Internet Engineering Task Force E. Grossman, Ed. Internet-Draft DOLBY Intended status: Informational C. Gunther Expires: September 8, 2016 HARMAN P. Thubert P. Wetterwald CISCO J. Raymond HYDRO-QUEBEC J. Korhonen BROADCOM Y. Kaneko Toshiba S. Das Applied Communication Sciences Y. Zha HUAWEI B. Varga J. Farkas Ericsson F. Goetz J. Schmitt Siemens March 7, 2016 Deterministic Networking Use Cases draft-ietf-detnet-use-cases-08 Abstract This draft documents requirements in several diverse industries to establish multi-hop paths for characterized flows with deterministic properties. In this context deterministic implies that streams can be established which provide guaranteed bandwidth and latency which can be established from either a Layer 2 or Layer 3 (IP) interface, and which can co-exist on an IP network with best-effort traffic. Additional requirements include optional redundant paths, very high reliability paths, time synchronization, and clock distribution. Industries considered include wireless for industrial applications, professional audio, electrical utilities, building automation systems, radio/mobile access networks, automotive, and gaming. For each case, this document will identify the application, identify representative solutions used today, and what new uses an IETF DetNet solution may enable. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 1] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on September 8, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Pro Audio and Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1. Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1. Uninterrupted Stream Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2. Synchronized Stream Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.3. Sound Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.4. Deterministic Time to Establish Streaming . . . . . . 7 2.1.5. Secure Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.5.1. Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.5.2. Digital Rights Management (DRM) . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2. Pro Audio Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3. Pro Audio Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.1. Layer 3 Interconnecting Layer 2 Islands . . . . . . . 9 2.3.2. High Reliability Stream Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 2] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 2.3.3. Link Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.4. Integration of Reserved Streams into IT Networks . . 10 2.3.5. Use of Unused Reservations by Best-Effort Traffic . . 10 2.3.6. Traffic Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3.6.1. Packet Forwarding Rules, VLANs and Subnets . . . 11 2.3.6.2. Multicast Addressing (IPv4 and IPv6) . . . . . . 11 2.3.7. Latency Optimization by a Central Controller . . . . 11 2.3.8. Reduced Device Cost Due To Reduced Buffer Memory . . 12 2.4. Pro Audio Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. Electrical Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.1. Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.1.1. Transmission Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1.1.1. Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1.1.2. Intra-Substation Process Bus Communications . . . 18 3.1.1.3. Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems . . . . 19 3.1.1.4. IEC 61850 WAN engineering guidelines requirement classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.1.2. Generation Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.1.3. Distribution use case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.1.3.1. Fault Location Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.2. Electrical Utilities Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2.1. Security Current Practices and Limitations . . . . . 23 3.3. Electrical Utilities Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.3.1. Migration to Packet-Switched Network . . . . . . . . 25 3.3.2. Telecommunications Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3.2.1. General Telecommunications Requirements . . . . . 26 3.3.2.2. Specific Network topologies of Smart Grid Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.2.3. Precision Time Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3.3. Security Trends in Utility Networks . . . . . . . . . 29 3.4. Electrical Utilities Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4. Building Automation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.1. Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2. Building Automation Systems Today . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2.1. BAS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.2. BAS Deployment Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2.3. Use Cases for Field Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.2.3.1. Environmental Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.2.3.2. Fire Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.2.3.3. Feedback Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.2.4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.3. BAS Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.4. BAS Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5. Wireless for Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.1. Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.1.1. Network Convergence using 6TiSCH . . . . . . . . . . 38 5.1.2. Common Protocol Development for 6TiSCH . . . . . . . 38 Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 3] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 5.2. Wireless Industrial Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.3. Wireless Industrial Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.3.1. Unified Wireless Network and Management . . . . . . . 39 5.3.1.1. PCE and 6TiSCH ARQ Retries . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.3.2. Schedule Management by a PCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.3.2.1. PCE Commands and 6TiSCH CoAP Requests . . . . . . 42 5.3.2.2. 6TiSCH IP Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.3.3. 6TiSCH Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.4. Wireless Industrial Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6. Cellular Radio Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.1. Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.1.1. Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.1.2. Delay Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.1.3. Time Synchronization Constraints . . . . . . . . . . 46 6.1.4. Transport Loss Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.1.5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.2. Cellular Radio Networks Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.2.1. Fronthaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.2.2. Midhaul and Backhaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.3. Cellular Radio Networks Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.4. Cellular Radio Networks Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 7. Industrial M2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.1. Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.2. Industrial M2M Communication Today . . . . . . . . . . . 53 7.2.1. Transport Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 7.2.2. Stream Creation and Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . 54 7.3. Industrial M2M Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 7.4. Industrial M2M Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 8. Internet-based Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.1. Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.1.1. Media Content Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.1.2. Online Gaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.1.3. Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.2. Internet-Based Applications Today . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.3. Internet-Based Applications Future . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.4. Internet-Based Applications Asks . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 9. Use Case Common Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 10.1. Pro Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 10.2. Utility Telecom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 10.3. Building Automation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 10.4. Wireless for Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 10.5. Cellular Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 10.6. Industrial M2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 10.7. Internet Applications and CoMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 4] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 1. Introduction This draft presents use cases from diverse industries which have in common a need for deterministic streams, but which also differ notably in their network topologies and specific desired behavior. Together, they provide broad industry context for DetNet and a yardstick against which proposed DetNet designs can be measured (to what extent does a proposed design satisfy these various use cases?) For DetNet, use cases explicitly do not define requirements; The DetNet WG will consider the use cases, decide which elements are in scope for DetNet, and the results will be incorporated into future drafts. Similarly, the DetNet use case draft explicitly does not suggest any specific design, architecture or protocols, which will be topics of future drafts. We present for each use case the answers to the following questions: o What is the use case? o How is it addressed today? o How would you like it to be addressed in the future? o What do you want the IETF to deliver? The level of detail in each use case should be sufficient to express the relevant elements of the use case, but not more. At the end we consider the use cases collectively, and examine the most significant goals they have in common. 2. Pro Audio and Video 2.1. Use Case Description The professional audio and video industry ("ProAV") includes: o Music and film content creation o Broadcast o Cinema o Live sound o Public address, media and emergency systems at large venues (airports, stadiums, churches, theme parks). Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 5] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 These industries have already transitioned audio and video signals from analog to digital. However, the digital interconnect systems remain primarily point-to-point with a single (or small number of) signals per link, interconnected with purpose-built hardware. These industries are now transitioning to packet-based infrastructure to reduce cost, increase routing flexibility, and integrate with existing IT infrastructure. Today ProAV applications have no way to establish deterministic streams from a standards-based Layer 3 (IP) interface, which is a fundamental limitation to the use cases described here. Today deterministic streams can be created within standards-based layer 2 LANs (e.g. using IEEE 802.1 AVB) however these are not routable via IP and thus are not effective for distribution over wider areas (for example broadcast events that span wide geographical areas). It would be highly desirable if such streams could be routed over the open Internet, however solutions with more limited scope (e.g. enterprise networks) would still provide a substantial improvement. The following sections describe specific ProAV use cases. 2.1.1. Uninterrupted Stream Playback Transmitting audio and video streams for live playback is unlike common file transfer because uninterrupted stream playback in the presence of network errors cannot be achieved by re-trying the transmission; by the time the missing or corrupt packet has been identified it is too late to execute a re-try operation. Buffering can be used to provide enough delay to allow time for one or more retries, however this is not an effective solution in applications where large delays (latencies) are not acceptable (as discussed below). Streams with guaranteed bandwidth can eliminate congestion on the network as a cause of transmission errors that would lead to playback interruption. Use of redundant paths can further mitigate transmission errors to provide greater stream reliability. 2.1.2. Synchronized Stream Playback Latency in this context is the time between when a signal is initially sent over a stream and when it is received. A common example in ProAV is time-synchronizing audio and video when they take separate paths through the playback system. In this case the latency of both the audio and video streams must be bounded and consistent if the sound is to remain matched to the movement in the video. A Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 6] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 common tolerance for audio/video sync is one NTSC video frame (about 33ms) and to maintain the audience perception of correct lip sync the latency needs to be consistent within some reasonable tolerance, for example 10%. A common architecture for synchronizing multiple streams that have different paths through the network (and thus potentially different latencies) is to enable measurement of the latency of each path, and have the data sinks (for example speakers) delay (buffer) all packets on all but the slowest path. Each packet of each stream is assigned a presentation time which is based on the longest required delay. This implies that all sinks must maintain a common time reference of sufficient accuracy, which can be achieved by any of various techniques. This type of architecture is commonly implemented using a central controller that determines path delays and arbitrates buffering delays. 2.1.3. Sound Reinforcement Consider the latency (delay) from when a person speaks into a microphone to when their voice emerges from the speaker. If this delay is longer than about 10-15 milliseconds it is noticeable and can make a sound reinforcement system unusable (see slide 6 of [SRP_LATENCY]). (If you have ever tried to speak in the presence of a delayed echo of your voice you may know this experience). Note that the 15ms latency bound includes all parts of the signal path, not just the network, so the network latency must be significantly less than 15ms. In some cases local performers must perform in synchrony with a remote broadcast. In such cases the latencies of the broadcast stream and the local performer must be adjusted to match each other, with a worst case of one video frame (33ms for NTSC video). In cases where audio phase is a consideration, for example beam- forming using multiple speakers, latency requirements can be in the 10 microsecond range (1 audio sample at 96kHz). 