ALTO WG R. Alimi, Ed. Internet-Draft Yale University Intended status: Standards Track R. Penno, Ed. Expires: September 5, 2010 Juniper Networks Y. Yang, Ed. Yale University March 4, 2010 ALTO Protocol draft-ietf-alto-protocol-02.txt Abstract Networking applications today already have access to a great amount of Inter-Provider network topology information. For example, views of the Internet routing table are easily available at looking glass servers and entirely practical to be downloaded by clients. What is missing is knowledge of the underlying network topology from the ISP or Content Provider (henceforth referred as Provider) point of view. In other words, what a Provider prefers in terms of traffic optimization -- and a way to distribute it. The ALTO Service provides information such as preferences of network resources with the goal of modifying network resource consumption patterns while maintaining or improving application performance. This document describes a protocol implementing the ALTO Service. While such service would primarily be provided by the network (i.e., the ISP), content providers and third parties could also operate this service. Applications that could use this service are those that have a choice in connection endpoints. Examples of such applications are peer-to-peer (P2P) and content delivery networks. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1]. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 1] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on September 5, 2010. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the BSD License. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 2] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1. Background and Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2. Design History and Merged Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3. Solution Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.1. Service Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.2. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1. Endpoint Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2. ASN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.3. Network Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2. ALTO Service and Protocol Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Protocol Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1. Server Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2. Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.1. Map Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.2. Map Filtering Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.3. Endpoint Property Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.4. Endpoint Cost Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4. Network Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1. PID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.2. Example Network Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. Cost Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1. Cost Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1.1. Cost Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1.2. Cost Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.2. Cost Map Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.3. Network Map and Cost Map Dependency . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.1. Design Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.1.1. Use of Existing Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.1.2. ALTO Information Reuse and Redistribution . . . . . . 14 7. Protocol Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7.1. Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7.1.1. Protocol Versioning Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7.1.2. Request Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7.1.3. Response Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.2. General Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.2.1. Server Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.2.2. Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.3. HTTP Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.3.1. Authentication and Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.3.2. Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.3.3. Caching Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.4. ALTO Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.4.1. Server Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 3] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.2. Map Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.4.3. Map Filtering Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 7.4.4. Endpoint Property Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7.4.5. Endpoint Cost Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.5. Redistributable Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7.5.1. Server and Request Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.5.2. Expiration Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 7.5.3. Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 8. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 8.1. ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . 38 8.2. ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Client: Numerical Costs . . . 40 8.3. ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Client: Ranking . . . . . . . 41 9. Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 9.1. Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 9.2. Network Address Translation Considerations . . . . . . . . 42 9.3. Mapping IPs to ASNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 9.4. Endpoint and Path Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 9.5. P2P Peer Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 9.5.1. Client-based Peer Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 9.5.2. Server-based Peer Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 11.1. Privacy Considerations for ISPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 11.2. ALTO Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 11.3. Authentication, Integrity Protection, and Encryption . . . 45 11.4. ALTO Information Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 11.5. Denial of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 11.6. ALTO Server Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Appendix A. ALTO Protocol Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Appendix B. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Appendix C. Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 4] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 1. Introduction 1.1. Background and Problem Statement Today, network information available to applications is mostly from the view of endhosts. There is no clear mechanism to convey information about the network's preferences to applications. By leveraging better network-provided information, applications have potential to become more network-efficient (e.g., reduce network resource consumption) and achieve better application performance (e.g., accelerated download rate). The ALTO Service intends to provide a simple way to convey network information to applications. The goal of this document is to specify a simple and unified protocol that meets the ALTO requirements [7] while providing a migration path for Internet Service Providers (ISP), Content Providers, and clients that have deployed protocols with similar intentions (see below). This document is a work in progress and will be updated with further developments. 1.2. Design History and Merged Proposals The protocol specified here consists of contributions from o P4P [8], [9]; o ALTO Info-Export [10]; o Query/Response [11], [12]; o ATTP [ATTP]. o Proxidor [19]. See Appendix B for a list of people that have contributed significantly to this effort and the projects and proposals listed above. 1.3. Solution Benefits The ALTO Service offers many benefits to both end-users (consumers of the service) and Internet Service Providers (providers of the service). 1.3.1. Service Providers The ALTO Service enables ISPs to influence the peer selection process in distributed applications in order to increase locality of traffic, Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 5] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 improve user-experience, amongst others. It also helps ISPs to efficiently engineer traffic that traverses more expensive links such as transit and backup links, thus allowing a better provisioning of the networking infrastructure. 1.3.2. Applications Applications that use the ALTO Service can benefit in multiple ways. For example, they may no longer need to infer topology information, and some applications can reduce reliance on measuring path performance metrics themselves. They can take advantage of the ISP's knowledge to avoid bottlenecks and boost performance. An example type of application is a Peer-to-Peer overlay where peer selection can be improved by including ALTO information in the selection process. 2. Architecture Two key design objectives of the ALTO Protocol are simplicity and extensibility. At the same time, it introduces additional techniques to address potential scalability and privacy issues. Below we start with an introduction to the terminology. Then we define the overall architecture and how the ALTO Protocol fits into the architecture. 2.1. Terminology We use the following terms defined in [13]: Application, Overlay Network, Peer, Resource, Resource Identifier, Resource Provider, Resource Consumer, Resource Directory, Transport Address, Host Location Attribute, ALTO Service, ALTO Server, ALTO Client, ALTO Query, ALTO Reply, ALTO Transaction, Local Traffic, Peering Traffic, Transit Traffic. We also use the following additional terms: Endpoint Address, ASN, and Network Location. 2.1.1. Endpoint Address An endpoint address represents the communication address of an end point. An endpoint address can be network-attachment based (IP address) or network-attachment agnostic. Common forms of endpoint addresses include IP address, MAC address, overlay ID, and phone number. