6lo P. Thubert, Ed. Internet-Draft Cisco Updates: 8505 (if approved) B. Sarikaya Intended status: Standards Track Expires: 9 August 2020 M. Sethi Ericsson R. Struik Struik Security Consultancy 6 February 2020 Address Protected Neighbor Discovery for Low-power and Lossy Networks draft-ietf-6lo-ap-nd-19 Abstract This document updates the 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol defined in RFC 6775 and RFC 8505. The new extension is called Address Protected Neighbor Discovery (AP-ND) and it protects the owner of an address against address theft and impersonation attacks in a low-power and lossy network (LLN). Nodes supporting this extension compute a cryptographic identifier (Crypto-ID) and use it with one or more of their Registered Addresses. The Crypto-ID identifies the owner of the Registered Address and can be used to provide proof of ownership of the Registered Addresses. Once an address is registered with the Crypto-ID and a proof-of-ownership is provided, only the owner of that address can modify the registration information, thereby enforcing Source Address Validation. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 9 August 2020. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. BCP 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3. Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Updating RFC 8505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. New Fields and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1. New Crypto-ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2. Updated EARO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.3. Crypto-ID Parameters Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.4. NDP Signature Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Protocol Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6. Protocol Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6.1. First Exchange with a 6LR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.2. NDPSO generation and verification . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.3. Multihop Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.1. Inheriting from RFC 3971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.2. Related to 6LoWPAN ND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.3. ROVR Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.4. Implementation Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.5. Cross-Algorithm and Cross-Protocol Attacks . . . . . . . 19 7.6. Compromised 6LR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.7. Correlating Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8.1. CGA Message Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8.2. IPv6 ND option types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8.3. Crypto-Type Subregistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11. Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Appendix A. Requirements Addressed in this Document . . . . . . 25 Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 Appendix B. Representation Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 B.1. Signature Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 B.2. Integer Representation for ECDSA signatures . . . . . . . 26 B.3. Alternative Representations of Curve25519 . . . . . . . . 27 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1. Introduction Neighbor Discovery Optimizations for 6LoWPAN networks [RFC6775] (6LoWPAN ND) adapts the original IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (IPv6 ND) protocols defined in [RFC4861] and [RFC4862] for constrained low- power and lossy network (LLN). In particular, 6LoWPAN ND introduces a unicast host Address Registration mechanism that reduces the use of multicast compared to the Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) mechanism defined in IPv6 ND. 6LoWPAN ND defines a new Address Registration Option (ARO) that is carried in the unicast Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) messages exchanged between a 6LoWPAN Node (6LN) and a 6LoWPAN Router (6LR). It also defines the Duplicate Address Request (DAR) and Duplicate Address Confirmation (DAC) messages between the 6LR and the 6LoWPAN Border Router (6LBR). In LLN networks, the 6LBR is the central repository of all the registered addresses in its domain. The registration mechanism in "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for Low-power and Lossy Networks" [RFC6775] (aka 6LoWPAN ND) prevents the use of an address if that address is already registered in the subnet (first come first serve). In order to validate address ownership, the registration mechanism enables the 6LR and 6LBR to validate the association between the registered address of a node, and its Registration Ownership Verifier (ROVR). The ROVR is defined in "Registration Extensions for 6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery" [RFC8505] and it can be derived from the MAC address of the device (using the 64-bit Extended Unique Identifier EUI-64 address format specified by IEEE). However, the EUI-64 can be spoofed, and therefore, any node connected to the subnet and aware of a registered-address-to-ROVR mapping could effectively fake the ROVR. This would allow the an attacker to steal the address and redirect traffic for that address. [RFC8505] defines an Extended Address Registration Option (EARO) option that allows to transport alternate forms of ROVRs, and is a pre-requisite for this specification. In this specification, a 6LN generates a cryptographic ID (Crypto-ID) and places it in the ROVR field during the registration of one (or more) of its addresses with the 6LR(s). Proof of ownership of the Crypto-ID is passed with the first registration exchange to a new 6LR, and enforced at the 6LR. The 6LR validates ownership of the cryptographic ID before it creates any new registration state, or changes existing information. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 The protected address registration protocol proposed in this document provides the same conceptual benefit as Source Address Validation (SAVI) [RFC7039] that only the owner of an IPv6 address may source packets with that address. As opposed to [RFC7039], which relies on snooping protocols, the protection is based on a state that is installed and maintained in the network by the owner of the address. With this specification, a 6LN may use a 6LR for forwarding an IPv6 packets if and only if it has registered the address used as source of the packet with that 6LR. With the 6lo adaptation layer in [RFC4944] and [RFC6282], a 6LN can obtain a better compression for an IPv6 address with an Interface ID (IID) that is derived from a Layer-2 address. As a side note, this is incompatible with Secure Neighbor Discovery (SeND) [RFC3971] and Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGAs) [RFC3972], since they derive the IID from cryptographic keys, whereas this specification separates the IID and the key material. 