ANIMA WG M. Behringer, Ed. Internet-Draft T. Eckert Intended status: Standards Track Cisco Systems Expires: January 9, 2017 S. Bjarnason Arbor Networks July 8, 2016 An Autonomic Control Plane draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-03 Abstract Autonomic functions need a control plane to communicate, which depends on some addressing and routing. This Autonomic Control Plane should ideally be self-managing, and as independent as possible of configuration. This document defines an "Autonomic Control Plane", with the primary use as a control plane for autonomic functions. It also serves as a "virtual out of band channel" for OAM communications over a network that is not configured, or mis-configured. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 9, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Use Cases for an Autonomic Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. An Infrastructure for Autonomic Functions . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Secure Bootstrap over an Unconfigured Network . . . . . . 4 2.3. Data Plane Independent Permanent Reachability . . . . . . 5 3. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. Self-Creation of an Autonomic Control Plane . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1. Preconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1.1. Domain Certificate with ANIMA information . . . . . . 8 5.1.2. AN Adjacency Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.2. Neighbor discovery via mDNS/DNS-SD . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3. Candidate ACP Neighbor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.4. Channel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.5. Security Association protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.5.1. ACP via IPsec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.5.2. ACP via GRE/IPsec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.5.3. ACP via dTLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.5.4. GRASP/TLS negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.5.5. ACP Security Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.6. GRASP instance details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.7. Context Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.8. Addressing inside the ACP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.8.1. Fundamental Concepts of Autonomic Addressing . . . . 15 5.8.2. The ACP Addressing Base Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.8.3. ACP Addressing Sub-Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.8.4. Usage of the Zone Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.8.5. Other ACP Addressing Sub-Schemes . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.9. Routing in the ACP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.10. General ACP Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6. Workarounds for Non-Autonomic Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.1. Connecting a Non-Autonomic Controller / NMS system . . . 20 6.2. ACP through Non-Autonomic L3 Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7. Self-Healing Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 8. Self-Protection Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9. The Administrator View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 10. Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 10.1. Why GRASP to discover autonomic neighbors . . . . . . . 23 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 13. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 14. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] . . . . . . . . . . . 25 14.1. Initial version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 14.2. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-00 . . . . 26 14.3. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-01 . . . . 26 14.4. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-02 . . . . 26 14.5. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-03 . . . . 26 14.6. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-00 . . . . . . 27 14.7. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-01 . . . . . . 27 14.8. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-02 . . . . . . 28 14.9. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-03 . . . . . . 28 15. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendix A. Background on the choice of routing protocol . . . . 30 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1. Introduction Autonomic Networking is a concept of self-management: Autonomic functions self-configure, and negotiate parameters and settings across the network. [RFC7575] defines the fundamental ideas and design goals of Autonomic Networking. A gap analysis of Autonomic Networking is given in [RFC7576]. The reference architecture for Autonomic Networking in the IETF is currently being defined in the document [I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model] Autonomic functions need a stable and robust infrastructure to communicate on. This infrastructure should be as robust as possible, and it should be re-usable by all autonomic functions. [RFC7575] calls it the "Autonomic Control Plane". This document defines the Autonomic Control Plane. Today, the management and control plane of networks typically runs in the global routing table, which is dependent on correct configuration and routing. Misconfigurations or routing problems can therefore disrupt management and control channels. Traditionally, an out of band network has been used to recover from such problems, or personnel is sent on site to access devices through console ports. However, both options are operationally expensive. In increasingly automated networks either controllers or distributed autonomic service agents in the network require a control plane which is independent of the network they manage, to avoid impacting their own operations. This document describes options for a self-forming, self-managing and self-protecting "Autonomic Control Plane" (ACP) which is inband on the network, yet as independent as possible of configuration, addressing and routing problems (for details how this achieved, see Section 5). It therefore remains operational even in the presence of Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 configuration errors, addressing or routing issues, or where policy could inadvertently affect control plane connectivity. The Autonomic Control Plane serves several purposes at the same time: o Autonomic functions communicate over the ACP. The ACP therefore supports directly Autonomic Networking functions, as described in [I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model]. For example, GRASP [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp] can run inside the ACP. o An operator can use it to log into remote devices, even if the data plane is misconfigured or unconfigured. o A controller or network management system can use it to securely bootstrap network devices in remote locations, even if the network in between is not yet configured; no data-plane dependent bootstrap configuration is required. An example of such a secure bootstrap process is described in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] This document describes some use cases for the ACP in Section 2, it defines the requirements in Section 3, Section 4 gives an overview how an Autonomic Control Plane is constructed, and in Section 5 the detailed process is explained. Section 6 explains how non-autonomic nodes and networks can be integrated, and Section 5.5 the first channel types for the ACP. The document "Autonomic Network Stable Connectivity" [I-D.eckert-anima-stable-connectivity] describes how the ACP can be used to provide stable connectivity for OAM applications. It also explains on how existing management solutions can leverage the ACP in parallel with traditional management models, when to use the ACP versus the data plane, how to integrate IPv4 based management, etc. 2. Use Cases for an Autonomic Control Plane 2.1. An Infrastructure for Autonomic Functions Autonomic Functions need a stable infrastructure to run on, and all autonomic functions should use the same infrastructure to minimise the complexity of the network. This way, there is only need for a single discovery mechanism, a single security mechanism, and other processes that distributed functions require. 