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 6] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 2.1.2. ASN An Autonomous System Number. 2.1.3. Network Location Network Location is a generic concept denoting a single endpoint or group of endpoints. Whenever we say Network Location, we refer to either a single endpoint or a group of endpoints. 2.2. ALTO Service and Protocol Scope An ALTO Server conveys the network information from the perspective of a network region. We say that the ALTO Server presents its "my- Internet View" [14] of the network region. A network region in this context can be an Autonomous System, an ISP, perhaps a smaller region, or perhaps a set of ISPs; the details depend on the deployment scenario and discovery mechanism. To better understand the ALTO Service and the role of the ALTO Protocol, we show in Figure 1 the overall system architecture. In this architecture, an ALTO Server prepares ALTO Information; an ALTO Client uses ALTO Service Discovery to identify an appropriate ALTO Server; and the ALTO Client requests available ALTO Information from the ALTO Server using the ALTO Protocol. The ALTO Information provided by the ALTO Server can be updated dynamically based on network conditions, or can be seen as a policy which is updated at a larger time-scale. More specifically, the ALTO Information provided by an ALTO Server may be influenced (at the operator's discretion) by other systems. Examples include (but are not limited to) static network configuration databases, dynamic network information, routing protocols, provisioning policies, and interfaces to outside parties. These components are shown in the figure for completeness but outside the scope of this specification. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 7] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ISP | | | | +-----------+ | | | Routing | | | +--------------+ | Protocols | | | | Provisioning | +-----------+ | | | Policy | | | | +--------------+\ | | | \ | | | \ | | | +-----------+ \+---------+ +--------+ | | |Dynamic | | ALTO | ALTO Protocol | ALTO | | | |Network |.......| Server | -------------------- | Client | | | |Information| +---------+ +--------+ | | +-----------+ / / | | / ALTO SD Query/Response / | | / / | | +----------+ +--------------+ | | | External | | ALTO Service | | | | Interface| | Discovery | | | +----------+ +--------------+ | | | | | | Figure 1: Basic ALTO Architecture. | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ | +------------------+ | Third Parties | | | | Content Providers| +------------------+ ALTO Architecture 3. Protocol Structure The ALTO Protocol uses a simple extensible framework to convey network information. In the general framework, the ALTO protocol will convey properties on both Endpoints and paths between network locations. In this document, we focus on a particular endpoint property to denote the location of an endpoint, and provider-defined costs for paths between pairs of network locations. The ALTO Protocol is built on a common transport protocol, messaging Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 8] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 structure and encoding, and transaction model. The protocol is subdivided into services of related functionality. ALTO-Core provides the Map Service. Other services can provide additional functionality. There are three such services defined in this document: the Map Filtering Service, Endpoint Property Service, and Endpoint Cost Service. Additional services may be defined in the future in companion documents. Note that functionality offered in different services are not totally non-overlapping (e.g., the Map Service and Map Filtering Service). .--------------------------------------------------------. | | | .----------. .-----------. .----------. .----------. | | | | | Map | | Endpoint | | Endpoint | | | | | | Filtering | | Property | | Cost | | | | | | Service | | Service | | Service | | | | | `-----------' `----------' `----------' | | | Server | .-------------------------------------. | | |Capability| | Map Service | | | | | | .-------------. .--------------. | | | | | | | Network Map | | Cost Map | | | | | | | `-------------' `--------------' | | | `----------' `-------------------------------------' | | | `--------------------------------------------------------' Figure 1: ALTO Protocol Structure 3.1. Server Capability The Server Capability Service lists the details on the information that can be provided by an ALTO Server and perhaps other ALTO Servers maintained by the network provider. The configuration includes, for example, details about the operations and cost metrics supported by the ALTO Server. The capability document can be downloaded by ALTO Clients or provisioned into devices. 3.2. Services 3.2.1. Map Service The Map Service provides batch information to ALTO Clients. Two maps are provided in this document. The Network Map (See Section 4) provides the full set of network location groupings defined by the ALTO Server and the endpoints contained with each grouping. The Cost Map (see Section 5) provides costs between the defined groupings. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 9] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 These two maps can be thought of (and implemented as) as simple files with appropriate encoding provided by the ALTO Server. 3.2.2. Map Filtering Service Resource constrained ALTO Clients may benefit from query results being filtered at the ALTO Server. This avoids an ALTO Client spending network bandwidth or CPU collecting results and performing client-side filtering. The Map Filtering Service allows ALTO Clients to query for ALTO Server maps based on additional parameters. 3.2.3. Endpoint Property Service This service allows ALTO Clients to look up properties for individual endpoints. An example endpoint property is its network location (its grouping defined by the ALTO Server) or connectivity type (e.g., ADSL, Cable, or FioS). 3.2.4. Endpoint Cost Service Some ALTO Clients may also benefit from querying for costs and rankings based on endpoints. The Endpoint Cost Service allows an ALTO Server to return either numerical costs or ordinal costs (rankings) directly amongst Endpoints. 4. Network Map In reality, many endpoints are very close to one another in terms of network connectivity, for example, endpoints on the same site of an enterprise. By treating a group of endpoints together as a single entity in ALTO, we can achieve much greater scalability without loosing critical information. The Network Location endpoint property allows an ALTO Server to group endpoints together to indicate their proximity. The resulting set of groupings is called the ALTO Network Map. The Network Map may also be used to communicate simple preferences. For example, an ISP may prefer that endpoints associated with the same PoP (Point-of-Presence) in a P2P application communicate locally instead of communicating with endpoints in other PoPs. Note that the definition of proximity varies depending on the granularity of the ALTO information configured by the provider. In one deployment, endpoints on the same subnet may be considered close; while in another deployment, endpoints connected to the same PoP may be considered close. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 10] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 4.1. PID Each group of Endpoints is identified by a provider-defined Network Location identifier called a PID. There can be many different ways of grouping the endpoints and assigning PIDs. A PID is an identifier providing an indirect and network-agnostic way to specify a network aggregation. For example, a PID may be defined (by the ALTO service provider) to denote a subnet, a set of subnets, a metropolitan area, a PoP, an autonomous system, or a set of autonomous systems. Aggregation of endpoints into PIDs can indicate proximity and can improve scalability. In particular, network preferences (costs) may be specified between PIDs, allowing cost information to be more compact and updated at a smaller time scale than the network aggregations themselves. 4.2. Example Network Map Figure 2 illustrates an example Network Map. PIDs are used to identify network-agnostic aggregations. .--------------------------------------------------------. | ALTO Network Map | | | | .--------------------------------. .---------------. | | | NetLoc: PID-1 | | NetLoc: PID-2 | | | | .---------------------------. | | ... | | | | | 128.36.0.0/16 | | `---------------` | | | | .-----------------------. | | | | | | | Endpoint: 128.36.9.8 | | | .---------------. | | | | `-----------------------` | | | NetLoc: PID-3 | | | | `---------------------------` | | ... | | | | .---------------------------. | `---------------` | | | | 130.132.0.0/16 | | | | | | .-----------------------. | | .---------------. | | | | | Endpoint: 130.132.1.2 | | | | NetLoc: PID-4 | | | | | `-----------------------` | | | ... | | | | `---------------------------` | `---------------` | | `--------------------------------` | | | `--------------------------------------------------------` Figure 2: Example Network Map Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 11] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 5. Cost Map An ALTO Server indicates preferences amongst network locations in the form of Path Costs. Path Costs are generic costs and can be internally computed by a network provider according to its own needs. An ALTO Cost Map defines Path Costs pairwise amongst sets of source and destination network locations. 5.1. Cost Attributes Path Costs have attributes: o Type: identifies what the costs represent; o Mode: identifies how the costs should be interpreted (numerical or ordinal). Certain queries for Cost Maps allow the ALTO Client to indicate the desired Type and Mode. 5.1.1. Cost Type The Type attribute indicates what the cost represents. For example, an ALTO Server could define costs representing air-miles, hop-counts, or generic routing costs. Cost types are indicated in protocol messages as alphanumeric strings. An ALTO Server MUST at least define the routing cost type denoted by the string 'routingcost'. Note that an ISP may internally compute routing cost using any method it chooses (including air-miles or hop-count). If an ALTO Client requests a Cost Type that is not available, the ALTO Server responds with an error as specified in Section 7.2.1.3. 