2. Terminology 2.1. BCP 14 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 2.2. Abbreviations This document uses the following abbreviations: 6BBR: 6LoWPAN Backbone Router 6LBR: 6LoWPAN Border Router 6LN: 6LoWPAN Node 6LR: 6LoWPAN Router EARO: Extended Address Registration Option CIPO: Crypto-ID Parameters Option LLN: Low-Power and Lossy Network NA: Neighbor Advertisement ND: Neighbor Discovery NDPSO: Neighbor Discovery Protocol Signature Option NS: Neighbor Solicitation ROVR: Registration Ownership Verifier RA: Router Advertisement RS: Router Solicitation RSAO: RSA Signature Option TID: Transaction ID Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 2.3. Additional References The reader may get additional context for this specification from the following references: * "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)" [RFC3971], * "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)" [RFC3972], * "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6" [RFC4861] , * "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration" [RFC4862], and * "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals " [RFC4919]. 3. Updating RFC 8505 Section 5.3 of [RFC8505] introduces the ROVR that is used to detect and reject duplicate registrations in the DAD process. The ROVR is a generic object that is designed for backward compatibility with the capability to introduce new computation methods in the future. Using a Crypto-ID per this specification is the RECOMMENDED method. Section 7.3 discusses collisions when heterogeneous methods to compute the ROVR field coexist inside a same network. This specification introduces a new token called a cryptographic identifier (Crypto-ID) that is transported in the ROVR field and used to prove indirectly the ownership of an address that is being registered by means of [RFC8505]. The Crypto-ID is derived from a cryptographic public key and additional parameters. The overall mechanism requires the support of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and of a hash function as detailed in Section 6.2. To enable the verification of the proof, the registering node needs to supply certain parameters including a nonce and a signature that will demonstrate that the node possesses the private-key corresponding to the public-key used to build the Crypto-ID. The elliptic curves and the hash functions listed in Table 2 in Section 8.3 can be used with this specification; more may be added in the future to the IANA registry. The signature scheme that specifies which combination is used (including the curve and the representation conventions) is signaled by a Crypto-Type in a new IPv6 ND Crypto-ID Parameters Option (CIPO, see Section 4.3) that contains the parameters that are necessary for the proof, a Nonce option ([RFC3971]) and a NDP Signature option (Section 4.4). The NA(EARO) is modified to enable a challenge and transport a Nonce option. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 4. New Fields and Options 4.1. New Crypto-ID The Crypto-ID is transported in the ROVR field of the EARO option and the EDAR message, and is associated with the Registered Address at the 6LR and the 6LBR. The ownership of a Crypto-ID can be demonstrated by cryptographic mechanisms, and by association, the ownership of the Registered Address can be ascertained. A node in possession of the necessary cryptographic primitives SHOULD use Crypto-ID by default as ROVR in its registrations. Whether a ROVR is a Crypto-ID is indicated by a new "C" flag in the NS(EARO) message. The Crypto-ID is derived from the public key and a modifier as follows: 1. The hash function indicated by the Crypto-Type is applied to the CIPO. Note that all the reserved and padding bits MUST be set to zero. 2. The leftmost bits of the resulting hash, up to the desired size, are used as the Crypto-ID. At the time of this writing, a minimal size for the Crypto-ID of 128 bits is RECOMMENDED unless backward compatibility is needed [RFC8505]. This value is bound to augment in the future. 4.2. Updated EARO This specification updates the EARO option to enable the use of the ROVR field to transport the Crypto-ID. The resulting format is as follows: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Status | Opaque | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |Rsvd |C| I |R|T| TID | Registration Lifetime | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | ... Registration Ownership Verifier (ROVR) ... | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 1: Enhanced Address Registration Option Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 Type: 33 Length: Defined in [RFC8505] and copied in associated CIPO. Status: Defined in [RFC8505]. Opaque: Defined in [RFC8505]. Rsvd (Reserved): 3-bit unsigned integer. It MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. C: This "C" flag is set to indicate that the ROVR field contains a Crypto-ID and that the 6LN MAY be challenged for ownership as specified in this document. I, R, T: Defined in [RFC8505]. TID: Defined in [RFC8505]. Registration Ownership Verifier (ROVR): When the "C" flag is set, this field contains a Crypto-ID. This specification uses Status values "Validation Requested" and "Validation Failed", which are defined in [RFC8505]. this specification does not define any new Status value. 4.3. Crypto-ID Parameters Option This specification defines the Crypto-ID Parameters Option (CIPO). The CIPO carries the parameters used to form a Crypto-ID. In order to provide cryptographic agility [BCP 201], this specification supports different elliptic curves, indicated by a Crypto-Type field: * NIST P-256 [FIPS186-4] MUST be supported by all implementations. * The Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) curve Ed25519 (PureEdDSA) [RFC8032] MAY be supported as an alternative. * This specification uses signature schemes that target similar cryptographic strength but rely on different curves, hash functions, signature algorithms, and/or representation conventions. Future specification may extend this to different cryptographic algorithms and key sizes, e.g., to provide better security properties or a simpler implementation. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length |Reserved1| Public Key Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Crypto-Type | Modifier | EARO Length | Reserved2 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Public Key (variable length) . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . Padding . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 2: Crypto-ID Parameters Option Type: 8-bit unsigned integer. to be assigned by IANA, see Table 1. Length: 8-bit unsigned integer. The length of the option in units of 8 octets. Reserved1: 5-bit unsigned integer. It MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. Public Key Length: 11-bit unsigned integer. The length of the Public Key field in bytes. Crypto-Type: 8-bit unsigned integer. The type of cryptographic algorithm used in calculation Crypto-ID indexed by IANA in the "Crypto-Type Subregistry" in the "Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) Parameters" (see Section 8.3). Modifier: 8-bit unsigned integer. Set to an arbitrary value by the creator of the Crypto-ID. The role of the modifier is to enable the formation of multiple Crypto-IDs from a same key pair, which reduces the traceability and thus improves the privacy of a constrained node that could not maintain many key-pairs. EARO Length: 8-bit unsigned integer. The option length of the EARO that contains the Crypto-ID associated with the CIPO. Reserved2: 16-bit unsigned integer. It MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 Public Key: A variable-length field, size indicated in the Public Key Length field. JWK-Encoded Public Key [RFC7517]. Padding: A variable-length field completing the Public Key field to align to the next 8-bytes boundary. It MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. The implementation of multiple hash functions in a constrained devices may consume excessive amounts of program memory. This specification enables the use of SHA-256 [RFC6234] for all the supported ECC curves. Some code factorization is also possible for the ECC computation itself. [CURVE-REPRESENTATIONS] provides information on how to represent Montgomery curves and (twisted) Edwards curves as curves in short-Weierstrass form and illustrates how this can be used to implement elliptic curve computations using existing implementations that already provide, e.g., ECDSA and ECDH using NIST [FIPS186-4] prime curves. For more details on representation conventions, we refer to Appendix B. 4.4. NDP Signature Option This specification defines the NDP Signature Option (NDPSO). The NDPSO carries the signature that proves the ownership of the Crypto- ID. The format of the NDPSO is illustrated in Figure 3. As opposed to the RSA Signature Option (RSAO) defined in section 5.2. of SEND [RFC3971], the NDPSO does not have a key hash field. Instead, the leftmost 128 bits of the ROVR field in the EARO are used as hash to retrieve the CIPO that contains the key material used for signature verification, left-padded if needed. Another difference is that the NDPSO signs a fixed set of fields as opposed to all options that appear prior to it in the ND message that bears the signature. This allows to elide a CIPO that the 6LR already received, at the expense of the capability to add arbitrary options that would signed with a RSAO. An ND message that carries an NDPSO MUST have one and only one EARO. The EARO MUST contain a Crypto-ID in the ROVR field, and the Crypto- ID MUST be associated with the keypair used for the Digital Signature in the NDPSO. The CIPO may be present in the same message as the NDPSO. If it is not present, it can be found in an abstract table that was created by a previous message and indexed by the hash. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length |Reserved1| Signature Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Reserved2 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Digital Signature (variable length) . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . Padding . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 3: NDP signature Option Type: to be assigned by IANA, see Table 1. Length: 8-bit unsigned integer. The length of the option in units of 8 octets. Reserved1: 5-bit unsigned integer. It MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. Digital Signature Length: 11-bit unsigned integer. The length of the Digital Signature field in bytes. Reserved2: 32-bit unsigned integer. It MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. Digital Signature: A variable-length field containing a digital signature. The length and computation of the digital signature both depend on the Crypto-Type which is found in the associated CIPO. For the values of the Crypto-Type that are defined in this specification, and unless specified otherwise for a future value of the Crypto-Type, the signature is computed as detailed in Section 6.2. Padding: A variable-length field completing the Digital Signature field to align to the next 8-bytes boundary. It MUST be set to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 5. Protocol Scope The scope of the protocol specified here is a 6LoWPAN LLN, typically a stub network connected to a larger IP network via a Border Router called a 6LBR per [RFC6775]. A 6LBR has sufficient capability to satisfy the needs of duplicate address detection. The 6LBR maintains registration state for all devices in its attached LLN. Together with the first-hop router (the 6LR), the 6LBR assures uniqueness and grants ownership of an IPv6 address before it can be used in the LLN. This is in contrast to a traditional network that relies on IPv6 address auto-configuration [RFC4862], where there is no guarantee of ownership from the network, and each IPv6 Neighbor Discovery packet must be individually secured [RFC3971]. ---+-------- ............ | External Network | +-----+ | | 6LBR +-----+ o o o o o o o o o LLN o o o o o o (6LR) o (6LN) Figure 4: Basic Configuration In a mesh network, the 6LR is directly connected to the host device. This specification mandates that the peer-wise layer-2 security is deployed so that all the packets from a particular host are securely identifiable by the 6LR. The 6LR may be multiple hops away from the 6LBR. Packets are routed between the 6LR and the 6LBR via other 6LRs. This specification mandates that a chain of trust is established so that a packet that was validated by the first 6LR can be safely routed by other on-path 6LRs to the 6LBR. 6. Protocol Flows The 6LR/6LBR ensures first-come/first-serve by storing the ROVR associated to the address being registered upon the first registration and rejecting a registration with a different ROVR value. A 6LN can claim any address as long as it is the first to make that claim. After a successful registration, the 6LN becomes the owner of the registered address and the address is bound to the ROVR value in the 6LR/6LBR registry. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 This specification enables the 6LR to challenge the 6LN to verify its ownership of the binding by placing a Crypto-ID in the ROVR. The challenge can happen at any time at the discretion of the 6LR. The 6LR MUST challenge the 6LN when it creates a binding and when a new registration attempts to change a parameter of the binding that identifies the 6LN, for instance its Source Link-Layer Address. The verification protects against a rogue that would steal an address and attract its traffic, or use it as source address. The challenge can also triggered by the 6LBR, e.g., to enforce a global policy. In that case, the 6LBR returns a status of "Validation Requested" in the DAR/DAC exchange, which is echoed by the 6LR in the NA (EARO) back to the registering node. A valid registration in the 6LR or the 6LBR MUST NOT be altered until the challenge is complete. A node may use more than one IPv6 address at the same time. The separation of the address and the cryptographic material avoids the need for the constrained device to compute multiple keys for multiple addresses. The 6LN MAY use the same Crypto-ID to prove the ownership of multiple IPv6 addresses. The 6LN MAY also derive multiple Crypto- IDs from a same key. 6.1. First Exchange with a 6LR A 6LN registers to a 6LR that is one hop away from it with the "C" flag set in the EARO, indicating that the ROVR field contains a Crypto-ID. The Target Address in the NS message indicates the IPv6 address that the 6LN is trying to register [RFC8505]. The on-link (local) protocol interactions are shown in Figure 5. If the 6LR does not have a state with the 6LN that is consistent with the NS(EARO), then it replies with a challenge NA (EARO, status=Validation Requested) that contains a Nonce Option (shown as NonceLR in Figure 5). The Nonce option contains a nonce value that, to the extent possible for the implementation, was never employed in association with the key pair used to generate the Crypto-ID. This specification inherits from [RFC3971] that simply indicates that the nonce is a random value. Ideally, an implementation uses an unpredictable cryptographically random value [BCP 106]. But that may be impractical in some LLN scenarios where the devices do not have a guaranteed sense of time and for which computing complex hashes is detrimental to the battery lifetime. Alternatively, the device may use an always-incrementing value saved in the same stable storage as the key, so they are lost together, and starting at a best effort random value, either as the nonce value or as a component to its computation. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 The 6LN replies to the challenge with an NS(EARO) that includes a new Nonce option (shown as NonceLN in Figure 5), the CIPO (Section 4.3), and the NDPSO containing the signature. Both Nonces are included in the signed material. This provides a "contributory behavior", so that either party that knows it generates a good quality nonce knows that the protocol will be secure. The 6LR MUST store the information associated to a Crypto-ID on the first NS exchange where it appears in a fashion that the CIPO parameters can be retrieved from the Crypto-ID alone. 6LN 6LR | | |<------------------------- RA -------------------------| | | ^ |---------------- NS with EARO (Crypto-ID) ------------>| | | | option |<- NA with EARO (status=Validation Requested), NonceLR-| | | | v |------- NS with EARO, CIPO, NonceLN and NDPSO -------->| | | |<------------------- NA with EARO ---------------------| | | ... | | |--------------- NS with EARO (Crypto-ID) ------------->| | | |<------------------- NA with EARO ---------------------| | | ... | | |--------------- NS with EARO (Crypto-ID) ------------->| | | |<------------------- NA with EARO ---------------------| | | Figure 5: On-link Protocol Operation The steps for the registration to the 6LR are as follows: * Upon the first exchange with a 6LR, a 6LN will be challenged to prove ownership of the Crypto-ID and the Target Address being registered in the Neighbor Solicitation message. When a 6LR receives a NS(EARO) registration with a new Crypto-ID as a ROVR, and unless the registration is rejected for another reason, it MUST challenge by responding with a NA(EARO) with a status of "Validation Requested". Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 * Upon receiving a first NA(EARO) with a status of "Validation Requested" from a 6LR, the registering node SHOULD retry its registration with a Crypto-ID Parameters Option (CIPO) (Section 4.3) that contains all the necessary material for building the Crypto-ID, the NonceLN that it generated, and the NDP signature (Section 4.4) option that proves its ownership of the Crypto-ID and intent of registering the Target Address. In subsequent revalidation with the same 6LR, the 6LN MAY try to omit the CIPO to save bandwidth, with the expectation that the 6LR saved it. If the validation fails and it gets challenged again, then it SHOULD add the CIPO again. * In order to validate the ownership, the 6LR performs the same steps as the 6LN and rebuilds the Crypto-ID based on the parameters in the CIPO. If the rebuilt Crypto-ID matches the ROVR, the 6LN also verifies the signature contained in the NDPSO option. If at that point the signature in the NDPSO option can be verified, then the validation succeeds. Otherwise the validation fails. * If the 6LR fails to validate the signed NS(EARO), it responds with a status of "Validation Failed". After receiving a NA(EARO) with a status of "Validation Failed", the registering node SHOULD try to register an alternate target address in the NS message. 6.2. NDPSO generation and verification The signature generated by the 6LN to provide proof-of-ownership of the private-key is carried in the NDP Signature Option (NDPSO). It is generated by the 6LN in a fashion that depends on the Crypto-Type (see Table 2 in Section 8.3) chosen by the 6LN as follows: * Concatenate the following in the order listed: 1. The 128-bit Message Type tag [RFC3972] (in network byte order). For this specification the tag is 0x8701 55c8 0cca dd32 6ab7 e415 f148 84d0. (The tag value has been generated by the editor of this specification on random.org). 2. JWK-encoded public key 3. the 16-byte Target Address (in network byte order) sent in the Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message. It is the address which the 6LN is registering with the 6LR and 6LBR. 4. NonceLR received from the 6LR (in network byte order) in the Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message. The nonce is at least 6 bytes long as defined in [RFC3971]. 5. NonceLN sent from the 6LN (in network byte order). The nonce is at least 6 bytes long as defined in [RFC3971]. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 6. 1-byte Option Length of the EARO containing the Crypto-ID. 7. 1-byte Crypto-Type value sent in the CIPO. * Apply the hash function (if any) specified by the Crypto-Type to the concatenated data, e.g., hash the resulting data using SHA- 256. * Apply the signature algorithm specified by the Crypto-Type, e.g., sign the hash output with ECDSA (if curve P-256 is used) or sign the hash with EdDSA (if curve Ed25519 (PureEdDSA)). The 6LR on receiving the NDPSO and CIPO options first checks that the EARO Length in the CIPO matches the length of the EARO. If so it regenerates the Crypto-ID based on the CIPO to make sure that the leftmost bits up to the size of the ROVR match. If and only if the check is successful, it tries to verify the signature in the NDPSO option using the following: * Concatenate the following in the order listed: 1. 