2.1.4. Deterministic Time to Establish Streaming Some audio systems installed in public environments (airports, hospitals) have unique requirements with regards to health, safety and fire concerns. One such requirement is a maximum of 3 seconds for a system to respond to an emergency detection and begin sending appropriate warning signals and alarms without human intervention. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 7] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 For this requirement to be met, the system must support a bounded and acceptable time from a notification signal to specific stream establishment. For further details see [ISO7240-16]. Similar requirements apply when the system is restarted after a power cycle, cable re-connection, or system reconfiguration. In many cases such re-establishment of streaming state must be achieved by the peer devices themselves, i.e. without a central controller (since such a controller may only be present during initial network configuration). Video systems introduce related requirements, for example when transitioning from one camera feed (video stream) to another (see [STUDIO_IP] and [ESPN_DC2]). 2.1.5. Secure Transmission 2.1.5.1. Safety Professional audio systems can include amplifiers that are capable of generating hundreds or thousands of watts of audio power which if used incorrectly can cause hearing damage to those in the vicinity. Apart from the usual care required by the systems operators to prevent such incidents, the network traffic that controls these devices must be secured (as with any sensitive application traffic). 2.1.5.2. Digital Rights Management (DRM) Digital Rights Management (DRM) is very important to the audio and video industries. Any time protected content is introduced into a network there are DRM concerns that must be maintained (see [CONTENT_PROTECTION]). Many aspects of DRM are outside the scope of network technology, however there are cases when a secure link supporting authentication and encryption is required by content owners to carry their audio or video content when it is outside their own secure environment (for example see [DCI]). As an example, two techniques are Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) and High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP). HDCP content is not approved for retransmission within any other type of DRM, while DTCP may be retransmitted under HDCP. Therefore if the source of a stream is outside of the network and it uses HDCP protection it is only allowed to be placed on the network with that same HDCP protection. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 8] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 2.2. Pro Audio Today Some proprietary systems have been created which enable deterministic streams at Layer 3 however they are "engineered networks" which require careful configuration to operate, often require that the system be over-provisioned, and it is implied that all devices on the network voluntarily play by the rules of that network. To enable these industries to successfully transition to an interoperable multi-vendor packet-based infrastructure requires effective open standards, and we believe that establishing relevant IETF standards is a crucial factor. 2.3. Pro Audio Future 2.3.1. Layer 3 Interconnecting Layer 2 Islands It would be valuable to enable IP to connect multiple Layer 2 LANs. As an example, ESPN recently constructed a state-of-the-art 194,000 sq ft, $125 million broadcast studio called DC2. The DC2 network is capable of handling 46 Tbps of throughput with 60,000 simultaneous signals. Inside the facility are 1,100 miles of fiber feeding four audio control rooms (see [ESPN_DC2] ). In designing DC2 they replaced as much point-to-point technology as they could with packet-based technology. They constructed seven individual studios using layer 2 LANS (using IEEE 802.1 AVB) that were entirely effective at routing audio within the LANs. However to interconnect these layer 2 LAN islands together they ended up using dedicated paths in a custom SDN (Software Defined Networking) router because there is no standards-based routing solution available. 2.3.2. High Reliability Stream Paths On-air and other live media streams are often backed up with redundant links that seamlessly act to deliver the content when the primary link fails for any reason. In point-to-point systems this is provided by an additional point-to-point link; the analogous requirement in a packet-based system is to provide an alternate path through the network such that no individual link can bring down the system. 2.3.3. Link Aggregation For transmitting streams that require more bandwidth than a single link in the target network can support, link aggregation is a technique for combining (aggregating) the bandwidth available on multiple physical links to create a single logical link of the Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 9] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 required bandwidth. However, if aggregation is to be used, the network controller (or equivalent) must be able to determine the maximum latency of any path through the aggregate link. 2.3.4. Integration of Reserved Streams into IT Networks A commonly cited goal of moving to a packet based media infrastructure is that costs can be reduced by using off the shelf, commodity network hardware. In addition, economy of scale can be realized by combining media infrastructure with IT infrastructure. In keeping with these goals, stream reservation technology should be compatible with existing protocols, and not compromise use of the network for best effort (non-time-sensitive) traffic. 2.3.5. Use of Unused Reservations by Best-Effort Traffic In cases where stream bandwidth is reserved but not currently used (or is under-utilized) that bandwidth must be available to best- effort (i.e. non-time-sensitive) traffic. For example a single stream may be nailed up (reserved) for specific media content that needs to be presented at different times of the day, ensuring timely delivery of that content, yet in between those times the full bandwidth of the network can be utilized for best-effort tasks such as file transfers. This also addresses a concern of IT network administrators that are considering adding reserved bandwidth traffic to their networks that ("users will reserve large quantities of bandwidth and then never un- reserve it even though they are not using it, and soon the network will have no bandwidth left"). 2.3.6. Traffic Segregation Sink devices may be low cost devices with limited processing power. In order to not overwhelm the CPUs in these devices it is important to limit the amount of traffic that these devices must process. As an example, consider the use of individual seat speakers in a cinema. These speakers are typically required to be cost reduced since the quantities in a single theater can reach hundreds of seats. Discovery protocols alone in a one thousand seat theater can generate enough broadcast traffic to overwhelm a low powered CPU. Thus an installation like this will benefit greatly from some type of traffic segregation that can define groups of seats to reduce traffic within each group. All seats in the theater must still be able to communicate with a central controller. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 10] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 There are many techniques that can be used to support this requirement including (but not limited to) the following examples. 2.3.6.1. Packet Forwarding Rules, VLANs and Subnets Packet forwarding rules can be used to eliminate some extraneous streaming traffic from reaching potentially low powered sink devices, however there may be other types of broadcast traffic that should be eliminated using other means for example VLANs or IP subnets. 2.3.6.2. Multicast Addressing (IPv4 and IPv6) Multicast addressing is commonly used to keep bandwidth utilization of shared links to a minimum. Because of the MAC Address forwarding nature of Layer 2 bridges it is important that a multicast MAC address is only associated with one stream. This will prevent reservations from forwarding packets from one stream down a path that has no interested sinks simply because there is another stream on that same path that shares the same multicast MAC address. Since each multicast MAC Address can represent 32 different IPv4 multicast addresses there must be a process put in place to make sure this does not occur. Requiring use of IPv6 address can achieve this, however due to their continued prevalence, solutions that are effective for IPv4 installations are also required. 2.3.7. Latency Optimization by a Central Controller A central network controller might also perform optimizations based on the individual path delays, for example sinks that are closer to the source can inform the controller that they can accept greater latency since they will be buffering packets to match presentation times of farther away sinks. The controller might then move a stream reservation on a short path to a longer path in order to free up bandwidth for other critical streams on that short path. See slides 3-5 of [SRP_LATENCY]. Additional optimization can be achieved in cases where sinks have differing latency requirements, for example in a live outdoor concert the speaker sinks have stricter latency requirements than the recording hardware sinks. See slide 7 of [SRP_LATENCY]. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 11] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 2.3.8. Reduced Device Cost Due To Reduced Buffer Memory Device cost can be reduced in a system with guaranteed reservations with a small bounded latency due to the reduced requirements for buffering (i.e. memory) on sink devices. For example, a theme park might broadcast a live event across the globe via a layer 3 protocol; in such cases the size of the buffers required is proportional to the latency bounds and jitter caused by delivery, which depends on the worst case segment of the end-to-end network path. For example on todays open internet the latency is typically unacceptable for audio and video streaming without many seconds of buffering. In such scenarios a single gateway device at the local network that receives the feed from the remote site would provide the expensive buffering required to mask the latency and jitter issues associated with long distance delivery. Sink devices in the local location would have no additional buffering requirements, and thus no additional costs, beyond those required for delivery of local content. The sink device would be receiving the identical packets as those sent by the source and would be unaware that there were any latency or jitter issues along the path. 2.4. Pro Audio Asks o Layer 3 routing on top of AVB (and/or other high QoS networks) o Content delivery with bounded, lowest possible latency o IntServ and DiffServ integration with AVB (where practical) o Single network for A/V and IT traffic o Standards-based, interoperable, multi-vendor o IT department friendly o Enterprise-wide networks (e.g. size of San Francisco but not the whole Internet (yet...)) 3. Electrical Utilities 3.1. Use Case Description Many systems that an electrical utility deploys today rely on high availability and deterministic behavior of the underlying networks. Here we present use cases in Transmission, Generation and Distribution, including key timing and reliability metrics. We also discuss security issues and industry trends which affect the architecture of next generation utility networks Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 12] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 3.1.1. Transmission Use Cases 3.1.1.1. Protection Protection means not only the protection of human operators but also the protection of the electrical equipment and the preservation of the stability and frequency of the grid. If a fault occurs in the transmission or distribution of electricity then severe damage can occur to human operators, electrical equipment and the grid itself, leading to blackouts. Communication links in conjunction with protection relays are used to selectively isolate faults on high voltage lines, transformers, reactors and other important electrical equipment. The role of the teleprotection system is to selectively disconnect a faulty part by transferring command signals within the shortest possible time. 3.1.1.1.1. Key Criteria The key criteria for measuring teleprotection performance are command transmission time, dependability and security. These criteria are defined by the IEC standard 60834 as follows: o Transmission time (Speed): The time between the moment where state changes at the transmitter input and the moment of the corresponding change at the receiver output, including propagation delay. Overall operating time for a teleprotection system includes the time for initiating the command at the transmitting end, the propagation delay over the network (including equipments) and the selection and decision time at the receiving end, including any additional delay due to a noisy environment. o Dependability: The ability to issue and receive valid commands in the presence of interference and/or noise, by minimizing the probability of missing command (PMC). Dependability targets are typically set for a specific bit error rate (BER) level. o Security: The ability to prevent false tripping due to a noisy environment, by minimizing the probability of unwanted commands (PUC). Security targets are also set for a specific bit error rate (BER) level. Additional elements of the the teleprotection system that impact its performance include: o Network bandwidth o Failure recovery capacity (aka resiliency) Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 13] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 3.1.1.1.2. Fault Detection and Clearance Timing Most power line equipment can tolerate short circuits or faults for up to approximately five power cycles before sustaining irreversible damage or affecting other segments in the network. This translates to total fault clearance time of 100ms. As a safety precaution, however, actual operation time of protection systems is limited to 70- 80 percent of this period, including fault recognition time, command transmission time and line breaker switching time. Some system components, such as large electromechanical switches, require particularly long time to operate and take up the majority of the total clearance time, leaving only a 10ms window for the telecommunications part of the protection scheme, independent of the distance to travel. Given the sensitivity of the issue, new networks impose requirements that are even more stringent: IEC standard 61850 limits the transfer time for protection messages to 1/4 - 1/2 cycle or 4 - 8ms (for 60Hz lines) for the most critical messages. 