5.1.2. Cost Mode The Mode attribute indicates how costs should be interpreted. For example, an ALTO Server could return costs that should be interpreted as numerical values or ordinal rankings. It is important to communicate such information to ALTO Clients, as certain operations may not be valid on certain costs returned by an ALTO Server. For example, it is possible for an ALTO Server to return a set of IP addresses with costs indicating a ranking of the IP addresses. Arithmetic operations, such as summation, that would Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 12] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 make sense for numerical values, do not make sense for ordinal rankings. ALTO Clients may want to handle such costs differently. Cost Modes are indicated in protocol messages as alphanumeric strings. An ALTO Server MUST at least define the modes 'numerical' and 'ordinal'. If an ALTO Client requests a Cost Mode that is not supported, the ALTO Server MUST reply with costs having Mode either 'numerical' or 'ordinal'. Thus, an ALTO Server must implement at least one of 'numerical' or 'ordinal' Costs, but it may choose which to support. ALTO Clients may choose how to handle such situations. Two particular possibilities are to use the returned costs as-is (e.g., treat numerical costs as ordinal rankings) or ignore the ALTO information altogether. 5.2. Cost Map Structure A query for a Cost Map either explicitly or implicitly includes a list of Source Network Locations and a list of Destination Network Locations. (Note that a Network Location can be an endpoint address or a PID.) Specifically, assume that a query has a list of multiple Source Network Locations, say [Src_1, Src_2, ..., Src_m], and a list of multiple Destination Network Locations, say [Dst_1, Dst_2, ..., Dst_n]. The ALTO Server will return the Path Cost for each communicating pair (i.e., Src_1 -> Dst_1, ..., Src_1 -> Dst_n, ..., Src_m -> Dst_1, ..., Src_m -> Dst_n). We refer to this structure as a Cost Map. If the Cost Mode is 'ordinal', the Path Cost of each communicating pair is relative to the m*n entries. 5.3. Network Map and Cost Map Dependency If a Cost Map contains any PID in the list of Source Network Locations or the list of Destination Network Locations, we say that the Path Costs are generated based on a particular Network Map (which defines that PID). Version Tags are introduced to ensure that ALTO Clients are able to use consistent information even though the information is provided in two maps. A Version Tag is an opaque string associated with a Network Map maintained by the ALTO Server. When the Network Map changes, the Version Tag SHOULD also be changed. Possibilities for generating a Version Tag included the last-modified timestamp for the Network Map, Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 13] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 or a hash of its contents. A Network Map distributed by the ALTO Server includes its Version Tag. A Cost Map referring to PIDs also includes the Version Tag of the Network Map on which it is based. One advantage of separating ALTO information into a Network Map and a Cost Map is that the two components can be updated at different time scales. For example, Network Maps may be stable for a longer time while Cost Maps may be updated to reflect dynamic network conditions. 6. Protocol Overview 6.1. Design Approach The ALTO Protocol design uses a RESTful interface with the goal of leveraging current HTTP [2] [3] implementations and infrastructure. ALTO messages are denoted with HTTP Content-Type "application/alto" and use JSON [4] encoding. These design decisions make the protocol easier to understand and debug, and allows for flexible ALTO Server implementation strategies. More importantly, however, this enables use of existing implementations and infrastructure, and allows for simple caching and redistribution of ALTO information to increase scalability. 6.1.1. Use of Existing Infrastructure An important design consideration for the ALTO Protocol is easy integration with existing applications and infrastructure. As outlined above, HTTP is a natural choice. In particular, this ALTO Protocol design leverages: o the huge installed base of infrastructure, including HTTP caches, o mature software implementations, o the fact that many P2P clients already have an embedded HTTP client, and o authentication and encryption mechanisms in HTTP and SSL/TLS. 6.1.2. ALTO Information Reuse and Redistribution ALTO information may be useful to a large number of applications and users. Distributing ALTO information must be efficient and not become a bottleneck. Therefore, the ALTO Protocol specified in this Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 14] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 document integrates with existing HTTP caching infrastructure to allow reuse of ALTO information by ALTO Clients and reduce load on ALTO servers. ALTO information may also be cached or redistributed using application-dependent mechanisms, such as P2P DHTs or P2P file- sharing. For example, a full Network Map may be reused by all ALTO Clients using the ALTO Server. Note that if caching or redistribution is used, the Response message may be returned from another (possibly third-party) entity. Reuse and Redistrubution is further discussed in Section 11.4. 7. Protocol Messaging This section specifies client and server processing, as well as messages in the ALTO Protocol. Details common to ALTO Server processing of all messages is first discussed, followed by details of the individual messages. 7.1. Message Format Request and Response follow the standard format for HTTP Request and Response messages [2] [3]. The following subsections provide an overview of how ALTO Requests and Responses are encoded in HTTP and design rationale. Details common to all ALTO Request and Response message are also specified here. 7.1.1. Protocol Versioning Approach The ALTO Protocol uses a simple and clean approach to versioning that permits evolution between versions even if ALTO information is being served as static, pre-generated files. In particular, it is assumed that a single host responding to ALTO Requests implements a single protocol version. Note that virtual hosting can be used if multiple protocol versions need to be supported by a single physical server. A common query (Server Capability, detailed in Section 7.4.1) to be present in all ALTO protocol versions allows an ALTO Client to discover additional ALTO Servers and the ALTO Protocol version number of each. This approach keeps the ALTO Server implementation free from parsing and directing each request based on version number. Although ALTO Requests are free from protocol version numbers, the protocol version Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 15] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 number is echoed in each ALTO Response to keep responses self- contained to, for example, ease reading persisted or redistributed ALTO responses. This document specifies the ALTO Protocol version 1. 7.1.2. Request Message An ALTO Request is a standard HTTP Request generated by an ALTO Client, with certain components defined by the ALTO Protocol. The basic syntax of an ALTO Request is: / HTTP/1.1 Host: For example: GET /capability HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 7.1.2.1. Standard HTTP Headers The Host header MUST follow the standard rules for the HTTP 1.1 Host Header. The Content-Length header MUST follow the standard rules defined in HTTP 1.1. The Content-Type HTTP Header MUST have value "application/alto" if the Body is non-empty. 7.1.2.2. Method and Resource Next, both the HTTP Method and remainder of the URI-Path (denoted as Resource) indicate the operation requested by the ALTO Client. In this example, the ALTO Client is requesting basic capability information from the ALTO Server. 7.1.2.3. Input Parameters Certain operations defined by the ALTO Protocol (e.g., in the Map Filtering Service) allow the ALTO Client to supply additional input parameters. Such input parameters are encoded in a URI-Query-String where possible and appropriate. However, due to practical limitations (e.g. underlying HTTP implementations may have limitations on the total length of a URI and the Query-String is better-suited for simple unstructured parameters and lists), some Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 16] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 operations in the ALTO Protocol use input parameters encoded in the HTTP Request Body. 7.1.3. Response Message A Response message is a standard HTTP Response generated by an ALTO Server with certain components defined by the ALTO Protocol. The basic syntax of an ALTO Response is: HTTP/1.1 Content-Length: Content-Type: { "meta" : , : } where the HTTP Response Body is a JSON Object with a particular structure (defined below). For example (corresponding to the Request example in Section 7.1.2 with ellipses indicating information omitted for illustration clarity): HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 1000 Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : { "version": 1 ... }, "capability" : { ... } } 7.1.3.1. Standard HTTP Headers The Content-Length header MUST follow the standard rules defined in HTTP 1.1. The Content-Type HTTP Header MUST have value "application/alto" if the Body is non-empty. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 17] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.1.3.2. Status Code and Message The HTTP Status Code MUST indicate success or an appropriate error condition using standard HTTP Status Codes. The HTTP Status Message MUST follow the standard rules in HTTP 1.1. Since the ALTO Protocol is designed as a straightforward use of HTTP to retrieve ALTO information from a server, only HTTP Status codes are needed. [[Comment.1: This can be changed if a need for different application-layer status codes arises.]] 