2.2. Secure Bootstrap over an Unconfigured Network Today, bootstrapping a new device typically requires all devices between a controlling node (such as an SDN controller) and the new device to be completely and correctly addressed, configured and Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 secured. Therefore, bootstrapping a network happens in layers around the controller. Without console access (for example through an out of band network) it is not possible today to make devices securely reachable before having configured the entire network between. With the ACP, secure bootstrap of new devices can happen without requiring any configuration on the network. A new device can automatically be bootstrapped in a secure fashion and be deployed with a domain certificate. This does not require any configuration on intermediate nodes, because they can communicate through the ACP. 2.3. Data Plane Independent Permanent Reachability Today, most critical control plane protocols and network management protocols are running in the data plane (global routing table) of the network. This leads to undesirable dependencies between control and management plane on one side and the data plane on the other: Only if the data plane is operational, will the other planes work as expected. Data plane connectivity can be affected by errors and faults, for example certain AAA misconfigurations can lock an administrator out of a device; routing or addressing issues can make a device unreachable; shutting down interfaces over which a current management session is running can lock an admin irreversibly out of the device. Traditionally only console access can help recover from such issues. Data plane dependencies also affect NOC/SDN controller applications: Certain network changes are today hard to operate, because the change itself may affect reachability of the devices. Examples are address or mask changes, routing changes, or security policies. Today such changes require precise hop-by-hop planning. The ACP provides reachability that is largely independent of the data plane, which allows control plane and management plane to operate more robustly: o For management plane protocols, the ACP provides the functionality of a "Virtual-out-of-band (VooB) channel", by providing connectivity to all devices regardless of their configuration or global routing table. o For control plane protocols, the ACP allows their operation even when the data plane is temporarily faulty, or during transitional events, such as routing changes, which may affect the control plane at least temporarily. This is specifically important for autonomic service agents, which could affect data plane connectivity. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 The document "Autonomic Network Stable Connectivity" [I-D.eckert-anima-stable-connectivity] explains the use cases for the ACP in significantly more detail and explains how the ACP can be used in practical network operations. 3. Requirements The Autonomic Control Plane has the following requirements: 1. The ACP SHOULD provide robust connectivity: As far as possible, it should be independent of configured addressing, configuration and routing. Requirements 2 and 3 build on this requirement, but also have value on their own. 2. The ACP MUST have a separate address space from the data plane. Reason: traceability, debug-ability, separation from data plane, security (can block easily at edge). 3. The ACP MUST use autonomically managed address space. Reason: easy bootstrap and setup ("autonomic"); robustness (admin can't mess things up so easily). This document suggests to use ULA addressing for this purpose. 4. The ACP MUST be generic. Usable by all the functions and protocols of the AN infrastructure. It MUST NOT be tied to a particular protocol. 5. The ACP MUST provide security: Messages coming through the ACP MUST be authenticated to be from a trusted node, and SHOULD (very strong SHOULD) be encrypted. The default mode of operation of the ACP is hop-by-hop, because this interaction can be built on IPv6 link local addressing, which is autonomic, and has no dependency on configuration (requirement 1). It may be necessary to have end-to-end connectivity in some cases, for example to provide an end-to-end security association for some protocols. This is possible, but then has a dependency on routable address space. 4. Overview The Autonomic Control Plane is constructed in the following way (for details, see Section 5): o An autonomic node creates a virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instance, or a similar virtual context. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 o It determines, following a policy, a candidate peer list. This is the list of nodes to which it should establish an autonomic control plane. Default policy is: To all adjacent nodes in the same domain. Intent can override this default policy. o For each node in the candidate peer list, it authenticates that node and negotiates a mutually acceptable channel type. o It then establishes a secure tunnel of the negotiated channel type. These tunnels are placed into the previously set up VRF. This creates an overlay network with hop-by-hop tunnels. o Inside the ACP VRF, each node sets up a virtual interface with its ULA IPv6 address. o Each node runs a lightweight routing protocol, to announce reachability of the virtual addresses inside the ACP. o Non-autonomic NMS systems or controllers have to be manually connected into the ACP. o Connecting over non-autonomic Layer-3 clouds initially requires a tunnel between autonomic nodes. o None of the above operations (except manual ones) is reflected in the configuration of the device. The following figure illustrates the ACP. autonomic node 1 autonomic node 2 ................... ................... secure . . secure . . secure tunnel : +-----------+ : tunnel : +-----------+ : tunnel ..--------| ACP VRF |---------------------| ACP VRF |---------.. : / \ / \ <--routing--> / \ / \ : : \ / \ / \ / \ / : ..--------| virtual |---------------------| virtual |---------.. : | interface | : : | interface | : : +-----------+ : : +-----------+ : : : : : : data plane :...............: data plane : : : link : : :.................: :.................: Figure 1 The resulting overlay network is normally based exclusively on hop- by-hop tunnels. This is because addressing used on links is IPv6 Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 link local addressing, which does not require any prior set-up. This way the ACP can be built even if there is no configuration on the devices, or if the data plane has issues such as addressing or routing problems. 5. Self-Creation of an Autonomic Control Plane This section describes the steps to set up an Autonomic Control Plane, and highlights the key properties which make it "indestructible" against many inadvert changes to the data plane, for example caused by misconfigurations. 5.1. Preconditions An autonomic node can be a router, switch, controller, NMS host, or any other IP device. We assume an autonomic node has a globally unique domain certificate (LDevID), as well as an adjacency table. 5.1.1. Domain Certificate with ANIMA information To establish an ACP securely, an Autnomic Node MUST have a globally unique domain certificate (LDevID), with which it can cryptographically assert its membership of the domain. The document [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] describes how a domain certificate can be automatically and securely derived from a vendor specific Unique Device Identifier (UDI) or IDevID certificate. (Note: the UDI used in this document is NOT the UUID specified in [RFC4122].) The domain certificate (LDevID) of an autonomic node MUST contain ANIMA specific information, specifically the domain name, and its ACP address with the zone-ID set to zero. This information MUST be encoded in the LDevID in the subjectAltName / rfc822Name field in the following way: anima.acp+@ An example: anima.acp+FD99:B02D:8EC3:0:200:0:6400:1@example.com The ACP address MUST be specified in its canonical form, as specified in [RFC5952], to allow for easy textual comparisons. The bootstrap process defined in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] MUST in an ANIMA network pass on ACP address and domain to a new node, such that the new node can add this to its enrolment request. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 The Certificate Authority in an ANIMA network MUST honor these parameters, and create the respective subjectAltName / rfc822Name in the certificate. ANIMA nodes can therefore find ACP address and domain using this field in the domain certificate, both for themselves, as well as for other nodes. See section 4.2.1.6 of [RFC5280] for details on the subjectAltName field. 5.1.2. AN Adjacency Table To know to which nodes to establish an ACP channel, every autonomic node maintains an adjacency table. The adjacency table contains information about adjacent autonomic nodes, at a minimum: node-ID, IP address, domain, certificate. An autonomic device MUST maintain this adjacency table up to date. This table is used to determine to which neighbor an ACP connection is established. Where the next autonomic device is not directly adjacent, the information in the adjacency table can be supplemented by configuration. For example, the node-ID and IP address could be configured. The adjacency table MAY contain information about the validity and trust of the adjacent autonomic node's certificate. However, subsequent steps MUST always start with authenticating the peer. The adjacency table contains information about adjacent autonomic nodes in general, independently of their domain and trust status. The next step determines to which of those autonomic nodes an ACP connection should be established. 5.2. Neighbor discovery via mDNS/DNS-SD Autonomic devices use DNS-SD/mDNS to discover the IPv6 link-local address of autonomic neighbors across L2 adjacencies. The result is stored in the AN Adjacency Table, see Section 5.1.2. o If a node is not part an autonomic domain, it starts autonomic enrollment with an adjacent node as the proxy using procedures described in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]. o If a node is part of an autonomic domain (eg: enrolled with a certificate) and has a working ACP towards one or more registrars (including when it is a registrar herself), it MUST announce the Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 "_bootstrapks._tcp.local." service to indicate that it can act as a proxy for bootstrap. This can be superceeded by Intent. o If a node is part of an autonomic domain, it also announces the "_anima_acp_ll._udp.local" service via DNS-based Service Discovery [RFC6763] over Multicast DNS [RFC6762] and searches for that services to discover neighbors. This can be superceeded by Intent or future work (see below). o TBD: Should the domain also be announced with the "_anima_acp_ll._udp.local" service? Pro: Then a node "sees" which domain a neighbor is and can make selection more efficient. Con: A proxy exposes its domain by default. o To prevent unaccceptable levels of network traffic the congestion avoidance mechanisms specified in [RFC6762] section 7 MUST be followed. Announcements for the "_anima_acp._udp.local" service MUST only use the IPv6 link-local address of the announcing interface. Other service parameters (SRV parameters, TXT records) are ignored to avoid creating additional attack vectors from bogus announcements by third parties. o Note that two different service names are used between bootstrap and ACP because these functions may not always go along with each other. For example, an autonomic device connecting to the Internet can still provide Bootstrap proxy functions via any of the discovery mechanisms specified in the bootstrap document, while building the ACP is only defined in this document to be across IPv6 LL adjacencies. The reason for this difference is that in case of non-L2-adjacent devices, it is appropriate to perform bootstrap via a centralized bootstrap proxy, but the ACP should be built towards the nearest possible ACP neighbors, and in the absence of L2 adjacencies this is a more complex discovery problem, left for future work - and different discovery mechanisms. o An autonomic node stores the results of the neighbor discovery in the AN Adjacency table. 5.3. Candidate ACP Neighbor Selection An autonomic node must determine to which other autonomic nodes in the adjacency table it should build an ACP connection. This is based on the information in the AN Adjacency table. The ACP is by default established exclusively between nodes in the same domain. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 10] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 Intent can change this default behaviour. The precise format for this Intent needs to be defined outside this document. Example Intent policies are: o The ACP should be built between all sub-domains for a given parent domain. For example: For domain "example.com", nodes of "example.com", "access.example.com", "core.example.com" and "city.core.example.com" should all establish one single ACP. o Two domains should build one single ACP between themselves, for example "example1.com" should establish the ACP also with nodes from "example2.com". For this case, the two domains must be able to validate their trust, typically by cross-signing their certificate infrastructure. The result of the candidate ACP neighbor selection process is a list of adjacent or configured autonomic neighbors to which an ACP channel should be established. The next step begins that channel establishment. 5.4. Channel Selection To avoid attacks, initial discovery of candidate ACP peers can not include any non-protected negotiation. To avoid re-inventing and validating security association mechanisms, the next step after discoving the address of a candidate neighbor can only be to try first to establish a security association with that neighbor using a well-known security association method. At this time in the lifecycle of autonomic devices, it is unclear whether it is feasible to even decide on a single MTI (mandatory to implement) security association protocol across all autonomic devices. From the use-cases it is clear that not all type of autonomic devices can or need to connect directly to each other or are able to support or prefer all possible mechanisms. For example, code space limited IoT devices may only support dTLS (because that code exists already on them for end-to-end security use-cases), but low-end in-ceiling L2 switches may only want to support MacSec because that is also supported in HW, and only a more flexible garteway device may need to support both of these mechanisms and potentially more. To support these requirements, and make ACP channel negotiation also easily extensible, the secure channel selection between Alice and Bob is a potentially two stage process. In the first stage, Alice and Bob directly try to establish a secure channel using the security- association and channel protocols they support. One or more of these Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 protocols may simply be protocols not directly resulting in an ACP channel, but instead establishing a secure negotiation channel through which the final secure channel protocol is decided. If both Alice and Bob support such a negotiation step, then this secured negotiation channel is the first step, and the secure channel protocol is the second step. If Alice supports multiple security association protocols in the first step, it is a matter of Alices local policy to determine the order in which she will try to build the connection to Bob. To support multiple security association protocols, Alice must be able to simultaneously act as a responder in parallel for all of them - so that she can respond to any order in which Bob wants to prefer building the security association. When ACP setup between Alice and Bob results in the first secure association to be established, the peer with the higher Device-ID in the certificate will stop building new security associations. The peer with the lower certificate Device-ID is now responsible to continue building its most preferred security association and to tear down all but that most preferred one - unless the secure association is one of a negotation protocols whose rules superceed this. All this negotiation is in the context of an "L2 interface". Alice and Bob will build ACP connections to each other on every "L2 interface" that they both connect to. 5.5. Security Association protocols The following sections define the security association protocols that we consider to be important and feasible to specify in this document. In all cases, the mutual authentication is done via the autonomic domain certificate of the peer as follows - unless superceeded by intent: o The certificate is valid as proven by the security associations protocol exchanges. o The peers certificate is signed by the same CA as the devices domain certificate. o The peers OU (Organizational Unit) field in the certificates Subject is the same as in the devices certificate. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 5.5.1. ACP via IPsec To run ACP via IPsec transport mode, no further IANA assignments/ definitions are required. All autonomic devices suppoting IPsec MUST support IPsec security setup via IKEv2, transport mode encapsulation via the device and peer link-local IPv6 addresses and AES256 encryption. Further parameter options can be negotiated via IKEv2 or via GRASP/TLS. 5.5.2. ACP via GRE/IPsec In network devices it is often easier to provide virtual interfaces on top of GRE encapsulation than natively on top of a simple IPsec association. On those devices it may be necessary to run the ACP secure channel on top of a GRE connection protected by the IPsec association. The requirements for the IPsec association are the same as described above, but instead of directly carrying the ACP IPv6 packets, the payload is an ACP IPv6 packet inside GRE/IPv6. Note that without explicit negotiation (eg: via GRASP/TLS), this method is incompatible to direct ACP via IPsec, so it must only be used as an option during GRASP/TLS negotiation. 5.5.3. ACP via dTLS To run ACP via UDP and dTLS v1.2 [RFC6347] an IANA assigned port [TBD] is used. All autonomic devices supporting ACP via dTLS must support AES256 encryption. 5.5.4. GRASP/TLS negotiation To explicitly allow negotiation of the ACP channel protocol, GRASP over a TLS connection using the GRASP_LISTEN_PORT and the devices and peers link-local IPv6 address is used. When Alice and Bob support GRASP negotiation, they do prefer it over any other non-explicitly negotiated security association protocol and should wait trying any non-negotiated ACP channel protocol until after it is clear that GRASP/TLS will not work to the peer. When Alice and Bob successfully establish the GRASP/TSL session, they will initially negotiate the channel mechanism to use. Bob and Alice each have a list of channel mehanisms they support, sorted by preference. They negotiate the best mechansm supported by both of them. In the absence of Intent, the mechanism choosen is the best one for the device with the lower Device-ID. After agreeing on a channel mechanism, Alice and Bob start the selected Channel protocol. The GRASP/TLS connection can be kept Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 alive or timed out as long as the seelected channel protocol has a secure association between Alice and Bob. When it terminates, it needs to be re-negotiated via GRASP/TLS. Negotiation of a channel type may require IANA assignments of code points. See IANA Considerations (Section 12) for the formal definition of those code points. TBD: The exact negotiation steps in GRASP to achieve this outcome. 5.5.5. ACP Security Profiles A baseline autonomic device MUST support IPsec and SHOULD support GRASP/TLS and dTLS. A constrained autonomic device MUST support dTLS. Autonomic devices need to specify in documentation the set of secure ACP mechanisms they suppport. 5.6. GRASP instance details Received GRASP packets are assigned to an instance of GRASP by the context they are received on: o GRASP packets received on an ACP (virtual) interfaces are assigned to the ACP instance of GRASP o GRASP packets received inside a TLS connection established for GRASP/TLS ACP negotiation are assigned to a separate instance of GRASP for that negotiation. TBD: The Details of the GRASP objective/packet formats still need to be defined. Eg: Need to define an allocation for the objective of "Autonomic Node". 5.7. Context Separation The ACP is in a separate context from the normal data plane of the device. This context includes the ACP channels IPv6 forwarding and routing as well as any required higher layer ACP functions. In classical network device platforms, a dedicated so called "Virtual routing and forwarding instance" (VRF) is one logical implementation option for the ACP. If possible by the platform SW architecture, separation options that minimize shared components are preferred. The context for the ACP needs to be established automatically during bootstrap of a device. As much as possible it should be protected from being modified unintentionally by data plane configuration. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 Context separation improves security, because the ACP is not reachable from the global routing table. Also, configuration errors from the data plane setup do not affect the ACP. 5.8. Addressing inside the ACP The channels explained above typically only establish communication between two adjacent nodes. In order for communication to happen across multiple hops, the autonomic control plane requires internal network wide valid addresses and routing. Each autonomic node must create a virtual interface with a network wide unique address inside the ACP context mentioned in Section 5.7. This address may be used also in other virtual contexts. With the algorithm introduced here, all autonomic devices in the same domain have the same /48 prefix. Conversely, global IDs from different domains are unlikely to clash, such that two networks can be merged, as long as the policy allows that merge. See also Section 7 for a discussion on merging domains. Links inside the ACP only use link-local IPv6 addressing, such that each node only requires one routable virtual address. 5.8.1. Fundamental Concepts of Autonomic Addressing o Usage: Autonomic addresses are exclusively used for self- management functions inside a trusted domain. They are not used for user traffic. Communications with entities outside the trusted domain use another address space, for example normally managed routable address space. o Separation: Autonomic address space is used separately from user address space and other address realms. This supports the robustness requirement. o Loopback-only: Only loopback interfaces of autonomic nodes carry a routable address; all other interfaces exclusively use IPv6 link local for autonomic functions. The usage of IPv6 link local addressing is discussed in [RFC7404]. o Use-ULA: For loopback interfaces of autonomic nodes, we use Unique Local Addresses (ULA), as specified in [RFC4193]. An alternative scheme was discussed, using assigned ULA addressing. The consensus was to use standard ULA, because it was deemed to be sufficient. o No external connectivity: They do not provide access to the Internet. If a node requires further reaching connectivity, it Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 15] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 should use another, traditionally managed address scheme in parallel. The ACP is based exclusively on IPv6 addressing, for a variety of reasons: o Simplicity, reliability and scale: If other network layer protocols were supported, each would have to have its own set of security associations, routing table and process, etc. o Autonomic functions do not require IPv4: Autonomic functions and autonomic service agents are new concepts. They can be exclusively built on IPv6 from day one. There is no need for backward compatibility. o OAM protocols no not require IPv4: The ACP may carry OAM protocols. All relevant protocols (SNMP, TFTP, SSH, SCP, Radius, Diameter, ...) are available in IPv6. 