V6OPS B. Carpenter Internet-Draft Univ. of Auckland Intended status: Informational S. Jiang Expires: August 27, 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd February 23, 2010 Emerging Service Provider Scenarios for IPv6 Deployment draft-carpenter-v6ops-isp-scenarios-01 Abstract This document describes scenarios that are emerging among Internet Service Providers for the deployment of IPv6. They are based on practical experience so far, as well as current plans and requirements, but they are not intended as binding recommendations. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on August 27, 2010. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 1] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Review of existing documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Review of ISP experience, plans and requirements . . . . . . . 6 4. Lessons from experience and planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. Suggested scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Gap analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10. Change log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Appendix A. Summary of replies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix B. Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 2] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 1. Introduction As is well known, the approaching exhaustion of IPv4 address space will bring about a situation in which Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are faced with a choice between one or more of three major alternatives: 1. Squeeze the use of IPv4 addresses even harder than today, using smaller and smaller address blocks per customer, and possibly trading address blocks with other ISPs. 2. Install multiple layers of network address translation, or share IPv4 addresses by other methods such as address-plus-port mapping [I-D.ymbk-aplusp], [I-D.boucadair-port-range]. 3. Deploy IPv6, and operate IPv4-IPv6 coexistence and interworking mechanisms. This document focuses on alternative (3), while recognizing that many ISPs may be obliged by circumstances to prolong the life of IPv4 by using (1) or (2) while preparing for (3). The document is intended as a guide to useful IPv6 deployment scenarios. However, it is not a "cookbook" of operational recipes, and the best choice of scenarios will depend on the circumstances of individual ISPs. We consider various aspects of IPv6 deployment: addressing, routing, DNS, management and of course IPv4-IPv6 coexistence and interworking. We do not consider application services in detail, but we do discuss general aspects. We first review several documents produced in the past by the IETF, and mention relevant work in progress in the IETF. We then survey requirements, plans, and practical experience from various ISPs. Several deployment scenarios that result from that input are then described; these are not formal recommendations, but are intended as example scenarios which ISPs may choose to copy or modify to suit their own technical, economic and regulatory situation. We conclude with a gap analysis and security considerations. 2. Review of existing documents The IETF's view of core IPv6 requirements is to be found in [RFC4294] (currently being updated as [I-D.ietf-6man-node-req-bis]). However, this does not give a complete view of mechanisms an ISP may need to deploy, since it considers the requirements for an individual node, not for a network as a whole. [RFC4029] discusses scenarios for introducing IPv6 into ISP networks, as the problem was viewed some years ago. The document is still Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 3] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 valuable as a general introduction to the process that an ISP must design, but it does not consider today's situation where IPv4 addresses have in practical terms run out, and interworking between IPv6-only and IPv4-only clients and servers must be supported in addition to basic dual-stack and tunneling scenarios. We can extract a list of basic issues and needs from RFC 4029, using the RFC's own terminology: o Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) - must support IPv6, or allow IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels. CPE requirements and security are currently being specified in [I-D.ietf-v6ops-ipv6-cpe-router] and [I-D.ietf-v6ops-cpe-simple-security]. o Provider Edge Equipment (PE) - ditto. o ISP backbone (core and border routers, switches if used) - support dual stack, or allow IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels. An alternative is a newly built IPv6 backbone that allows IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnels. o Network management and monitoring