128-bit type tag (in network byte order) 2. JWK-encoded public key received in the CIPO 3. the 16-byte Target Address (in network byte order) received in the Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message. It is the address which the 6LN is registering with the 6LR and 6LBR. 4. NonceLR sent in the Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message. The nonce is at least 6 bytes long as defined in [RFC3971]. 5. NonceLN received from the 6LN (in network byte order) in the NS message. The nonce is at least 6 bytes long as defined in [RFC3971]. 6. 1-byte EARO Length received in the CIPO. 7. 1-byte Crypto-Type value received in the CIPO. * Apply the hash function (if any) specified by the Crypto-Type indicated by the 6LN in the CIPO to the concatenated data. * Verify the signature with the public-key in the CIPO and the locally computed values using the signature algorithm specified by the Crypto-Type. If the verification succeeds, the 6LR propagates the information to the 6LBR using a EDAR/EDAC flow. * Due to the first-come/first-serve nature of the registration, if the address is not registered to the 6LBR, then flow succeeds and both the 6LR and 6LBR add the state information about the Crypto- ID and Target Address being registered to their respective abstract database. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 6.3. Multihop Operation A new 6LN that joins the network auto-configures an address and performs an initial registration to a neighboring 6LR with an NS message that carries an Address Registration Option (EARO) [RFC8505]. In a multihop 6LoWPAN, the registration with Crypto-ID is propagated to 6LBR as shown in Figure 6, which illustrates the registration flow all the way to a 6LowPAN Backbone Router (6BBR) [BACKBONE-ROUTER]. The 6LR and the 6LBR communicate using ICMPv6 Extended Duplicate Address Request (EDAR) and Extended Duplicate Address Confirmation (EDAC) messages [RFC8505] as shown in Figure 6. This specification extends EDAR/EDAC messages to carry cryptographically generated ROVR. The assumption is that the 6LR and the 6LBR maintain a security association to authenticate and protect the integrity of the EDAR and EDAC messages, so there is no need to propagate the proof of ownership to the 6LBR. The 6LBR implicitly trusts that the 6LR performs the verification when the 6LBR requires it, and if there is no further exchange from the 6LR to remove the state, that the verification succeeded. 6LN 6LR 6LBR 6BBR | | | | | NS(EARO) | | | |--------------->| | | | | Extended DAR | | | |-------------->| | | | | | | | | proxy NS(EARO) | | | |--------------->| | | | | NS(DAD) | | | | ------> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | proxy NA(EARO) | | | |<---------------| | | Extended DAC | | | |<--------------| | | NA(EARO) | | | |<---------------| | | | | | | Figure 6: (Re-)Registration Flow Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 7. Security Considerations 7.1. Inheriting from RFC 3971 Observations regarding the following threats to the local network in [RFC3971] also apply to this specification. Neighbor Solicitation/Advertisement Spoofing: Threats in section 9.2.1 of RFC3971 apply. AP-ND counters the threats on NS(EARO) messages by requiring that the NDP Signature and CIPO options be present in these solicitations. Duplicate Address Detection DoS Attack: Inside the LLN, Duplicate Addresses are sorted out using the ROVR, which differentiates it from a movement. A different ROVR for the same Registered address entails a rejection of the second registration [RFC8505]. DAD coming from the backbone are not forwarded over the LLN, which provides some protection against DoS attacks inside the resource- constrained part of the network. Over the backbone, the EARO option is present in NS/NA messages. This protects against misinterpreting a movement for a duplication, and enables the backbone routers to determine which one has the freshest registration [RFC8505] and is thus the best candidate to validate the registration for the device attached to it [BACKBONE-ROUTER]. But this specification does not guarantee that the backbone router claiming an address over the backbone is not an attacker. Router Solicitation and Advertisement Attacks: This specification does not change the protection of RS and RA which can still be protected by SEND. Replay Attacks A nonce should never repeat for a single key, but nonces do not need to be unpredictable for secure operation. Using nonces (NonceLR and NonceLN) generated by both the 6LR and 6LN ensure a contributory behavior that provides an efficient protection against replay attacks of the challenge/response flow. The quality of the protection by a random nonce depends on the random number generator and its parameters (e.g., sense of time). Neighbor Discovery DoS Attack: A rogue node that managed to access the L2 network may form many addresses and register them using AP- ND. The perimeter of the attack is all the 6LRs in range of the attacker. The 6LR MUST protect itself against overflows and reject excessive registration with a status 2 "Neighbor Cache Full". This effectively blocks another (honest) 6LN from registering to the same 6LR, but the 6LN may register to other 6LRs that are in its range but not in that of the rogue. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 7.2. Related to 6LoWPAN ND The threats and mediations discussed in 6LoWPAN ND [RFC6775][RFC8505] also apply here, in particular denial-of-service attacks against the registry at the 6LR or 6LBR. Secure ND [RFC3971] forces the IPv6 address to be cryptographic since it integrates the CGA as the IID in the IPv6 address. In contrast, this specification saves about 1Kbyte in every NS/NA message. Also, this specification separates the cryptographic identifier from the registered IPv6 address so that a node can have more than one IPv6 address protected by the same cryptographic identifier. With this specification the 6LN can freely form its IPv6 address(es) in any fashion, thereby enabling either 6LoWPAN compression for IPv6 addresses that are derived from Layer-2 addresses, or temporary addresses, e.g., formed pseudo-randomly and released in relatively short cycles for privacy reasons [RFC8064][RFC8065], that cannot be compressed. This specification provides added protection for addresses that are obtained following due procedure [RFC8505] but does not constrain the way the addresses are formed or the number of addresses that are used in parallel by a same entity. A rogue may still perform denial-of- service attack against the registry at the 6LR or 6LBR, or attempt to deplete the pool of available addresses at Layer-2 or Layer-3. 