5.8.2. The ACP Addressing Base Scheme The Base ULA addressing scheme for autonomic nodes has the following format: 8 40 3 77 +--+--------------+------+------------------------------------------+ |FD| hash(domain) | Type | (sub-scheme) | +--+--------------+------+------------------------------------------+ Figure 2: ACP Addressing Base Scheme The first 48 bits follow the ULA scheme, as defined in [RFC4193], to which a type field is added: o "FD" identifies a locally defined ULA address. o The ULA "global ID" is set here to be a hash of the domain name, which results in a pseudo-random 40 bit value. It is calculated as the first 40 bits of the MD5 hash of the domain name, in the example "example.com". o Type: This field allows different address sub-schemes in the future. The goal is to start with a single sub-schemes, but to allow for extensions later if and when required. This addresses the "upgradability" requirement. Assignment of types for this field should be maintained by IANA. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 16] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 5.8.3. ACP Addressing Sub-Scheme The sub-scheme defined here is defined by the Type value 0 (zero) in the base scheme. 51 13 63 1 +------------------------+---------+----------------------------+---+ | (base scheme) | Zone ID | Device ID | V | +------------------------+---------+----------------------------+---+ Figure 3: ACP Addressing Sub-Scheme The fields are defined as follows: [Editor's note: The lengths of the fields is for discussion.] o Zone ID: If set to all zero bits: The device ID bits are used as an identifier (as opposed to a locator). This results in a non- hierarchical, flat addressing scheme. Any other value indicates a zone. See section Section 5.8.4 on how this field is used in detail. o Device ID: A unique value for each device. o V: Virtualization bit: 0: autonomic node base system; 1: a virtual context on an autonomic node. The device ID is derived as follows: In an Autonomic Network, a registrar is enrolling new devices. As part of the enrolment process the registrar assigns a number to the device, which is unique for this registrar, but not necessarily unique in the domain. The 64 bit device ID is then composed as: o 48 bit: Registrar ID, a number unique inside the domain that identifies the registrar which assigned the name to the device. A MAC address of the registrar can be used for this purpose. o 15 bit: Device number, a number which is unique for a given registrar, to identify the device. This can be a sequentially assigned number. The "device ID" itself is unique in a domain (i.e., the Zone-ID is not required for uniqueness). Therefore, a device can be addressed either as part of a flat hierarchy (zone ID = 0), or with an aggregation scheme (any other zone ID). A address with zone-ID = 0 is an identifier, with another zone-ID as a locator. See Section 5.8.4 for a description of the zone bits. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 17] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 This addressing sub-scheme allows the direct addressing of specific virtual containers / VMs on an autonomic node. An increasing number of hardware platforms have a distributed architecture, with a base OS for the node itself, and the support for hardware blades with potentially different OSs. The VMs on the blades could be considered as separate autonomic nodes, in which case it would make sense to be able to address them directly. Autonomic Service Agents (ASAs) could be instantiated in either the base OS, or one of the VMs on a blade. This addressing scheme allows for the easy separation of the hardware context. The location of the V bit(s) at the end of the address allows to announce a single prefix for each autonomic node, while having separate virtual contexts addressable directly. 5.8.4. Usage of the Zone Field The "zone ID" allows for the introduction of structure in the addressing scheme. Zone = zero is the default addressing scheme in an autonomic domain. Every autonomic node MUST respond to its ACP address with zone=0. Used on its own this leads to a non-hierarchical address scheme, which is suitable for networks up to a certain size. In this case, the addresses primarily act as identifiers for the nodes, and aggregation is not possible. If aggregation is required, the 13 bit value allows for up to 8191 zones. The allocation of zone numbers may either happen automatically through a to-be-defined algorithm; or it could be configured and maintained manually. [We could divide the zone space into manual and automatic space - to be discussed.] If a device learns through an autonomic method or through configuration that it is part of a zone, it MUST also respond to its ACP address with that zone number. In this case the ACP loopback is configured with two ACP addresses: One for zone 0 and one for the assigned zone. This method allows for a smooth transition between a flat addressing scheme and an hierarchical one. (Theoretically, the 13 bits for the zone ID would allow also for two levels of zones, introducing a sub-hierarchy. We do not think this is required at this point, but a new type could be used in the future to support such a scheme.) Note: Another way to introduce hierarchy is to use sub-domains in the naming scheme. The node names "node17.subdomainA.example.com" and "node4.subdomainB.example.com" would automatically lead to different Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 18] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 ULA prefixes, which can be used to introduce a routing hierarchy in the network, assuming that the subdomains are aligned with routing areas. 5.8.5. Other ACP Addressing Sub-Schemes Other ACP addressing sub-schemes can be defined if and when required. IANA will assign a new "type" for each new addressing sub-scheme. 5.9. Routing in the ACP Once ULA address are set up all autonomic entities should run a routing protocol within the autonomic control plane context. This routing protocol distributes the ULA created in the previous section for reachability. The use of the autonomic control plane specific context eliminates the probable clash with the global routing table and also secures the ACP from interference from the configuration mismatch or incorrect routing updates. The establishment of the routing plane and its parameters are automatic and strictly within the confines of the autonomic control plane. Therefore, no manual configuration is required. All routing updates are automatically secured in transit as the channels of the autonomic control plane are by default secured. The routing protocol inside the ACP should be light weight and highly scalable to ensure that the ACP does not become a limiting factor in network scalability. We suggest the use of RPL [RFC6550] as one such protocol which is light weight and scales well for the control plane traffic. See Appendix A for more details on the choice of RPL. 5.10. General ACP Considerations In order to be independent of configured link addresses, channels SHOULD use IPv6 link local addresses between adjacent neighbors wherever possible. This way, the ACP tunnels are independent of correct network wide routing. Since channels are by default established between adjacent neighbors, the resulting overlay network does hop by hop encryption. Each node decrypts incoming traffic from the ACP, and encrypts outgoing traffic to its neighbors in the ACP. Routing is discussed in Section 5.9. If two nodes are connected via several links, the ACP SHOULD be established on every link, but it is possible to establish the ACP only on a sub-set of links. Having an ACP channel on every link has a number of advantages, for example it allows for a faster failover Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 19] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 in case of link failure, and it reflects the physical topology more closely. Using a subset of links (for example, a single link), reduces resource consumption on the devices, because state needs to be kept per ACP channel. 