3.1.1.1.3. Symmetric Channel Delay Teleprotection channels which are differential must be synchronous, which means that any delays on the transmit and receive paths must match each other. Teleprotection systems ideally support zero asymmetric delay; typical legacy relays can tolerate delay discrepancies of up to 750us. Some tools available for lowering delay variation below this threshold are: o For legacy systems using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), jitter buffers at the multiplexers on each end of the line can be used to offset delay variation by queuing sent and received packets. The length of the queues must balance the need to regulate the rate of transmission with the need to limit overall delay, as larger buffers result in increased latency. o For jitter-prone IP packet networks, traffic management tools can ensure that the teleprotection signals receive the highest transmission priority to minimize jitter. o Standard packet-based synchronization technologies, such as 1588-2008 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and Synchronous Ethernet (Sync-E), can help keep networks stable by maintaining a highly accurate clock source on the various network devices. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 14] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 3.1.1.1.4. Teleprotection Network Requirements (IEC 61850) The following table captures the main network metrics as based on the IEC 61850 standard. +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ | Teleprotection Requirement | Attribute | +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ | One way maximum delay | 4-10 ms | | Asymetric delay required | Yes | | Maximum jitter | less than 250 us (750 us for legacy | | | IED) | | Topology | Point to point, point to Multi- | | | point | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing required | Yes | | Recovery time on node | less than 50ms - hitless | | failure | | | performance management | Yes, Mandatory | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 0.1% to 1% | +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ Table 1: Teleprotection network requirements 3.1.1.1.5. Inter-Trip Protection scheme "Inter-tripping" is the signal-controlled tripping of a circuit breaker to complete the isolation of a circuit or piece of apparatus in concert with the tripping of other circuit breakers. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 15] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+ | Inter-Trip protection | Attribute | | Requirement | | +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+ | One way maximum delay | 5 ms | | Asymetric delay required | No | | Maximum jitter | Not critical | | Topology | Point to point, point to Multi- | | | point | | Bandwidth | 64 Kbps | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing required | Yes | | Recovery time on node failure | less than 50ms - hitless | | performance management | Yes, Mandatory | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 0.1% | +--------------------------------+----------------------------------+ Table 2: Inter-Trip protection network requirements 3.1.1.1.6. Current Differential Protection Scheme Current differential protection is commonly used for line protection, and is typical for protecting parallel circuits. At both end of the lines the current is measured by the differential relays, and both relays will trip the circuit breaker if the current going into the line does not equal the current going out of the line. This type of protection scheme assumes some form of communications being present between the relays at both end of the line, to allow both relays to compare measured current values. Line differential protection schemes assume a very low telecommunications delay between both relays, often as low as 5ms. Moreover, as those systems are often not time-synchronized, they also assume symmetric telecommunications paths with constant delay, which allows comparing current measurement values taken at the exact same time. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 16] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Current Differential protection | Attribute | | Requirement | | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | One way maximum delay | 5 ms | | Asymetric delay Required | Yes | | Maximum jitter | less than 250 us (750us for | | | legacy IED) | | Topology | Point to point, point to | | | Multi-point | | Bandwidth | 64 Kbps | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing required | Yes | | Recovery time on node failure | less than 50ms - hitless | | performance management | Yes, Mandatory | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 0.1% | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ Table 3: Current Differential Protection metrics 3.1.1.1.7. Distance Protection Scheme Distance (Impedance Relay) protection scheme is based on voltage and current measurements. The network metrics are similar (but not identical to) Current Differential protection. +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Distance protection | Attribute | | Requirement | | +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | One way maximum delay | 5 ms | | Asymetric delay Required | No | | Maximum jitter | Not critical | | Topology | Point to point, point to Multi- | | | point | | Bandwidth | 64 Kbps | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing required | Yes | | Recovery time on node failure | less than 50ms - hitless | | performance management | Yes, Mandatory | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 0.1% | +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Table 4: Distance Protection requirements Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 17] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 3.1.1.1.8. Inter-Substation Protection Signaling This use case describes the exchange of Sampled Value and/or GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events) message between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) in two substations for protection and tripping coordination. The two IEDs are in a master- slave mode. The Current Transformer or Voltage Transformer (CT/VT) in one substation sends the sampled analog voltage or current value to the Merging Unit (MU) over hard wire. The MU sends the time-synchronized 61850-9-2 sampled values to the slave IED. The slave IED forwards the information to the Master IED in the other substation. The master IED makes the determination (for example based on sampled value differentials) to send a trip command to the originating IED. Once the slave IED/Relay receives the GOOSE trip for breaker tripping, it opens the breaker. It then sends a confirmation message back to the master. All data exchanges between IEDs are either through Sampled Value and/or GOOSE messages. +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Inter-Substation protection | Attribute | | Requirement | | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | One way maximum delay | 5 ms | | Asymetric delay Required | No | | Maximum jitter | Not critical | | Topology | Point to point, point to | | | Multi-point | | Bandwidth | 64 Kbps | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing required | Yes | | Recovery time on node failure | less than 50ms - hitless | | performance management | Yes, Mandatory | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 1% | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ Table 5: Inter-Substation Protection requirements 3.1.1.2. Intra-Substation Process Bus Communications This use case describes the data flow from the CT/VT to the IEDs in the substation via the MU. The CT/VT in the substation send the sampled value (analog voltage or current) to the MU over hard wire. The MU sends the time-synchronized 61850-9-2 sampled values to the IEDs in the substation in GOOSE message format. The GPS Master Clock can send 1PPS or IRIG-B format to the MU through a serial port or Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 18] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 IEEE 1588 protocol via a network. Process bus communication using 61850 simplifies connectivity within the substation and removes the requirement for multiple serial connections and removes the slow serial bus architectures that are typically used. This also ensures increased flexibility and increased speed with the use of multicast messaging between multiple devices. +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Intra-Substation protection | Attribute | | Requirement | | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ | One way maximum delay | 5 ms | | Asymetric delay Required | No | | Maximum jitter | Not critical | | Topology | Point to point, point to | | | Multi-point | | Bandwidth | 64 Kbps | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing required | Yes | | Recovery time on Node failure | less than 50ms - hitless | | performance management | Yes, Mandatory | | Redundancy | Yes - No | | Packet loss | 0.1% | +----------------------------------+--------------------------------+ Table 6: Intra-Substation Protection requirements 3.1.1.3. Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems The application of synchrophasor measurement data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) to Wide Area Monitoring and Control Systems promises to provide important new capabilities for improving system stability. Access to PMU data enables more timely situational awareness over larger portions of the grid than what has been possible historically with normal SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) data. Handling the volume and real-time nature of synchrophasor data presents unique challenges for existing application architectures. Wide Area management System (WAMS) makes it possible for the condition of the bulk power system to be observed and understood in real-time so that protective, preventative, or corrective action can be taken. Because of the very high sampling rate of measurements and the strict requirement for time synchronization of the samples, WAMS has stringent telecommunications requirements in an IP network that are captured in the following table: Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 19] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | WAMS Requirement | Attribute | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | One way maximum | 50 ms | | delay | | | Asymetric delay | No | | Required | | | Maximum jitter | Not critical | | Topology | Point to point, point to Multi-point, | | | Multi-point to Multi-point | | Bandwidth | 100 Kbps | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing | Yes | | required | | | Recovery time on | less than 50ms - hitless | | Node failure | | | performance | Yes, Mandatory | | management | | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 1% | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ Table 7: WAMS Special Communication Requirements 3.1.1.4. IEC 61850 WAN engineering guidelines requirement classification The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) has recently published a Technical Report which offers guidelines on how to define and deploy Wide Area Networks for the interconnections of electric substations, generation plants and SCADA operation centers. The IEC 61850-90-12 is providing a classification of WAN communication requirements into 4 classes. Table 8 summarizes these requirements: Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 20] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+ | WAN | Class WA | Class WB | Class WC | Class WD | | Requirement | | | | | +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+ | Application | EHV (Extra | HV (High | MV (Medium | General | | field | High | Voltage) | Voltage) | purpose | | | Voltage) | | | | | Latency | 5 ms | 10 ms | 100 ms | > 100 ms | | Jitter | 10 us | 100 us | 1 ms | 10 ms | | Latency | 100 us | 1 ms | 10 ms | 100 ms | | Asymetry | | | | | | Time Accuracy | 1 us | 10 us | 100 us | 10 to 100 | | | | | | ms | | Bit Error rate | 10-7 to | 10-5 to | 10-3 | | | | 10-6 | 10-4 | | | | Unavailability | 10-7 to | 10-5 to | 10-3 | | | | 10-6 | 10-4 | | | | Recovery delay | Zero | 50 ms | 5 s | 50 s | | Cyber security | extremely | High | Medium | Medium | | | high | | | | +----------------+------------+------------+------------+-----------+ Table 8: 61850-90-12 Communication Requirements; Courtesy of IEC 3.1.2. Generation Use Case The electrical power generation frequency should be maintained within a very narrow band. Deviations from the acceptable frequency range are detected and the required signals are sent to the power plants for frequency regulation. Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 21] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+ | FCAG (Frequency Control Automatic Generation) | Attribute | | Requirement | | +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+ | One way maximum delay | 500 ms | | Asymetric delay Required | No | | Maximum jitter | Not critical | | Topology | Point to | | | point | | Bandwidth | 20 Kbps | | Availability | 99.999 | | precise timing required | Yes | | Recovery time on Node failure | N/A | | performance management | Yes, | | | Mandatory | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 1% | +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+ Table 9: FCAG Communication Requirements 3.1.3. Distribution use case 3.1.3.1. Fault Location Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR) Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration (FLISR) refers to the ability to automatically locate the fault, isolate the fault, and restore service in the distribution network. This will likely be the first widespread application of distributed intelligence in the grid. Static power switch status (open/closed) in the network dictates the power flow to secondary substations. Reconfiguring the network in the event of a fault is typically done manually on site to energize/ de-energize alternate paths. Automating the operation of substation switchgear allows the flow of power to be altered automatically under fault conditions. FLISR can be managed centrally from a Distribution Management System (DMS) or executed locally through distributed control via intelligent switches and fault sensors. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 22] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | FLISR Requirement | Attribute | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | One way maximum | 80 ms | | delay | | | Asymetric delay | No | | Required | | | Maximum jitter | 40 ms | | Topology | Point to point, point to Multi-point, | | | Multi-point to Multi-point | | Bandwidth | 64 Kbps | | Availability | 99.9999 | | precise timing | Yes | | required | | | Recovery time on | Depends on customer impact | | Node failure | | | performance | Yes, Mandatory | | management | | | Redundancy | Yes | | Packet loss | 0.1% | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ Table 10: FLISR Communication Requirements 3.2. Electrical Utilities Today Many utilities still rely on complex environments formed of multiple application-specific proprietary networks, including TDM networks. In this kind of environment there is no mixing of OT and IT applications on the same network, and information is siloed between operational areas. Specific calibration of the full chain is required, which is costly. This kind of environment prevents utility operations from realizing the operational efficiency benefits, visibility, and functional integration of operational information across grid applications and data networks. In addition, there are many security-related issues as discussed in the following section. 3.2.1. Security Current Practices and Limitations Grid monitoring and control devices are already targets for cyber attacks, and legacy telecommunications protocols have many intrinsic network-related vulnerabilities. For example, DNP3, Modbus, Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 23] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 PROFIBUS/PROFINET, and other protocols are designed around a common paradigm of request and respond. Each protocol is designed for a master device such as an HMI (Human Machine Interface) system to send commands to subordinate slave devices to retrieve data (reading inputs) or control (writing to outputs). Because many of these protocols lack authentication, encryption, or other basic security measures, they are prone to network-based attacks, allowing a malicious actor or attacker to utilize the request-and-respond system as a mechanism for command-and-control like functionality. Specific security concerns common to most industrial control, including utility telecommunication protocols include the following: o Network or transport errors (e.g. malformed packets or excessive latency) can cause protocol failure. o Protocol commands may be available that are capable of forcing slave devices into inoperable states, including powering-off devices, forcing them into a listen-only state, disabling alarming. o Protocol commands may be available that are capable of restarting communications and otherwise interrupting processes. o Protocol commands may be available that are capable of clearing, erasing, or resetting diagnostic information such as counters and diagnostic registers. o Protocol commands may be available that are capable of requesting sensitive information about the controllers, their configurations, or other need-to-know information. o Most protocols are application layer protocols transported over TCP; therefore it is easy to transport commands over non-standard ports or inject commands into authorized traffic flows. o Protocol commands may be available that are capable of broadcasting messages to many devices at once (i.e. a potential DoS). o Protocol commands may be available to query the device network to obtain defined points and their values (i.e. a configuration scan). o Protocol commands may be available that will list all available function codes (i.e. a function scan). These inherent vulnerabilities, along with increasing connectivity between IT an OT networks, make network-based attacks very feasible. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 24] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Simple injection of malicious protocol commands provides control over the target process. Altering legitimate protocol traffic can also alter information about a process and disrupt the legitimate controls that are in place over that process. A man-in-the-middle attack could provide both control over a process and misrepresentation of data back to operator consoles. 3.3. Electrical Utilities Future The business and technology trends that are sweeping the utility industry will drastically transform the utility business from the way it has been for many decades. At the core of many of these changes is a drive to modernize the electrical grid with an integrated telecommunications infrastructure. However, interoperability concerns, legacy networks, disparate tools, and stringent security requirements all add complexity to the grid transformation. Given the range and diversity of the requirements that should be addressed by the next generation telecommunications infrastructure, utilities need to adopt a holistic architectural approach to integrate the electrical grid with digital telecommunications across the entire power delivery chain. The key to modernizing grid telecommunications is to provide a common, adaptable, multi-service network infrastructure for the entire utility organization. Such a network serves as the platform for current capabilities while enabling future expansion of the network to accommodate new applications and services. To meet this diverse set of requirements, both today and in the future, the next generation utility telecommunnications network will be based on open-standards-based IP architecture. An end-to-end IP architecture takes advantage of nearly three decades of IP technology development, facilitating interoperability across disparate networks and devices, as it has been already demonstrated in many mission- critical and highly secure networks. IPv6 is seen as a future telecommunications technology for the Smart Grid; the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and different National Committees have mandated a specific adhoc group (AHG8) to define the migration strategy to IPv6 for all the IEC TC57 power automation standards. 3.3.1. Migration to Packet-Switched Network Throughout the world, utilities are increasingly planning for a future based on smart grid applications requiring advanced telecommunications systems. Many of these applications utilize packet connectivity for communicating information and control signals Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 25] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 across the utility's Wide Area Network (WAN), made possible by technologies such as multiprotocol label switching (MPLS). The data that traverses the utility WAN includes: o Grid monitoring, control, and protection data o Non-control grid data (e.g. asset data for condition-based monitoring) o Physical safety and security data (e.g. voice and video) o Remote worker access to corporate applications (voice, maps, schematics, etc.) o Field area network backhaul for smart metering, and distribution grid management o Enterprise traffic (email, collaboration tools, business applications) WANs support this wide variety of traffic to and from substations, the transmission and distribution grid, generation sites, between control centers, and between work locations and data centers. To maintain this rapidly expanding set of applications, many utilities are taking steps to evolve present time-division multiplexing (TDM) based and frame relay infrastructures to packet systems. Packet- based networks are designed to provide greater functionalities and higher levels of service for applications, while continuing to deliver reliability and deterministic (real-time) traffic support. 3.3.2. Telecommunications Trends These general telecommunications topics are in addition to the use cases that have been addressed so far. These include both current and future telecommunications related topics that should be factored into the network architecture and design. 3.3.2.1. General Telecommunications Requirements o IP Connectivity everywhere o Monitoring services everywhere and from different remote centers o Move services to a virtual data center o Unify access to applications / information from the corporate network Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 26] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 o Unify services o Unified Communications Solutions o Mix of fiber and microwave technologies - obsolescence of SONET/ SDH or TDM o Standardize grid telecommunications protocol to opened standard to ensure interoperability o Reliable Telecommunications for Transmission and Distribution Substations o IEEE 1588 time synchronization Client / Server Capabilities o Integration of Multicast Design o QoS Requirements Mapping o Enable Future Network Expansion o Substation Network Resilience o Fast Convergence Design o Scalable Headend Design o Define Service Level Agreements (SLA) and Enable SLA Monitoring o Integration of 3G/4G Technologies and future technologies o Ethernet Connectivity for Station Bus Architecture o Ethernet Connectivity for Process Bus Architecture o Protection, teleprotection and PMU (Phaser Measurement Unit) on IP 3.3.2.2. Specific Network topologies of Smart Grid Applications Utilities often have very large private telecommunications networks. It covers an entire territory / country. The main purpose of the network, until now, has been to support transmission network monitoring, control, and automation, remote control of generation sites, and providing FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security) services from centralized network operation centers. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 27] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Going forward, one network will support operation and maintenance of electrical networks (generation, transmission, and distribution), voice and data services for ten of thousands of employees and for exchange with neighboring interconnections, and administrative services. To meet those requirements, utility may deploy several physical networks leveraging different technologies across the country: an optical network and a microwave network for instance. Each protection and automatism system between two points has two telecommunications circuits, one on each network. Path diversity between two substations is key. Regardless of the event type (hurricane, ice storm, etc.), one path shall stay available so the system can still operate. In the optical network, signals are transmitted over more than tens of thousands of circuits using fiber optic links, microwave and telephone cables. This network is the nervous system of the utility's power transmission operations. The optical network represents ten of thousands of km of cable deployed along the power lines, with individual runs as long as 280 km. 3.3.2.3. Precision Time Protocol Some utilities do not use GPS clocks in generation substations. One of the main reasons is that some of the generation plants are 30 to 50 meters deep under ground and the GPS signal can be weak and unreliable. Instead, atomic clocks are used. Clocks are synchronized amongst each other. Rubidium clocks provide clock and 1ms timestamps for IRIG-B. Some companies plan to transition to the Precision Time Protocol (PTP, [IEEE1588]), distributing the synchronization signal over the IP/MPLS network. PTP provides a mechanism for synchronizing the clocks of participating nodes to a high degree of accuracy and precision. PTP operates based on the following assumptions: It is assumed that the network eliminates cyclic forwarding of PTP messages within each communication path (e.g. by using a spanning tree protocol). PTP is tolerant of an occasional missed message, duplicated message, or message that arrived out of order. However, PTP assumes that such impairments are relatively rare. PTP was designed assuming a multicast communication model, however PTP also supports a unicast communication model as long as the behavior of the protocol is preserved. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 28] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Like all message-based time transfer protocols, PTP time accuracy is degraded by delay asymmetry in the paths taken by event messages. Asymmetry is not detectable by PTP, however, if such delays are known a priori, PTP can correct for asymmetry. IEC 61850 will recommend the use of the IEEE PTP 1588 Utility Profile (as defined in [IEC62439-3:2012] Annex B) which offers the support of redundant attachment of clocks to Parallel Redundancy Protcol (PRP) and High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) networks. 3.3.3. Security Trends in Utility Networks Although advanced telecommunications networks can assist in transforming the energy industry by playing a critical role in maintaining high levels of reliability, performance, and manageability, they also introduce the need for an integrated security infrastructure. Many of the technologies being deployed to support smart grid projects such as smart meters and sensors can increase the vulnerability of the grid to attack. Top security concerns for utilities migrating to an intelligent smart grid telecommunications platform center on the following trends: o Integration of distributed energy resources o Proliferation of digital devices to enable management, automation, protection, and control o Regulatory mandates to comply with standards for critical infrastructure protection o Migration to new systems for outage management, distribution automation, condition-based maintenance, load forecasting, and smart metering o Demand for new levels of customer service and energy management This development of a diverse set of networks to support the integration of microgrids, open-access energy competition, and the use of network-controlled devices is driving the need for a converged security infrastructure for all participants in the smart grid, including utilities, energy service providers, large commercial and industrial, as well as residential customers. Securing the assets of electric power delivery systems (from the control center to the substation, to the feeders and down to customer meters) requires an end-to-end security infrastructure that protects the myriad of telecommunications assets used to operate, monitor, and control power flow and measurement. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 29] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 "Cyber security" refers to all the security issues in automation and telecommunications that affect any functions related to the operation of the electric power systems. Specifically, it involves the concepts of: o Integrity : data cannot be altered undetectably o Authenticity : the telecommunications parties involved must be validated as genuine o Authorization : only requests and commands from the authorized users can be accepted by the system o Confidentiality : data must not be accessible to any unauthenticated users When designing and deploying new smart grid devices and telecommunications systems, it is imperative to understand the various impacts of these new components under a variety of attack situations on the power grid. Consequences of a cyber attack on the grid telecommunications network can be catastrophic. This is why security for smart grid is not just an ad hoc feature or product, it's a complete framework integrating both physical and Cyber security requirements and covering the entire smart grid networks from generation to distribution. Security has therefore become one of the main foundations of the utility telecom network architecture and must be considered at every layer with a defense-in-depth approach. Migrating to IP based protocols is key to address these challenges for two reasons: o IP enables a rich set of features and capabilities to enhance the security posture o IP is based on open standards, which allows interoperability between different vendors and products, driving down the costs associated with implementing security solutions in OT networks. Securing OT (Operation technology) telecommunications over packet- switched IP networks follow the same principles that are foundational for securing the IT infrastructure, i.e., consideration must be given to enforcing electronic access control for both person-to-machine and machine-to-machine communications, and providing the appropriate levels of data privacy, device and platform integrity, and threat detection and mitigation. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 30] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 3.4. Electrical Utilities Asks o Mixed L2 and L3 topologies o Deterministic behavior o Bounded latency and jitter o High availability, low recovery time o Redundancy, low packet loss o Precise timing o Centralized computing of deterministic paths o Distributed configuration may also be useful 4. Building Automation Systems 4.1. Use Case Description A Building Automation System (BAS) manages equipment and sensors in a building for improving residents' comfort, reducing energy consumption, and responding to failures and emergencies. For example, the BAS measures the temperature of a room using sensors and then controls the HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) to maintain a set temperature and minimize energy consumption. A BAS primarily performs the following functions: o Periodically measures states of devices, for example humidity and illuminance of rooms, open/close state of doors, FAN speed, etc. o Stores the measured data. o Provides the measured data to BAS systems and operators. o Generates alarms for abnormal state of devices. o Controls devices (e.g. turn off room lights at 10:00 PM). 4.2. Building Automation Systems Today Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 31] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 4.2.1. BAS Architecture A typical BAS architecture of today is shown in Figure 1. +----------------------------+ | | | BMS HMI | | | | | | +----------------------+ | | | Management Network | | | +----------------------+ | | | | | | LC LC | | | | | | +----------------------+ | | | Field Network | | | +----------------------+ | | | | | | | | Dev Dev Dev Dev | | | +----------------------------+ BMS := Building Management Server HMI := Human Machine Interface LC := Local Controller Figure 1: BAS architecture There are typically two layers of network in a BAS. The upper one is called the Management Network and the lower one is called the Field Network. In management networks an IP-based communication protocol is used, while in field networks non-IP based communication protocols ("field protocols") are mainly used. Field networks have specific timing requirements, whereas management networks can be best-effort. A Human Machine Interface (HMI) is typically a desktop PC used by operators to monitor and display device states, send device control commands to Local Controllers (LCs), and configure building schedules (for example "turn off all room lights in the building at 10:00 PM"). A Building Management Server (BMS) performs the following operations. o Collect and store device states from LCs at regular intervals. o Send control values to LCs according to a building schedule. o Send an alarm signal to operators if it detects abnormal devices states. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 32] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 The BMS and HMI communicate with LCs via IP-based "management protocols" (see standards [bacnetip], [knx]). A LC is typically a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) which is connected to several tens or hundreds of devices using "field protocols". An LC performs the following kinds of operations: o Measure device states and provide the information to BMS or HMI. o Send control values to devices, unilaterally or as part of a feedback control loop. There are many field protocols used today; some are standards-based and others are proprietary (see standards [lontalk], [modbus], [profibus] and [flnet]). The result is that BASs have multiple MAC/ PHY modules and interfaces. This makes BASs more expensive, slower to develop, and can result in "vendor lock-in" with multiple types of management applications. 4.2.2. BAS Deployment Model An example BAS for medium or large buildings is shown in Figure 2. The physical layout spans multiple floors, and there is a monitoring room where the BAS management entities are located. Each floor will have one or more LCs depending upon the number of devices connected to the field network. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 33] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +--------------------------------------------------+ | Floor 3 | | +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+ | | | | | | | | | Dev Dev Dev | | | | |--- | ------------------------------------------| | | Floor 2 | | +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+ Field Network | | | | | | | | | Dev Dev Dev | | | | |--- | ------------------------------------------| | | Floor 1 | | +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+~~~~~+ +-----------------| | | | | | | Monitoring Room | | | Dev Dev Dev | | | | | BMS HMI | | | Management Network | | | | | +--------------------------------+-----+ | | | | +--------------------------------------------------+ Figure 2: BAS Deployment model for Medium/Large Buildings Each LC is connected to the monitoring room via the Management network, and the management functions are performed within the building. In most cases, fast Ethernet (e.g. 100BASE-T) is used for the management network. Since the management network is non- realtime, use of Ethernet without quality of service is sufficient for today's deployment. In the field network a variety of physical interfaces such as RS232C and RS485 are used, which have specific timing requirements. Thus if a field network is to be replaced with an Ethernet or wireless network, such networks must support time-critical deterministic flows. In Figure 3, another deployment model is presented in which the management system is hosted remotely. This is becoming popular for small office and residential buildings in which a standalone monitoring system is not cost-effective. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 34] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +---------------+ | Remote Center | | | | BMS HMI | +------------------------------------+ | | | | | Floor 2 | | +---+---+ | | +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+ Field Network| | | | | | | | | | Router | | | Dev Dev | +-------|-------+ | | | | |--- | ------------------------------| | | | Floor 1 | | | +----LC~~~~+~~~~~+ | | | | | | | | | | Dev Dev | | | | | | | | Management Network | WAN | | +------------------------Router-------------+ | | +------------------------------------+ Figure 3: Deployment model for Small Buildings Some interoperability is possible today in the Management Network, but not in today's field networks due to their non-IP-based design. 4.2.3. Use Cases for Field Networks Below are use cases for Environmental Monitoring, Fire Detection, and Feedback Control, and their implications for field network performance. 4.2.3.1. Environmental Monitoring The BMS polls each LC at a maximum measurement interval of 100ms (for example to draw a historical chart of 1 second granularity with a 10x sampling interval) and then performs the operations as specified by the operator. Each LC needs to measure each of its several hundred sensors once per measurement interval. Latency is not critical in this scenario as long as all sensor values are completed in the measurement interval. Availability is expected to be 99.999 %. 4.2.3.2. Fire Detection On detection of a fire, the BMS must stop the HVAC, close the fire shutters, turn on the fire sprinklers, send an alarm, etc. There are typically ~10s of sensors per LC that BMS needs to manage. In this Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 35] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 scenario the measurement interval is 10-50ms, the communication delay is 10ms, and the availability must be 99.9999 %. 4.2.3.3. Feedback Control BAS systems utilize feedback control in various ways; the most time- critial is control of DC motors, which require a short feedback interval (1-5ms) with low communication delay (10ms) and jitter (1ms). The feedback interval depends on the characteristics of the device and a target quality of control value. There are typically ~10s of such devices per LC. Communication delay is expected to be less than 10 ms, jitter less than 1 sec while the availability must be 99.9999% . 4.2.4. Security Considerations When BAS field networks were developed it was assumed that the field networks would always be physically isolated from external networks and therefore security was not a concern. In today's world many BASs are managed remotely and are thus connected to shared IP networks and so security is definitely a concern, yet security features are not available in the majority of BAS field network deployments . The management network, being an IP-based network, has the protocols available to enable network security, but in practice many BAS systems do not implement even the available security features such as device authentication or encryption for data in transit. 4.3. BAS Future In the future we expect more fine-grained environmental monitoring and lower energy consumption, which will require more sensors and devices, thus requiring larger and more complex building networks. We expect building networks to be connected to or converged with other networks (Enterprise network, Home network, and Internet). Therefore better facilities for network management, control, reliability and security are critical in order to improve resident and operator convenience and comfort. For example the ability to monitor and control building devices via the internet would enable (for example) control of room lights or HVAC from a resident's desktop PC or phone application. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 36] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 4.4. BAS Asks The community would like to see an interoperable protocol specification that can satisfy the timing, security, availability and QoS constraints described above, such that the resulting converged network can replace the disparate field networks. Ideally this connectivity could extend to the open Internet. This would imply an architecture that can guarantee o Low communication delays (from <10ms to 100ms in a network of several hundred devices) o Low jitter (< 1 ms) o Tight feedback intervals (1ms - 10ms) o High network availability (up to 99.9999% ) o Availability of network data in disaster scenario o Authentication between management and field devices (both local and remote) o Integrity and data origin authentication of communication data between field and management devices o Confidentiality of data when communicated to a remote device 5. Wireless for Industrial 5.1. Use Case Description Wireless networks are useful for industrial applications, for example when portable, fast-moving or rotating objects are involved, and for the resource-constrained devices found in the Internet of Things (IoT). Such network-connected sensors, actuators, control loops (etc.) typically require that the underlying network support real-time quality of service (QoS), as well as specific classes of other network properties such as reliability, redundancy, and security. These networks may also contain very large numbers of devices, for example for factories, "big data" acquisition, and the IoT. Given the large numbers of devices installed, and the potential pervasiveness of the IoT, this is a huge and very cost-sensitive Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 37] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 market. For example, a 1% cost reduction in some areas could save $100B 5.1.1. Network Convergence using 6TiSCH Some wireless network technologies support real-time QoS, and are thus useful for these kinds of networks, but others do not. For example WiFi is pervasive but does not provide guaranteed timing or delivery of packets, and thus is not useful in this context. In this use case we focus on one specific wireless network technology which does provide the required deterministic QoS, which is "IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e" (6TiSCH, where TSCH stands for "Time-Slotted Channel Hopping", see [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture], [IEEE802154], [IEEE802154e], and [RFC7554]). There are other deterministic wireless busses and networks available today, however they are imcompatible with each other, and incompatible with IP traffic (for example [ISA100], [WirelessHART]). Thus the primary goal of this use case is to apply 6TiSH as a converged IP- and standards-based wireless network for industrial applications, i.e. to replace multiple proprietary and/or incompatible wireless networking and wireless network management standards. 