7.1.3.3. HTTP Body The Response body MUST encode a single top-level JSON object. This JSON object has distinct sections for o Encoding meta information in an extensible way, and o Encoding the requested ALTO Information. 7.1.3.3.1. Meta Information The top-level JSON object MUST at least have a member named "meta" with a JSON Object of type for encoding meta information about the Response. MUST contain at least a member with name "version" and integer value specifying the ALTO Protocol version. Section 7.5 is an example usage of additional meta information that can accompany ALTO information. 7.1.3.3.2. ALTO Information If the Response is successful (i.e., HTTP status code is 2xx), then the top-level JSON object MUST contain a second member detailing the requested ALTO information. The name and value of this member are Response-specific and are detailed later in this section for each particular ALTO Response. 7.1.3.4. Signature An ALTO Server may additionally supply a signature asserting that it generated a particular response. In order to allow the signature to be computed over the entire response message, the signature itself is specified in an HTTP Header or Trailer (see Section 7.5.3). Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 18] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.2. General Processing The protocol is structured in such a way that, independent of the query type, there are a set of general processing steps. The ALTO Client selects a specific ALTO Server with which to communicate, establishes a TCP connection, and constructs and sends ALTO Request messages which MUST conform to Section 7.4. In response to Request messages, an ALTO Server constructs and sends ALTO Response messages which also MUST conform to Section 7.4. 7.2.1. Server Responses 7.2.1.1. Successful Request If a Request message is successfully processed and the requested ALTO information returned by the ALTO Server, the HTTP status code in the Response MUST be set to a valid 2xx HTTP status code. 7.2.1.2. Invalid Request Format If any component of the Request message is formatted incorrectly (i.e., it does not follow Section 7.4), the ALTO Server MUST return HTTP Status Code 400. 7.2.1.3. Unsupported Request If an ALTO Server does not support the operation indicated in the Request message, the ALTO Server MUST return HTTP Status Code 501. 7.2.2. Client Behavior 7.2.2.1. Successful Response This specification does not indicate any required actions taken by ALTO Clients upon receiving a successful response from an ALTO Server. Although ALTO Clients are suggested to interpret the received ALTO Information and adapt application behavior, ALTO Clients may also choose to ignore the received information. 7.2.2.2. Error Conditions If an ALTO Client does not receive a successful response from the ALTO Server, it can either choose another server or fall back to a default behavior (e.g., perform peer selection without the use of ALTO information). Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 19] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.3. HTTP Usage 7.3.1. Authentication and Encryption An ALTO Server MAY support SSL/TLS to implement server and/or client authentication, as well as encryption. An ALTO Server MAY support HTTP Digest authentication. 7.3.2. Cookies Cookies MUST NOT be used. 7.3.3. Caching Parameters If the Response generated by the ALTO Server is cachable, the ALTO Server MAY include 'Cache-Control' and 'Expires' HTTP headers. If a Response generated by the ALTO Server is not cachable, the ALTO Server MUST specify the "Cache-Control: no-cache" HTTP Header. 7.4. ALTO Requests This section documents the individual operations supported in the ALTO Protocol. See Section 7.1.2 and Section 7.1.3 for specifications of HTTP Request/Response components common to all operations in the ALTO Protocol. Table 1 provides an summary of the HTTP Method and URI-Paths used for ALTO Requests: +-------------------+-------------+----------------------------+ | Service | Operation | HTTP Method and URI-Path | +-------------------+-------------+----------------------------+ | Server Capability | Lookup | GET /capability | | | | | | Map | Network Map | GET /map/core/pid/net | | Map | Cost Map | GET /map/core/cost | | | | | | Map Filtering | Network Map | POST /map/filter/pid/net | | Map Filtering | Cost Map | POST /map/filter/pid/cost | | | | | | Endpoint Prop. | Lookup | GET /endpoint/prop/ | | | | POST /endpoint/prop/lookup | | | | | | Endpoint Cost | Lookup | POST /endpoint/cost/lookup | +-------------------+-------------+----------------------------+ Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 20] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Table 1: Overview of ALTO Requests 7.4.1. Server Capability The Server Capability request allows an ALTO Client to determine the functionality supported by a particular ALTO Server and references to additional ALTO Servers provided by the ALTO Service Provider. This operation MUST be supported by the ALTO Server. 7.4.1.1. Request Syntax GET /capability HTTP/1.1 Host: 7.4.1.2. Response Syntax HTTP/1.1 200 Content-Length: Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : , "capability" : { "server-list" : [ { "uri" : , "version" : , "services" : , "cost-types" : , "cost-constraints" : }, ... ], "self" : { "certificate" : } } } for this Response is the JSON String "capability" and is a JSON Object with REQUIRED members: o server-list: JSON Array of available ALTO Servers, and the ALTO Protocol version and basic capabilities provided by each server. o self: JSON Object encoding additional details about the ALTO Server itself. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 21] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Each element of the "server-list" is a JSON object with the following REQUIRED members: o uri: Denotes the base HTTP URI for the ALTO Server. For example, "http://alto-v1.example.com:6671" o version: Denotes the protocol version implemented by the ALTO Server. o services: Lists the services supported by the ALTO Server. The service names defined in this document are are "map", "map- filtering", "endpoint-property", and "endpoint-cost". and OPTIONAL members: o cost-types: Array of CostTypeObj JSON Objects where each CostTypeObj MUST have a "type" member with a JSONString value denoting the name of the cost type and a "units" member with a JSONString value denoting the units in which the ALTO Server returns this cost type. o const-constraints: Indicates if the ALTO Server supports cost constraints. The value 'false' is implied if this member is not present. The "self" JSON Object has the following OPTIONAL members: o certificate: PEM-encoded X.509 certificate used by the ALTO Server to sign distributed information (see Section 7.5). 7.4.1.3. Example GET /capability HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 22] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: [TODO] Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : { "version" : 1 }, "capability" : { "server-list" : [ { "uri": "http://alto.example.com:6671", "version" : 1, "services" : [ "map", "map-filtering" ], "cost-types": [ { "type":"latency", "units":"ms" }, { "type":"pDistance", "units":"scalar" }, { "type":"bandwidth", "units":"kbps" } ], "cost-constraints": false } ] } } 7.4.2. Map Service The Map Service provides batch information to ALTO Clients in the form of two maps: a Network Map and Cost Map. All Requests in the Map Service MUST be supported. An ALTO Server MUST support the Map Service and MUST implement all operations defined in this section. 7.4.2.1. Network Map The full Network Map lists for each PID, the network locations (endpoints) within the PID. 7.4.2.1.1. Request Syntax GET /map/core/pid/net HTTP/1.1 Host: Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 23] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.2.1.2. Response Syntax HTTP/1.1 200 Content-Length: Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : , "network-map": { "map-vtag" : , "map" : { : , ..., : } } } for this Response is the JSON String "network-map" and is a JSON Object with REQUIRED members: o map-vtag: The Version Tag of the Network Map (Section 5.3) o map: a JSON Object with each member representing a PID and its associated set of IP Prefixes. A member's name denotes the PID's name as JSON String, and the member's value is a JSON Array of JSON Strings, with each string representing the IP Prefix in CIDR notation. 7.4.2.1.3. Example GET /map/core/pid/net HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 24] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: [TODO] Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : { "version" : 1 }, "network-map" : { "map-vtag" : "1266506139", "map" : { "PID1" : [ "128.36.1.0/24", "132.130.1.0/24", "132.130.2.0/24" ], "PID2" : [ "130.132.3.0/24" ], "PID3" : [ "0.0.0.0/0" ] } } } 7.4.2.2. Cost Map The Map Service Cost Map query is a batch operation in which the ALTO Server returns the Path Cost for each pair of source/destination PID defined by the ALTO Server. The ALTO Server provides costs using the default Cost Type ('routingcost') and default Cost Mode ('numerical'). 7.4.2.2.1. Request Syntax GET /map/core/pid/cost HTTP/1.1 Host: Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 25] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.2.2.2. Response Syntax HTTP/1.1 200 Content-Length: Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : , "cost-map": { "map-vtag" : , "cost-type" : , "cost-mode" : , "map" : { : { : , ... : }, ..., : { : , ... : } } } } for this Response is the JSON String "cost-map" and is a JSON Object with REQUIRED members: o map-vtag: The Version Tag of the Network Map used to generate the Cost Map (Section 5.3) o cost-type: Cost Type used in the map (Section 5.1.1) o cost-mode: Cost Mode used in the map (Section 5.1.2) o map: a JSON Object with each member representing a vector of costs from a Source PID to a set of Destination PIDs (Section 5.2). A member's name denotes the Source PID's name, and a member's value is itself a JSON Object with members representing the cost to each destination PID. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 26] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.2.2.3. Example GET /map/core/pid/cost HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: [TODO] Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : { "version" : 1 }, "cost-map" : { "map-vtag" : "1266506139", "cost-type" : "routingcost", "cost-mode" : "numerical", "map" : { "PID1": { "PID1": 1, "PID2": 5, "PID3": 10 }, "PID2": { "PID1": 5, "PID2": 1, "PID3": 15 }, "PID3": { "PID1": 20, "PID2": 15, "PID3": 1 } } } } 7.4.3. Map Filtering Service The Map Filtering Service allows ALTO Clients to specify filtering criteria to return a subset of the full maps available in the Map Service. An ALTO Server MAY support the Map Filtering Service. If an ALTO Server supports the Map Filtering Service, all operations defined in this section MUST be implemented. 7.4.3.1. Network Map ALTO Clients can query for a subset of the full network map (see Section 7.4.2.1). 7.4.3.1.1. Request Syntax POST /map/filter/pid/net HTTP/1.1 Host: Content-Length: Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 27] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 The Body of the request is a JSON Array of the PIDs (each is a JSON String) to be included in the resulting Network Map. 7.4.3.1.2. Response Syntax The Response syntax is identical to that of the Map Service's Network Map Response (Section 7.4.2.1.2). The ALTO Server MUST only include PIDs in the Response that were specified in the Request. If the Request contains a PID name that is not currently defined by the ALTO Server, the ALTO Server MUST behave as if the PID did not appear in the request. 7.4.3.1.3. Example POST /map/filter/pid/net HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 Content-Length: [ "PID1", "PID2" ] HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: [TODO] Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : { "version" : 1 }, "network-map" : { "map-vtag" : "1266506139", "map" : { "PID1" : [ "128.36.1.0/24", "132.130.1.0/24", "132.130.2.0/24" ], "PID2" : [ "130.132.3.0/24" ] } } } Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 28] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.3.2. Cost Map ALTO Clients can query for the Cost Map (see Section 7.4.2.2) based on additional parameters. 7.4.3.2.1. Request Syntax POST /map/filter/pid/cost? HTTP/1.1 Host: { "src" : , "dst" : } where the Query String may contain the following parameters: o type: The requested Cost Type (Section 5.1.1). If not specified, the default value is "routingcost". This parameter MUST NOT be specified multiple times. o mode: The requested Cost mode (Section 5.1.2). If not specified, the default value is "numerical". This parameter MUST NOT be specified multiple times. o constraint: Defines a constraint on which elements of the Cost Map are returned. This parameter MUST NOT be used if the Server Capability Response (Section 7.4.1) indicates that constraint support is not available. A constraint contains two entities separated by whitespace (before URL encoding): (1) an operator either 'gt' for greater than , 'lt' for less than or 'eq' for equal to with 10 percent on either side, (2) a target numerical cost. The numerical cost is a number that MUST be defined in the units specified in the Server Capability Response. If multiple 'constraint' parameters are specified, the ALTO Server assumes they are related to each other with a logical AND. If no 'constraint' parameters are specified, then the ALTO Server returns the full Cost Map. The Request body MAY specify a list of Source PIDs, and a list of Destination PIDs. The lists are included as members of a single JSON Object, with values being an array of PIDs (each PID being a JSON String). If a list is empty, it is interpreted by the ALTO Server as the full set of currently-defined PIDs. The ALTO Server returns costs between each pair of source/destination PID. If the Request body is empty, both lists are interpreted to be empty. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 29] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.3.2.2. Response Syntax The Response syntax is identical to that of the Map Service's Cost Map Response (Section 7.4.2.2.2). If the Request contains a PID name that is not currently defined by the ALTO Server, the ALTO Server MUST behave as if the PID did not appear in the request. 7.4.3.2.3. Example POST /map/filter/pid/cost?type=hopcount HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 { "src" : [ "PID1" ], "dst" : [ "PID1", "PID2", "PID3" ] } HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: [TODO] Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : { "version" : 1 }, "cost-map" : { "map-vtag" : "1266506139", "cost-type" : "hopcount", "cost-mode" : "numerical", "map" : { "PID1": { "PID1": 0, "PID2": 1, "PID3": 2 } } } } 7.4.4. Endpoint Property Service The Endpoint Property Lookup query allows an ALTO Client to lookup properties of Endpoints known to the ALTO Server. If the ALTO Server provides the Endpoint Property Service, the ALTO Server MUST define at least the 'pid' property for Endpoints. [TODO: Additional supported properties can be defined in the Server Capability response.] An ALTO Server MAY support the Endpoint Property Service. If an ALTO Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 30] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Server supports the Endpoint Property Service, all operations defined in this section MUST be implemented. 7.4.4.1. Endpoint Property Lookup 7.4.4.1.1. Request Syntax POST /endpoint/prop/lookup? HTTP/1.1 Host: Content-Length: where the Query String may contain the following parameters: o prop: The requested property type. This parameter MUST be specified at least once, and MAY be specified multiple times (e.g., to query for multiple different properties at once). and >Endpoint> is an IPv4 address or IPv6 address. An alternate syntax is supported for the case when properties are requested for a single endpoint: GET /endpoint/prop/? HTTP/1.1 Host: where the Query String and >Endpoint> are the same as in the first form. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 31] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.4.1.2. Response Syntax HTTP/1.1 200 Content-Length: Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : , "endpoint-properties": { : { : , ... : }, ..., : { : , ... : } } } for this Response is the JSON String "endpoint-properties" and is a JSON Object with one member for each >Endpoint> included in the Request. Each such member includes one name/value pair for each requested property, where both the name and value are JSON Strings. If the ALTO Server does not define a requested property for an particular endpoint, then it MUST omit it from the Response for only that endpoint. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 32] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 7.4.4.1.3. Example POST /endpoint/prop/lookup?prop=pid HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 Content-Length: [TODO] [ "128.36.1.34", "132.130.4.53" ] HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: [TODO] Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : , "endpoint-properties": { "128.36.1.34" : { "pid": "PID1" }, "132.130.4.53" : { "pid": "PID2" } } } 7.4.5. Endpoint Cost Service The Endpoint Cost Service allows ALTO Clients to directly supply endpoints to an ALTO Server. The ALTO Server replies with costs (numerical or ordinal) amongst the endpoints. In particular, this service allows lists of Endpoint addresses to be ranked (ordered) by an ALTO Server. An ALTO Server MAY support the Endpoint Cost Service. If an ALTO Server supports the Endpoint Cost Service, all operations defined in this section MUST be implemented. 7.4.5.1. Endpoint Cost Lookup 7.4.5.1.1. Request Syntax POST /endpoint/cost/lookup? HTTP/1.1 Host: Content-Length: { "src" : , "dst" : } The request body includes a list of source and destination endpoints Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 33] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 that should be assigned a cost by the ALTO Server. The allowed Query String parameters are defined identically to Section 7.4.3.2. The request body MUST specify a list of source Endpoints, and a list of destination Endpoints, using a similar structure to Section 7.4.3.2. If the list of source Endpoints is empty (or it is not included), the ALTO Server MUST treat it as if it contained the Endpoint address of the requesting client. The list of destination Endpoints MUST NOT be empty. The ALTO Server returns costs between each pair of source/destination Endpoint. 7.4.5.1.2. Response Syntax HTTP/1.1 200 Content-Length: Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : , "endpoint-cost-map" : { "cost-type" : , "cost-mode" : , "map" : { : { : , ... : }, ..., : { : , ... : } } } } for this Response is the JSON String "endpoint-cost-map" and is a JSON Object with REQUIRED members: o cost-type: Cost Type used in the map (Section 5.1.1) o cost-mode: Cost Mode used in the map (Section 5.1.2) o map: a JSON Object with each member representing a vector of costs from a Source Endpoint to a set of Destination Endpoints (Section 5.2). A member's name denotes the Source Endpoint's Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 34] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 name, and a member's value is itself a JSON Object with members representing the cost to each destination Endpoint. 