Internet-Draft RADIUS for Encrypted DNS December 2021
Boucadair & Reddy Expires 16 June 2022 [Page]
Workgroup:
opsawg
Internet-Draft:
draft-boucadair-opsawg-add-encrypted-dns-04
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
M. Boucadair
Orange
T. Reddy
McAfee

RADIUS Extensions for Encrypted DNS

Abstract

This document specifies new Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) attributes that carry an authentication domain name, a list of IP addresses, and a set of service parameters of encrypted DNS resolvers.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 16 June 2022.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

In the context of broadband services, ISPs traditionally provide DNS resolvers to their customers. To that aim, ISPs deploy dedicated mechanisms to advertise a list of DNS Recursive DNS server(s) to their customers (e.g., DHCP, IPv6 Router Advertisement). The information used to populate DHCP messages and/or IPv6 Router Advertisements relies upon specific Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) [RFC2865] attributes such as the DNS-Server-IPv6-Address Attribute specified in [RFC6911].

With the advent of Encrypted DNS (e.g., DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) [RFC8484], DNS-over-TLS (DoT) [RFC7858], or DNS-over-QUIC (DoQ) [I-D.ietf-dprive-dnsoquic]), additional means are required to provision hosts with network-designated Encrypted DNS. To fill that void, [I-D.ietf-add-dnr] leverages existing protocols such as DHCP and IPv6 Router Advertisement to provide hosts with the required information to connect to an Encrypted DNS server. However, there are no RADIUS attributes that can be used to populate the discovery messages discussed in [I-D.ietf-add-dnr].

This document specifies two new RADIUS attributes: IPv6-Encrypted-DNS (Section 3.1) and IPv4-Encrypted-DNS (Section 3.2) Attributes. Note that two attributes are specified in order to accommodate both IPv4 and IPv6 deployment contexts while taking into account the constraints in Section 3.4 of [RFC6158].

Typical deployment scenarios are similar to those described, for instance, in Section 2 of [RFC6911]. Some of these deployments may rely upon the mechanisms defined in [RFC4014] or [RFC7037], which allows a Network Access Server (NAS) to pass attributes obtained from a RADIUS server to a DHCP server. For illustration purposes, Figure 1 shows an example where a Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) is provided with an Encrypted DNS server. This example assumes that the NAS embeds both RADIUS client and DHCPv6 server capabilities.

+-------------+           +-------------+             +-------+
|     CPE     |           |     NAS     |             |  AAA  |
|DHCPv6 client|           |DHCPv6 server|             |Server |
+------+------+           +------+------+             +---+---+
       |                         |                        |
       o-----DHCPv6 Solicit----->|                        |
       |                         o----Access-Request ---->|
       |                         |                        |
       |                         |<----Access-Accept------o
       |                         |  IPv6-Encrypted-DNS    |
       |<--DHCPv6 Advertisement--o                        |
       |     (OPTION_V6_DNR)     |                        |
       |                         |                        |
       o-----DHCPv6 Request----->|                        |
       |                         |                        |
       |<------DHCPv6 Reply------o                        |
       |     (OPTION_V6_DNR)     |                        |
       |                         |                        |

                DHCPv6                     RADIUS
Figure 1: Example of RADIUS IPv6 Encrypted DNS

Upon receipt of the DHCPv6 Solicit message from a CPE, the NAS sends a RADIUS Access-Request message to the AAA server. Once the AAA server receives the request, it replies with an Access-Accept message (possibly after having sent a RADIUS Access-Challenge message and assuming the CPE is entitled to connect to the network) that carries a list of parameters to be used for this session, and which include the Encrypted DNS information. The content of the IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute is then used by the NAS to complete the DHCPv6 procedure that the CPE initiated to retrieve information about the encrypted DNS service to use. The procedure defined in [I-D.ietf-add-dnr] is thus followed between the DHCPv6 client and the DHCPv6 server. The same procedure is followed between the DHCPv6 client on endpoints serviced by the CPE and the DHCPv6 server on CPE.