applications must take IPv6 into account. o Customer management (e.g., RADIUS) mechanisms must be able to supply IPv6 prefixes and other information to customers. o Accounting and billing mechanisms must support both versions. o Security mechanisms must support both versions. The end goal described in RFC 4029 is simply a dual-stack ISP backbone. Today's view is that this is insufficient, as it does not allow for interworking between IPv6-only and legacy (IPv4-only) hosts. Indeed, the end goal today might be an IPv6-only ISP backbone, with some form of legacy IPv4 support. [RFC4779] discusses deployment in broadband access networks such as CATV, ADSL and wireless. [RFC5181] deals specifically with IEEE 802.16 access networks. In some access scenarios, the access protocol allows separately for IPv4 and IPv6, as for DOCSIS-based CATV and for one variant of IEEE 802.16 [RFC5121]. In other scenarios, the broadband service is essentially an emulation of raw Ethernet, as for Wi-Fi, or for another variant of IEEE 802.16 [I-D.ietf-16ng-ip-over-ethernet-over-802-dot-16]. Another issue is whether the ISP uses MPLS for back-haul from the access network, in which case the 6PE [RFC4798] mechanism may be appropriate to carry IPv6, with no need to change the IGP in any way. [RFC4942] covers IPv6 security issues, especially those that are specific to transition and coexistence scenarios. The main message for ISPs is that the switch to IPv6 does not mean that IP layer security issues will go away, and of course security issues that are not specific to the IP layer will hardly change. Also related to security, [RFC4864] discusses what is referred to as "Local Network Protection", i.e., how the internal structure of a Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 4] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 site network that is not hidden behind a network address translator can be protected. Although not directly relevant to ISP operations, this topic does affect the issue of how well an ISP's customers are protected after they deploy IPv6. [RFC5211] describes an independent view of a possible sequence of events for IPv6 adoption in the Internet as a whole, with direct implications for ISPs. Its main point, perhaps, is that by 2012 it will be necessary to regard IPv4 networks as the legacy solution. Although the basic IPv6 standards have long been stable, it should be noted that considerable work continues in the IETF, particularly to resolve the issue of highly scalable multihoming support for IPv6 sites, and to resolve the problem of IP layer interworking between IPv6-only and IPv4-only hosts. Progress continues in various IETF working groups that may affect ISP scenarios in due course. o The 6MAN WG maintains the basic IPv6 standards. This work should have little direct effect on ISPs. o The V6OPS WG produces documents of direct interest for operational practice as well as security practice. Current work includes CPE requirements, CPE security, and Internet Exchange Point practice. The present document will be discussed in V6OPS. o The SOFTWIRE WG is working on additional protocols for IP-in-IP tunnels in an ISP context. o The BEHAVE WG is working on specifications for NAT64 and DNS64, methods of supporting access from IPv6-only initiators to reach IPv4-only services. o The DHC WG maintains and extends DHCPv6. o The SHIM6 WG is finalising work on a host-based protocol for IPv6 multihoming, based on the usage of multiple IPv6 prefixes for a customer connected to multiple ISPs. o The LISP WG is developing experimental standards for a scalable tunnel-based routing mechanism which would, if successful, support an alternative multihoming model. Readers may find the current documents of these WGs via . The IETF is not currently discussing IPv6/IPv4 interworking at the transport or application layers. The former is not generally considered to be a valuable approach. The latter is considered to be handled within the original dual-stack model of IPv6 deployment: either one end of an application session will have dual-stack connectivity, or a dual-stack intermediary such as an HTTP proxy or SMTP server will interface to both IPv4-only and IPv6-only hosts. While valid and useful for many common applications, this approach does not solve all possible interworking issues. In any case it does not require further standards work at the network layer. Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 5] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 3. Review of ISP experience, plans and requirements To obtain a view of the IPv6 experience, plans and requirements of ISPs, a questionnaire was issued in December 2009 and announced widely to the operational community. We promised to keep the replies strictly confidential and to publish only combined results, without identifying information about individual ISPs in any published results. The raw technical questions are shown in Appendix B, and a detailed summary of the replies is in Appendix A. Note that although the questionnaire was widely announced, those who chose to reply were self-selected and we can make no claim of statistical significance or freedom from bias in the results. In particular, we assume that ISPs with a pre-existing interest in IPv6 are more likely to have replied than others. Thirty ISPs replied before the cutoff date for this analysis. (Additional replies, if received by the end of April 2010, will be included in a later version.) 66% of responses were from European ISPs but large operators in North America and Asia/Pacific regions are included. Commercial ISPs operating nationally predominate, with a vast range of size (from 30 customers up to 40 million). Note that some very large providers chose not to answer about the number of customers. 80% of the respondents offer both transit and origin-only service; 27% offer IP multicast service; 80% have multihomed customers. A very wide variety of access technologies is used: xDSL, DOCSIS, leased line (X.25, TDM/PDH, SDH), frame relay, dialup, microwave, FTTP, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, BWA, WiFi, Ethernet (100M-10G), MetroEthernet/MPLS. Most ISPs provide CPE to some or all of their customers, but these CPE are often unable to support IPv6. Estimates of when ISPs will run out of public IPv4 address space for internal use vary widely, between "now" and "never". Public IPv4 address space for customers is mainly expected to run out between 2010 and 2015, but three or four ISPs suggested it will never happen. About 20% of ISPs offer RFC 1918 space to customers, and about 40% use such addresses internally. 60% of ISPs report that some big customers are requesting IPv6. Predictions for when 10% of customers will require IPv6 range from 2010 to 2017, and for 50% from 2011 to 2020. These ISPs require IPv6 to be a standard service by 2010 to 2015; the most common target date is 2011. 40% already offer IPv6 as a regular service, although in general it is used by fewer than 1% of customers. Another 47% of ISPs have IPv6 deployment in progress or planned. These all plan at least beta-test service in 2010. Planned dates for regular service are between 2010 and 2013 (except for one ISP who replied that it Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 6] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 depends on the marketing department). When asked when IPv6 will reach 50% of total traffic, the most common answer is 2015. Turning to technology choices, the overwhelming choice of approach (93%) is a dual stack routing backbone, and the reason given is simplicity and cost. 40% run, or plan to run, a 6to4 relay as well, and 17% run or plan a Teredo server. However, 77% of ISPs don't have or plan any devices dedicated to IPv6. A different 77% don't see IPv6 as an opportunity to restructure their network topology. When asked which types of equipment are unable to support IPv6, the most common answer was CPE (9 mentions). Also mentioned: handsets; DSLAMs; routers (including several specific models); traffic management boxes; load balancers; VPN boxes; management interfaces & systems; firewalls; billing systems. When asked if such devices can be field-upgraded, the answers were gloomy: 5 yes, 4 partially, 10 no, and numerous "don't know" or "hopefully". 83% support or plan DNS AAAA queries over IPv6, and all but one of these include reverse DNS lookup for IPv6. The ISPs have prefixes ranging from /19 to /48, and have a variety of policies for customer prefixes. Fifteen ISPs offer more than one of /48, /52, /56, /60 or /64. Two offer /56 only, seven offer /48 only. Two wired operators offer /64 only. Mobile operators offer /64 in accordance with 3GPP, but at least one would like to be allowed to offer /128 or /126. Also, as many as 30% of the operators already have IPv6 customers preferring a PI prefix. The methods chosen for prefix delegation to CPEs are manual, DHCPv6[-PD], SLAAC, RADIUS, and PPoE. About 50% of ISPs already operate or plan dual-stack SMTP, POP3, IMAP and HTTP services. In terms of internal services, it seems that firewalls, intrusion detection, address management, monitoring, and network management tools are also around the 50% mark. However, accounting and billing software is only ready at 23% of ISPs. Considering IPv4-IPv6 interworking, 57% of ISPs don't expect to have IPv6-only customers (but mobile operators are certain they will have millions). Five ISPs report customers who explicitly refused to consider IPv6. When asked how long customers