7.4.5.1.3. Example POST /endpoint/cost/m?mode=ordinal HTTP/1.1 Host: alto.example.com:6671 Content-Length: [TODO] { "src": [ "128.30.24.2" ], "dst": [ "128.30.24.89", "12.32.67.3", "130.132.33.4" ] } HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: [TODO] Content-Type: application/alto { "meta" : { "version" : 1 }, "endpoint-cost-map" : { "cost-type" : "routingcost", "cost-mode" : "ordinal", "map" : { "128.30.24.2": { "128.30.24.89" : 1, "130.132.33.4" : 2, "12.32.67.3" : 3 } } } } 7.5. Redistributable Responses An ALTO Server MAY indicate that a response is suitable for redistribution by including a "redistribution" JSON object in the of an ALTO Response message: Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 35] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 { "meta" : { ... "redistribution" : { "server" : , "request-uri" : , "request-body" : , "expires" : } }, ... } If an ALTO Server indicates the that the response is redistributable, the Response message MUST satisfy all requirements in this section. 7.5.1. Server and Request Parameters The ALTO Server generating the response indicates its own address and any input parameters used to generate the response. This allows ALTO Clients to which the information is distributed to understand the context of the query and interpret the results. This information is encoded in members of the redistribution JSON Object. The 'server' member is REQUIRED and MUST have a value equal to the ALTO Server's hostname and port, in a format identical to the HTTP 1.1 Host header. The 'request-uri' member is REQUIRED and MUST specify the HTTP Request-URI that was passed in the HTTP Request. If the HTTP Request body was non-empty, the 'request-body' member MUST specify full JSON value passed in the HTTP Request (note that whitespace may differ, as long as the JSON Value is identical). If the HTTP Request was empty, then the 'request-body' MUST NOT be included. Note that information about ALTO Client performing the Request and any HTTP Headers passed in the request are not included. If any such information or headers influence the response generated by the ALTO Server, the response SHOULD NOT be indicated as redistributable. 7.5.2. Expiration Time ALTO Responses marked as redistributable SHOULD indicate a time after which the information is considered stale and should be refreshed from the ALTO Server (or possibly another ALTO Client). Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 36] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 The 'expires' element is RECOMMENDED and, if present, MUST specify a time in UTC formatted according to [5]. If an expiration time is present, the ALTO Server SHOULD ensure that it is reasonably consistent with the expiration time that would be computed by HTTP header fields. If the expiration time in the 'expires' element is earlier, some ALTO Clients may refresh data from the ALTO Server earlier than expected. If the expiration time included in the response body is later, some ALTO Clients may refresh the data later than expected. 7.5.3. Signature ALTO Responses marked as redistributable MUST include a signature used to assert that the ALTO Server Provider generated the ALTO Information. Verification of the signature requires the ALTO Client to retrieve the ALTO Server's public key. There are multiple possibilities to retrieve it: o SSL/TLS connection with the ALTO Server: The public key algorithm and public key may be retrieved from the ALTO Server's X.509 Certificate used on an HTTPS connection between the ALTO Server and ALTO Client. o Included in ALTO Server's Server Capability Response: If the ALTO Client requests from the ALTO Server over a non SSL/TLS connection, an X.509 certificate (including the public key and public key algorithm) can be included in the Server Capability Response. To reduce requirements on the underlying transport (i.e., requiring SSL/TLS), the ALTO Protocol uses the latter option. Thus, if an ALTO Server marks any Response as redistributable, the Server Capability Response MUST include a PEM-encoded X.509 certificate. This specification does not mandate any requirements on the X.509 certificate (other than consistency between its public key and the signature in redistributable ALTO Responses), but ALTO Clients SHOULD verify that the certificate satisfies any local policies (e.g., Issuer, expiration date, etc). The ALTO Server may include the Hash Algorithm, Signature Algorithm, and Signature in either HTTP Headers or Trailers. Headers may be useful if Responses are pre-generated, while Trailers may be useful if Responses are dynamically generated (e.g., to avoid buffering large responses in memory while the hash value is computed). Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 37] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 The following HTTP Headers (the ALTO Server MAY specify them as HTTP Trailers) are used to encode the Signature parameters: X-ALTO-HashAlgorithm: X-ALTO-SignatureAlgorithm: X-ALTO-SignatureDigest: where and are an integer values from the IANA TLS HashAlgorithm and SignatureAlgorithm registries, and is the corresponding PEM-encoded signature. ALTO Clients SHOULD pass the ALTO Server Certificate, Signature, and Signature Algorithm along with the body of the ALTO Response. The mechanism for redistributing such information is not specified by the ALTO Protocol, but one possibility is to add additional messages or fields to the application's native protocol. 8. Use Cases The sections below depict typical use cases. 8.1. ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Tracker Many P2P currently-deployed P2P systems use a Tracker to manage swarms and perform peer selection. P2P trackers may currently use a variety of information to perform peer selection to meet application- specific goals. By acting as an ALTO Client, an P2P tracker can use ALTO information as an additional information source to enable more network-efficient traffic patterns and improve application performance. A particular requirement of many P2P trackers is that they must handle a large number of P2P clients. A P2P tracker can obtain and locally store ALTO information (the Network Map and Cost Map) from the ISPs containing the P2P clients, and benefit from the same aggregation of network locations done by ALTO Servers. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 38] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 .---------. (1) Get Network Map .---------------. | | <----------------------> | | | ALTO | | P2P Tracker | | Server | (2) Get Cost Map | (ALTO Client) | | | <----------------------> | | `---------' `---------------' ^ | (3) Get Peers | | (4) Selected Peer | v List .---------. .-----------. | Peer 1 | <-------------- | P2P | `---------' | Client | . (5) Connect to `-----------' . Selected Peers / .---------. / | Peer 50 | <------------------ `---------' Figure 3: ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Tracker Figure 3 shows an example use case where a P2P tracker is an ALTO Client and applies ALTO information when selecting peers for its P2P clients. The example proceeds as follows: 1. The P2P Tracker requests the Network Map covering all PIDs from the ALTO Server using the Network Map query. The Network Map includes the IP prefixes contained in each PID, allowing the P2P tracker to locally map P2P clients into a PIDs. 2. The P2P Tracker requests the Cost Map amongst all PIDs from the ALTO Server. 3. A P2P Client joins the swarm, and requests a peer list from the P2P Tracker. 4. The P2P Tracker returns a peer list to the P2P client. The returned peer list is computed based on the Network Map and Cost Map returned by the ALTO Server, and possibly other information sources. Note that it is possible that a tracker may use only the Network Map to implement hierarchical peer selection by preferring peers within the same PID and ISP. 5. The P2P Client connects to the selected peers. Note that the P2P tracker may provide peer lists to P2P clients distributed across multiple ISPs. In such a case, the P2P tracker may communicate with multiple ALTO Servers. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 39] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 8.2. ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Client: Numerical Costs P2P clients may also utilize ALTO information themselves when selecting from available peers. It is important to note that not all P2P systems use a P2P tracker for peer discovery and selection. Furthermore, even when a P2P tracker is used, the P2P clients may rely on other sources, such as peer exchange and DHTs, to discover peers. When an P2P Client uses ALTO information, it typically queries only the ALTO Server servicing its own ISP. The my-Internet view provided by its ISP's ALTO Server can include preferences to all potential peers. .---------. (1) Get Network Map .---------------. | | <----------------------> | | | ALTO | | P2P Client | | Server | (2) Get Cost Map | (ALTO Client) | | | <----------------------> | | .---------. `---------' `---------------' <- | P2P | .---------. / | ^ ^ | Tracker | | Peer 1 | <-------------- | | \ `---------' `---------' | (3) Gather Peers . (4) Select Peers | | \ . and Connect / .--------. .--------. .---------. / | P2P | | DHT | | Peer 50 | <---------------- | Client | `--------' `---------' | (PEX) | `--------' Figure 4: ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Client Figure 4 shows an example use case where a P2P Client locally applies ALTO information to select peers. The use case proceeds as follows: 1. The P2P Client requests the Network Map covering all PIDs from the ALTO Server servicing its own ISP. 2. The P2P Client requests the Cost Map amongst all PIDs from the ALTO Server. The Cost Map by default specifies numerical costs. 3. The P2P Client discovers peers from sources such as Peer Exchange (PEX) from other P2P Clients, Distributed Hash Tables (DHT), and P2P Trackers. 4. The P2P Client uses ALTO information as part of the algorithm for selecting new peers, and connects to the selected peers. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 40] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 8.3. ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Client: Ranking It is also possible for a P2P Client to offload the selection and ranking process to an ALTO Server. In this use case, the ALTO Client gathers a list of known peers in the swarm, and asks the ALTO Server to rank them. As in the use case using numerical costs, the P2P Client typically only queries the ALTO Server servicing its own ISP. .---------. .