6. Workarounds for Non-Autonomic Nodes 6.1. Connecting a Non-Autonomic Controller / NMS system The Autonomic Control Plane can be used by management systems, such as controllers or network management system (NMS) hosts (henceforth called simply "NMS hosts"), to connect to devices through it. For this, an NMS host must have access to the ACP. By default, the ACP is a self-protecting overlay network, which only allows access to trusted systems. Therefore, a traditional, non-autonomic NMS system does not have access to the ACP by default, just like any other external device. If the NMS host is not autonomic, i.e., it does not support autonomic negotiation of the ACP, then it can be brought into the ACP by explicit configuration. On an adjacent autonomic node with ACP, the interface with the NMS host can be configured to be part of the ACP. In this case, the NMS host is with this interface entirely and exclusively inside the ACP. It would likely require a second interface for connections between the NMS host and administrators, or Internet based services. This mode of connecting an NMS host has security consequences: All systems and processes connected to this implicitly trusted interface have access to all autonomic nodes on the entire ACP, without further authentication. Thus, this connection must be physically controlled. The non-autonomic NMS host must be routed in the ACP. This involves two parts: 1) the NMS host must point default to the AN device for the ULA prefix used inside the ACP, and 2) the prefix used between AN node and NMS host must be announced into the ACP, and distributed there. The document "Autonomic Network Stable Connectivity" [I-D.eckert-anima-stable-connectivity] explains in more detail how the ACP can be integrated in a mixed NOC environment. 6.2. ACP through Non-Autonomic L3 Clouds Not all devices in a network may be autonomic. If non-autonomic Layer-2 devices are between autonomic nodes, the communications described in this document should work, since it is IP based. However, non-autonomic Layer-3 devices do not forward link local autonomic messages, and thus break the Autonomic Control Plane. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 20] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 One workaround is to manually configure IP tunnels between autonomic nodes across a non-autonomic Layer-3 cloud. The tunnels are represented on each autonomic node as virtual interfaces, and all autonomic transactions work across such tunnels. Such manually configured tunnels are less "indestructible" than an automatically created ACP based on link local addressing, since they depend on correct data plane operations, such as routing and addressing. 7. Self-Healing Properties The ACP is self-healing: o New neighbors will automatically join the ACP after successful validation and will become reachable using their unique ULA address across the ACP. o When any changes happen in the topology, the routing protocol used in the ACP will automatically adapt to the changes and will continue to provide reachability to all devices. o If an existing device gets revoked, it will automatically be denied access to the ACP as its domain certificate will be validated against a Certificate Revocation List during authentication. Since the revocation check is only done at the establishment of a new security association, existing ones are not automatically torn down. If an immediate disconnect is required, existing sessions to a freshly revoked device can be re-set. The ACP can also sustain network partitions and mergers. Practically all ACP operations are link local, where a network partition has no impact. Devices authenticate each other using the domain certificates to establish the ACP locally. Addressing inside the ACP remains unchanged, and the routing protocol inside both parts of the ACP will lead to two working (although partitioned) ACPs. There are few central dependencies: A certificate revocation list (CRL) may not be available during a network partition; a suitable policy to not immediately disconnect neighbors when no CRL is available can address this issue. Also, a registrar or Certificate Authority might not be available during a partition. This may delay renewal of certificates that are to expire in the future, and it may prevent the enrolment of new devices during the partition. After a network partition, a re-merge will just establish the previous status, certificates can be renewed, the CRL is available, Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 21] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 and new devices can be enrolled everywhere. Since all devices use the same trust anchor, a re-merge will be smooth. Merging two networks with different trust anchors requires the trust anchors to mutually trust each other (for example, by cross-signing). As long as the domain names are different, the addressing will not overlap (see Section 5.8). 8. Self-Protection Properties As explained in Section 5, the ACP is based on channels being built between devices which have been previously authenticated based on their domain certificates. The channels themselves are protected using standard encryption technologies like DTLS or IPsec which provide additional authentication during channel establishment, data integrity and data confidentiality protection of data inside the ACP and in addition, provide replay protection. An attacker will therefore not be able to join the ACP unless having a valid domain certificate, also packet injection and sniffing traffic will not be possible due to the security provided by the encryption protocol. The remaining attack vector would be to attack the underlying AN protocols themselves, either via directed attacks or by denial-of- service attacks. However, as the ACP is built using link-local IPv6 address, remote attacks are impossible. The ULA addresses are only reachable inside the ACP context, therefore unreachable from the data plane. Also, the ACP protocols should be implemented to be attack resistant and not consume unnecessary resources even while under attack. 9. The Administrator View An ACP is self-forming, self-managing and self-protecting, therefore has minimal dependencies on the administrator of the network. Specifically, since it is independent of configuration, there is no scope for configuration errors on the ACP itself. The administrator may have the option to enable or disable the entire approach, but detailed configuration is not possible. This means that the ACP must not be reflected in the running configuration of devices, except a possible on/off switch. While configuration is not possible, an administrator must have full visibility of the ACP and all its parameters, to be able to do trouble-shooting. Therefore, an ACP must support all show and debug options, as for any other network function. Specifically, a network management system or controller must be able to discover the ACP, and Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 22] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 monitor its health. This visibility of ACP operations must clearly be separated from visibility of data plane so automated systems will never have to deal with ACP aspect unless they explicitly desire to do so. Since an ACP is self-protecting, a device not supporting the ACP, or without a valid domain certificate cannot connect to it. This means that by default a traditional controller or network management system cannot connect to an ACP. See Section 6.1 for more details on how to connect an NMS host into the ACP. 10. Explanations This section is non-normative and intended to provide further explanations for the choices made in this document. 10.1. Why GRASP to discover autonomic neighbors None of the considered mechanisms to establish security associations (eg: IPsec or dTLS) include mechanisms to discover candidate neighbors, so these security mechanisms themselves are insufficient for the discovery. Existing L2 mechanisms such as LLDP (or vendor speccific alternatives like Ciscos CDP) are L2 link-local. If an autonomic device connects via an LLDP capable, but non-autonomic capable L2 switch to another autonomic device, then the non-autonomic L2 switch would not propagate the LLDP messages, so discovery would not work as desired. Existing L3/L4 link local discovery mechanisms such as mDNS or Web- Services Discovery (http://specs.