will run IPv4-only applications, the most frequent answer is "more than ten years". Only three ISPs state that IPv6-IPv4 interworking at the the IP layer is not needed. On the other hand, only three (a different three!) run or plan to run NAT-PT. At least 30% plan to run some kind of translator (presumably NAT64/DNS64), but only one felt that a multicast translator was essential. Among those who do not plan a translator, when asked how they plan to connect IPv6-only customers Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 7] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 to IPv4-only services, seven rely on dual stack and three have no plan (one said, paraphrasing, "it's their problem"). Asked about plans for Mobile IPv6 (or Nemo mobile networks), 20% said yes, and 70% said no, with the others uncertain. 4. Lessons from experience and planning This section is assembled and paraphrased from general comments made in the various questionnaire responses. Any inconsistencies or contradictions are present in the original data. Comments related to missing features and products have been included in Section 6. As noted in the summary above, the ISPs that responded largely prefer a native dual stack deployment. Numerous comments mentioned the simplicity of this model and the complexity and sub-optimal routing of tunnel-based solutions. Topology redesign is not considered, because congruent IPv4 and IPv6 topology simplifies maintenance and engineering. Nevertheless, 6to4 is considered convenient for DOCSIS users and 6RD is considered an attractive model by some. Various operators, but by no means all, see a need for 6to4 and Teredo. One MPLS-based operator prefers 6PE because it avoids an IPv6 IGP and reduces operational costs. Another operator sees IPv4 scarcity addressed by a DS-lite CGN, also acting as a catalyst for IPv6. One operator with a very large NAT44 infrastructure believes that NAT64 will be similar to support. Several ISPs observe that IPv6 deployment is technically not hard. The most eloquent statement: "Just do it, bit by bit. It is very much an 'eating the elephant' problem, but at one mouthful at a time, it appears to be surprisingly easy." Despite the known gaps, the tools and toolkits are fairly mature at this point. Managerial commitment and a systematic approach to analysing requirements and readiness are of course essential. Evangelization remains a must, as it seems that many ISP and IT managers are still unaware of the need for an IPv6 plan, and are inclined to dismiss IPv4 depletion as a false alarm, and also seem unaware that NATs create expensive support requirements. Without customers wanting IPv6, getting business backing is very hard, and IPv6 security and scale was not a focus for vendors until very recently. Also, operators lack real experience with customer usage of IPv6, and the resulting lack of confidence causes delay. Three further quotations are of interest: "We are planning to move all our management addressing from IPv4 to IPv6 to free up IPv4 addresses." Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 8] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 "I am actively pushing our larger customers to start testing IPv6 as our development has pretty much stopped as we need some real world testing to be done." "Customer support needs to be aware that IPv6 is being started in your network, or servers. We experienced many IPv6 blocking applications, applications that do not fall back to IPv4, etc. The most difficult part may be to get engineers, sales, customer support personnel to like IPv6." 5. Suggested scenarios This document does not make firm recommendations; the circumstances of each ISP may be different. Rather, it describes several suggested deployment scenarios that appear, from the analysis above, to have the best operational characteristics. Each ISP should make its own choices, according to its own technical, economic and regulatory environment. [[ NOTE: this section will be filled out after further discussions. It will also discuss changes since the older analyses discussed in Section 2 ]] 6. Gap analysis The analysis has shown a certain number of desirable features to be missing, either in relevant specifications, or in many products. This section summarizes those gaps. As noted above, numerous models of various types of product still do not support IPv6: CPE handsets DSLAMs routers traffic management boxes load balancers VPN boxes other appliances management interfaces and systems firewalls accounting and billing systems It is not the purpose of this document to name and shame vendors, but it is today becoming urgent for all such products to avoid becoming part of the IPv4 legacy. ISPs want consistent feature-equal support Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 9] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 for IPv4 and IPv6 in all equipment and software at reasonable or no extra cost. The problems can be quite subtle: for example, one CPE with "full" IPv6 support does not support IPv6 traffic shaping, so the ISP cannot cap IPv6 traffic to contractual limits. Other needs and issues mentioned: o A specific CPE need is an intelligent prefix sub-delegation mechanism (ease of use issue). o Full RA support on LAN side of ADSL CPE. o PPPoE and RADIUS support. Specifically, global unicast address assignment for L2TP/PPPoE. Currently the PPPoE client will be assigned a link-local address, requiring a second step (DHCPv6 or SLAAC). o Simple automatic distribution of DNS server details is essential; RFC 5006 support is needed (DNS server option in RA). o ISPs need fully featured DHCPv6, especially since SLAAC does not allow settings to be pushed out (except for RFC 5006). o Firewall systems should not use separate IPv4 and IPv6 rules. o Customer side firewalls/routers which can do 25-100 Mbit/s. o Gaps in infrastructure security for IPv6 management. o Gaps in routers' treatment of header options. o RA-Guard in switches. o VRRP support. o PE-CE routing protocols (OSPF and IS-IS). o Problems using a single BGP session to exchange routes for both IPv4 and IPv6. o IPv6 support in all the best open source tools. Several ISPs also noted that much commercial applications software does not correctly support IPv6 and that this will cause customer problems. Also, some operating systems are still shipped with IPv6 disabled by default, or with features such as IPv4-mapped addresses disabled by default. Numerous ISPs clearly want a scaleable NAT64/DNS64 product. Other protocol-related needs are: o Getting it right so that a dual stack client doesn't end up trying to use the wrong transport to reach a site. o User-side port allocation mechanisms. UPnP IGD and NAT-PMP can be used for IPv4, but nothing exists for IPv6 (yet). [Editor's question: since there is no address shortage or port mapping for IPv6, why is this an issue except in a v4-over-v6 scenarios such as DS-lite?] Global IPv6 connectivity still has issues; for example ISPs in the Pacific region may have to obtain IPv6 transit via the USA (a situation faced by IPv4 operators in Europe about twenty years ago). Also, there are persistent PMTUD issues in various places on the net, and a lack of multicast peering. Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 10] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 Finally, there was a comment that real deployment case studies must be shown to operators, along with multihoming and traffic engineering best practices. 7. Security Considerations [[ NOTE: this section will be filled out after the previous sections. ]] 8. IANA Considerations This document makes no request of the IANA. 9. Acknowledgements We are grateful to all those who answered the questionnaire: Pete Barnwell, Cameron Byrne, Gareth Campling, David Freedman, Wesley George, Steinar Haug, Paul Hoogsteder, Mario Iseli, Christian Jacquenet, Kurt Jaeger, Seiichi Kawamura, Adrian Kennard, Simon Leinen, Riccardo Loselli, Janos Mohacsi, Jon Morby, Michael Newbery, Barry O'Donovan, Al Pooley, Antonio Querubin, Anthony Ryan, Marc Schaeffer, Valeriu Vraciu, Bill Walker and those who preferred to remain anonymous. The ISPs willing to be named were: AISP, Alphanet, Breedband Delft, Claranet, E4A, Fidonet, Finecom, France Telecom, Hungarnet, Imagine, LavaNet, NEC BIGLOBE, Nepustilnet, Net North West, RoEduNet, SWITCH, Snap, Sprint, Star Technology, T-Mobile USA, Ventelo, and Whole Ltd. Useful comments and contributions were also made by Mohamed Boucadair, and others. This document was produced using the xml2rfc tool [RFC2629]. 10. Change log draft-carpenter-v6ops-isp-scenarios-01: added summary and discussion of questionnaire results, 2010-02-23 draft-carpenter-v6ops-isp-scenarios-00: original version, 2009-10-13 Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 11] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 11. Informative References [I-D.boucadair-port-range] Boucadair, M., Levis, P., Bajko, G., and T. Savolainen, "IPv4 Connectivity Access in the Context of IPv4 Address Exhaustion: Port Range based IP Architecture", draft-boucadair-port-range-02 (work in progress), July 2009. [I-D.ietf-16ng-ip-over-ethernet-over-802-dot-16] Jeon, H., Riegel, M., and S. Jeong, "Transmission of IP over Ethernet over IEEE 802.16 Networks", draft-ietf-16ng-ip-over-ethernet-over-802-dot-16-12 (work in progress), September 2009. [I-D.ietf-6man-node-req-bis] Loughney, J. and T. Narten, "IPv6 Node Requirements RFC 4294-bis", draft-ietf-6man-node-req-bis-03 (work in progress), July 