7.3. ROVR Collisions A collision of Registration Ownership Verifiers (ROVR) (i.e., the Crypto-ID in this specification) is possible, but it is a rare event. Assuming in the calculations/discussion below that the hash used for calculating the Crypto-ID is a well-behaved cryptographic hash and thus that random collisions are the only ones possible, the formula (birthday paradox) for calculating the probability of a collision is 1 - e^{-k^2/(2n)} where n is the maximum population size (2^64 here, 1.84E19) and k is the actual population (number of nodes, assuming one Crypto-ID per node). If the Crypto-ID is 64-bits (the least possible size allowed), the chance of a collision is 0.01% for network of 66 million nodes. Moreover, the collision is only relevant when this happens within one stub network (6LBR). In the case of such a collision, a third party node would be able to claim the registered address of an another legitimate node, provided that it wishes to use the same address. To prevent address disclosure and avoid the chances of collision on both the ROVR and the address, it is RECOMMENDED that nodes do not derive the address being registered from the ROVR. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 18] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 7.4. Implementation Attacks The signature schemes referenced in this specification comply with NIST [FIPS186-4] or Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG) standards [RFC8032] and offer strong algorithmic security at roughly 128-bit security level. These signature schemes use elliptic curves that were either specifically designed with exception-free and constant- time arithmetic in mind [RFC7748] or where one has extensive implementation experience of resistance to timing attacks [FIPS186-4]. However, careless implementations of the signing operations could nevertheless leak information on private keys. For example, there are micro-architectural side channel attacks that implementors should be aware of [breaking-ed25519]. Implementors should be particularly aware that a secure implementation of Ed25519 requires a protected implementation of the hash function SHA-512, whereas this is not required with implementations of SHA-256 used with ECDSA. 7.5. Cross-Algorithm and Cross-Protocol Attacks The keypair used in this specification can be self-generated and the public key does not need to be exchanged, e.g., through certificates, with a third party before it is used. New keypairs can be formed for new registration as the node desires. On the other hand, it is safer to allocate a keypair that is used only for the address protection and only for one instantiation of the signature scheme (which includes choice of elliptic curve domain parameters, used hash function, and applicable representation conventions). The same private key MUST NOT be reused with more than one instantiation of the signature scheme in this specification. The same private key MUST NOT be used for anything other than computing NDPSO signatures per this specification. 7.6. Compromised 6LR This specification distributes the challenge and its validation at the edge of the network, between the 6LN and its 6LR. This protects against DOS attacks targeted at that central 6LBR. This also saves back and forth exchanges across a potentially large and constrained network. The downside is that the 6LBR needs to trust the 6LR for performing the checking adequately, and the communication between the 6LR and the 6LBR must be protected to avoid tempering with the result of the test. If a 6LR is compromised, and provided that it knows the ROVR field used by the real owner of the address, the 6LR may pretend that the owner has moved, is now attached to it and has successfully passed the Crpto-ID validation. The 6LR may then attract and inject traffic at will on behalf of that address or let a rogue take ownership of the address. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 19] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 7.7. Correlating Registrations The ROVR field in the EARO introduced in [RFC8505] extends the EUI-64 field of the ARO defined in [RFC6775]. One of the drawbacks of using an EUI-64 as ROVR is that an attacker that is aware of the registrations can correlate traffic for a same 6LN across multiple addresses. Section 3 of [RFC8505] indicates that the ROVR and the address being registered are decoupled. A 6LN may use a same ROVR for multiple registrations or a different ROVR per registration, and the IID must not derive from the ROVR. In theory different 6LNs could use a same ROVR as long as they do not attempt to register the same address. The Modifier used in the computation of the Crypto-ID enables a 6LN to build different Crypto-IDs for different addresses with a same keypair. Using that facility improves the privacy of the 6LN as the expense of storage in the 6LR, which will need to store multiple CIPOs that contain the same public key. Note that if the attacker is the 6LR, then the Modifier alone does not provide a protection, and the 6LN would need to use different keys and MAC addresses in an attempt to obfuscate its multiple ownership. 8. IANA considerations 8.1. CGA Message Type This document defines a new 128-bit value under the CGA Message Type [RFC3972] name space: 0x8701 55c8 0cca dd32 6ab7 e415 f148 84d0. 8.2. IPv6 ND option types This document registers two new ND option types under the subregistry "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Option Formats": +------------------------------+-----------------+---------------+ | Option Name | Suggested Value | Reference | +==============================+=================+===============+ | NDP Signature Option (NDPSO) | 38 | This document | +------------------------------+-----------------+---------------+ | Crypto-ID Parameters Option | 39 | This document | | (CIPO) | | | +------------------------------+-----------------+---------------+ Table 1: New ND options Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 20] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 8.3. Crypto-Type Subregistry IANA is requested to create a new subregistry "Crypto-Type Subregistry" in the "Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) Parameters". The registry is indexed by an integer in the interval 0..255 and contains an Elliptic Curve, a Hash Function, a Signature Algorithm, and Representation Conventions, as shown in Table 2, which together specify a signature scheme. The following Crypto-Type values are defined in this document: +----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Crypto-Type | 0 (ECDSA256) | 1 (Ed25519) | 