5.1.2. Common Protocol Development for 6TiSCH Today there are a number of protocols required by 6TiSCH which are still in development, and a second intent of this use case is to highlight the ways in which these "missing" protocols share goals in common with DetNet. Thus it is possible that some of the protocol technology developed for DetNet will also be applicable to 6TiSCH. These protocol goals are identified here, along with their relationship to DetNet. It is likely that ultimately the resulting protocols will not be identical, but will share design principles which contribute to the eficiency of enabling both DetNet and 6TiSCH. One such commonality is that although at a different time scale, in both TSN [IEEE802.1TSNTG] and TSCH a packet crosses the network from node to node follows a precise schedule, as a train that leaves intermediate stations at precise times along its path. This kind of operation reduces collisions, saves energy, and enables engineering the network for deterministic properties. Another commonality is remote monitoring and scheduling management of a TSCH network by a Path Computation Element (PCE) and Network Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 38] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Management Entity (NME). The PCE/NME manage timeslots and device resources in a manner that minimizes the interaction with and the load placed on resource-constrained devices. For example, a tiny IoT device may have just enough buffers to store one or a few IPv6 packets, and will have limited bandwidth between peers such that it can maintain only a small amount of peer information, and will not be able to store many packets waiting to be forwarded. It is advantageous then for it to only be required to carry out the specific behavior assigned to it by the PCE/NME (as opposed to maintaining its own IP stack, for example). 6TiSCH depends on [PCE] and [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture], and we expect that DetNet will maintain consistency with [IEEE802.1TSNTG]. 5.2. Wireless Industrial Today Today industrial wireless is accomplished using multiple deterministic wireless networks which are incompatible with each other and with IP traffic. 6TiSCH is not yet fully specified, so it cannot be used in today's applications. 5.3. Wireless Industrial Future 5.3.1. Unified Wireless Network and Management We expect DetNet and 6TiSCH together to enable converged transport of deterministic and best-effort traffic flows between real-time industrial devices and wide area networks via IP routing. A high level view of a basic such network is shown in Figure 4. ---+-------- ............ ------------ | External Network | | +-----+ +-----+ | NME | | | LLN Border | | | | router +-----+ +-----+ o o o o o o o o o LLN o o o o o o o o Figure 4: Basic 6TiSCH Network Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 39] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Figure 5 shows a backbone router federating multiple synchronized 6TiSCH subnets into a single subnet connected to the external network. ---+-------- ............ ------------ | External Network | | +-----+ | +-----+ | NME | +-----+ | +-----+ | | | | Router | | PCE | +-----+ | | +--| | +-----+ +-----+ | | | Subnet Backbone | +--------------------+------------------+ | | | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ | | Backbone | | Backbone | | Backbone o | | router | | router | | router +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o LLN o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Figure 5: Extended 6TiSCH Network The backbone router must ensure end-to-end deterministic behavior between the LLN and the backbone. We would like to see this accomplished in conformance with the work done in [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] with respect to Layer-3 aspects of deterministic networks that span multiple Layer-2 domains. The PCE must compute a deterministic path end-to-end across the TSCH network and IEEE802.1 TSN Ethernet backbone, and DetNet protocols are expected to enable end-to-end deterministic forwarding. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 40] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 +-----+ | IoT | | G/W | +-----+ ^ <---- Elimination | | Track branch | | +-------+ +--------+ Subnet Backbone | | +--|--+ +--|--+ | | | Backbone | | | Backbone o | | | router | | | router +--/--+ +--|--+ o / o o---o----/ o o o---o--/ o o o o o o \ / o o LLN o o v <---- Replication o Figure 6: 6TiSCH Network with PRE 5.3.1.1. PCE and 6TiSCH ARQ Retries 6TiSCH uses the IEEE802.15.4 Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) mechanism to provide higher reliability of packet delivery. ARQ is related to packet replication and elimination because there are two independent paths for packets to arrive at the destination, and if an expected packed does not arrive on one path then it checks for the packet on the second path. Although to date this mechanism is only used by wireless networks, this may be a technique that would be appropriate for DetNet and so aspects of the enabling protocol could be co-developed. For example, in Figure 6, a Track is laid out from a field device in a 6TiSCH network to an IoT gateway that is located on a IEEE802.1 TSN backbone. The Replication function in the field device sends a copy of each packet over two different branches, and the PCE schedules each hop of both branches so that the two copies arrive in due time at the gateway. In case of a loss on one branch, hopefully the other copy of the packet still arrives within the allocated time. If two copies make it to the IoT gateway, the Elimination function in the gateway ignores the extra packet and presents only one copy to upper layers. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 41] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 At each 6TiSCH hop along the Track, the PCE may schedule more than one timeSlot for a packet, so as to support Layer-2 retries (ARQ). In current deployments, a TSCH Track does not necessarily support PRE but is systematically multi-path. This means that a Track is scheduled so as to ensure that each hop has at least two forwarding solutions, and the forwarding decision is to try the preferred one and use the other in case of Layer-2 transmission failure as detected by ARQ. 5.3.2. Schedule Management by a PCE A common feature of 6TiSCH and DetNet is the action of a PCE to configure paths through the network. Specifically, what is needed is a protocol and data model that the PCE will use to get/set the relevant configuration from/to the devices, as well as perform operations on the devices. We expect that this protocol will be developed by DetNet with consideration for its reuse by 6TiSCH. The remainder of this section provides a bit more context from the 6TiSCH side. 5.3.2.1. PCE Commands and 6TiSCH CoAP Requests The 6TiSCH device does not expect to place the request for bandwidth between itself and another device in the network. Rather, an operation control system invoked through a human interface specifies the required traffic specification and the end nodes (in terms of latency and reliability). Based on this information, the PCE must compute a path between the end nodes and provision the network with per-flow state that describes the per-hop operation for a given packet, the corresponding timeslots, and the flow identification that enables recognizing that a certain packet belongs to a certain path, etc. For a static configuration that serves a certain purpose for a long period of time, it is expected that a node will be provisioned in one shot with a full schedule, which incorporates the aggregation of its behavior for multiple paths. 6TiSCH expects that the programing of the schedule will be done over COAP as discussed in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap]. 6TiSCH expects that the PCE commands will be issued directly as CoAP requests or be mapped back and forth into CoAP by a gateway function at the edge of the 6TiSCH network. For instance, it is possible that a mapping entity on the backbone transforms a non-CoAP protocol such as PCEP into the RESTful interfaces that the 6TiSCH devices support. This architecture will be refined to comply with DetNet [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] when the work is formalized. Related Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 42] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 information about 6TiSCH can be found at [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface] and RPL [RFC6550]. If it appears that a path through the network does not perform as expected, a protocol may be used to update the state in the devices, but in 6TiSCH that flow was not designed and no protocol was selected and it is expected that DetNet will determine the appropriate end-to- end protocols to be used in that case. A "slotFrame" is the base object that the PCE needs to manipulate to program a schedule into an LLN node ([I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture]). The PCE should be able to read energy data from devices, and compute paths that will implement policies on how energy in devices is consumed, for instance to ensure that the spent energy does not exceeded the available energy over a period of time. 6TiSCH devices can discover their neighbors over the radio using a mechanism such as beacons, but even though the neighbor information is available in the 6TiSCH interface data model, 6TiSCH does not describe a protocol to proactively push the neighborhood information to a PCE. DetNet should define this protocol, and it and should operate over CoAP. The protocol should be able to carry multiple metrics, in particular the same metrics as used for RPL operations [RFC6551] 5.3.2.2. 6TiSCH IP Interface "6top" ([I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer]) is a logical link control sitting between the IP layer and the TSCH MAC layer which provides the link abstraction that is required for IP operations. The 6top data model and management interfaces are further discussed in [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface] and [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap]. An IP packet that is sent along a 6TiSCH path uses the Differentiated Services Per-Hop-Behavior Group called Deterministic Forwarding, as described in [I-D.svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding]. 5.3.3. 6TiSCH Security Considerations On top of the classical requirements for protection of control signaling, it must be noted that 6TiSCH networks operate on limited resources that can be depleted rapidly in a DoS attack on the system, for instance by placing a rogue device in the network, or by obtaining management control and setting up unexpected additional paths. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 43] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 5.4. Wireless Industrial Asks 6TiSCH depends on DetNet to define: o Configuration (state) and operations for deterministic paths o End-to-end protocols for deterministic forwarding (tagging, IP) o Protocol for packet replication and elimination o Protocol for packet automatic retries (ARQ) (specific to wireless) 6. Cellular Radio Use Cases 6.1. Use Case Description This use case describes the application of deterministic networking in the context of cellular telecom transport networks. Important elements include time synchronization, clock distribution, and ways of establishing time-sensitive streams for both Layer-2 and Layer-3 user plane traffic. 6.1.1. Network Architecture Figure 7 illustrates a typical 3GPP-defined cellular network architecture, which includes "Fronthaul" and "Midhaul" network segments. The "Fronthaul" is the network connecting base stations (baseband processing units) to the remote radio heads (antennas). The "Midhaul" is the network inter-connecting base stations (or small cell sites). In Figure 7 "eNB" ("E-UTRAN Node B") is the hardware that is connected to the mobile phone network which communicates directly with mobile handsets ([TS36300]). Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 44] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Y (remote radio heads (antennas)) \ Y__ \.--. .--. +------+ \_( `. +---+ _(Back`. | 3GPP | Y------( Front )----|eNB|----( Haul )----| core | ( ` .Haul ) +---+ ( ` . ) ) | netw | /`--(___.-' \ `--(___.-' +------+ Y_/ / \.--. \ Y_/ _( Mid`. \ ( Haul ) \ ( ` . ) ) \ `--(___.