey messages. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 3.5. Proof of Trust Hierarchy As defined by [HCM], security group policy MUST be defined in a verifiable manner. GSAKMP anchors its trust in the creator of the group, the GO. The policy token explicitly defines all the parameters that create a secure verifiable infrastructure. The GSAKMP Policy Token is issued and signed by the GO. The GC/KS will verify it and grant access to GMs only if they meet the rules of the policy token. The new GMs will accept access only if 1) the token verifies, 2) the GC/KS is an authorized disseminator, and 3) the group mechanisms are acceptable for protecting the GMs data. 4. Architecture This architecture presents a trust model for GSAKMP and a concept of operations for establishing a trusted distributed infrastructure for group key and policy distribution. GSAKMP conforms to the IETF MSEC architectural concepts as specified in the MSEC Architecture document [RFC3740]. GSAKMP uses the MSEC components to create a trust model for operations that implement the security principles of mutual suspicion and trusted policy creation authorities. 4.1. Trust Model 4.1.1. Components The trust model contains four key components: - Group Owner (GO), - Group Controller Key Server (GC/KS), - Subordinate GC/KS (S-GC/KS), and - Group Member (GM). The goal of the GSAKMP trust model is to derive trust from a common trusted policy creation authority for a group. All security-relevant decisions and actions implemented by GSAKMP are based on information that ultimately is traceable to and verified by the trusted policy creation authority. There are two trusted policy creation authorities for GSAKMP: the GO (policy creation authority) and the PKI root that allows us to verify the GO. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 4.1.2. GO The GO is the policy creation authority for the group. The GO has a well-defined identity that is relevant to the group. That identity can be of a person or of a group-trusted component. All potential entities in the group have to recognize the GO as the individual with authority to specify policy for the group. The policy reflects the protection requirements of the data in a group. Ultimately, the data and the application environment drives the security policy for the group. The GO has to determine the security rules and mechanisms that are appropriate for the data being protected by the group keys. All this information is captured in a policy token (PT). The GO creates the PT and signs it. 4.1.3. GC/KS The GC/KS is authorized to perform several functions: key creation, key distribution, rekey, and group membership management. As the key creation authority, the GC/KS will create the set of keys for the group. These keys include the Group Traffic Protection Keys (GTPKs) and first-tier rekey keys. There may be second-tier rekey trees if a distributed rekey management structure is required for the group. As the key distribution (registration) authority, it has to notify the group of its location for registration services. The GC/KS will have to enforce key access control as part of the key distribution and registration processes. As the group rekey authority, it performs rekey in order to change the group's GTPK. Change of the GTPK limits the exposure of data encrypted with any single GTPK. Finally, as the group membership management authority, the GC/KS can manage the group membership (registration, eviction, de-registration, etc.). This may be done in part by using a key tree approach, such as Logical Key Hierarchies (LKH), as an optional approach. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 4.1.4. Subordinate GC/KS A subordinate GC/KS is used to distribute the GC/KS functionality across multiple entities. The S-GC/KS will have all the authorities of the GC/KS except one: it will not create the GTPK. It is assumed here that the group will transmit data with a single GTPK at any one time. This GTPK comes from the GC/KS. Note that relative to the GC/KS, the S-GC/KS is responsible for an additional security check: the S-GC/KS must register as a member with the GC/KS, and during that process it has to verify the authority of the GC/KS. 4.1.5. GM The GM has two jobs: to make sure all security-relevant actions are authorized and to use the group keys properly. During the registration process, the GM will verify that the PT is signed by a recognized GO. In addition, it will verify that the GC/KS or S-GC/KS engaged in the registration process is authorized, as specified in the PT. If rekey and new PTs are distributed to the group, the GM will verify that they are proper and all actions are authorized. The GM is granted access to group data through receipt of the group keys This carries along with it a responsibility to protect the key from unauthorized disclosure. GSAKMP does not offer any enforcement mechanisms to control which GMs are multicast speakers at a given moment. This policy and its enforcement depend on the multicast application and its protocols. However, GSAKMP does allow a group to have one of three Group Security Association multicast speaker configurations: - There is a single GM authorized to be the group's speaker. There is one multicast application SA allocated by the GO in support of that speaker. The PT initializes this multicast application SA and identifies the GM that has been authorized to be speaker. All GMs share a single TPK with that GM speaker. Sequence number checking for anti-replay protection is feasible and enabled by default. This is the default group configuration. GSAKMP implementations MUST support this configuration. - The GO authorizes all of the GMs to be group speakers. The GO allocates one multicast application SA in support of these speakers. The PT initializes this multicast application SA and indicates that any GM can be a speaker. All of the GMs share a single GTPK and other SA state information. Consequently, some SA security features such as sequence number checking for anti-replay Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 protection cannot be supported by this configuration. GSAKMP implementations MUST support this group configuration. - The GO authorizes a subset of the GMs to be group speakers (which may be the subset composed of all GMs). The GO allocates a distinct multicast application SA for each of these speakers. The PT identifies the authorized speakers and initializes each of their multicast application Security Associations. The speakers still share a common TPK across their SA, but each speaker has a separate SA state information instance at every peer GM. Consequently, this configuration supports SA security features, such as sequence number checking for anti-replay protection, or source authentication mechanisms that require per-speaker state at the receiver. The drawback of this configuration is that it does not scale to a large number of speakers. GSAKMP implementations MAY support this group configuration. 4.1.6. Assumptions The assumptions for this trust model are that: - the GCKS is never compromised, - the GO is never compromised, - the PKI, subject to certificate validation, is trustworthy, - The GO is capable of creating a security policy to meet the demands of the group, - the compromises of a group member will be detectable and reported to the GO in a trusted manner, - the subsequent recovery from a compromise will deny inappropriate access to protected data to the compromised member, - no security-relevant actions depend on a precise network time, - there are confidentiality, integrity, multicast source authentication, and anti-replay protection mechanisms for all GSAKMP control messages. 4.2. Rule-Based Security Policy The trust model for GSAKMP revolves around the definition and enforcement of the security policy. In fact, the use of the key is only relevant, in a security sense, if it represents the successful enforcement of the group security policy. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Group operations lend themselves to rule-based security policy. The need for distribution of data to many endpoints often leads to the defining of those authorized endpoints based on rules. For example, all IETF attendees at a given conference could be defined as a single group. If the security policy rules are to be relevant, they must be coupled with validation mechanisms. The core principle here is that the level of trust one can afford a security policy is exactly equal to the level of trust one has in the validation mechanism used to prove that policy. For example, if all IETF attendees are allowed in, then they could register their identity from their certificate upon check-in to the meetings. That certificate is issued by a trusted policy creation authority (PKI root) that is authorized to identify someone as an IETF attendee. The GO could make admittance rules to the IETF group based on the identity certificates issued from trusted PKIs. In GSAKMP, every security policy rule is coupled with an explicit validation mechanism. For interoperability considerations, GSAKMP requires that its supporting PKI implementations MUST be compliant to RFC 3280. If a GM's public key certificate is revoked, then the entity that issues that revocation SHOULD signal the GO, so that the GO can expel that GM. The method that signals this event to the GO is not standardized by this specification. A direct mapping of rule to validation mechanism allows the use of multiple rules and PKIs to create groups. This allows a GO to define a group security policy that spans multiple PKI domains, each with its own Certificate Authority public key certificate. 4.2.1. Access Control The access control policy for the group keys is equivalent to the access control policy for the multicast application data the keys are protecting. In a group, each data source is responsible for ensuring that the access to the source's data is appropriate. This implies that every data source should have knowledge of the access control policy for the group keys. In the general case, GSAKMP offers a suite of security services to its applications and does not prescribe how they use those services. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 GSAKMP supports the creation of GSAs with multiple data sources. It also supports architectures where the GC/KS is not itself a data source. In the multiple data source architectures GSAKMP requires that the access control policy is precisely defined and distributed to each data source. The reference for this data structure is the GSAKMP Policy Token [RFC4534]. 4.2.2. Authorizations for Security-Relevant Actions A critical aspect of the GSAKMP trust model is the authorization of security-relevant actions. These include download of group key, rekey, and PT creation and updates. These actions could be used to disrupt the secure group, and all entities in the group must verify that they were instigated by authorized entities within the group. 4.3. Distributed Operation Scalability is a core feature of GSAKMP. GSAKMP's approach to scalable operations is the establishment of S-GC/KSes. This allows the GSAKMP systems to distribute the workload of setting up and managing very large groups. Another aspect of distributed S-GC/KS operations is the enabling of local management authorities. In very large groups, subordinate enclaves may be best suited to provide local management of the enclaves' group membership, due to a direct knowledge of the group members. One of the critical issues involved with distributed operation is the discovery of the security infrastructure location and security suite. Many group applications that have dynamic interactions must "find" each other to operate. The discovery of the security infrastructure is just another piece of information that has to be known by the group in order to operate securely. There are several methods for infrastructure discovery: - Announcements - Anycast - Rendezvous points / Registration One method for distributing the security infrastructure location is to use announcements. The SAP is commonly used to announce the existence of a new multicast application or service. If an Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 application uses SAP [RFC2974] to announce the existence of a service on a multicast channel, that service could be extended to include the security infrastructure location for a particular group. Announcements can also be used by GSAKMP in one of two modes: expanding ring searches (ERSes) of security infrastructure and ERSes for infrastructure discovery. In either case, the GSAKMP would use a multicast broadcast that would slowly increase in its range by incremental multicast hops. The multicast source controls the packet's multicast range by explicitly setting its Time To Live count. An expanding ring announcement operates by the GC/KS announcing its existence for a particular group. The number of hops this announcement would travel would be a locally configured number. The GMs would listen on a well-known multicast address for GC/KSes that provide service for groups of interest. If multiple GC/KSes are found that provide service, then the GM would pick the closest one (in terms of multicast hops). The GM would then send a GSAKMP Request to Join message (RTJ) to the announced GC/KS. If the announcement is found to be spurious, then that is reported to the appropriate management authorities. The ERA concept is slightly different from SAP in that it could occur over the data channel multicast address, instead of a special multicast address dedicated for the SAP service. An expanding ring search operates in the reverse order of the ERA. In this case, the GM is the announcing entity. The (S-)GC/KSes listen for the requests for service, specifically the RTJ. The (S-)GC/KS responds to the RTJ. If the GM receives more than one response, it would either ignore the responses or send NACKs based on local configuration. Anycast is a service that is very similar to ERS. It also can be used to provide connection to the security infrastructure. In this case, the GM would send the RTJ to a well-known service request address. This anycast service would route the RTJ to an appropriate GC/KS. The anycast service would have security infrastructure and network connectivity knowledge to facilitate this connection. Registration points can be used to distribute many group-relevant data, including security infrastructure. Many group applications rely on well-known registration points to advertise the availability of groups. There is no reason that GSAKMP could not use the same approach for advertising the existence and location of the security infrastructure. This is a simple process if the application being supported already supports registration. The GSAKMP infrastructure can always provide a registration site if the existence of this Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 security infrastructure discovery hub is needed. The registration of S-GC/KSes at this site could be an efficient way to allow GM registration. GSAKMP infrastructure discovery can use whatever mechanism suits a particular multicast application's requirements, including mechanisms that have not been discussed by this architecture. However, GSAKMP infrastructure discovery is not standardized by this version of the GSAKMP specification. 4.4. Concept of Operation This concept of operation shows how the different roles in GSAKMP interact to set up a secure group. This particular concept of operation focuses on a secure group that utilizes the distributed key dissemination services of the S-GC/KS. 4.4.1. Assumptions The most basic assumption here is that there is one or more trustworthy PKIs for the group. That trusted PKI will be used to create and verify security policy rules. There is a GO that all GMs recognize as having group policy creation authority. All GM must be securely pre-configured to know the GO public key. All GMs have access to the GO PKI information, both the trusted anchor public keys and the certificate path validation rules. There is sufficient connectivity between the GSAKMP entities. - The registration SA requires that GM can connect to the GC/KS or S-GC/KS using either TCP or UDP. - The Rekey SA requires that the data-layer multicast communication service be available. This can be multicast IP, overlay networks using TCP, or NAT tunnels. - GSAKMP can support many different data-layer secure applications, each with unique connectivity requirements. 4.4.2. Creation of a Policy Token The GO creates and signs the policy token for a group. The policy token contains the rules for access control and authorizations for a particular group. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 The PT consists of the following information: - Identification: This allows an unambiguous identification of the PT and the group. - Access Control Rules: These rules specify who can have access to the group keys. - Authorization Rules: These rules specify who can be a S-GC/KS. - Mechanisms: These rules specify the security mechanisms that will be used by the group. This is necessary to ensure there is no weak link in the group security profile. For example, for IPsec, this could include SPD/SAD configuration data. - Source authentication of the PT to the GO: The PT is a CMS signed object, and this allows all GMs to verify the PT. 4.4.3. Creation of a Group The PT is sent to a potential GC/KS. This can occur in several ways, and the method of transmittal is outside the scope of GSAKMP. The potential GC/KS will verify the GO signature on the PT to ensure that it comes from a trusted GO. Next, the GC/KS will verify that it is authorized to become the GC/KS, based on the authorization rules in the PT. Assuming that the GC/KS trusts the PT, is authorized to be a GC/KS, and is locally configured to become a GC/KS for a given group and the GO, then the GC/KS will create the keys necessary to start the group. The GC/KS will take whatever action is necessary (if any) to advertise its ability to distribute key for the group. The GC/KS will then listen for RTJs. The PT has a sequence number. Every time a PT is distributed to the group, the group members verify that the sequence number on the PT is increasing. The PT lifetime is not limited to a particular time interval, other than by the lifetimes imposed by some of its attributes (e.g., signature key lifetime). The current PT sequence number is downloaded to the GM in the "Key Download" message. Also, to avoid replay attacks, this sequence number is never reset to a lower value (i.e., rollover to zero) as long as the group identifier remains valid and in use. The GO MUST preserve this sequence number across re-boots. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 4.4.4. Discovery of GC/KS Potential GMs will receive notice of the new group via some mechanism: announcement, Anycast, or registration look-up. The GM will send an RTJ to the GC/KS. 4.4.5. GC/KS Registration Policy Enforcement The GC/KS may or may not require cookies, depending on the DoS environment and the local configuration. Once the RTJ has been received, the GC/KS will verify that the GM is allowed to have access to the group keys. The GC/KS will then verify the signature on the RTJ to ensure it was sent by the claimed identity. If the checks succeed, the GC/KS will ready a Key Download message for the GM. If not, the GC/KS can notify the GM of a non- security-relevant problem. 4.4.6. GM Registration Policy Enforcement Upon receipt of the Key Download message, the GM will verify the signature on the message. Then the GM will retrieve the PT from the Key Download message and verify that the GO created and signed the PT. Once the PT is verified as valid, the GM will verify that the GC/KS is authorized to distribute key for this group. Then the GM will verify that the mechanisms used in the group are available and acceptable for protection of the GMs data (assuming the GM is a data source). The GM will then accept membership in this group. The GM will then check to see if it is allowed to be a S-GC/KS for this group. If the GM is allowed to be a S-GC/KS AND the local GM configuration allows the GM to act as a S-GC/KS for this group, then the GM changes its operating state to S-GC/KS. The GO needs to assign the authority to become a S-GC/KS in a manner that supports the overall group integrity and operations. 