6MAN B. Carpenter Internet-Draft Univ. of Auckland Updates: 3986 (if approved) S. Cheshire Intended status: Standards Track Apple Inc. Expires: June 10, 2013 R. Hinden Check Point December 7, 2012 Representing IPv6 Zone Identifiers in Address Literals and Uniform Resource Identifiers draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-06 Abstract This document describes how the Zone Identifier of an IPv6 scoped address, as defined in RFC 4007, can be represented in a literal IPv6 address and in a Uniform Resource Identifier that includes such a literal address. It updates RFC 3986 accordingly. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on June 10, 2013. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 1] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Web Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Appendix A. Options Considered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 2] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 1. Introduction The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) syntax [RFC3986] defined how a literal IPv6 address can be represented in the "host" part of a URI. A subsequent specification [RFC4007] extended the text representation of limited-scope IPv6 addresses such that a zone identifier may be concatenated to a literal address, for purposes described in that RFC. Zone identifiers are especially useful in contexts where literal addresses are typically used, for example during fault diagnosis, when it may be essential to specify which interface is used for sending to a link local address. It should be noted that zone identifiers have purely local meaning within the node where they are defined, often being the same as IPv6 interface names. They are completely meaningless for any other node. Today, they are only meaningful when attached to addresses with less than global scope, but it is possible that other uses might be defined in the future. RFC 4007 does not specify how zone identifiers are to be represented in URIs. Practical experience has shown that this feature is useful, in particular when using a web browser for debugging with link local addresses, but as it is undefined, it is not implemented consistently in URI parsers or in browsers. Some versions of some browsers accept the RFC 4007 syntax for scoped IPv6 addresses embedded in URIs, i.e., they have been coded to interpret the "%" sign according to RFC 4007 instead of RFC 3986. Clearly this approach is very convenient for users, although it formally breaches the syntax rules of RFC 3986. The present document defines an alternative approach that respects and extends the rules of URI syntax, and IPv6 literals in general, to be consistent. Thus, this document updates [RFC3986] by adding syntax to allow a zone identifier to be included in a literal IPv6 address within a URI. It should be noted that in other contexts than a user interface, a zone identifier is mapped into a numeric zone index or interface number. The MIB textual convention InetZoneIndex [RFC4001] and the socket interface [RFC3493] define this as a 32 bit unsigned integer. The mapping between the human-readable zone identifier string and the numeric value is a host-specific function that varies between operating systems. The present document is concerned only with the human-readable string. Several alternative solutions were considered while this document was developed. The Appendix briefly describes the various options and their advantages and disadvantages. Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 3] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Specification According to RFC 4007, a zone identifier is attached to the textual representation of an IPv6 address by concatenating "%" followed by , where is a string identifying the zone of the address. However, RFC 4007 gives no precise definition of the character set allowed in . There are no rules or de facto standards for this. For example, the first Ethernet interface in a host might be called %0, %1, %en1, %eth0, or whatever the implementer happened to choose. In a URI, a literal IPv6 address is always embedded between "[" and "]". This document specifies how a can be appended to the address. Unfortunately "%" is always treated as an escape character in a URI, and according to RFC 3986 it MUST therefore itself be percent-encoded in a URI, in the form "%25". Thus, the scoped address fe80::a%en1 would appear in a URI as http://[fe80::a%25en1]. A SHOULD contain only ASCII characters classified in RFC 3986 as "unreserved". This excludes characters such as "]" or even "%" which would complicate parsing. However, the syntax below does allow such characters to be percent-encoded, for compatibility with existing devices that use them. If an operating system uses any other characters in zone or interface identifiers that are not in the "unreserved" character set, they MUST be escaped with a "%" sign according to