-'\_____+---+ (small cell sites) \ |SCe|__Y +---+ +---+ Y__|eNB|__Y +---+ Y_/ \_Y ("local" radios) Figure 7: Generic 3GPP-based Cellular Network Architecture 6.1.2. Delay Constraints The available processing time for Fronthaul networking overhead is limited to the available time after the baseband processing of the radio frame has completed. For example in Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio, processing of a radio frame is allocated 3ms but typically the processing uses most of it, allowing only a small fraction to be used by the Fronthaul network (e.g. up to 250us one-way delay, though the existing spec ([NGMN-fronth]) supports delay only up to 100us). This ultimately determines the distance the remote radio heads can be located from the base stations (e.g., 100us equals roughly 20 km of optical fiber-based transport). Allocation options of the available time budget between processing and transport are under heavy discussions in the mobile industry. For packet-based transport the allocated transport time (e.g. CPRI would allow for 100us delay [CPRI-transp]) is consumed by all nodes and buffering between the remote radio head and the baseband processing unit, plus the distance-incurred delay. The baseband processing time and the available "delay budget" for the fronthaul is likely to change in the forthcoming "5G" due to reduced radio round trip times and other architectural and service requirements [NGMN]. [METIS] documents the fundamental challenges as well as overall technical goals of the future 5G mobile and wireless system as the starting point. These future systems should support much higher data Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 45] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 volumes and rates and significantly lower end-to-end latency for 100x more connected devices (at similar cost and energy consumption levels as today's system). For Midhaul connections, delay constraints are driven by Inter-Site radio functions like Coordinated Multipoint Processing (CoMP, see [CoMP]). CoMP reception and transmission is a framework in which multiple geographically distributed antenna nodes cooperate to improve the performance of the users served in the common cooperation area. The design principal of CoMP is to extend the current single- cell to multi-UE (User Equipment) transmission to a multi-cell-to- multi-UEs transmission by base station cooperation. CoMP has delay-sensitive performance parameters, which are "midhaul latency" and "CSI (Channel State Information) reporting and accuracy". The essential feature of CoMP is signaling between eNBs, so Midhaul latency is the dominating limitation of CoMP performance. Generally, CoMP can benefit from coordinated scheduling (either distributed or centralized) of different cells if the signaling delay between eNBs is within 1-10ms. This delay requirement is both rigid and absolute because any uncertainty in delay will degrade the performance significantly. Inter-site CoMP is one of the key requirements for 5G and is also a near-term goal for the current 4.5G network architecture. 6.1.3. Time Synchronization Constraints Fronthaul time synchronization requirements are given by [TS25104], [TS36104], [TS36211], and [TS36133]. These can be summarized for the current 3GPP LTE-based networks as: Delay Accuracy: +-8ns (i.e. +-1/32 Tc, where Tc is the UMTS Chip time of 1/3.84 MHz) resulting in a round trip accuracy of +-16ns. The value is this low to meet the 3GPP Timing Alignment Error (TAE) measurement requirements. Timing Alignment Error: Timing Alignment Error (TAE) is problematic to Fronthaul networks and must be minimized. If the transport network cannot guarantee low enough TAE then additional buffering has to be introduced at the edges of the network to buffer out the jitter. Buffering is not desirable as it reduces the total available delay budget. Packet Delay Variation (PDV) requirements can be derived from TAE for packet based Fronthaul networks. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 46] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 * For multiple input multiple output (MIMO) or TX diversity transmissions, at each carrier frequency, TAE shall not exceed 65 ns (i.e. 1/4 Tc). * For intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation, with or without MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not exceed 130 ns (i.e. 1/2 Tc). * For intra-band non-contiguous carrier aggregation, with or without MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not exceed 260 ns (i.e. one Tc). * For inter-band carrier aggregation, with or without MIMO or TX diversity, TAE shall not exceed 260 ns. Transport link contribution to radio frequency error: +-2 PPB. This value is considered to be "available" for the Fronthaul link out of the total 50 PPB budget reserved for the radio interface. Note: the reason that the transport link contributes to radio frequency error is as follows. The current way of doing Fronthaul is from the radio unit to remote radio head directly. The remote radio head is essentially a passive device (without buffering etc.) The transport drives the antenna directly by feeding it with samples and everything the transport adds will be introduced to radio as-is. So if the transport causes additional frequency error that shows immediately on the radio as well. The above listed time synchronization requirements are difficult to meet with point-to-point connected networks, and more difficult when the network includes multiple hops. It is expected that networks must include buffering at the ends of the connections as imposed by the jitter requirements, since trying to meet the jitter requirements in every intermediate node is likely to be too costly. However, every measure to reduce jitter and delay on the path makes it easier to meet the end-to-end requirements. In order to meet the timing requirements both senders and receivers must remain time synchronized, demanding very accurate clock distribution, for example support for IEEE 1588 transparent clocks in every intermediate node. In cellular networks from the LTE radio era onward, phase synchronization is needed in addition to frequency synchronization ([TS36300], [TS23401]). Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 47] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 6.1.4. Transport Loss Constraints Fronthaul and Midhaul networks assume almost error-free transport. Errors can result in a reset of the radio interfaces, which can cause reduced throughput or broken radio connectivity for mobile customers. For packetized Fronthaul and Midhaul connections packet loss may be caused by BER, congestion, or network failure scenarios. Current tools for elminating packet loss for Fronthaul and Midhaul networks have serious challenges, for example retransmitting lost packets and/ or using forward error correction (FEC) to circumvent bit errors is practically impossible due to the additional delay incurred. Using redundant streams for better guarantees for delivery is also practically impossible in many cases due to high bandwidth requirements of Fronthaul and Midhaul networks. Protection switching is also a candidate but current technologies for the path switch are too slow to avoid reset of mobile interfaces. Fronthaul links are assumed to be symmetric, and all Fronthaul streams (i.e. those carrying radio data) have equal priority and cannot delay or pre-empt each other. This implies that the network must guarantee that each time-sensitive flow meets their schedule. 6.1.5. Security Considerations Establishing time-sensitive streams in the network entails reserving networking resources for long periods of time. It is important that these reservation requests be authenticated to prevent malicious reservation attempts from hostile nodes (or accidental misconfiguration). This is particularly important in the case where the reservation requests span administrative domains. Furthermore, the reservation information itself should be digitally signed to reduce the risk of a legitimate node pushing a stale or hostile configuration into another networking node. 6.2. Cellular Radio Networks Today 6.2.1. Fronthaul Today's Fronthaul networks typically consist of: o Dedicated point-to-point fiber connection is common o Proprietary protocols and framings o Custom equipment and no real networking Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 48] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Current solutions for Fronthaul are direct optical cables or Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) connections. 6.2.2. Midhaul and Backhaul Today's Midhaul and Backhaul networks typically consist of: o Mostly normal IP networks, MPLS-TP, etc. o Clock distribution and sync using 1588 and SyncE Telecommunication networks in the Mid- and Backhaul are already heading towards transport networks where precise time synchronization support is one of the basic building blocks. While the transport networks themselves have practically transitioned to all-IP packet- based networks to meet the bandwidth and cost requirements, highly accurate clock distribution has become a challenge. In the past, Mid- and Backhaul connections were typically based on Time Division Multiplexing (TDM-based) and provided frequency synchronization capabilities as a part of the transport media. Alternatively other technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) or Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) are used [SyncE]. Both Ethernet and IP/MPLS [RFC3031] (and PseudoWires (PWE) [RFC3985] for legacy transport support) have become popular tools to build and manage new all-IP Radio Access Networks (RANs) [I-D.kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case]. Although various timing and synchronization optimizations have already been proposed and implemented including 1588 PTP enhancements [I-D.ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls] and [I-D.mirsky-mpls-residence-time], these solution are not necessarily sufficient for the forthcoming RAN architectures nor do they guarantee the more stringent time- synchronization requirements such as [CPRI]. There are also existing solutions for TDM over IP such as [RFC5087] and [RFC4553], as well as TDM over Ethernet transports such as [RFC5086]. 6.3. Cellular Radio Networks Future Future Cellular Radio Networks will be based on a mix of different xHaul networks (xHaul = front-, mid- and backhaul), and future transport networks should be able to support all of them simultaneously. It is already envisioned today that: o Not all "cellular radio network" traffic will be IP, for example some will remain at Layer 2 (e.g. Ethernet based). DetNet Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 49] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 solutions must address all traffic types (Layer 2, Layer 3) with the same tools and allow their transport simultaneously. o All form of xHaul networks will need some form of DetNet solutions. For example with the advent of 5G some Backhaul traffic will also have DetNet requirements (e.g. traffic belonging to time-critical 5G applications). We would like to see the following in future Cellular Radio networks: o Unified standards-based transport protocols and standard networking equipment that can make use of underlying deterministic link-layer services o Unified and standards-based network management systems and protocols in all parts of the network (including Fronthaul) New radio access network deployment models and architectures may require time- sensitive networking services with strict requirements on other parts of the network that previously were not considered to be packetized at all. Time and synchronization support are already topical for Backhaul and Midhaul packet networks [MEF] and are becoming a real issue for Fronthaul networks also. Specifically in Fronthaul networks the timing and synchronization requirements can be extreme for packet based technologies, for example, on the order of sub +-20 ns packet delay variation (PDV) and frequency accuracy of +0.002 PPM [Fronthaul]. The actual transport protocols and/or solutions to establish required transport "circuits" (pinned-down paths) for Fronthaul traffic are still undefined. Those are likely to include (but are not limited to) solutions directly over Ethernet, over IP, and using MPLS/ PseudoWire transport. Even the current time-sensitive networking features may not be sufficient for Fronthaul traffic. Therefore, having specific profiles that take the requirements of Fronthaul into account is desirable [IEEE8021CM]. Interesting and important work for time-sensitive networking has been done for Ethernet [TSNTG], which specifies the use of IEEE 1588 time precision protocol (PTP) [IEEE1588] in the context of IEEE 802.1D and IEEE 802.1Q. [IEEE8021AS] specifies a Layer 2 time synchronizing service, and other specifications such as IEEE 1722 [IEEE1722] specify Ethernet-based Layer-2 transport for time-sensitive streams. New promising work seeks to enable the transport of time-sensitive fronthaul streams in Ethernet bridged networks [IEEE8021CM]. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 50] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Analogous to IEEE 1722 there is an ongoing standardization effort to define the Layer-2 transport encapsulation format for transporting radio over Ethernet (RoE) in the IEEE 1904.3 Task Force [IEEE19043]. All-IP RANs and xHhaul networks would benefit from time synchronization and time-sensitive transport services. Although Ethernet appears to be the unifying technology for the transport, there is still a disconnect providing Layer 3 services. The protocol stack typically has a number of layers below the Ethernet Layer 2 that shows up to the Layer 3 IP transport. It is not uncommon that on top of the lowest layer (optical) transport there is the first layer of Ethernet followed one or more layers of MPLS, PseudoWires and/or other tunneling protocols finally carrying the Ethernet layer visible to the user plane IP traffic. While there are existing technologies to establish circuits through the routed and switched networks (especially in MPLS/PWE space), there is still no way to signal the time synchronization and time- sensitive stream requirements/reservations for Layer-3 flows in a way that addresses the entire transport stack, including the Ethernet layers that need to be configured. Furthermore, not all "user plane" traffic will be IP. Therefore, the same solution also must address the use cases where the user plane traffic is a different layer, for example Ethernet frames. There is existing work describing the problem statement [I-D.finn-detnet-problem-statement] and the architecture [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] for deterministic networking (DetNet) that targets solutions for time-sensitive (IP/transport) streams with deterministic properties over Ethernet-based switched networks. 