2 | | value | | | (ECDSA25519) | +================+===============+===============+===============+ | Elliptic curve | NIST P-256 | Curve25519 | Curve25519 | | | [FIPS186-4] | [RFC7748] | [RFC7748] | +----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Hash function | SHA-256 | SHA-512 | SHA-256 | | | [RFC6234] | [RFC6234] | [RFC6234] | +----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Signature | ECDSA | Ed25519 | ECDSA | | algorithm | [FIPS186-4] | [RFC8032] | [FIPS186-4] | +----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Representation | Weierstrass, | Edwards, | Weierstrass, | | conventions | uncompressed, | compressed, | compressed, | | | MSB/msb first | LSB/lsb first | MSB/msb first | +----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Defining | This document | This document | This document | | specification | | | | +----------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Table 2: Crypto-Types New Crypto-Type values providing similar or better security may be defined in the future. Assignment of new values for new Crypto-Type MUST be done through IANA with either "Specification Required" or "IESG Approval" as defined in BCP 26 [RFC8126]. The "Defining specification" column indicates the document that defines the length and computation of the digital signature, which could be this for values defined through "IESG Approval". Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 21] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 9. Acknowledgments Many thanks to Charlie Perkins for his in-depth review and constructive suggestions. The authors are also especially grateful to Robert Moskowitz and Benjamin Kaduk for their comments and discussions that led to many improvements. The authors wish to also thank Roman Danyliw, Alissa Cooper, Mirja Kuhlewind, Eric Vyncke, Vijay Gurbani, Al Morton and Adam Montville for their constructive reviews during the IESG process. 10. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012, . [RFC7517] Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", RFC 7517, DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, May 2015, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [RFC3971] Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander, "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005, . [RFC7748] Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January 2016, . [RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032, DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017, . [RFC8505] Thubert, P., Ed., Nordmark, E., Chakrabarti, S., and C. Perkins, "Registration Extensions for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Neighbor Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 22] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 Discovery", RFC 8505, DOI 10.17487/RFC8505, November 2018, . [RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011, . [FIPS186-4] FIPS 186-4, "Digital Signature Standard (DSS), Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 186-4", US Department of Commerce/National Institute of Standards and Technology , July 2013. [SEC1] SEC1, "SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Version 2.0", Standards for Efficient Cryptography , June 2009. 11. Informative references [RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)", RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005, . [RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman, "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861, DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007, . [RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007, . [RFC4944] Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks", RFC 4944, DOI 10.17487/RFC4944, September 2007, . [RFC6282] Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282, DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011, . [RFC4919] Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and C. Schumacher, "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals", RFC 4919, DOI 10.17487/RFC4919, August 2007, . Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 23] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 [BCP 106] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005, . [RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017, . [RFC7039] Wu, J., Bi, J., Bagnulo, M., Baker, F., and C. Vogt, Ed., "Source Address Validation Improvement (SAVI) Framework", RFC 7039, DOI 10.17487/RFC7039, October 2013, . [RFC7217] Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217, DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014, . [BCP 201] Housley, R., "Guidelines for Cryptographic Algorithm Agility and Selecting Mandatory-to-Implement Algorithms", BCP 201, RFC 7696, DOI 10.17487/RFC7696, November 2015, . [RFC8064] Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and W. Liu, "Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers", RFC 8064, DOI 10.17487/RFC8064, February 2017, . [RFC8065] Thaler, D., "Privacy Considerations for IPv6 Adaptation- Layer Mechanisms", RFC 8065, DOI 10.17487/RFC8065, February 2017, . [BACKBONE-ROUTER] Thubert, P., Perkins, C., and E. Levy-Abegnoli, "IPv6 Backbone Router", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft- ietf-6lo-backbone-router-13, 26 September 2019, . [CURVE-REPRESENTATIONS] Struik, R., "Alternative Elliptic Curve Representations", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lwig-curve- representations-08, 24 July 2019, . Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 24] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 [breaking-ed25519] Samwel, N., Batina, L., Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., and R. Susella, "Breaking Ed25519 in WolfSSL", Cryptographers' Track at the RSA Conference , 2018, . Appendix A. Requirements Addressed in this Document In this section we state requirements of a secure neighbor discovery protocol for low-power and lossy networks. * The protocol MUST be based on the Neighbor Discovery Optimization for Low-power and Lossy Networks protocol defined in [RFC6775]. RFC6775 utilizes optimizations such as host-initiated interactions for sleeping resource-constrained hosts and elimination of multicast address resolution. * New options to be added to Neighbor Solicitation messages MUST lead to small packet sizes, especially compared with existing protocols such as SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND). Smaller packet sizes facilitate low-power transmission by resource- constrained nodes on lossy links. * The support for this registration mechanism SHOULD be extensible to more LLN links than IEEE 802.15.4 only. Support for at least the LLN links for which a 6lo "IPv6 over foo" specification exists, as well as Low-Power Wi-Fi SHOULD be possible. * As part of this extension, a mechanism to compute a unique