2009. [I-D.ietf-v6ops-cpe-simple-security] Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in Customer Premises Equipment for Providing Residential IPv6 Internet Service", draft-ietf-v6ops-cpe-simple-security-09 (work in progress), February 2010. [I-D.ietf-v6ops-ipv6-cpe-router] Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., Stark, B., and O. Troan, "Basic Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers", draft-ietf-v6ops-ipv6-cpe-router-04 (work in progress), January 2010. [I-D.ymbk-aplusp] Bush, R., "The A+P Approach to the IPv4 Address Shortage", draft-ymbk-aplusp-05 (work in progress), October 2009. [RFC2629] Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629, June 1999. [RFC4029] Lind, M., Ksinant, V., Park, S., Baudot, A., and P. Savola, "Scenarios and Analysis for Introducing IPv6 into ISP Networks", RFC 4029, March 2005. [RFC4294] Loughney, J., "IPv6 Node Requirements", RFC 4294, April 2006. [RFC4779] Asadullah, S., Ahmed, A., Popoviciu, C., Savola, P., and J. Palet, "ISP IPv6 Deployment Scenarios in Broadband Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 12] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 Access Networks", RFC 4779, January 2007. [RFC4798] De Clercq, J., Ooms, D., Prevost, S., and F. Le Faucheur, "Connecting IPv6 Islands over IPv4 MPLS Using IPv6 Provider Edge Routers (6PE)", RFC 4798, February 2007. [RFC4864] Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864, May 2007. [RFC4942] Davies, E., Krishnan, S., and P. Savola, "IPv6 Transition/ Co-existence Security Considerations", RFC 4942, September 2007. [RFC5121] Patil, B., Xia, F., Sarikaya, B., Choi, JH., and S. Madanapalli, "Transmission of IPv6 via the IPv6 Convergence Sublayer over IEEE 802.16 Networks", RFC 5121, February 2008. [RFC5181] Shin, M-K., Han, Y-H., Kim, S-E., and D. Premec, "IPv6 Deployment Scenarios in 802.16 Networks", RFC 5181, May 2008. [RFC5211] Curran, J., "An Internet Transition Plan", RFC 5211, July 2008. Appendix A. Summary of replies This summarises the 30 replies received by February 16, 2010. Note that the answers to some questions do not total to 30, due to missing answers or to multiple choices in some cases. The ISPs are distributed as follows: Europe: 20 North America: 6 Asia/Pacific: 4 They can additionally be classified as: Commercial: 26 Academic/research: 4 Operating internationally: 5 Operating nationally: 25 Basic data about IP service offerings: o Offering both origin-only and transit service: 24 o Offering no transit: 6 Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 13] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 o Number of private/small office customers (one IPv4 address): a few with zero, then from 30 units up to 40 million o Number of corporate customers (block of IPv4 addresses): a few with zero, then from 40 units up to 40000 o IP multicast service? 8 yes, 22 no o Do any customers require multihoming to multiple ISPs? 24 yes, 6 no o Access technologies used: xDSL, DOCSIS, leased line (X.25, TDM/ PDH, SDH), frame relay, dialup, microwave, FTTP, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, BWA, WiFi, Ethernet (100M-10G), Ether/MPLS, IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels Customer Premises Equipment: o Do customers use CPE that ISP supplies? 26 yes (20% to 100% of customers), 4 no o Does the CPE provided support native IPv6? 16 yes (some), 10 no o (Note that these numbers include answers that apply to tens of millions of mobile handsets.) IPv4 Address Space: o When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space inside your own network? Estimates run from "now" to 2020, but 4 ISPs say "never" or "unforeseeable". o Do you run RFC1918 addresses and NAT within your network? 9 yes; 17 no; 3 others say yes, but only for equipment management or L3VPN. o What % of IPv4 space is needed for ISP use (not for customers)? 1% to 30% (and 100% for NRENs with PI customers). o When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space for customers? Answers range from 2010 to 2015; 4 ISPs say it depends on their registry. 3 or 4 give answers suggesting it will never happen. o Do you offer RFC1918 addresses to customers? 6 yes, 23 no IPv6 Requirements: o Are some big customers requesting IPv6? 18 yes, 12 no o When do you predict 10% and 50% of customers to require IPv6 service? Ignoring unclear answers, answers for 10% range from 2010 to 2017, and for 50% from 2011 to 2020. o When do you require IPv6 to be a standard service available to all customers? Answers range from 2010 to 2015; the most common answer is 2011. o When do you predict IPv6 traffic to reach 50% of total traffic? Answers range from 2011 to 2020; the most common answer is 2015. IPv6 Status and Plans: Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 14] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 o Do you currently offer IPv6 as a regular service? 