Upon change of the any Encrypted DNS-related information (e.g., ADN, IPv6 address), the RADIUS server sends a RADIUS CoA message [RFC5176] that carries the RADIUS IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attributed to the NAS. Once that message is accepted by the NAS, it replies with a RADIUS CoA ACK message. The NAS replaces the old Encrypted DNS server information with the new one and sends a DHCPv6 Reconfigure message to cause the DHCPv6 client to initiate a Renew/Reply message exchange with the DHCPv6 server.

Figure 2 shows another example where a CPE is provided an Encrypted DNS server, but the CPE uses DHCPv4 to retrieve its encrypted DNS server.

+-------------+           +-------------+             +-------+
|     CPE     |           |     NAS     |             |  AAA  |
|DHCPv4 client|           |DHCPv4 server|             |Server |
+------+------+           +------+------+             +---+---+
       |                         |                        |
       o------DHCPDISCOVER------>|                        |
       |                         o----Access-Request ---->|
       |                         |                        |
       |                         |<----Access-Accept------o
       |                         |  IPv4-Encrypted-DNS    |
       |<-----DHCPOFFER----------o                        |
       |     (OPTION_V4_DNR)     |                        |
       |                         |                        |
       o-----DHCPREQUEST-------->|                        |
       |     (OPTION_V4_DNR)     |                        |
       |                         |                        |
       |<-------DHCPACK----------o                        |
       |     (OPTION_V4_DNR)     |                        |
       |                         |                        |

               DHCPv4                      RADIUS
Figure 2: Example of RADIUS IPv4 Encrypted DNS

Other deployment scenarios can be envisaged such as returning customized service parameters (e.g., different DoH URI) as a function of the service/policies/preferences that are set by a home network administrator. How an administrator indicates its service/policies/preferences to an AAA server is out of scope.

This document adheres to [RFC8044] for defining the new attributes.

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

This document makes use of the terms defined in [RFC8499]. The following additional terms are used:

Encrypted DNS:
refers to a scheme where DNS exchanges are transported over an encrypted channel. Examples of encrypted DNS are DNS-over-TLS (DoT) [RFC7858], DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) [RFC8484], or DNS-over-QUIC (DoQ) [I-D.ietf-dprive-dnsoquic].
*-Encrypted-DNS:
refers to IPv6-Encrypted-DNS and IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attributes.
Encrypted-DNS-*:
refers to any of these attributes: Encrypted-DNS-ADN, Encrypted-DNS-IPv6-Address, Encrypted-DNS-IPv4-Address, Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams, and Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority.

3. Encrypted DNS RADIUS Attributes

Both IPv6-Encrypted-DNS and IPv4-Encrypted-DNS have the same format shown in Figure 3. The description of the fields is provided in Sections 3.1 and 3.2.

These attributes and their embedded TLVs (Section 3.3) are defined with globally unique names and follow the guidelines in Section 2.7.1 of [RFC6929].

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |      Type     |     Length    | Extended-Type |    Value ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Format of IPv6-Encrypted-DNS and IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attributes

The value fields of *-Encrypted-DNS and Encrypted-DNS-* Attributes are encoded in clear and not encrypted as, for example, Tunnel-Password Attribute [RFC2868].

3.1. IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute

This attribute is of type "tlv" as defined in Section 2.3 of [RFC6929].

The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute includes the authentication domain name, a list of IPv6 addresses, and a set of service parameters of an encrypted DNS resolver [I-D.ietf-add-dnr].

Because multiple IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attributes may be provisioned to a requesting host, multiple instances of the IPv6-Encrypted-DNS attribute MAY be included; each instance of the attribute carries a distinct Encrypted DNS server. These TLVs SHOULD be processed following their service priority (i.e., smaller service priority indicates a higher preference).

The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MAY appear in a RADIUS Access-Accept packet. It MAY also appear in a RADIUS Access-Request packet as a hint to the RADIUS server to indicate a preference. However, the server is not required to honor such a preference.