RFC 3986. We now present the necessary formal syntax. In RFC 3986, the IPv6 literal format is formally defined in ABNF [RFC5234] by the following rule: IP-literal = "[" ( IPv6address / IPvFuture ) "]" To provide support for a zone identifier, the existing syntax of IPv6address is retained, and a zone identifier may be added optionally to any literal address. This allows flexibility for unknown future uses. The rule quoted above from RFC 3986 is replaced by three rules: Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 4] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 IP-literal = "[" ( IPv6address / IPv6addrz / IPvFuture ) "]" ZoneID = 1*( unreserved / pct-encoded ) IPv6addrz = IPv6address "%25" ZoneID This syntax fills the gap that is described at the end of Section 11.7 of RFC 4007. The rules in [RFC5952] SHOULD be applied in producing URIs. RFC 3986 states that URIs have a global scope, but that in some cases their interpretation depends on the end-user's context. URIs including a ZoneID are to be interpreted only in the context of the host where they originate, since the ZoneID is of local significance only. RFC 4007 offers guidance on how the ZoneID affects interface/address selection inside the IPv6 stack. Note that the behaviour of an IPv6 stack if passed a non-null zone index for an address other than link- local is undefined. 3. Web Browsers This section discusses how web browsers might handle this syntax extension. Unfortunately there is no formal distinction between the syntax allowed in a browser's input dialogue box and the syntax allowed in URIs. For this reason, no normative statements are made in this section. Due to the lack of defined syntax, web browsers have been inconsistent in providing for ZoneIDs. Many have no support, but there are examples of ad hoc support. For example, some versions of Firefox allowed the use of a ZoneID preceded by an unescaped "%" character, but this was removed for consistency with RFC 3986. As another example, some versions of Internet Explorer allow use of a ZoneID preceded by a "%" character escaped as "%25", still beyond the syntax allowed by RFC 3986. This syntax extension is in fact used internally in the Windows operating system and some of its APIs. It is desirable for all browsers to recognise a ZoneID preceded by an escaped "%". In the spirit of "be liberal with what you accept", we also suggest that URI parsers accept bare "%" signs when possible (i.e., a "%" not followed by two valid and meaningful hexadecimal characters). This would make it possible for a user to copy and paste a string such as "fe80::a%en1" from the output of a "ping" command and have it work. On the other hand, "%ee1" would need to be Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 5] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 manually escaped as "fe80::a%25ee1" to avoid any risk of misinterpretation. Such bare "%" signs are for user interface convenience, and need to be turned into properly escaped characters (where "%25" encodes "%") before the URI is used in any protocol or HTML document. However, URIs including a ZoneID have no meaning outside the originating node. It would therefore be highly desirable for a browser to remove the ZoneID from a URI before including that URI in an HTTP request. The normal diagnostic usage for the ZoneID syntax will cause it to be entered in the browser's input dialogue box. Thus, URIs including a ZoneID are unlikely to be encountered in HTML documents. However, if they do (for example, in a diagnostic script coded in HTML) it would be appropriate to treat them exactly as above. 4. Security Considerations The security considerations of [RFC3986] and [RFC4007] apply. In particular, this URI format creates a specific pathway by which a deceitful zone index might be communicated, as mentioned in the final security consideration of RFC 4007. It is emphasised that the format is intended only for debugging purposes, but of course this intention does not prevent misuse. To limit this risk, implementations MUST NOT allow use of this format except for well-defined usages such as sending to link local addresses under prefix fe80::/10. At the time of writing, this is the only well-defined usage known. An HTTP client, proxy or other intermediary MUST remove any ZoneID attached to an outgoing URI, as it only has local significance at the sending host. 5. IANA Considerations This document requests no action by IANA. 6. Acknowledgements The lack of this format was first pointed out by Margaret Wasserman some years ago, and more recently by Kerry Lynn. A previous draft document by Martin Duerst and Bill Fenner [I-D.fenner-literal-zone] discussed this topic but was not finalised. Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 6] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 Valuable comments and contributions were made by Karl Auer, Carsten Bormann, Benoit Claise, Stephen Farrell, Brian Haberman, Ted Hardie, Tatuya Jinmei, Yves Lafon, Barry Leiba, Radia Perlman, Tom Petch, Tomoyuki Sahara, Juergen Schoenwaelder, Dave Thaler, Martin Thomson, and Ole Troan. Brian Carpenter was a visitor at the Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University during part of this work. This document was produced using the xml2rfc tool [RFC2629]. 7. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-06: responding to IETF Last Call and IESG comments, 2012-12-07. draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-05: tuned ABNF, clarified RFC 4007 text, 2012-11-06. draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-04: additional author, 2012-09-21. draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-03: reverted to percent-encoded model following WGLC, 2012-09-10. draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-02: additional WG comments, 2012-07-11. draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-01: use "-" instead of %25, listed alternatives in Appendix, according to WG debate, added suggestion for browser developers, 2012-05-29. draft-ietf-6man-uri-zoneid-00: adopted by WG, fixed syntax to allow for % encoded characters, 2012-02-17. draft-carpenter-6man-uri-zoneid-01: chose Option 2, removed 15 character limit, added explanation of ID/number mapping and other clarifications, 2012-02-08. draft-carpenter-6man-uri-zoneid-00: original version, 2011-12-07. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 7] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC4007] Deering, S., Haberman, B., Jinmei, T., Nordmark, E., and B. Zill, "IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture", RFC 4007, March 2005. [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. [RFC5952] Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, August 2010. 8.2. Informative References [I-D.fenner-literal-zone] Fenner, B. and M. Duerst, "Formats for IPv6 Scope Zone Identifiers in Literal Address Formats", draft-fenner-literal-zone-02 (work in progress), October 2005. [RFC2629] Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629, June 1999. [RFC3493] Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W. Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC 3493, February 2003. [RFC4001] Daniele, M., Haberman, B., Routhier, S., and J. Schoenwaelder, "Textual Conventions for Internet Network Addresses", RFC 4001, February 2005. [chrome] Google, "Use the address bar (omnibox)", 2012, . Appendix A. Options Considered The syntax defined above allows a ZoneID to be added to any IPv6 address. The 6man WG discussed and rejected an alternative in which the existing syntax of IPv6address would be extended by an option to add the ZoneID only for the case of link-local addresses. It was felt that the present solution offers more flexibility for future uses and is more straightforward to implement. The various syntax options considered are now briefly described. Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 8] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 1. Leave the problem unsolved. This would mean that per-interface diagnostics would still have to be performed using ping or ping6: ping fe80::a%en1 Advantage: works today. Disadvantage: less convenient than using a browser. 2. Simply using the percent character. http://[fe80::a%en1] Advantage: allows use of browser, allows cut and paste. Disadvantage: invalid syntax under RFC 3986; not acceptable to URI community. 3. Escaping the escape character as allowed by RFC 3986: http://[fe80::a%25en1] Advantage: allows use of browser, consistent with general URI syntax. Disadvantage: somewhat ugly and confusing, doesn't allow simple cut and paste. This is the option chosen for standardization. 4. Alternative separator http://[fe80::a-en1] Advantage: allows use of browser, simple syntax Disadvantage: Requires all IPv6 address literal parsers and generators to be updated in order to allow simple cut and paste; inconsistent with existing tools and practice. Note: the initial proposal for this choice was to use an underscore as the separator, but it was noted that this becomes effectively invisible when a user interface automatically underlines URLs. Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 9] Internet-Draft IPv6 Zone ID in URI December 2012 5. With the "IPvFuture" syntax left open in RFC 3986: http://[v6.fe80::a_en1] Advantage: allows use of browser. Disadvantage: ugly and redundant, doesn't allow simple cut and paste. Authors' Addresses Brian Carpenter Department of Computer Science University of Auckland PB 92019 Auckland, 1142 New Zealand Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com Stuart Cheshire Apple Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 US Email: cheshire@apple.com Robert M. Hinden Check Point Software Technologies, Inc. 800 Bridge Parkway Redwood City, CA 94065 US Email: bob.hinden@gmail.com Carpenter, et al. Expires June 10, 2013 [Page 10]