---------------. | | | | | ALTO | (2) Get Endpoint Ranking | P2P Client | | Server | <----------------------> | (ALTO Client) | | | | | .---------. `---------' `---------------' <- | P2P | .---------. / | ^ ^ | Tracker | | Peer 1 | <-------------- | | \ `---------' `---------' | (1) Gather Peers . (3) Connect to | | \ . Selected Peers / .--------. .--------. .---------. / | P2P | | DHT | | Peer 50 | <---------------- | Client | `--------' `---------' | (PEX) | `--------' Figure 5: ALTO Client Embedded in P2P Client: Ranking Figure 5 shows an example of this scenario. The use case proceeds as follows: 1. The P2P Client discovers peers from sources such as Peer Exchange (PEX) from other P2P Clients, Distributed Hash Tables (DHT), and P2P Trackers. 2. The P2P Client queries the ALTO Server's Ranking Service, including discovered peers as the set of Destination Endpoints, and indicates the 'ordinal' Cost Mode. The response indicates the ranking of the candidate peers. 3. The P2P Client connects to the peers in the order specified in the ranking. 9. Discussions Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 41] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 9.1. Discovery The particular mechanism by which an ALTO Client discovers its ALTO Server is an important component to the ALTO architecture and numerous techniques have been discussed [15] [16]. However, the discovery mechanism is out of scope for this document. Some ISPs have proposed the possibility of delegation, in which an ISP provides information for customer networks which do not wish to run Portal Servers themselves. A consideration for delegation is that customer networks may wish to explicitly configure such delegation. 9.2. Network Address Translation Considerations At this day and age of NAT v4<->v4, v4<->v6 [17], and possibly v6<->v6[18], a protocol should strive to be NAT friendly and minimize carrying IP addresses in the payload, or provide a mode of operation where the source IP address provide the information necessary to the server. The protocol specified in this document provides a mode of operation where the source network location is computed by the ALTO Server (via the Endpoint Property Lookup interface) from the source IP address found in the ALTO Client query packets. This is similar to how some P2P Trackers (e.g., BitTorrent Trackers - see "Tracker HTTP/HTTPS Protocol" in [19]) operate. The ALTO client SHOULD use the Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) [6] to determine a public IP address to use as a source NL-ID. If using this method, the host MUST use the "Binding Request" message and the resulting "XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS" parameter that is returned in the response. Using STUN requires cooperation from a publicly accessible STUN server. Thus, the ALTO client also requires configuration information that identifies the STUN server, or a domain name that can be used for STUN server discovery. To be selected for this purpose, the STUN server needs to provide the public reflexive transport address of the host. 9.3. Mapping IPs to ASNs It may be desired for the ALTO Protocol to provide ALTO information including ASNs. Thus, ALTO Clients may need to identify the ASN for a Resource Provider to determine the cost to that Resource Provider. Applications can already map IPs to ASNs using information from a BGP Looking Glass. To do so, they must download a file of about 1.5MB when compressed (as of October 2008, with all information not needed Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 42] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 for IP to ASN mapping removed) and periodically (perhaps monthly) refresh it. Alternatively, the Network Map query in the Map Filtering Service defined in this document could be extended to map ASNs into a set of IP prefixes. The mappings provided by the ISP would be both smaller and more authoritative. For simplicity of implementation, it's highly desirable that clients only have to implement exactly one mechanism of mapping IPs to ASNs. 9.4. Endpoint and Path Properties An ALTO Server could make available many properties about Endpoints beyond their network location or grouping. For example, connection type, geographical location, and others may be useful to applications. The current draft focuses on network location and grouping, but the protocol may be extended to handle other Endpoint properties. 9.5. P2P Peer Selection This section discusses possible approaches to peer selection using ALTO information (Network Location Identifiers and associated Costs) from an ALTO Server. Specifically, the application must select which peers to use based on this and other sources of information. With this in mind, the usage of ALTO Costs is intentionally flexible, because: Different applications may use the information differently. For example, an application that connects to just one address may have a different algorithm for selecting it than an application that connects to many. Though initial experiments have been conducted [20], more investigation is needed to identify other methods. In addition, the application might account for robustness, perhaps using randomized exploration to determine if it performs better without ALTO information. 9.5.1. Client-based Peer Selection One possibility is for peer selection using ALTO costs to be done entirely by a P2P client. The following are some techniques have been proposed and/or used: Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 43] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 o Prefer network locations with lower ordinal rankings (i.e., higher priority) [21] [10]. o Optimistically unchoking low-cost peers with higher probability [10]. 9.5.2. Server-based Peer Selection Another possibility is for ALTO costs to be used by an Application Tracker (e.g., BitTorrent Tracker) when returning peer lists. The following are techniques that have been proposed and/or used: o Using bandwidth matching (e.g., at an Application Tracker) and choosing solution (within bound of optimal) with minimal network cost [20]. 10. IANA Considerations This document request the registration of a new media type: "application/alto" 11. Security Considerations 11.1. Privacy Considerations for ISPs ISPs must be cognizant of the network topology and provisioning information provided through ALTO Interfaces. ISPs should evaluate how much information is revealed and the associated risks. On the one hand, providing overly fine-grained information may make it easier for attackers to infer network topology. In particular, attackers may try to infer details regarding ISPs' operational policies, inter-ISP business relationships, etc. by intenionally posting a multitude of selective queries to an ALTO server (and carefully analyzing the responses). Such sophisticated attacks may reveal more information than an ISP hosting an ALTO server intends to disclose. On the other hand, revealing overly coarse-grained information may not provide benefits to network efficiency or performance improvements to ALTO Clients. 11.2. ALTO Clients Applications using the information must be cognizant of the possibility that the information is malformed or incorrect. Even if an ALTO Server has been properly authenticated by the ALTO Client, the information provided may be malicious because the ALTO Server and its credentials have been compromised (e.g., through malware). Other Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 44] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 considerations (e.g., relating to application performance) can be found in Section 6 of [13]. ALTO Clients should also be cognizant of revealing Network Location Identifiers (IP addresses or fine-grained PIDs) to the ALTO Server, as doing so may allow the ALTO Server to infer communication patterns. One possibility is for the ALTO Client to only rely on Network Map for PIDs and Cost Map amongst PIDs to avoid passing IP addresses of their peers to the ALTO Server. In addition, ALTO clients should be cautious not to unintentionally or indirectly disclose the resource identifier (of which they try to improve the retrieval through ALTO-guidance), e.g., the name/ identifier of a certain video stream in P2P live streaming, to the ALTO server. Note that the ALTO Protocol specified in this document does not explicitly reveal any resource identifier to the ALTO Server. However, for instance, depending on the popularity or other specifics (such as language) of the resource, an ALTO server could potentially deduce information about the desired resource from information such as the Network Locations the client sends as part of its request to the server. 11.3. Authentication, Integrity Protection, and Encryption SSL/TLS can provide encryption of transmitted messages as well as authentication of the ALTO Client and Server. HTTP Basic or Digest authentication can provide authentication of the client (combined with SSL/TLS, it can additionally provide encryption and authentication of the server). An ALTO Server may optionally use authentication (and potentially encryption) to protect ALTO information it provides. This can be achieved by digitally signing a hash of the ALTO information itself and attaching the signature to the ALTO information. There may be special use cases where encryption of ALTO information is desirable. In most cases, however, information sent out by an ALTO Server is most likely to be regarded as non-confidential information. ISPs should be cognizant that encryption only protects ALTO information until it is decrypted by the intended ALTO Client. Digital Rights Management (DRM) techniques and legal agreements protecting ALTO information are outside of the scope of this document. 