12 yes, 5 partial, 12 no o What % of customers currently use IPv6? <1% to 30%; mostly 0 or <1% o When do you plan to start IPv6 deployment? 11 complete, 12 in progress, 3 in plan, 4 have no plan o When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a special or beta-test service? For all those in progress or with a plan, the answer was either "now" or during 2010. o When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a regular service to all customers? For all those in progress or with a plan, the answer was between "now" and 2013 (except for one ISP who replied that it depends on the marketing department). IPv6 Technologies. Note the answers refer to actual deployment or to plans, as the case may be: o Which basic IPv6 access method(s) apply? * Dual stack routing backbone: 28 yes, 1 maybe * Separate IPv4 and IPv6 backbones: 2 yes, 1 maybe * 6to4 relay: 12 yes * Teredo server: 5 yes * Tunnel broker: Unfortunately this question was unclear and obviously misunderstood by most respondents. Several respondents mentioned that they are getting their own transit connectivity via static tunnels. * Something else: Answers were 6VPE + NAT64/DNS64; PNAT; "considering 6RD" o Please briefly explain the main reasons/issues behind your choice: The best summary of the answers is "dual stack is simplest, why do anything else?". o Which types of equipment in your network are unable to support IPv6? The most common answer was CPE (9 mentions). Also mentioned: handsets; DSLAMs; routers (including several specific models); traffic management boxes; load balancers; VPN boxes; management interfaces & systems; firewalls; billing systems. o Can they be field-upgraded? 5 yes, 4 partially, 10 no and numerous "don't know" or "hopefully" o Is any equipment 100% dedicated to IPv6? 7 yes, 23 no o Is IPv6 an opportunity to restructure your whole topology? 2 yes, 5 partial, 23 no o Do you include support for DNS AAAA queries over IPv6? 20 yes, 5 plan, 4 no o Do you include support for reverse DNS for IPv6 addresses? 21 yes, 3 plan, 5 no o What length(s) of IPv6 prefix do you have or need from the registry? 1 /19, 1 /21 (plus several /32s), 1 /22 1 /30, 3 multiple /32s, 20 /32, 3 /48 Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 15] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 o What length(s) of IPv6 prefix are offered to customers? 15 ISPs offer more than one of /48, /52, /56, /60 or /64. 2 offer /56 only, 7 offer /48 only. Two wired operators offer /64 only. Mobile operators offer /64 in accordance with 3GPP, but at least one would like to be allowed to offer /128 or /126. o Do any customers share their IPv6 prefix among multiple hosts? Unfortunately this question was unclear and obviously misunderstood by most respondents. o Do any of your customers prefer to use PI IPv6 prefixes? 9 yes, 17 no o How are IPv6 prefixes delegated to CPEs? 15 manual, 10 DHCPv6[-PD], 8 SLAAC, 8 RADIUS, 2 PPoE o Are your SMTP, POP3 and IMAP services dual-stack? 10 yes, 6 plan, 12 no o Are your HTTP services, including caching and webmail, dual-stack? 9 yes, 1 partial, 4 plan, 14 no o Are any other services dual-stack? 11 yes, 2 plan, 10 no o Is each of the following dual-stack? * Firewalls: 12 yes, 3 partial, 3 plan, 8 no * Intrusion detection: 10 yes, 2 plan, 12 no * Address management software: 15 yes, 1 plan, 12 no * Accounting software: 7 yes, 20 no * Monitoring software: 16 yes,2 partial,2 plan, 10 no * Network management tools: 13 yes, 4 partial,1 plan, 10 no o Do you or will you have IPv6-only customers? 13 yes (or maybe), 17 no (or not likely) o Do you have customers who have explicitly refused to consider IPv6? 5 yes, 22 no o Interworking issues: * How many years do you expect customers to run any IPv4-only applications? Answers range from 2 years to infinity, most frequent answer is >10 years. * Is IPv6-IPv4 interworking at the the IP layer needed? 15 yes,9 uncertain, 3 no * Do you include a NAT-PT IPv6/IPv4 translator? 2 yes,1 plan, 25 no * If yes, does that include DNS translation? 1 plan, 2 no * If not, do you plan to operate an IPv6/IPv4 translator? 10 plan (NAT64), 7 no, others uncertain * If not, how do you plan to connect IPv6-only customers to IPv4- only services? 7 rely on dual stack; 3 have no plan (one said "their problem") * If you offer IP multicast, will that need to be translated too? 1 yes, 2 uncertain, 5 no o Any plans for Mobile IPv6 (or Nemo mobile networks)? 