Identifier should be provided with the capability to form a Link Local Address that SHOULD be unique at least within the LLN connected to a 6LBR. * The Address Registration Option used in the ND registration SHOULD be extended to carry the relevant forms of Unique Interface Identifier. * The Neighbor Discovery should specify the formation of a site- local address that follows the security recommendations from [RFC7217]. Appendix B. Representation Conventions B.1. Signature Schemes The signature scheme ECDSA256 corresponding to Crypto-Type 0 is ECDSA, as specified in [FIPS186-4], instantiated with the NIST prime curve P-256, as specified in Appendix B of [FIPS186-4], and the hash function SHA-256, as specified in [RFC6234], where points of this NIST curve are represented as points of a short-Weierstrass curve (see [FIPS186-4]) and are encoded as octet strings in most- Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 25] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 significant-bit first (msb) and most-significant-byte first (MSB) order. The signature itself consists of two integers (r and s), which are each encoded as fixed-size octet strings in most- significant-bit first and most-significant-byte first order. For details on ECDSA, see [FIPS186-4]; for details on the integer encoding, see Appendix B.2. The signature scheme Ed25519 corresponding to Crypto-Type 1 is EdDSA, as specified in [RFC8032], instantiated with the Montgomery curve Curve25519, as specified in [RFC7748], and the hash function SHA-512, as specified in [RFC6234], where points of this Montgomery curve are represented as points of the corresponding twisted Edwards curve (see Appendix B.3) and are encoded as octet strings in least-significant- bit first (lsb) and least-significant-byte first (LSB) order. The signature itself consists of a bit string that encodes a point of this twisted Edwards curve, in compressed format, and an integer encoded in least-significant-bit first and least-significant-byte first order. For details on EdDSA and on the encoding conversions, see the specification of pure Ed25519 in [RFC8032]. The signature scheme ECDSA25519 corresponding to Crypto-Type 2 is ECDSA, as specified in [FIPS186-4], instantiated with the Montgomery curve Curve25519, as specified in [RFC7748], and the hash function SHA-256, as specified in [RFC6234], where points of this Montgomery curve are represented as points of a corresponding curve in short- Weierstrass form (see Appendix B.3) and are encoded as octet strings in most-significant-bit first and most-significant-byte first order. The signature itself consists of a bit string that encodes two integers, each encoded as fixed-size octet strings in most- significant-bit first and most-significant-byte first order. For details on ECDSA, see [FIPS186-4]; for details on the integer encoding, see Appendix B.2 B.2. Integer Representation for ECDSA signatures With ECDSA, each signature is an ordered pair (r, s) of integers [FIPS186-4]. Each integer is encoded as a fixed-size 256-bit bit string, where each integer is represented according to the Field Element to Octet String and Octet String to Bit String conversion rules in [SEC1] and where the ordered pair of integers is represented as the rightconcatenation of the resulting representation values. The inverse operation follows the corresponding Bit String to Octet String and Octet String to Field Element conversion rules of [SEC1]. Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 26] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 B.3. Alternative Representations of Curve25519 The elliptic curve Curve25519, as specified in [RFC7748], is a so- called Montgomery curve. Each point of this curve can also be represented as a point of a twisted Edwards curve or as a point of an elliptic curve in short-Weierstrass form, via a coordinate transformation (a so-called isomorphic mapping). The parameters of the Montgomery curve and the corresponding isomorphic curves in twisted Edwards curve and short-Weierstrass form are as indicated below. Here, the domain parameters of the Montgomery curve Curve25519 and of the twisted Edwards curve Edwards25519 are as specified in [RFC7748]; the domain parameters of the elliptic curve Wei25519 in short-Weierstrass curve comply with Section 6.1.1 of [FIPS186-4]. For details of the coordinate transformations referenced above, see [RFC7748] and [CURVE-REPRESENTATIONS]. General parameters (for all curve models): p 2^{255}-19 (=0x7fffffff ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff ffffffff ffffffed) h 8 n 723700557733226221397318656304299424085711635937990760600195093828 5454250989 (=2^{252} + 0x14def9de a2f79cd6 5812631a 5cf5d3ed) Montgomery curve-specific parameters (for Curve25519): A 486662 B 1 Gu 9 (=0x9) Gv 147816194475895447910205935684099868872646061346164752889648818377 55586237401 (=0x20ae19a1 b8a086b4 e01edd2c 7748d14c 923d4d7e 6d7c61b2 29e9c5a2 7eced3d9) Twisted Edwards curve-specific parameters (for Edwards25519): a -1 (-0x01) d -121665/121666 (=3709570593466943934313808350875456518954211387984321901638878553 3085940283555) (=0x52036cee 2b6ffe73 8cc74079 7779e898 00700a4d 4141d8ab 75eb4dca 135978a3) Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 27] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 Gx 151122213495354007725011514095885315114540126930418572060461132839 49847762202 (=0x216936d3 cd6e53fe c0a4e231 fdd6dc5c 692cc760 9525a7b2 c9562d60 8f25d51a) Gy 4/5 (=4631683569492647816942839400347516314130799386625622561578303360 3165251855960) (=0x66666666 66666666 66666666 66666666 66666666 66666666 66666666 66666658) Weierstrass curve-specific parameters (for Wei25519): a 192986815395526992372618308347813179755449974442734273399095973345 73241639236 (=0x2aaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaa98 4914a144) b 557517466698189089076452890782571408182411037279010123152944008379 56729358436 (=0x7b425ed0 97b425ed 097b425e d097b425 ed097b42 5ed097b4 260b5e9c 7710c864) GX 192986815395526992372618308347813179755449974442734273399095973346 52188435546 (=0x2aaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa aaad245a) GY 147816194475895447910205935684099868872646061346164752889648818377 55586237401 (=0x20ae19a1 b8a086b4 e01edd2c 7748d14c 923d4d7e 6d7c61b2 29e9c5a2 7eced3d9) Authors' Addresses Pascal Thubert (editor) Cisco Systems, Inc Building D 45 Allee des Ormes - BP1200 06254 MOUGINS - Sophia Antipolis France Phone: +33 497 23 26 34 Email: pthubert@cisco.com Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 28] Internet-Draft Address Protection ND for LLN February 2020 Behcet Sarikaya Email: sarikaya@ieee.org Mohit Sethi Ericsson FI-02420 Jorvas Finland Email: mohit@piuha.net Rene Struik Struik Security Consultancy Email: rstruik.ext@gmail.com Thubert, et al. Expires 9 August 2020 [Page 29]