4.4.7. Autonomous Distributed GSAKMP Operations In autonomous mode, each S-GC/KS operates a largely self-contained sub-group for which the Primary-GC/KS delegates the sub-group's membership management responsibility to the S-GC/KS. In general, the S-GC/KS locally handles each Group Member's registration and de-registration without any interaction with the Primary-GC/KS. Periodically, the Primary-GC/KS multicasts a Rekey Event message addressed only to its one or more S-GC/KS. After a S-GC/KS successfully processes a Rekey Event message from the Primary-GC/KS, the S-GC/KS transmits to its sub-group its own Rekey Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Event message containing a copy of the group's new GTPK and policy token. The S-GC/KS encrypts its Rekey Event message's sub-group key management information using Logical Key Hierarchy or a comparable rekey protocol. The S-GC/KS uses the rekey protocol to realize forward and backward secrecy, such that only the authorized sub-group members can decrypt and acquire access to the new GTPK and policy token. The frequency at which the Primary-GC/KS transmits a Rekey Event message is a policy token parameter. For the special case of a S-GC/KS detecting an expelled or compromised group member, a mechanism is defined to trigger an immediate group rekey rather than wait for the group's rekey period to elapse. See below for details. Each S-GC/KS will be registered by the GC/KS as a management node with responsibility for GTPK distribution, access control policy enforcement, LKH tree creation, and distribution of LKH key arrays. The S-GC/KS will be registered into the primary LKH tree as an endpoint. Each S-GC/KS will hold an entire LKH key array for the GC's LKH key tree. For the purpose of clarity, the process of creating a distributed GSAKMP group will be explained in chronological order. First, the Group Owner will create a policy token that authorizes a subset of the group's membership to assume the role of S-GC/KS. The GO needs to ensure that the S-GC/KS rules in the policy token will be stringent enough to ensure trust in the S-GC/KSes. This policy token is handed off to the primary GC. The GC will create the GTPK and initial LKH key tree. The GC will then wait for a potential S-GC/KS to send a Request to Join (RTJ) message. A potential S-GC/KS will eventually send an RTJ. The GC will enforce the access control policy as defined in the policy token. The S-GC/KS will accept the role of S-GC/KS and create its own LKH key tree for its sub-group membership. The S-GC/KS will then offer registration services for the group. There are local management decisions that are optional to control the scope of group members that can be served by a S-GC/KS. These are truly local management issues that allow the administrators of an S-GC/KS to restrict service to potential GMs. These local controls do not affect the overall group security policy, as defined in the policy token. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 A potential Group Member will send an RTJ to the S-GC/KS. The S-GC/KS will enforce the entire access control policy as defined in the PT. The GM will receive an LKH key array that corresponds to the LKH tree of the S-GC/KS. The key tree generated by the S-GC/KS is independent of the key tree generated by the GC/KS; they share no common keys. The GM then has the keys it needs to receive group traffic and be subject to rekey from the S-GC/KS. For the sake of this discussion, let's assume the GM is to be expelled from the group membership. The S-GC/KS will receive notification that the GM is to be expelled. This mechanism is outside the scope of this protocol. Upon notification that a GM that holds a key array within its LKH tree is to be expelled, the S-GC/KS does two things. First, the S-GC/KS initiates a de-registration exchange with the GC/KS identifying the member to be expelled. (The S-GC/KS proxies a Group Member's de-registration informing the GC/KS that the Group Member has been expelled from the group.) Second, the S-GC/KS will wait for a rekey action by the GC/KS. The immediacy of the rekey action by the GC/KS is a management decision at the GC/KS. Security is best served by quick expulsion of untrusted members. Upon receipt of the de-registration notification from the S-GC/KS, the GC/KS will register the member to be expelled. The GC/KS will then follow group procedure for initiating a rekey action (outside the scope of this protocol). The GC/KS will communicate to the GO the expelled member's information (outside the scope of this protocol). With this information, the GO will create a new PT for the group with the expelled GM identity added to the excluded list in the group's access control rules. The GO provides this new PT to the GC/KS for distribution with the Rekey Event Message. The GC/KS will send out a rekey operation with a new PT. The S-GC/KS will receive the rekey and process it. At the same time, all other S-GC/KSes will receive the rekey and note the excluded GM identity. All S-GC/KSes will review local identities to ensure that the excluded GM is not a local member. If it is, then the S-GC/KS will create a rekey message. The S-GC/KSes must always create a rekey message, whether or not the expelled Group Member is a member of their subtrees. The S-GC/KS will then create a local rekey message. The S-GC/KS will send the wrapped Group TPK to all members of its local LKH tree, except the excluded member(s). Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 5. Group Life Cycle The management of a cryptographic group follows a life cycle: group definition, group establishment, and security-relevant group maintenance. Group definition involves defining the parameters necessary to support a secure group, including its policy token. Group establishment is the process of granting access to new members. Security-relevant group maintenance messages include rekey, policy changes, member deletions, and group destruction. Each of these life cycle phases is discussed in the following sections. The use and processing of the optional Vendor ID payload for all messages can be found in Section 7.10. 5.1. Group Definition A cryptographic group is established to support secure communications among a group of individuals. The activities necessary to create a policy token in support of a cryptographic group include: - Determine Access Policy: identify the entities that are authorized to receive the group key. - Determine Authorization Policy: identify which entities are authorized to perform security-relevant actions, including key dissemination, policy creation, and initiation of security- management actions. - Determine Mechanisms: define the algorithms and protocols used by GSAKMP to secure the group. - Create Group Policy Token: format the policies and mechanisms into a policy token, and apply the GO signature. 5.2. Group Establishment GSAKMP Group Establishment consists of three mandatory-to-implement messages: the Request to Join, the Key Download, and the Key Download Ack/Failure. The exchange may also include two OPTIONAL error messages: the Request to Join Error and the Lack_of_Ack messages. Operation using the mandatory messages only is referred to as "Terse Mode", while inclusion of the error messaging is referred to as "Verbose Mode". GSAKMP implementations MUST support Terse Mode and MAY support Verbose Mode. Group Establishment is discussed in Section 5.2.1. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 A group is set in Terse or Verbose Mode by a policy token parameter. All (S-)GC/KSes in a Verbose Mode group MUST support Verbose Mode. GSAKMP allows Verbose Mode groups to have GMs that do not support Verbose Mode. Candidate GMs that do not support Verbose Mode and receive a RTJ-Error or Lack-of-Ack message must handle these messages gracefully. Additionally, a GM will not know ahead of time that it is interacting with the (S-)GC/KS in Verbose or Terse Mode until the policy token is received. For denial of service protection, a Cookie Exchange MAY precede the Group Establishment exchange. The Cookie Exchange is described in Section 5.2.2. Regardless of mode, any error message sent between component members indicates the first error encountered while processing the message. 5.2.1. Standard Group Establishment After the out-of-band receipt of a policy token, a potential Group Controller Key Server (GC/KS) verifies the token and its eligibility to perform GC/KS functionality. It is then permitted to create any needed group keys and begin to establish the group. The GSAKMP Ladder Diagram, Figure 1, illustrates the process of establishing a cryptographic group. The left side of the diagram represents the actions of the GC/KS. The right side of the diagram represents the actions of the GMs. The components of each message shown in the diagram are presented in Sections 5.2.1.1 through 5.2.1.5. CONTROLLER Mandatory/ MESSAGE MEMBER Optional !<-M----------Request to Join-------------! ! ! ! ! !--M----------Key Download--------------->! ! ! !--O-------Request to Join Error--------->! or ! ! !<-M----Key Download - Ack/Failure--------! ! ! ! ! !--O------Lack of Acknowledgement-------->! ! ! !