6 yes,2 uncertain, 21 no Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 16] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 Appendix B. Questionnaire This appendix reproduces the technical body of the questionnaire that was made available for ISPs to express their requirements, plans and experience. I. General questions about IP service 1.Do you offer origin-only (stub, end-user) IP service, transit IP service, or both? 2.Approximate number of private/small office customers (one IPv4 address) 3.Approximate number of corporate customers (block of IPv4 addresses, not included in Q2) 4.Do you offer IP multicast service? 5.Do any of your customers require multihoming to multiple ISPs? 6.Access technologies used (ADSL,etc.) 7.Do your customers use CPE that you supply? 7.1.What % of customers? 7.2.Does the CPE that you provide support native IPv6? 8.When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space inside your own network? 8.1.Do you run private (RFC1918) addresses and NAT within your network (i.e., a second layer of NAT in the case of customers with their own NAT)? 8.2.What % of your IPv4 space is needed for your own use (not for customers)? 9.When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space for customers? 9.1.Do you offer private (RFC1918) addresses to your customers? II. Questions about requirements for IPv6 service 10.Are some big customers requesting IPv6? 11.When do you predict 10% and 50% of your customers to require IPv6 service? 12.When do you require IPv6 to be a standard service available to all customers? 13.When do you predict IPv6 traffic to reach 50% of total traffic? III. Questions about status and plans for IPv6 service 14.Do you currently offer IPv6 as a regular service? 14.1.What % of your customers currently use IPv6? 14.2.When do you plan to start IPv6 deployment? 14.3.When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a special or beta-test service to customers? 15.When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a regular service to all customers? IV. Questions about IPv6 technologies 16.Which basic IPv6 access method(s) apply: Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 17] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 16.1. dual stack routing backbone? 16.2. separate IPv4 and IPv6 backbones? 16.3. 6to4 relay? 16.4. Teredo server? 16.5. tunnel broker? If so, which one? 16.6. Something else? Please briefly describe your method: 16.7. If possible, please briefly explain the main reasons/issues behind your choice. 17.Which types of equipment in your network are unable to support IPv6? 17.1.Can they be field-upgraded to support IPv6? 17.2.Is any equipment 100% dedicated to IPv6? 18.Is IPv6 an opportunity to restructure your whole topology? 19.Do you include support for DNS AAAA queries over IPv6? 20.Do you include support for reverse DNS for IPv6 addresses? 21.What length(s) of IPv6 prefix do you have or need from the registry? 22.What length(s) of IPv6 prefix are offered to customers? 22.1.Do any customers share their IPv6 prefix among multiple hosts? 23.Do any of your customers prefer to use PI IPv6 prefixes instead of a prefix from you? 24.How are IPv6 prefixes delegated to CPEs? (Manual, PPPoE, RADIUS, DHCPv6, stateless autoconfiguration/RA, etc...) 25.Are your SMTP, POP3 and IMAP services dual-stack? 26.Are your HTTP services, including caching and webmail, dual- stack? 27.Are any other services dual-stack? 28.Is each of the following dual-stack? 28.1.Firewalls 28.2.Intrusion detection 28.3.Address management software 28.4.Accounting software 28.5.Monitoring software 28.6.Network management tools 29.Do you or will you have IPv6-only customers? 30.Do you have customers who have explicitly refused to consider IPv6? 31.How many years do you expect customers to run any IPv4-only applications? 32.Is IPv6-IPv4 interworking at the the IP layer needed? 33.Do you include a NAT-PT IPv6/IPv4 translator? 33.1.If yes, does that include DNS translation? 33.2.If not, do you plan to operate an IPv6/IPv4 translator? 33.3.If not, how do you plan to connect IPv6-only customers to IPv4-only services? Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 18] Internet-Draft ISP IPv6 Scenarios February 2010 33.4.If you offer IP multicast, will that need to be translated too? 34.Any plans for Mobile IPv6 (or Nemo mobile networks)? 35.What features and tools are missing today for IPv6 deployment and operations? 36.Any other comments about your IPv6 experience or plans? What went well, what was difficult, etc. Authors' Addresses Brian Carpenter Department of Computer Science University of Auckland PB 92019 Auckland, 1142 New Zealand Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com Sheng Jiang Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd KuiKe Building, No.9 Xinxi Rd., Shang-Di Information Industry Base, Hai-Dian District, Beijing P.R. China Email: shengjiang@huawei.com Carpenter & Jiang Expires August 27, 2010 [Page 19]