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/04/discovery/ws- discovery.pdf) are capable to support the simple discovery required by autonomic devices but have the following downsides compared to GRASP. There is no clear single ubiquitoous protocol that would apply equally well to all market segments in which autonomic routers are intended to be deployed. Making a choice is therefore difficult. In some of these protocols, the fact that they operate L3 link local is often seen as a limitation rather than as a necessity for the application. Various mechanisms are used or considered in these protocols to expand the scope of discovery beyond a single L3 subnet. If autonomic devices would use such a protocol, then autonomic discovery messages could more likely leak into remote networks and give more undesired (insecured) visibility into the presence of autonomic Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 23] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 devices and potentially leading to more attempts to establish autonomic associations with those discovered devices. To achieve the maximum resilience with the minimum number of ACP channels, those channels need to follow as closely the physcial hops in the topology as possible. Visibility of discovery protocols in other domains may be undesirable: Visibility of mDNS messages for example could extend all the way into end user application level service browsers. It is undesirable to see desvices announcing themselves as automic there. Existing protocols can be more complex compared to GRASP as they have been designed for different purposes, for example to be more flexible and generic. In mDNS, if DNS-SD was used, it would require at least four RRs to be exchanged for a single service: a PTR, a SRV, a TXT and a AAAA RR. Minimizing the number of protocol exchanges by coalescing these RRs is possible but requires additional software design considerations. GRASP is already required inside the ACP and a highly desirable option for secure ACP channel negotiation (GRASP/TLS). Using it for discovery allows to reuse that already necessary code basis. If any other protocol was used for discovery, then autonomic discovery might be the only purpose for which the protocol code exists in the device. None of the above arguments individually are strong reasons not to use one of these GRASP alternatives, but together they make it reasonable to first define GRASP as the MTI (Mandatory To Implement) for the discovery step. 11. Security Considerations An ACP is self-protecting and there is no need to apply configuration to make it secure. Its security therefore does not depend on configuration. However, the security of the ACP depends on a number of other factors: o The usage of domain certificates depends on a valid supporting PKI infrastructure. If the chain of trust of this PKI infrastructure is compromised, the security of the ACP is also compromised. This is typically under the control of the network administrator. o Security can be compromised by implementation errors (bugs), as in all products. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 24] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 Fundamentally, security depends on correct operation, implementation and architecture. Autonomic approaches such as the ACP largely eliminate the dependency on correct operation; implementation and architectural mistakes are still possible, as in all networking technologies. 12. IANA Considerations Section 5.5.3 describes ACP over dTLS, which requires a well-known UDP port. We request IANA to assign this UDP port for 'ACP over dTLS'. Section 5.5.4 describes an option for the channel negotiation, the 'ACP channel type'. We request IANA to create a registry for 'ACP channel type'. The ACP channel type is a 8-bit unsigned integer. This document only assigns the first value. Number | Channel Type | RFC ---------+-----------------------------------+------------ 0 | GRE tunnel protected with | this document | IPsec transport mode | 1-255 | reserved for future channel types | Section 5.8.2 describes a 'type' field in the base addressing scheme. We request IANA to create a registry for the 'ACP addressing scheme type'. The initial value and definition will be determined in a later version of this document. 13. Acknowledgements This work originated from an Autonomic Networking project at Cisco Systems, which started in early 2010. Many people contributed to this project and the idea of the Autonomic Control Plane, amongst which (in alphabetical order): Ignas Bagdonas, Parag Bhide, Balaji BL, Alex Clemm, Yves Hertoghs, Bruno Klauser, Max Pritikin, Ravi Kumar Vadapalli. Further input and suggestions were received from: Rene Struik, Brian Carpenter, Benoit Claise. 14. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 25] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 14.1. Initial version First version of this document: draft-behringer-autonomic-control- plane 14.2. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-00 Initial version of the anima document; only minor edits. 14.3. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-01 o Clarified that the ACP should be based on, and support only IPv6. o Clarified in intro that ACP is for both, between devices, as well as for access from a central entity, such as an NMS. o Added a section on how to connect an NMS system. o Clarified the hop-by-hop crypto nature of the ACP. o Added several references to GDNP as a candidate protocol. o Added a discussion on network split and merge. Although, this should probably go into the certificate management story longer term. 14.4. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-02 Addresses (numerous) comments from Brian Carpenter. See mailing list for details. The most important changes are: o Introduced a new section "overview", to ease the understanding of the approach. o Merged the previous "problem statement" and "use case" sections into a mostly re-written "use cases" section, since they were overlapping. o Clarified the relationship with draft-eckert-anima-stable- connectivity 14.5. draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-control-plane-03 o Took out requirement for IPv6 --> that's in the reference doc. o Added requirement section. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 26] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 o Changed focus: more focus on autonomic functions, not only virtual out of band. This goes a bit throughout the document, starting with a changed abstract and intro. 14.6. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-00 No changes; re-submitted as WG document. 14.7. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-01 o Added some paragraphs in addressing section on "why IPv6 only", to reflect the discussion on the list. o Moved the data-plane ACP out of the main document, into an appendix. The focus is now the virtually separated ACP, since it has significant advantages, and isn't much harder to do. o Changed the self-creation algorithm: Part of the initial steps go into the reference document. This document now assumes an adjacency table, and domain certificate. How those get onto the device is outside scope for this document. o Created a new section 6 "workarounds for non-autonomic nodes", and put the previous controller section (5.9) into this new section. Now, section 5 is "autonomic only", and section 6 explains what to do with non-autonomic stuff. Much cleaner now. o Added an appendix explaining the choice of RPL as a routing protocol. o Formalised the creation process a bit more. Now, we create a "candidate peer list" from the adjacency table, and form the ACP with those candidates. Also it explains now better that policy (Intent) can influence the peer selection. (section 4 and 5) o Introduce a section for the capability negotiation protocol (section 7). This needs to be worked out in more detail. This will likely be based on GRASP. o Introduce a new parameter: ACP tunnel type. And defines it in the IANA considerations section. Suggest GRE protected with IPSec transport mode as the default tunnel type. o Updated links, lots of small edits. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 27] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 14.8. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-02 o Added explicitly text for the ACP channel negotiation. o Merged draft-behringer-anima-autonomic-addressing-02 into this document, as suggested by WG chairs. 14.9. draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane-03 o Changed Neighbor discovery protocol from GRASP to mDNS. Bootstrap protocol team decided to go with mDNS to discover bootstrap proxy, and ACP should be consistent with this. Reasons to go with mDNS in bootstrap were a) Bootstrap should be reuseable also outside of full anima solutions and introduce as few as possible new elements. mDNS was considered well-known and very-likely even pre- existing in low-end devices (IoT). b) Using GRASP both for the insecure neighbor discovery and secure ACP operatations raises the risk of introducing security issues through implementation issues/ non-isolation between those two instances of GRASP. o Shortened the section on GRASP instances, because with mDNS being used for discovery, there is no insecure GRASP session any longer, simplifying the GRASP considerations. o Added certificate requirements for ANIMA in section 5.1.1, specifically how the ANIMA information is encoded in subjectAltName. o Deleted the appendix on "ACP without separation", as originally planned, and the paragraph in the main text referring to it. o Deleted one sub-addressing scheme, focusing on a single scheme now. o Included information on how ANIMA information must be encoded in the domain certificate in Section 5.1. o Editorial changes, updated draft references, etc. 15. References [I-D.eckert-anima-stable-connectivity] Eckert, T. and M. Behringer, "Using Autonomic Control Plane for Stable Connectivity of Network OAM", draft- eckert-anima-stable-connectivity-02 (work in progress), October 2015. Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 28] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Behringer, M., and S. Bjarnason, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures (BRSKI)", draft-ietf-anima-bootstrapping- keyinfra-03 (work in progress), June 2016. [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp] Bormann, D., Carpenter, B., and B. Liu, "A Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP)", draft-ietf-anima- grasp-06 (work in progress), June 2016. [I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model] Behringer, M., Carpenter, B., Eckert, T., Ciavaglia, L., Pierre, P., Liu, B., Nobre, J., and J. Strassner, "A Reference Model for Autonomic Networking", draft-ietf- anima-reference-model-02 (work in progress), July 2016. [RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122, DOI 10.17487/RFC4122, July 2005, . [RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005, . [RFC5082] Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., Ed., and C. Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM)", RFC 5082, DOI 10.17487/RFC5082, October 2007, . [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008, . [RFC5952] Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, DOI 10.17487/RFC5952, August 2010, . [RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347, January 2012, . Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 29] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 [RFC6550] Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012, . [RFC6762] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762, DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013, . [RFC6763] Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "DNS-Based Service Discovery", RFC 6763, DOI 10.17487/RFC6763, February 2013, . [RFC7404] Behringer, M. and E. Vyncke, "Using Only Link-Local Addressing inside an IPv6 Network", RFC 7404, DOI 10.17487/RFC7404, November 2014, . [RFC7575] Behringer, M., Pritikin, M., Bjarnason, S., Clemm, A., Carpenter, B., Jiang, S., and L. Ciavaglia, "Autonomic Networking: Definitions and Design Goals", RFC 7575, DOI 10.17487/RFC7575, June 2015, . [RFC7576] Jiang, S., Carpenter, B., and M. Behringer, "General Gap Analysis for Autonomic Networking", RFC 7576, DOI 10.17487/RFC7576, June 2015, . Appendix A. Background on the choice of routing protocol In a pre-standard implementation, the "IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low- Power and Lossy Networks (RPL, [RFC6550] was chosen. This Appendix explains the reasoning behind that decision. Requirements for routing in the ACP are: o Self-management: The ACP must build automatically, without human intervention. Therefore routing protocol must also work completely automatically. RPL is a simple, self-managing protocol, which does not require zones or areas; it is also self- configuring, since configuration is carried as part of the protocol (see Section 6.7.6 of [RFC6550]). o Scale: The ACP builds over an entire domain, which could be a large enterprise or service provider network. The routing Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 30] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 protocol must therefore support domains of 100,000 nodes or more, ideally without the need for zoning or separation into areas. RPL has this scale property. This is based on extensive use of default routing. RPL also has other scalability improvements, such as selecting only a subset of peers instead of all possible ones, and trickle support for information synchronisation. o Low resource consumption: The ACP supports traditional network infrastructure, thus runs in addition to traditional protocols. The ACP, and specifically the routing protocol must have low resource consumption both in terms of memory and CPU requirements. Specifically, at edge nodes, where memory and CPU are scarce, consumption should be minimal. RPL builds a destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG), where the main resource consumption is at the root of the DODAG. The closer to the edge of the network, the less state needs to be maintained. This adapts nicely to the typical network design. Also, all changes below a common parent node are kept below that parent node. o Support for unstructured address space: In the Autonomic Networking Infrastructure, node addresses are identifiers, and may not be assigned in a topological way. Also, nodes may move topologically, without changing their address. Therefore, the routing protocol must support completely unstructured address space. RPL is specifically made for mobile ad-hoc networks, with no assumptions on topologically aligned addressing. o Modularity: To keep the initial implementation small, yet allow later for more complex methods, it is highly desirable that the routing protocol has a simple base functionality, but can import new functional modules if needed. RPL has this property with the concept of "objective function", which is a plugin to modify routing behaviour. o Extensibility: Since the Autonomic Networking Infrastructure is a new concept, it is likely that changes in the way of operation will happen over time. RPL allows for new objective functions to be introduced later, which allow changes to the way the routing protocol creates the DAGs. o Multi-topology support: It may become necessary in the future to support more than one DODAG for different purposes, using different objective functions. RPL allow for the creation of several parallel DODAGs, should this be required. This could be used to create different topologies to reach different roots. o No need for path optimisation: RPL does not necessarily compute the optimal path between any two nodes. However, the ACP does not Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 31] Internet-Draft An Autonomic Control Plane July 2016 require this today, since it carries mainly non-delay-sensitive feedback loops. It is possible that different optimisation schemes become necessary in the future, but RPL can be expanded (see point "Extensibility" above). Authors' Addresses Michael H. Behringer (editor) Cisco Systems Building D, 45 Allee des Ormes Mougins 06250 France Email: mbehring@cisco.com Toerless Eckert Cisco Systems Email: eckert@cisco.com Steinthor Bjarnason Arbor Networks 2727 South State Street, Suite 200 Ann Arbor MI 48104 United States Email: sbjarnason@arbor.net Behringer, et al. Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 32]