<=======SHARED KEYED GROUP SESSION======>! Figure 1: GSAKMP Ladder Diagram Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 28] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 The Request to Join message is sent from a potential GM to the GC/KS to request admission to the cryptographic group. The message contains key creation material, freshness data, an optional selection of mechanisms, and the signature of the GM. The Key Download message is sent from the GC/KS to the GM in response to an accepted Request to Join. This GC/KS-signed message contains the identifier of the GM, freshness data, key creation material, encrypted keys, and the encrypted policy token. The policy token is used to facilitate well-ordered group creation and MUST include the group's identification, group permissions, group join policy, group controller key server identity, group management information, and digital signature of the GO. This will allow the GM to determine whether group policy is compatible with local policy. The Request to Join Error message is sent from the GC/KS to the GM in response to an unaccepted Request to Join. This message is not signed by the GC/KS for two reasons: 1) the GM, at this point, has no knowledge of who is authorized to act as a GC/KS, and so the signature would thus be meaningless to the GM, and 2) signing responses to denied join requests would provide a denial of service potential. The message contains an indication of the error condition. The possible values for this error condition are: Invalid-Payload-Type, Invalid-Version, Invalid-Group-ID, Invalid- Sequence-ID, Payload-Malformed, Invalid-ID-Information, Invalid- Certificate, Cert-Type-Unsupported, Invalid-Cert-Authority, Authentication-Failed, Certificate-Unavailable, Unauthorized-Request, Prohibited-by-Group-Policy, and Prohibited-by-Locally-Configured- Policy. The Key Download Ack/Failure message indicates Key Download receipt status at the GM. It is a GM-signed message containing freshness data and status. The Lack_of_Ack message is sent from the GC/KS to the GM in response to an invalid or absent Key Download Ack/Failure message. The signed message contains freshness and status data and is used to warn the GM of impending eviction from the group if a valid Key Download Ack/Failure is not sent. Eviction means that the member will be excluded from the group after the next Rekey Event. The policy of when a particular group needs to rekey itself is stated in the policy token. Eviction is discussed further in Section 5.3.2.1. For the following message structure sections, details about payload format and processing can be found in Section 7. Each message is identified by its exchange type in the header of the message. Nonces MUST be present in the messages unless synchronization time is available to the system. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 29] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 5.2.1.1. Request to Join The exchange type for Request to Join is eight (8). The components of a Request to Join Message are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Request to Join (RTJ) Message Definition Message Name : Request to Join (RTJ) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, Key Creation, Nonce_I, [VendorID], : [Notif_Mechanism_Choices], [Notif_Cookie], : [Notif_IPValue]} SigM, [Cert] Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, Key Creation, [Nonce], [Vendor ID], Signature, [Certificate], [Notifications] SigM : Signature of Group Member Cert : Necessary Certificates, zero or more {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature [] : Indicate an optional data item As shown by Figure 1, a potential GM MUST generate and send an RTJ message to request permission to join the group. At a minimum, the GM MUST be able to manually configure the destination for the RTJ. As defined in the dissection of the RTJ message, this message MUST contain a Key Creation payload for KEK determination. A Nonce payload MUST be included for freshness and the Nonce_I value MUST be saved for potential later use. The GC/KS will use this supplied nonce only if the policy token for this group defines the use of nonces versus synchronization time. An OPTIONAL Notification payload of type Mechanism Choices MAY be included to identify the mechanisms the GM wants to use. Absence of this payload will cause the GC/KS to select appropriate default policy-token-specified mechanisms for the Key Download. In response, the GC/KS accepts or denies the request based on local configuration. indicates the GC/KS actions that will determine if the RTJ will be acted upon. The following checks SHOULD be performed in the order presented. In this procedure, the GC/KS MUST verify that the message header is properly formed and confirm that this message is for this group by checking the value of the GroupID. If the header checks pass, then the identity of the sender is extracted from the Signature payload. This identity MUST be used to perform access control checks and find the GMs credentials (e.g., certificate) for message verification. It MUST also be used in the Key Download message. Then, the GC/KS will verify the signature on the message to ensure its authenticity. The Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 30] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 GC/KS MUST use verified and trusted authentication material from a known root. If the message signature verifies, the GC/KS then confirms that all required payloads are present and properly formatted based upon the mechanisms announced and/or requested. If all checks pass, the GC/KS will create and send the Key Download message as described in Section 5.2.1.2. If the GM receives no response to the RTJ within the GM's locally configured timeout value, the GM SHOULD resend the RTJ message up to three (3) times. NOTE: At any one time, a GC/KS MUST process no more than one (1) valid RTJ message from a given GM per group until its pending registration protocol exchange concludes. If any error occurs during RTJ message processing, and the GC/KS is running in Terse Mode, the registration session MUST be terminated, and all saved state information MUST be cleared. The OPTIONAL Notification payload of type Cookie is discussed in Section 5.2.2. The OPTIONAL Notification payload of type IPValue may be used for the GM to convey a specific IP value to the GC/KS. 5.2.1.2. Key Download The exchange type for Key Download is nine (9). The components of a Key Download Message are shown in Table 2: Table 2: Key Download (KeyDL) Message Definition Message Name : Key Download (KeyDL) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, Member ID, [Nonce_R, Nonce_C], Key Creation, (Policy Token)*, (Key Download)*, [VendorID]} SigC, [Cert] Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, Identification, [Nonce], Key Creation, Policy Token, Key Download, [Vendor ID], Signature, [Certificate] SigC : Signature of Group Controller Key Server Cert : Necessary Certificates, zero or more {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature [] : Indicate an optional data item (data)* : Indicates encrypted information Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 31] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 In response to a properly formed and verified RTJ message, the GC/KS creates and sends the KeyDL message. As defined in the dissection of the message, this message MUST contain payloads to hold the following information: GM identification, Key Creation material, encrypted policy token, encrypted key information, and signature information. If synchronized time is not available, the Nonce payloads MUST be included in the message for freshness. If present, the nonce values transmitted MUST be the GC/KS's generated Nonce_R value and the combined Nonce_C value that was generated by using the GC/KS's Nonce_R value and the Nonce_I value received from the GM in the RTJ. If two-party key determination is used, the key creation material supplied by the GM and/or the GC/KS will be used to generate the key. Generation of this key is dependent on the key exchange, as defined in Section 7.11, "Key Creation Payload". The policy token and key material are encrypted in the generated key. The GM MUST be able to process the Key Download message. indicates the GM actions that will determine how the Key Download message will be acted upon. The following checks SHOULD be performed in the order presented. In this procedure, the GM will verify that the message header is properly formed and confirm that this message is for this group by checking the value of the GroupID. If the header checks pass, the GM MUST confirm that this message was intended for itself by comparing the Member ID in the Identification payload to its identity. After identification confirmation, the freshness values are checked. If using nonces, the GM MUST use its saved Nonce_I value, extract the received GC/KS Nonce_R value, compute the combined Nonce_C value, and compare it to the received Nonce_C value. If not using nonces, the GM MUST check the timestamp in the Signature payload to determine if the message is new. After freshness is confirmed, the signature MUST be verified to ensure its authenticity. The GM MUST use verified and trusted authentication material from a known root. If the message signature verifies, the key creation material is extracted from the Key Creation payload to generate the KEK. This KEK is then used to decrypt the policy token data. The signature on the policy token MUST be verified. Access control checks MUST be performed on both the GO and the GC/KS to determine both their authorities within this group. After all these checks pass, the KEK can then be used to Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 32] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 decrypt and process the key material from the Key Download payload. If all is successful, the GM will create and send the Key Download - Ack/Failure message as described in Section 5.2.1.4. The Policy Token and Key Download Payloads are sent encrypted in the KEK generated by the Key Creation Payload information using the mechanisms defined in the group announcement. This guarantees that the sensitive policy and key data for the group and potential rekey data for this individual cannot be read by anyone but the intended recipient. If any error occurs during KeyDL message processing, regardless of whether the GM is in Terse or Verbose Mode, the registration session MUST be terminated, the GM MUST send a Key Download - Ack/Failure message, and all saved state information MUST be cleared. If in Terse Mode, the Notification Payload will be of type NACK to indicate termination. If in Verbose Mode, the Notification Payload will contain the type of error encountered. 