The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MAY appear in a RADIUS CoA-Request packet.

The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MAY appear in a RADIUS Accounting-Request packet.

The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MUST NOT appear in any other RADIUS packet.

The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute is structured as follows:

Type

Length

  • This field indicates the total length, in octets, of all fields of this attribute, including the Type, Length, Extended-Type, and the entire length of the embedded TLVs.

Extended-Type

Value

  • This field contains a set of TLVs as follows:

    Encrypted-DNS-ADN TLV:
    The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MUST include exactly one instance of Encrypted-DNS-ADN TLV (Section 3.3.1).
    Encrypted-DNS-IPv6-Address TLV:
    The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MUST include one or multiple instances of Encrypted-DNS-IPv6-Address TLV (Section 3.3.2).
    Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams TLV:
    The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute SHOULD include one instance of Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams TLV (Section 3.3.4).
    Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority TLV:
    The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute SHOULD include one instance of Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority TLV (Section 3.3.5).

The IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute is associated with the following identifier: 241.TBA1.

3.2. IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute

This attribute is of type "tlv" as defined in Section 2.3 of [RFC6929].

The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute includes the authentication domain name, a list of IPv4 addresses, and a set of service parameters of an encrypted DNS resolver [I-D.ietf-add-dnr].

Because multiple IPv4-Encrypted-DNS attributes may be provisioned to a requesting host, multiple instances of the IPv4-Encrypted-DNS attribute MAY be included; each instance of the attribute carries a distinct Encrypted DNS server. These TLVs SHOULD be processed following their service priority (i.e., smaller service priority indicates a higher preference).

The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MAY appear in a RADIUS Access-Accept packet. It MAY also appear in a RADIUS Access-Request packet as a hint to the RADIUS server to indicate a preference. However, the server is not required to honor such a preference.

The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MAY appear in a RADIUS CoA-Request packet.

The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MAY appear in a RADIUS Accounting-Request packet.

The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MUST NOT appear in any other RADIUS packet.

The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute is structured as follows:

Type

Length

  • This field indicates the total length, in octets, of all fields of this attribute, including the Type, Length, Extended-Type, and the entire length of the embedded TLVs.

Extended-Type

Value

  • This field contains a set of TLVs as follows:

    Encrypted-DNS-ADN TLV:
    The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MUST include exactly one instance of Encrypted-DNS-ADN TLV (Section 3.3.1).
    Encrypted-DNS-IPv4-Address TLV:
    The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute MUST include one or multiple instances of Encrypted-DNS-IPv4-Address TLV (Section 3.3.3).
    Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams TLV:
    The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute SHOULD include one instance of Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams TLV (Section 3.3.4).
    Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority TLV:
    The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute SHOULD include one instance of Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority TLV (Section 3.3.5).

The IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute is associated with the following identifier: 241.TBA2.

3.3. RADIUS TLVs for Encrypted DNS

The TLVs defined in the following subsections use the format defined in [RFC6929]. These TLVs have the same name and number when encapsulated in any of the parent attributes defined in Sections 3.1 and 3.2.

The encoding of the "Value" field of these TLVs follows the recommendation of [RFC6158].

3.3.1. Encrypted-DNS-ADN TLV

TLV-Type

TLV-Length

  • Length of included ADN + 2 octets.

Data Type

  • The Encrypted-DNS-ADN TLV is of type text (Section 3.4 of [RFC8044]).

TLV-Value

  • This field includes a fully qualified domain name of the Encrypted DNS server. This field is formatted as specified in Section 10 of [RFC8415].

This TLV is identified as 241.TBA1.TBA3 when included in the IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.1) and as 241.TBA2.TBA3 when included in the IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.2).

3.3.2. Encrypted-DNS-IPv6-Address TLV

TLV-Type

TLV-Length

Data Type

  • The Encrypted-DNS-IPv6-Address TLV is of type ip6addr (Section 3.9 of [RFC8044]).