11.4. ALTO Information Redistribution It is possible for applications to redistribute ALTO information to improve scalability. Even with such a distribution scheme, ALTO Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 45] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Clients obtaining ALTO information must be able to validate the received ALTO information to ensure that it was actually generated by the correct ALTO Server. Further, to prevent the ALTO Server from being a target of attack, the verification scheme must not require ALTO Clients to contact the ALTO Server to validate every set of information. Note that in any case, contacting the originating ALTO server for information validation would undermine the intended effect of redistribution and is therefore not desirable. Note that the redistribution scheme must additionally handle details such as ensuring ALTO Clients retrieve ALTO information from the correct ALTO Server. See [22] and [23] for further discussion. Details of a particular redistribution scheme are outside the scope of this document. To fulfill these requirements, ALTO Information meant to be redistributable contains a digital signature which includes a hash of the ALTO information signed by the ALTO Server with its private key. The corresponding public key should either be part of the ALTO information itself, or it could be included in the server capability response. The public key SHOULD include the hostname of the ALTO Server and it SHOULD be signed by a trusted authority (i.e., in a certificate). This an ALTO client retrieving redistributed ALTO information to verify the correctness of the ALTO Server's signature, given that it trusts the authority which signed the ALTO Server's certificate. Note that in some cases this requires that the retrieving ALTO Client must be able to derive a transitive certificate chain (including a Root-CA) to the trusted authority which signed the ALTO Server's certificate. This requirement may not be possible to fulfill between every ALTO Client / ALTO Server combination on the Internet due to the lack of a world-wide public key infrastructure. 11.5. Denial of Service ISPs should be cognizant of the workload at the ALTO Server generated by certain ALTO Queries, such as certain queries to the Map Filtering Service and Ranking Service. In particular, queries which can be generated with low effort but result in expensive workloads at the ALTO Server could be exploited for Denial-of-Service attacks. For instance, a simple ALTO query with n Source Network Locations and m Destination Network Locations can be generated fairly easily but results in the computation of n*m Path Costs between pairs by the ALTO Server (see Section 5.2). One way to limit Denial-of-Service attacks is to employ access control to the ALTO server. Another possible mechanism for an ALTO Server to protect itself against a multitude of computationally expensive bogus requests is to demand that each ALTO Client to solve a computational puzzle first before Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 46] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 allocating resources for answering a request (see, e.g., [24]). The current specification the current specification does not use such computational puzzles, and discussion regarding tradeoffs of such an approach would be needed before including such a technique in the ALTO Protocol. ISPs should also leverage the fact that the the Map Service allows ALTO Servers to pre-generate maps that can be useful to many ALTO Clients. 11.6. ALTO Server Access Control In order to limit access to an ALTO server (e.g., for an ISP to only allow its users to access its ALTO server, or to prevent Denial-of- Service attacks by arbitrary hosts from the Internet), an ALTO server may employ access control policies. Depending on the use-case and scenario, an ALTO server may restrict access to its services more strictly or rather openly (see [25] for a more detailed discussion on this issue). 12. References 12.1. Normative References [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [2] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and H. Nielsen, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0", RFC 1945, May 1996. [3] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [4] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006. [5] Klyne, G., Ed. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, July 2002. [6] Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing, "Session Traversal Utilities for (NAT) (STUN)", draft-ietf-behave-rfc3489bis-18 (work in progress), July 2008. Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 47] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 12.2. Informative References [7] Kiesel, S., Popkin, L., Previdi, S., Woundy, R., and Y. Yang, "Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Requirements", draft-kiesel-alto-reqs-01 (work in progress), November 2008. [8] Alimi, R., Pasko, D., Popkin, L., Wang, Y., and Y. Yang, "P4P: Provider Portal for P2P Applications", draft-p4p-framework-00 (work in progress), November 2008. [9] Wang, Y., Alimi, R., Pasko, D., Popkin, L., and Y. Yang, "P4P Protocol Specification", draft-wang-alto-p4p-specification-00 (work in progress), March 2009. [10] Shalunov, S., Penno, R., and R. Woundy, "ALTO Information Export Service", draft-shalunov-alto-infoexport-00 (work in progress), October 2008. [11] Das, S. and V. Narayanan, "A Client to Service Query Response Protocol for ALTO", draft-saumitra-alto-queryresponse-00 (work in progress), March 2009. [12] Das, S., Narayanan, V., and L. Dondeti, "ALTO: A Multi Dimensional Peer Selection Problem", draft-saumitra-alto-multi-ps-00 (work in progress), October 2008. [13] Seedorf, J. and E. Burger, "Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Problem Statement", RFC 5693, October 2009. [14] Yang, Y., Popkin, L., Penno, R., and S. Shalunov, "An Architecture of ALTO for P2P Applications", draft-yang-alto-architecture-00 (work in progress), March 2009. [15] Garcia, G., Tomsu, M., and Y. Wang, "ALTO Discovery Protocols", draft-wang-alto-discovery-00 (work in progress), March 2009. [16] Song, H., Even, R., Pascual, V., and Y. Zhang, "Application- Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO): Discover ALTO Servers", draft-song-alto-server-discovery-00 (work in progress), March 2009. [17] Baker, F., Li, X., and C. Bao, "Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation", draft-baker-behave-v4v6-framework-02 (work in progress), February 2009. [18] Wasserman, M. and F. Baker, "IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Address Translation (NAT66)", draft-mrw-behave-nat66-02 (work in Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 48] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 progress), March 2009. [19] "Bittorrent Protocol Specification v1.0", http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentSpecification, 2009. [20] H. Xie, YR. Yang, A. Krishnamurthy, Y. Liu, and A. Silberschatz., "P4P: Provider Portal for (P2P) Applications", In SIGCOMM 2008. [21] Akonjang, O., Feldmann, A., Previdi, S., Davie, B., and D. Saucez, "The PROXIDOR Service", draft-akonjang-alto-proxidor-00 (work in progress), March 2009. [22] Yingjie, G., Alimi, R., and R. Even, "ALTO Information Redistribution", draft-gu-alto-redistribution-01 (work in progress), October 2009. [23] Stiemerling, M., "ALTO Information Redistribution Considered Harmful", draft-stiemerling-alto-info-redist-00 (work in progress), August 2009. [24] Jennings, C., "Computational Puzzles for SPAM Reduction in SIP", draft-jennings-sip-hashcash-06 (work in progress), July 2007. [25] Stiemerling, M. and S. Kiesel, "ALTO Deployment Considerations", draft-stiemerling-alto-deployments-01 (work in progress), March 2010. Appendix A. ALTO Protocol Grammar All of the mechanisms specified in this document are described in both prose and an augmented Backus-Naur Form (BNF) defined in RFC 2234 [10]. Section 6.1 of RFC 2234 defines a set of core rules that are used by this specification, and not repeated here. Implementers need to be familiar with the notation and content of RFC 2234 in order to understand this specification. Certain basic rules are in uppercase, such as SP, LWS, HTAB, CRLF, DIGIT, ALPHA, etc. Angle brackets are used within definitions to clarify the use of rule names. TODO Appendix B. Acknowledgments Thank you to Jan Seedorf for contributions to the Security Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 49] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Considerations section. We would like to thank the following people whose input and involvement was indispensable in achieving this merged proposal: Obi Akonjang (DT Labs/TU Berlin), Saumitra M. Das (Qualcomm Inc.), Syon Ding (China Telecom), Doug Pasko (Verizon), Laird Popkin (Pando Networks), Satish Raghunath (Juniper Networks), Albert Tian (Ericsson/Redback), Yu-Shun Wang (Microsoft), David Zhang (PPLive), Yunfei Zhang (China Mobile). We would also like to thank the following additional people who were involved in the projects that contributed to this merged document: Alex Gerber (AT&T), Chris Griffiths (Comcast), Ramit Hora (Pando Networks), Arvind Krishnamurthy (University of Washington), Marty Lafferty (DCIA), Erran Li (Bell Labs), Jin Li (Microsoft), Y. Grace Liu (IBM Watson), Jason Livingood (Comcast), Michael Merritt (AT&T), Ingmar Poese (DT Labs/TU Berlin), James Royalty (Pando Networks), Damien Saucez (UCL) Thomas Scholl (AT&T), Emilio Sepulveda (Telefonica), Avi Silberschatz (Yale University), Hassan Sipra (Bell Canada), Georgios Smaragdakis (DT Labs/TU Berlin), Haibin Song (Huawei), Oliver Spatscheck (AT&T), See-Mong Tang (Microsoft), Jia Wang (AT&T), Hao Wang (Yale University), Ye Wang (Yale University), Haiyong Xie (Yale University). Appendix C. Authors [[Comment.2: RFC Editor: Please move information in this section to the Authors' Addresses section at publication time.]] Stefano Previdi Cisco Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 50] Internet-Draft ALTO Protocol March 2010 Email: sprevidi@cisco.com Stanislav Shalunov BitTorrent Email: shalunov@bittorrent.com Richard Woundy Comcast Richard_Woundy@cable.comcast.com Authors' Addresses Richard Alimi (editor) Yale University Email: richard.alimi@yale.edu Reinaldo Penno (editor) Juniper Networks 1194 N Mathilda Avenue Sunnyvale, CA USA Email: rpenno@juniper.net Y. Richard Yang (editor) Yale University Email: yry@cs.yale.edu Alimi, et al. Expires September 5, 2010 [Page 51]