5.2.1.3. Request to Join Error The exchange type for Request to Join Error is eleven (11). The components of the Request to Join Error Message are shown in Table 3: Table 3: Request to Join Error (RTJ-Err) Message Definition Message Name : Request to Join Error (RTJ-Err) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, [Nonce_I], Notification, [VendorID]} Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, [Nonce] Notification, [Vendor ID] In response to an unacceptable RTJ, the GC/KS MAY send a Request to Join Error (RTJ-Err) message containing an appropriate Notification payload. Note that the RTJ-Err message is not a signed message for the following reasons: the lack of awareness on the GM's perspective of who is a valid GC/KS as well as the need to protect the GC/KS from signing messages and using valuable resources. Following the sending of an RTJ-Err, the GC/KS MUST terminate the session, and all saved state information MUST be cleared. Upon receipt of an RTJ-Err message, the GM will validate the following: the GroupID in the header belongs to a group to which the GM has sent an RTJ, and, if present, the Nonce_I matches a Nonce_I sent in an RTJ to that group. If the above checks are successful, the GM MAY terminate the state associated with that GroupID and Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 33] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 nonce. The GM SHOULD be capable of receiving a valid KeyDownload message for that GroupID and nonce after receiving an RTJ-Err for a locally configured amount of time. 5.2.1.4. Key Download - Ack/Failure The exchange type for Key Download - Ack/Failure is four (4). The components of the Key Download - Ack/Failure Message are shown in Table 4: Table 4: Key Download - Ack/Failure (KeyDL-A/F) Message Definition Message Name : Key Download - Ack/Failure (KeyDL-A/F) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, [Nonce_C], Notif_Ack, [VendorID]}SigM Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, [Nonce], Notification, [Vendor ID], Signature SigM : Signature of Group Member {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature In response to a properly processed KeyDL message, the GM creates and sends the KeyDL-A/F message. As defined in the dissection of the message, this message MUST contain payloads to hold the following information: Notification payload of type Acknowledgement (ACK) and signature information. If synchronized time is not available, the Nonce payload MUST be present for freshness, and the nonce value transmitted MUST be the GM's generated Nonce_C value. If the GM does not receive a KeyDL message within a locally configured amount of time, the GM MAY send a new RTJ. If the GM receives a valid LOA (see Section 5.2.1.5) message from the GC/KS before receipt of a KeyDL message, the GM SHOULD send a KeyDL-A/F message of type NACK followed by a new RTJ. The GC/KS MUST be able to process the KeyDL-A/F message. indicates the GC/KS actions that will determine how the KeyDL-A/F message will be acted upon. The following checks SHOULD be performed in the order presented. In this procedure, the GC/KS will verify that the message header is properly formed and confirm that this message is for this group by checking the value of the GroupID. If the header checks pass, the GC/KS MUST check the message for freshness. If using nonces, the GC/KS MUST use its saved Nonce_C value and compare it for equality with the received Nonce_C value. If not using nonces, the GC/KS MUST check the timestamp in the Signature payload to determine if the message is new. After freshness is confirmed, the signature MUST be verified to ensure its authenticity. The GC/KS MUST use verified and trusted authentication material from a known root. If the message Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 34] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 signature verifies, the GC/KS processes the Notification payload. If the notification type is of type ACK, then the registration has completed successfully, and both parties SHOULD remove state information associated with this GM's registration. If the GC/KS does not receive a KeyDL-A/F message of proper form or is unable to correctly process the KeyDL-A/F message, the Notification payload type is any value except ACK; or if no KeyDL-A/F message is received within the locally configured timeout, the GC/KS MUST evict this GM from the group in the next policy-defined Rekey Event. The GC/KS MAY send the OPTIONAL Lack_of_Ack message if running in Verbose Mode as defined in Section 5.2.1.5. 5.2.1.5. Lack of Ack The exchange type for Lack of Ack is twelve (12). The components of a Lack of Ack Message are shown in Table 5: Table 5: Lack of Ack (LOA) Message Definition Message Name : Lack of Ack (LOA) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, Member ID, [Nonce_R, Nonce_C], Notification, [VendorID]} SigC, [Cert] Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, Identification, [Nonce], Notification, [Vendor ID], Signature, [Certificate] SigC : Signature of Group Controller Key Server Cert : Necessary Certificates, zero or more {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature [] : Indicate an optional data item If the GC/KS's local timeout value expires prior to receiving a KeyDL-A/F from the GM, the GC/KS MAY create and send a LOA message to the GM. As defined in the dissection of the message, this message MUST contain payloads to hold the following information: GM identification, Notification of error, and signature information. If synchronized time is not available, the Nonce payloads MUST be present for freshness, and the nonce values transmitted MUST be the GC/KS's generated Nonce_R value and the combined Nonce_C value which was generated by using the GC/KS's Nonce_R value and the Nonce_I value received from the GM in the RTJ. These values were already generated during the Key Download message phase. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 35] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 The GM MAY be able to process the LOA message based upon local configuration. indicates the GM actions that will determine how the LOA message will be acted upon. The following checks SHOULD be performed in the order presented. In this procedure, the GM MUST verify that the message header is properly formed and confirm that this message is for this group by checking the value of the GroupID. If the header checks pass, the GM MUST confirm that this message was intended for itself by comparing the Member ID in the Identification payload to its identity. After identification confirmation, the freshness values are checked. If using nonces, the GM MUST use its save Nonce_I value, extract the received GC/KS Nonce_R value, compute the combined Nonce_C value, and compare it to the received Nonce_C value. If not using nonces, the GM MUST check the timestamp in the Signature payload to determine if the message is new. After freshness is confirmed, access control checks MUST be performed on the GC/KS to determine its authority within this group. Then signature MUST be verified to ensure its authenticity, The GM MUST use verified and trusted authentication material from a known root. If the checks succeed, the GM SHOULD resend a KeyDL-A/F for that session. 5.2.2. Cookies: Group Establishment with Denial of Service Protection This section defines an OPTIONAL capability that MAY be implemented into GSAKMP when using IP-based groups. The information in this section borrows heavily from [IKEv2] as this protocol has already worked through this issue and GSAKMP is copying this concept. This section will contain paraphrased sections of [IKEv2] modified for GSAKMP to define the purpose of Cookies. An optional Cookie mode is being defined for the GSAKMP to help against DoS attacks. The term "cookies" originates with Karn and Simpson [RFC2522] in Photuris, an early proposal for key management with IPSec. The ISAKMP fixed message header includes two eight-octet fields titled "cookies". Instead of placing this cookie data in the header, in GSAKMP this data is moved into a Notification payload. An expected attack against GSAKMP is state and CPU exhaustion, where the target GC/KS is flooded with Request to Join requests from forged IP addresses. This attack can be made less effective if a GC/KS implementation uses minimal CPU and commits no state to the communication until it knows the initiator potential GM can receive packets at the address from which it claims to be sending them. To Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 36] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 accomplish this, the GC/KS (when operating in Cookie mode) SHOULD reject initial Request to Join messages unless they contain a Notification payload of type "cookie". It SHOULD instead send a Cookie Download message as a response to the RTJ and include a cookie in a notify payload of type Cookie_Required. Potential GMs who receive such responses MUST retry the Request to Join message with the responder-GC/KS-supplied cookie in its notification payload of type Cookie, as defined by the optional Notification payload of the Request to Join Msg in Section 5.2.1.1. This initial exchange will then be as shown in Figure 2 with the components of the new message Cookie Download shown in Table 6. The exchange type for Cookie Download is ten (10). CONTROLLER MESSAGE MEMBER in Cookie Mode !<--Request to Join without Cookie Info---! ! ! ! ! !----------Cookie Download--------------->! ! ! !<----Request to Join with Cookie Info----! ! ! ! ! !-------------Key Download--------------->! ! ! !<-----Key Download - Ack/Failure--------! ! ! ! ! !<=======SHARED KEYED GROUP SESSION======>! Figure 2: GSAKMP Ladder Diagram with Cookies Table 6: Cookie Download Message Definition Message Name : Cookie Download Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, Notif_COOKIE_REQUIRED, [VendorID]} Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, Notification, [Vendor ID] The first two messages do not affect any GM or GC/KS state except for communicating the cookie. A GSAKMP implementation SHOULD implement its GC/KS cookie generation in such a way as not to require any saved state to recognize its valid cookie when the second Request to Join message arrives. The exact algorithms and syntax they use to generate cookies does not affect interoperability and hence is not specified here. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 37] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 The following is an example of how an endpoint could use cookies to implement limited DoS protection. A good way to do this is to set the cookie to be: Cookie = | Hash(Ni | IPi | ) where is a randomly generated secret known only to the responder GC/KS and periodically changed, Ni is the nonce value taken from the initiator potential GM, and IPi is the asserted IP address of the candidate GM. The IP address is either the IP header's source IP address or else the IP address contained in the optional Notification "IPvalue" payload (if it is present). should be changed whenever is regenerated. The cookie can be recomputed when the "Request to Join with Cookie Info" arrives and compared to the cookie in the received message. If it matches, the responder GC/KS knows that all values have been computed since the last change to and that IPi MUST be the same as the source address it saw the first time. Incorporating Ni into the hash assures that an attacker who sees only the Cookie_Download message cannot successfully forge a "Request to Join with Cookie Info" message. This Ni value MUST be the same Ni value from the original "Request to Join" message for the calculation to be successful. If a new value for is chosen while connections are in the process of being initialized, a "Request to Join with Cookie Info" might be returned with a other than the current one. The responder GC/KS in that case MAY reject the message by sending another response with a new cookie, or it MAY keep the old value of around for a short time and accept cookies computed from either one. The responder GC/KS SHOULD NOT accept cookies indefinitely after is changed, since that would defeat part of the denial of service protection. The responder GC/KS SHOULD change the value of frequently, especially if under attack. An alternative example for Cookie value generation in a NAT environment is to substitute the IPi value with the IPValue received in the Notification payload in the RTJ message. This scenario is indicated by the presence of the Notification payload of type IPValue. With this substitution, a calculation similar to that described above can be used. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 38] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 5.2.3. Group Establishment for Receive-Only Members This section describes an OPTIONAL capability that may be implemented in a structured system where the authorized (S-)GC/KS is known in advance through out-of-band means and where synchronized time is available. Unlike Standard Group Establishment, in the Receive-Only system, the GMs and (S-)GC/KSes operate in Terse Mode and exchange one message only: the Key Download. Potential new GMs do not send an RTJ. (S-)GC/KSes do not expect Key Download - ACK/Failure messages and do not remove GMs for lack or receipt of the message. Operation is as follows: upon notification via an authorized out-of- band event, the (S-)GC/KS forms and sends a Key Download message to the new member with the Nonce payloads ABSENT. The GM verifies - the ID payload identifies that GM - the timestamp in the message is fresh - the message is signed by an authorized (S-)GC/KS - the signature on the message verifies When using a Diffie-Hellman Key Creation Type for receive-only members, a static-ephemeral model is assumed: the Key Creation payload in the Key Download message contains the (S-)GC/KS's public component. The member's public component is assumed to be obtained through secure out-of-band means. 5.3. Group Maintenance The Group Maintenance phase includes member joins and leaves, group rekey activities, policy updates, and group destruction. These activities are presented in the following sections. 5.3.1. Group Management 5.3.1.1. Rekey Events A Rekey Event is any action, including a compromise report or key expiration, that requires the creation of a new group key and/or rekey information. Once an event has been identified (as defined in the group security policy token), the GC/KS MUST create and provide a signed message containing the GTPK and rekey information to the group. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 39] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Each GM who receives this message MUST verify the signature on the message to ensure its authenticity. If the message signature does not verify, the message MUST be discarded. Upon verification, the GM will find the appropriate rekey download packet and decrypt the information with a stored rekey key(s). If a new Policy Token is distributed with the message, it MUST be encrypted in the old GTPK. The exchange type for Rekey Event is five (5). The components of a Rekey Event message are shown in Table 7: Table 7: Rekey Event Message Definition Message Name : Rekey Event Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, ([Policy Token])*, Rekey Array, [VendorID]}SigC, [Cert] Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, [Policy Token], Rekey Event, [Vendor ID], Signature, [Certificate], SigC : Signature of Group Controller Key Server Cert : Necessary Certificates, zero or more {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature (data)* : Indicates encrypted information [] : Indicate an optional data item 5.3.1.2. Policy Updates New policy tokens are sent via the Rekey Event message. These policy updates may be coupled with an existing rekey event or may be sent in a message with the Rekey Event Type of the Rekey Event Payload set to None(0) (see Section 7.5.1). A policy token MUST NOT be processed if the processing of the Rekey Event message carrying it fails. Policy token processing is type dependent and is beyond the scope of this document. 5.3.1.3. Group Destruction Group destruction is also accomplished via the Rekey Event message. In a Rekey Event message for group destruction, the Sequence ID is set to 0xFFFFFFFF. Upon receipt of this authenticated Rekey Event message, group components MUST terminate processing of information associated with the indicated group. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 40] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 5.3.2. Leaving a Group There are several conditions under which a member will leave a group: eviction, voluntary departure without notice, and voluntary departure with notice (de-registration). Each of these is discussed in this section. 5.3.2.1. Eviction At some point in the group's lifetime, it may be desirable to evict one or more members from a group. From a key management viewpoint, this involves revoking access to the group's protected data by "disabling" the departing members' keys. This is accomplished with a Rekey Event, which is discussed in more detail in Section 5.3.1.1. If future access to the group is also to be denied, the members MUST be added to a denied access control list, and the policy token's authorization rules MUST be appropriately updated so that they will exclude the expelled GM(s). After receipt of a new PT, GMs SHOULD evaluate the trustworthiness of any recent application data originating from the expelled GM(s). 5.3.2.2. Voluntary Departure without Notice If a member wishes to leave a group for which membership imposes no cost or responsibility to that member, then the member MAY merely delete local copies of group keys and cease group activities. 5.3.2.3. De-Registration If the membership in the group does impose cost or responsibility to the departing member, then the member SHOULD de-register from the group when that member wishes to leave. De-registration consists of a three-message exchange between the GM and the member's GC/KS: the Request_to_Depart, Departure_Response, and the Departure_Ack. Compliant GSAKMP implementations for GMs SHOULD support the de- registration messages. Compliant GSAKMP implementations for GC/KSes MUST support the de-registration messages. 5.3.2.3.1. Request to Depart The Exchange Type for a Request_to_Depart Message is thirteen (13). The components of a Request_to_Depart Message are shown in Table 8. Any GM desiring to initiate the de-registration process MUST generate and send an RTD message to notify the GC/KS of its intent. As defined in the dissection of the RTD message, this message MUST contain payloads to hold the following information: the GC/KS identification and Notification of the desire to leave the group. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 41] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 When synchronization time is not available to the system as defined by the Policy Token, a Nonce payload MUST be included for freshness, and the Nonce_I value MUST be saved for later use. This message MUST then be signed by the GM. Table 8: Request_to_Depart (RTD) Message Definition Message Name : Request_to_Depart (RTD) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, GC/KS_ID, [Nonce_I], Notif_Leave_Group, [VendorID]} SigM, [Cert] Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, Identification, [Nonce], Notification, [Vendor ID], Signature, [Certificate] SigM : Signature of Group Member Cert : Necessary Certificates, zero or more {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature [] : Indicate an optional data item Upon receipt of the RTD message, the GC/KS MUST verify that the message header is properly formed and confirm that this message is for this group by checking the value of the GroupID. If the header checks pass, then the identifier value in Identification payload is compared to its own, the GC/KS's identity, to confirm that the GM intended to converse with this GC/KS, the GC/KS who registered this member into the group. Then the identity of the sender is extracted from the Signature payload. This identity MUST be used to confirm that this GM is a member of the group serviced by this GC/KS. Then the GC/KS will confirm from the Notification payload that the GM is requesting to leave the group. Then the GC/KS will verify the signature on the message to ensure its authenticity. The GC/KS MUST use verified and trusted authentication material from a known root. If all checks pass and the message is successfully processed, then the GC/KS MUST form a Departure_Response message as defined in Section 5.3.2.3.2. If the processing of the message fails, the de-registration session MUST be terminated, and all state associated with this session is removed. If the GC/KS is operating in Terse Mode, then no error message is sent to the GM. If the GC/KS is operating in Verbose Mode, then the GC/KS sends a Departure_Response Message with a Notification Payload of type Request_to_Depart_Error. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 42] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 5.3.2.3.2. Departure_Response The Exchange Type for a Departure_Response Message is fourteen (14). The components of a Departure_Response Message are shown in Table 9. In response to a properly formed and verified RTD message, the GC/KS MUST create and send the DR message. As defined in the dissection of the message, this message MUST contain payloads to hold the following information: GM identification, Notification for acceptance of departure, and signature information. If synchronization time is not available, the Nonce payloads MUST be included in the message for freshness. Table 9: Departure_Response (DR) Message Definition Message Name : Departure_Response (DR) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, Member_ID, [Nonce_R, Nonce_C], Notification, [VendorID]} SigC, [Cert] Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, Identification, [Nonce], Notification, [Vendor ID], Signature, [Certificate] SigC : Signature of Group Member Cert : Necessary Certificates, zero or more {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature [] : Indicate an optional data item If present, the nonce values transmitted MUST be the GC/KS's generated Nonce_R value and the combined Nonce_C value that was generated by using the GC/KS's Nonce_R value and the Nonce_I value received from the GM in the RTD. This Nonce_C value MUST be saved relative to this departing GM's ID. The GM MUST be able to process the Departure_Response message. The following checks SHOULD be performed in the order presented. The GM MUST verify that the message header is properly formed and confirm that this message is for this group by checking the value of the GroupID. If the header checks pass, the GM MUST confirm that this message was intended for itself by comparing the Member ID in the Identification payload to its identity. After identification confirmation, the freshness values are checked. If using nonces, the GM MUST use its saved Nonce_I value, extract the received GC/KS Nonce_R value, compute the combined Nonce_C value, and compare it for equality with the received Nonce_C value. If not using nonces, the GM MUST check the timestamp in the signature payload to determine if the message is new. After freshness is confirmed, confirmation of the identity of the signer of the DR message is the GMs authorized Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 43] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 GC/KS is performed. Then, the signature MUST be verified to ensure its authenticity. The GM MUST use verified and trusted authentication material from a known root. If the message signature verifies, then the GM MUST verify that the Notification is of Type Departure_Accepted or Request_to_Depart_Error. If the processing is successful, and the Notification payload is of type Departure_Accepted, the member MUST form the Departure_ACK message as defined in Section 5.3.2.3.3. If the processing is successful, and the Notification payload is of type Request_to_Depart_Error, the member MUST remove all state associated with the de-registration session. If the member still desires to De-Register from the group, the member MUST restart the de- registration process. If the processing of the message fails, the de-registration session MUST be terminated, and all state associated with this session is removed. If the GM is operating in Terse Mode, then a Departure_Ack Message with Notification Payload of type NACK is sent to the GC/KS. If the GM is operating in Verbose Mode, then the GM sends a Departure_Ack Message with a Notification Payload of the appropriate failure type. 5.3.2.3.3. Departure_ACK The Exchange Type for a Departure_ACK Message is fifteen (15). The components of the Departure_ACK Message are shown in Table 10: Table 10: Departure_ACK (DA) Message Definition Message Name : Departure_ACK (DA) Dissection : {HDR-GrpID, [Nonce_C], Notif_Ack, [VendorID]}SigM Payload Types : GSAKMP Header, [Nonce], Notification, [Vendor ID], Signature SigM : Signature of Group Member {}SigX : Indicates fields used in Signature In response to a properly processed Departure_Response message, the GM MUST create and send the Departure_ACK message. As defined in the dissection of the message, this message MUST contain payloads to hold the following information: Notification payload of type Acknowledgement (ACK) and signature information. If synchronization time is not available, the Nonce payload MUST be present for freshness, and the nonce value transmitted MUST be the GM's generated Nonce_C value. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 44] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Upon receipt of the Departure_ACK, the GC/KS MUST perform the following checks. These checks SHOULD be performed in the order presented. In this procedure, the GC/KS MUST verify that the message header is properly formed and confirm that this message is for this group by checking the value of the GroupID. If the header checks pass, the GC/KS MUST check the message for freshness. If using nonces, the GC/KS MUST use its saved Nonce_C value and compare it to the received Nonce_C value. If not using nonces, the GC/KS MUST check the timestamp in the signature payload to determine if the message is new. After freshness is confirmed, the signature MUST be verified to ensure its authenticity. The GC/KS MUST use verified and trusted authentication material from a known root. If the message signature verifies, the GC/KS processes the Notification payload. If the notification type is of type ACK, this is considered a successful processing of this message. If the processing of the message is successful, the GC/KS MUST remove the member from the group. This MAY involve initiating a Rekey Event for the group. If the processing of the message fails or if no Departure_Ack is received, the GC/KS MAY issue a LOA message. 6. Security Suite The Security Definition Suite 1 MUST be supported. Other security suite definitions MAY be defined in other Internet specifications. 6.1. Assumptions All potential GMs will have enough information available to them to use the correct Security Suite to join the group. This can be accomplished by a well-known default suite, 'Security Suite 1', or by announcing/posting another suite. 6.2. Definition Suite 1 GSAKMP implementations MUST support the following suite of algorithms and configurations. The following definition of Suite 1 borrows heavily from IKE's Oakley group 2 definition and Oakley itself. The GSAKMP Suite 1 definition gives all the algorithm and cryptographic definitions required to process group establishment messages. It is important to note that GSAKMP does not negotiate Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 45] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 these cryptographic mechanisms. This definition is set by the Group Owner via the Policy Token (passed during the GSAKMP exchange for member verification purposes). The GSAKMP Suite 1 definition is: Key download and Policy Token encryption algorithm definition: Algorithm: AES Mode: CBC Key Length: 128 bits Policy Token digital signature algorithm is: DSS-ASN1-DER Hash algorithm is: SHA-1 Nonce Hash algorithm is: SHA-1 The Key Creation definition is: Algorithm type is Diffie Hellman MODP group definition g: 2 p: "FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1" "29024E08 8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD" "EF9519B3 CD3A431B 302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245" "E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9 A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED" "EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6 49286651 ECE65381" "FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF" NOTE: The p and g values come from IKE [RFC2409], Section 6.2, "Second Oakley Group", and p is 1024 bits long. The GSAKMP message digital signature algorithm is: DSS-SHA1-ASN1-DER The digital signature ID type is: ID-DN-STRING Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 46] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 7. GSAKMP Payload Structure A GSAKMP Message is composed of a GSAKMP Header (Section 7.1) followed by at least one GSAKMP Payload. All GSAKMP Payloads are composed of the Generic Payload Header (Section 7.2) followed by the specific payload data. The message is chained by a preceding payload defining its succeeding payload. Payloads are not required to be in the exact order shown in the message dissection in Section 5, provided that all required payloads are present. Unless it is explicitly stated in a dissection that multiple payloads of a single type may be present, no more than one payload of each type allowed by the message may appear. The final payload in a message will point to no succeeding payload. All fields of type integer in the Header and Payload structure that are larger than one octet MUST be converted into Network Byte Order prior to data transmission. Padding of fields MUST NOT be done as this leads to processing errors. When a message contains a Vendor ID payload, the processing of the payloads of that message is modified as defined in Section 7.10. 7.1. GSAKMP Header 7.1.1. GSAKMP Header Structure The GSAKMP Header fields are shown in Figure 3 and defined as: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! GroupID Type ! GroupID Length! Group ID Value ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ! Next Payload ! Version ! Exchange Type ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Sequence ID ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Length ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 3: GSAKMP Header Format Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 47] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Group Identification Type (1 octet) - Table 11 presents the group identification types. This field is treated as an unsigned value. Table 11: Group Identification Types Grp ID Type Value Description _____________________________________________________________________ Reserved 0 UTF-8 1 Format defined in Section 7.1.1.1.1. Octet String 2 This type MUST be implemented. Format defined in Section 7.1.1.1.2. IPv4 3 Format defined in Section 7.1.1.1.3. IPv6 4 Format defined in Section 7.1.1.1.4. Reserved to IANA 5 - 192 Private Use 193 - 255 Group Identification Length (1 octet) - Length of the Group Identification Value field in octets. This value MUST NOT be zero (0). This field is treated as an unsigned value. Group Identification Value (variable length) - Indicates the name/title of the group. All GroupID types should provide unique naming across groups. GroupID types SHOULD provide this capability by including a random element generated by the creator (owner) of the group of at least eight (8) octets, providing extremely low probability of collision in group names. The GroupID value is static throughout the life of the group. Next Payload (1 octet) - Indicates the type of the next payload in the message. The format for each payload is defined in the following sections. Table 12 presents the payload types. This field is treated as an unsigned value. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 48] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Table 12: Payload Types Next_Payload_Type Value ___________________________________ None 0 Policy Token 1 Key Download Packet 2 Rekey Event 3 Identification 4 Reserved 5 Certificate 6 Reserved 7 Signature 8 Notification 9 Vendor ID 10 Key Creation 11 Nonce 12 Reserved to IANA 13 - 192 Private Use 193 - 255 Version (1 octet) - Indicates the version of the GSAKMP protocol in use. The current value is one (1). This field is treated as an unsigned value. Exchange Type (1 octet) - Indicates the type of exchange (also known as the message type). Table 13 presents the exchange type values. This field is treated as an unsigned value. Table 13: Exchange Types Exchange_Type Value ________________________________________ Reserved 0 - 3 Key Download Ack/Failure 4 Rekey Event 5 Reserved 6 - 7 Request to Join 8 Key Download 9 Cookie Download 10 Request to Join Error 11 Lack of Ack 12 Request to Depart 13 Departure Response 14 Departure Ack 15 Reserved to IANA 16 - 192 Private Use 193 - 255 Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 49] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 Sequence ID (4 octets) - The Sequence ID is used for replay protection of group management messages. If the message is not a group management message, this value MUST be set to zero (0). The first value used by a (S-)GC/KS MUST be one (1). For each distinct group management message that this (S-)GC/KS transmits, this value MUST be incremented by one (1). Receivers of this group management message MUST confirm that the value received is greater than the value of the sequence ID received with the last group management message from this (S-)GC/KS. Group Components (e.g., GMs, S-GC/KSes) MUST terminate processing upon receipt of an authenticated group management message containing a Sequence ID of 0xFFFFFFFF. This field is treated as an unsigned integer in network byte order. Length (4 octets) - Length of total message (header + payloads) in octets. This field is treated as an unsigned integer in network byte order. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 50] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 7.1.1.1. GroupID Structure This section defines the formats for the defined GroupID types. 7.1.1.1.1. UTF-8 The format for type UTF-8 [RFC3629] is shown in Figure 4. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Random Value ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! UTF-8 String ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 4: GroupID UTF-8 Format Random Value (16 octets) - For the UTF-8 GroupID type, the Random Value is represented as a string of exactly 16 hexadecimal digits converted from its octet values in network-byte order. The leading zero hexadecimal digits and the trailing zero hexadecimal digits are always included in the string, rather than being truncated. UTF-8 String (variable length) - This field contains the human readable portion of the GroupID in UTF-8 format. Its length is calculated as the (GroupID Length - 16) for the Random Value field. The minimum length for this field is one (1) octet. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 51] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 7.1.1.1.2. Octet String The format for type Octet String is shown in Figure 5. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Random Value ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Octet String ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 5: GroupID Octet String Format Random Value (8 octets) - The 8-octet unsigned random value in network byte order format. Octet String (variable length) - This field contains the Octet String portion of the GroupID. Its length is calculated as the (GroupID Length - 8) for the Random Value field. The minimum length for this field is one (1) octet. 7.1.1.1.3. IPv4 Group Identifier The format for type IPv4 Group Identifier is shown in Figure 6. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Random Value ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! IPv4 Value ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 6: GroupID IPv4 Format Random Value (8 octets) - The 8-octet unsigned random value in network byte order format. IPv4 Value (4 octets) - The IPv4 value in network byte order format. This value MAY contain the multicast address of the group. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 52] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 7.1.1.1.4. IPv6 Group Identifier The format for type IPv6 Group Identifier is shown in Figure 7. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Random Value ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! IPv6 Value ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 7: GroupID IPv6 Format Random Value (8 octets) - The 8-octet unsigned random value in network byte order format. IPv6 Value (16 octets) - The IPv6 value in network byte order format. This value MAY contain the multicast address of the group. 7.1.2. GSAKMP Header Processing When processing the GSAKMP Header, the following fields MUST be checked for correct values: 1. Group ID Type - The Group ID Type value MUST be checked to be a valid group identification payload type as defined by Table 11. If the value is not valid, then an error is logged. If in Verbose Mode, an appropriate message containing notification value Payload-Malformed will be sent. 2. GroupID - The GroupID of the received message MUST be checked against the valid GroupIDs of the Group Component. If no match is found, then an error is logged; in addition, if in Verbose Mode, an appropriate message containing notification value Invalid-Group-ID will be sent. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 53] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 3. Next Payload - The Next Payload value MUST be checked to be a valid payload type as defined by Table 12. If the value is not valid, then an error is logged. If in Verbose Mode, an appropriate message containing notification value Invalid- Payload-Type will be sent. 4. Version - The GSAKMP version number MUST be checked that its value is one (1). For other values, see below for processing. The GSAKMP version number MUST be checked that it is consistent with the group's policy as specified in its Policy Token. If the version is not supported or authorized, then an error is logged. If in Verbose Mode, an appropriate message containing notification value Invalid-Version will be sent. 5. Exchange Type - The Exchange Type MUST be checked to be a valid exchange type as defined by Table 13 and MUST be of the type expected to be received by the GSAKMP state machine. If the exchange type is not valid, then an error is logged. If in Verbose Mode, an appropriate message containing notification value Invalid-Exchange-Type will be sent. 6. Sequence ID - The Sequence ID value MUST be checked for correctness. For negotiation messages, this value MUST be zero (0). For group management messages, this value MUST be greater than the last sequence ID received from this (S-)GC/KS. Receipt of incorrect Sequence ID on group management messages MUST NOT cause a reply message to be generated. Upon receipt of incorrect Sequence ID on non-group management messages, an error is logged. If in Verbose Mode, an appropriate message containing notification value Invalid-Sequence-ID will be sent. The length fields in the GSAKMP Header (Group ID Length and Length) are used to help process the message. If any field is found to be incorrect, then an error is logged. If in Verbose Mode, an appropriate message containing notification value Payload-Malformed will be sent. In order to allow a GSAKMP version one (v1) implementation to interoperate with future versions of the protocol, some ideas will be discussed here to this effect. A (S-)GC/KS that is operating in a multi-versioned group as defined by the Policy Token can take many approaches on how to interact with the GMs in this group for a rekey message. Harney, et al. Standards Track [Page 54] RFC 4535 GSAKMP June 2006 One possible solution is for the (S-)GC/KS to send out multiple rekey messages, one per version level that it supports. Then each GM would only process the message that has the version at which it is operating. An alternative approach that all GM v1 implementations MUST support is the embedding of a v1 message inside a version two (v2) message. If a GM running at v1 receives a GSAKMP message that has a version value greater than one (1), the GM will attempt to process the information immediately after the Group Header as a Group Header for v1 of the protocol. If this is in fact a v1 Group Header, then the remainder of this v1 message will be processed in place. After processing this v1 embedded message, the data following the v1 message should be the payload as identified by the Next Payload field in the original header of the message and will be ignored by the v1 member. However, if the payload following the initial header is not a v1 Group Header, then the GM will gracefully handle the unrecognized message. 7.2. Generic Payload Header 7.2.1. Generic Payload Header Structure Each GSAKMP payload defined in the following sections begins with a generic header, shown in Figure 8, that provides a payload "chaining" capability and clearly defines the boundaries of a payload. The Generic Payload Header fields are defined as follows: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ! Next Payload ! RESERVED ! Payload Length ! +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 8: Generic Payload Header Next Payload (1 octet) - Identifier for the payload type of the next payload in the message. If the current payload is the last in the messag