TLV-Value

  • This field includes an IPv6 address (128 bits) of the Encrypted DNS server.

    The Encrypted-DNS-IPv6-Address attribute MUST NOT include multicast and host loopback addresses [RFC6890].

This TLV is identified as 241.TBA1.TBA4 as part of the IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.1).

3.3.3. Encrypted-DNS-IPv4-Address TLV

TLV-Type

TLV-Length

Data Type

  • The Encrypted-DNS-IPv4-Address TLV is of type ip4addr (Section 3.8 of [RFC8044]).

TLV-Value

  • This field includes an IPv4 address (32 bits) of the Encrypted DNS server.

    The Encrypted-DNS-IPv4-Address attribute MUST NOT include multicast and host loopback addresses.

This TLV is identified as 241.TBA1.TBA5 as part of the IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.2).

3.3.4. Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams TLV

TLV-Type

TLV-Length

  • Length of included service parameters + 2 octets.

Data Type

  • The Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams TLV is of type string (Section 3.5 of [RFC8044]).

TLV-Value

  • Specifies a set of service parameters that are encoded following the rules in [I-D.ietf-dnsop-svcb-https]. Service parameters may include, for example, a list of ALPN protocol identifiers or alternate port numbers.

    The service parameters MUST NOT include "ipv4hint" or "ipv6hint" SvcParams as they are superseded by the included IP addresses.

This TLV is identified as 241.TBA1.TBA6 when included in the IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.1) and as 241.TBA2.TBA6 when included in the IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.2).

3.3.5. Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority TLV

TLV-Type

TLV-Length

  • Six octets.

Data Type

  • The Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority TLV is of type integer (Section 3.1 of [RFC8044]).

TLV-Value

  • Specifies the priority (unsigned16) of this *-Encrypted-DNS instance compared to other instances, right justified, and the unused bits in this field MUST be set to zero.

This TLV is identified as 241.TBA1.TBA7 when included in the IPv6-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.1) and as 241.TBA2.TBA7 when included in the IPv4-Encrypted-DNS Attribute (Section 3.2).

4. Security Considerations

RADIUS-related security considerations are discussed in [RFC2865].

This document targets deployments where a trusted relationship is in place between the RADIUS client and server with communication optionally secured by IPsec or Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC6614].

Security considerations (including traffic theft) are discussed in [I-D.ietf-add-dnr].

5. Table of Attributes

The following table provides a guide as what type of RADIUS packets that may contain these attributes, and in what quantity.

Access- Access- Access-  Challenge Acct. # Attribute
Request Accept  Reject             Request
 0+      0+      0        0         0+      TBA1 IPv6-Encrypted-DNS
 0+      0+      0        0         0+      TBA2 IPv4-Encrypted-DNS

CoA-Request CoA-ACK CoA-NACK #   Attribute
  0+          0       0      TBA1 IPv6-Encrypted-DNS
  0+          0       0      TBA1 IPv4-Encrypted-DNS

The following table defines the meaning of the above table entries:

   0  This attribute MUST NOT be present in packet.
   0+ Zero or more instances of this attribute MAY be present in packet.

6. IANA Considerations

6.1. New RADIUS Attributes

IANA is requested to assign two new RADIUS attribute types from the IANA registry "Radius Attribute Types" located at http://www.iana.org/assignments/radius-types:

  • IPv6-Encrypted-DNS (241.TBA1)
  • IPv4-Encrypted-DNS (241.TBA2)
   Type      Description          Data Type   Reference
   --------  ------------------   ---------   -------------
   241.TBA1  IPv6-Encrypted-DNS   tlv         This-Document
   241.TBA2  IPv4-Encrypted-DNS   tlv         This-Document

6.2. New RADIUS TLVs

IANA is requested to create a new registry called "RADIUS Encrypted DNS TLVs". The registry is initially populated as follows:

Value    Description                  Data Type    Reference
-----    -------------------------    ---------    -------------
  0      Reserved
  1      Encrypted-DNS-ADN            text         Section 3.3.1
  2      Encrypted-DNS-IPv6-Address   ipv6addr     Section 3.3.2
  3      Encrypted-DNS-IPv4-Address   ipv4addr     Section 3.3.3
  4      Encrypted-DNS-SvcParams      string       Section 3.3.4
  5      Encrypted-DNS-SvcPriority    integer      Section 3.3.5
  6-255  Unassigned

7. Acknowledgements

Thanks to Christian Jacquenet, Neil Cook, and Alan Dekok for the review and suggestions.

Thanks to Ben Schwartz for the comment.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

[I-D.ietf-add-dnr]
Boucadair, M., Reddy, T., Wing, D., Cook, N., and T. Jensen, "DHCP and Router Advertisement Options for the Discovery of Network-designated Resolvers (DNR)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-add-dnr-04, , <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-add-dnr-04.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-dnsop-svcb-https]
Schwartz, B., Bishop, M., and E. Nygren, "Service binding and parameter specification via the DNS (DNS SVCB and HTTPS RRs)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb-https-08, , <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-dnsop-svcb-https-08.txt>.
[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2865]
Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>.
[RFC6158]
DeKok, A., Ed. and G. Weber, "RADIUS Design Guidelines", BCP 158, RFC 6158, DOI 10.17487/RFC6158, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6158>.
[RFC6890]
Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., Bonica, R., Ed., and B. Haberman, "Special-Purpose IP Address Registries", BCP 153, RFC 6890, DOI 10.17487/RFC6890, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6890>.
[RFC6929]
DeKok, A. and A. Lior, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Protocol Extensions", RFC 6929, DOI 10.17487/RFC6929, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6929>.
[RFC8044]
DeKok, A., "Data Types in RADIUS", RFC 8044, DOI 10.17487/RFC8044, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8044>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8415]
Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A., Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.

8.2. Informative References

[I-D.ietf-dprive-dnsoquic]
Huitema, C., Dickinson, S., and A. Mankin, "DNS over Dedicated QUIC Connections", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-dprive-dnsoquic-07, , <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-dprive-dnsoquic-07.txt>.
[RFC2131]
Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", RFC 2131, DOI 10.17487/RFC2131, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2131>.
[RFC2868]
Zorn, G., Leifer, D., Rubens, A., Shriver, J., Holdrege, M., and I. Goyret, "RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2868, DOI 10.17487/RFC2868, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2868>.
[RFC4014]
Droms, R. and J. Schnizlein, "Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) Attributes Suboption for the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Relay Agent Information Option", RFC 4014, DOI 10.17487/RFC4014, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4014>.
[RFC5176]
Chiba, M., Dommety, G., Eklund, M., Mitton, D., and B. Aboba, "Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 5176, DOI 10.17487/RFC5176, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5176>.
[RFC6614]
Winter, S., McCauley, M., Venaas, S., and K. Wierenga, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Encryption for RADIUS", RFC 6614, DOI 10.17487/RFC6614, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6614>.
[RFC6911]
Dec, W., Ed., Sarikaya, B., Zorn, G., Ed., Miles, D., and B. Lourdelet, "RADIUS Attributes for IPv6 Access Networks", RFC 6911, DOI 10.17487/RFC6911, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6911>.
[RFC7037]
Yeh, L. and M. Boucadair, "RADIUS Option for the DHCPv6 Relay Agent", RFC 7037, DOI 10.17487/RFC7037, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7037>.
[RFC7858]
Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D., and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.
[RFC8484]
Hoffman, P. and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8484>.
[RFC8499]
Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", BCP 219, RFC 8499, DOI 10.17487/RFC8499, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8499>.

Authors' Addresses

Mohamed Boucadair
Orange
35000 Rennes
France
Tirumaleswar Reddy
McAfee, Inc.
Embassy Golf Link Business Park
Bangalore 560071
Karnataka
India