6.4. Cellular Radio Networks Asks A standard for data plane transport specification which is: o Unified among all xHauls o Deployed in a highly deterministic network environment A standard for data flow information models that are: o Aware of the time sensitivity and constraints of the target networking environment o Aware of underlying deterministic networking services (e.g., on the Ethernet layer) Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 51] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 7. Industrial M2M 7.1. Use Case Description Industrial Automation in general refers to automation of manufacturing, quality control and material processing. In this "machine to machine" (M2M) use case we consider machine units in a plant floor which periodically exchange data with upstream or downstream machine modules and/or a supervisory controller within a local area network. The actors of M2M communication are Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). Communication between PLCs and between PLCs and the supervisory PLC (S-PLC) is achieved via critical control/data streams Figure 8. S (Sensor) \ +-----+ PLC__ \.--. .--. ---| MES | \_( `. _( `./ +-----+ A------( Local )-------------( L2 ) ( Net ) ( Net ) +-------+ /`--(___.-' `--(___.-' ----| S-PLC | S_/ / PLC .--. / +-------+ A_/ \_( `. (Actuator) ( Local ) ( Net ) /`--(___.-'\ / \ A S A Figure 8: Current Generic Industrial M2M Network Architecture This use case focuses on PLC-related communications; communication to Manufacturing-Execution-Systems (MESs) are not addressed. This use case covers only critical control/data streams; non-critical traffic between industrial automation applications (such as communication of state, configuration, set-up, and database communication) are adequately served by currently available prioritizing techniques. Such traffic can use up to 80% of the total bandwidth required. There is also a subset of non-time-critical traffic that must be reliable even though it is not time sensitive. In this use case the primary need for deterministic networking is to provide end-to-end delivery of M2M messages within specific timing constraints, for example in closed loop automation control. Today Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 52] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 this level of determinism is provided by proprietary networking technologies. In addition, standard networking technologies are used to connect the local network to remote industrial automation sites, e.g. over an enterprise or metro network which also carries other types of traffic. Therefore, flows that should be forwarded with deterministic guarantees need to be sustained regardless of the amount of other flows in those networks. 7.2. Industrial M2M Communication Today Today, proprietary networks fulfill the needed timing and availability for M2M networks. The network topologies used today by industrial automation are similar to those used by telecom networks: Daisy Chain, Ring, Hub and Spoke, and Comb (a subset of Daisy Chain). PLC-related control/data streams are transmitted periodically and carry either a pre-configured payload or a payload configured during runtime. Some industrial applications require time synchronization at the end nodes. For such time-coordinated PLCs, accuracy of 1 microsecond is required. Even in the case of "non-time-coordinated" PLCs time sync may be needed e.g. for timestamping of sensor data. Industrial network scenarios require advanced security solutions. Many of the current industrial production networks are physically separated. Preventing critical flows from be leaked outside a domain is handled today by filtering policies that are typically enforced in firewalls. 7.2.1. Transport Parameters The Cycle Time defines the frequency of message(s) between industrial actors. The Cycle Time is application dependent, in the range of 1ms - 100ms for critical control/data streams. Because industrial applications assume deterministic transport for critical Control-Data-Stream parameters (instead of defining latency and delay variation parameters) it is sufficient to fulfill the upper bound of latency (maximum latency). The underlying networking infrastructure must ensure a maximum end-to-end delivery time of messages in the range of 100 microseconds to 50 milliseconds depending on the control loop application. The bandwidth requirements of control/data streams are usually calculated directly from the bytes-per-cycle parameter of the control Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 53] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 loop. For PLC-to-PLC communication one can expect 2 - 32 streams with packet size in the range of 100 - 700 bytes. For S-PLC to PLCs the number of streams is higher - up to 256 streams. Usually no more than 20% of available bandwidth is used for critical control/data streams. In today's networks 1Gbps links are commonly used. Most PLC control loops are rather tolerant of packet loss, however critical control/data streams accept no more than 1 packet loss per consecutive communication cycle (i.e. if a packet gets lost in cycle "n", then the next cycle ("n+1") must be lossless). After two or more consecutive packet losses the network may be considered to be "down" by the Application. As network downtime may impact the whole production system the required network availability is rather high (99,999%). Based on the above parameters we expect that some form of redundancy will be required for M2M communications, however any individual solution depends on several parameters including cycle time, delivery time, etc. 7.2.2. Stream Creation and Destruction In an industrial environment, critical control/data streams are created rather infrequently, on the order of ~10 times per day / week / month. Most of these critical control/data streams get created at machine startup, however flexibility is also needed during runtime, for example when adding or removing a machine. Going forward as production systems become more flexible, we expect a significant increase in the rate at which streams are created, changed and destroyed. 7.3. Industrial M2M Future We would like to see a converged IP-standards-based network with deterministic properties that can satisfy the timing, security and reliability constraints described above. Today's proprietary networks could then be interfaced to such a network via gateways or, in the case of new installations, devices could be connected directly to the converged network. 7.4. Industrial M2M Asks o Converged IP-based network o Deterministic behavior (bounded latency and jitter ) o High availability (presumably through redundancy) (99.999 %) Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 54] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 o Low message delivery time (100us - 50ms) o Low packet loss (burstless, 0.1-1 %) o Precise time synchronization accuracy (1us) o Security (e.g. prevent critical flows from being leaked between physically separated networks) 8. Internet-based Applications 8.1. Use Case Description There are many applications that communicate across the open Internet that could benefit from guaranteed delivery and bounded latency. The following are some representative examples. 8.1.1. Media Content Delivery Media content delivery continues to be an important use of the Internet, yet users often experience poor quality audio and video due to the delay and jitter inherent in today's Internet. 8.1.2. Online Gaming Online gaming is a significant part of the gaming market, however latency can degrade the end user experience. For example "First Person Shooter" (FPS) games are highly delay-sensitive. 8.1.3. Virtual Reality Virtual reality (VR) has many commercial applications including real estate presentations, remote medical procedures, and so on. Low latency is critical to interacting with the virtual world because perceptual delays can cause motion sickness. 8.2. Internet-Based Applications Today Internet service today is by definition "best effort", with no guarantees on delivery or bandwidth. 8.3. Internet-Based Applications Future We imagine an Internet from which we will be able to play a video without glitches and play games without lag. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 55] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 For online gaming, the maximum round-trip delay can be 100ms and stricter for FPS gaming which can be 10-50ms. Transport delay is the dominate part with a 5-20ms budget. For VR, 1-10ms maximum delay is needed and total network budget is 1-5ms if doing remote VR. Flow identification can be used for gaming and VR, i.e. it can recognize a critical flow and provide appropriate latency bounds. 8.4. Internet-Based Applications Asks o Unified control and management protocols to handle time-critical data flow o Application-aware flow filtering mechanism to recognize the timing critical flow without doing 5-tuple matching o Unified control plane to provide low latency service on Layer-3 without changing the data plane o OAM system and protocols which can help to provide E2E-delay sensitive service provisioning 9. Use Case Common Elements Looking at the use cases collectively, the following common desires for the DetNet-based networks of the future emerge: o Open standards-based network (replace various proprietary networks, reduce cost, create multi-vendor market) o Centrally administered (though such administration may be distributed for scale and resiliency) o Integrates L2 (bridged) and L3 (routed) environments (independent of the Link layer, e.g. can be used with Ethernet, 6TiSCH, etc.) o Carries both deterministic and best-effort traffic (guaranteed end-to-end delivery of deterministic flows, deterministic flows isolated from each other and from best-effort traffic congestion, unused deterministic BW available to best-effort traffic) o Ability to add or remove systems from the network with minimal, bounded service interruption (applications include replacement of failed devices as well as plug and play) Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 56] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 o Uses standardized data flow information models capable of expressing deterministic properties (models express device capabilities, flow properties. Protocols for pushing models from controller to devices, devices to controller) o Scalable size (long distances (many km) and short distances (within a single machine), many hops (radio repeaters, microwave links, fiber links...) and short hops (single machine)) o Scalable timing parameters and accuracy (bounded latency, guaranteed worst case maximum, minimum. Low latency, e.g. control loops may be less than 1ms, but larger for wide area networks) o High availability (99.9999 percent up time requested, but may be up to twelve 9s) o Reliability, redundancy (lives at stake) o Security (from failures, attackers, misbehaving devices - sensitive to both packet content and arrival time) 10. Acknowledgments 10.1. Pro Audio This section was derived from draft-gunther-detnet-proaudio-req-01. The editors would like to acknowledge the help of the following individuals and the companies they represent: Jeff Koftinoff, Meyer Sound Jouni Korhonen, Associate Technical Director, Broadcom Pascal Thubert, CTAO, Cisco Kieran Tyrrell, Sienda New Media Technologies GmbH 10.2. Utility Telecom This section was derived from draft-wetterwald-detnet-utilities-reqs- 02. Faramarz Maghsoodlou, Ph. D. IoT Connected Industries and Energy Practice Cisco Pascal Thubert, CTAO Cisco Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 57] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 10.3. Building Automation Systems This section was derived from draft-bas-usecase-detnet-00. 10.4. Wireless for Industrial This section was derived from draft-thubert-6tisch-4detnet-01. This specification derives from the 6TiSCH architecture, which is the result of multiple interactions, in particular during the 6TiSCH (bi)Weekly Interim call, relayed through the 6TiSCH mailing list at the IETF. The authors wish to thank: Kris Pister, Thomas Watteyne, Xavier Vilajosana, Qin Wang, Tom Phinney, Robert Assimiti, Michael Richardson, Zhuo Chen, Malisa Vucinic, Alfredo Grieco, Martin Turon, Dominique Barthel, Elvis Vogli, Guillaume Gaillard, Herman Storey, Maria Rita Palattella, Nicola Accettura, Patrick Wetterwald, Pouria Zand, Raghuram Sudhaakar, and Shitanshu Shah for their participation and various contributions. 10.5. Cellular Radio This section was derived from draft-korhonen-detnet-telreq-00. 10.6. Industrial M2M The authors would like to thank Feng Chen and Marcel Kiessling for their comments and suggestions. 10.7. Internet Applications and CoMP This section was derived from draft-zha-detnet-use-case-00. This document has benefited from reviews, suggestions, comments and proposed text provided by the following members, listed in alphabetical order: Jing Huang, Junru Lin, Lehong Niu and Oilver Huang. 11. Informative References [ACE] IETF, "Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments", . [bacnetip] ASHRAE, "Annex J to ANSI/ASHRAE 135-1995 - BACnet/IP", January 1999. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 58] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [CCAMP] IETF, "Common Control and Measurement Plane", . [CoMP] NGMN Alliance, "RAN EVOLUTION PROJECT COMP EVALUATION AND ENHANCEMENT", NGMN Alliance NGMN_RANEV_D3_CoMP_Evaluation_ and_Enhancement_v2.0, March 2015, . [CONTENT_PROTECTION] Olsen, D., "1722a Content Protection", 2012, . [CPRI] CPRI Cooperation, "Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI); Interface Specification", CPRI Specification V6.1, July 2014, . [CPRI-transp] CPRI TWG, "CPRI requirements for Ethernet Fronthaul", November 2015, . [DCI] Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC, "DCI Specification, Version 1.2", 2012, . [DICE] IETF, "DTLS In Constrained Environments", . [EA12] Evans, P. and M. Annunziata, "Industrial Internet: Pushing the Boundaries of Minds and Machines", November 2012. [ESPN_DC2] Daley, D., "ESPN's DC2 Scales AVB Large", 2014, . [flnet] Japan Electrical Manufacturers' Association, "JEMA 1479 - English Edition", September 2012. [Fronthaul] Chen, D. and T. Mustala, "Ethernet Fronthaul Considerations", IEEE 1904.3, February 2015, . Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 59] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [HART] www.hartcomm.org, "Highway Addressable remote Transducer, a group of specifications for industrial process and control devices administered by the HART Foundation". [I-D.finn-detnet-architecture] Finn, N., Thubert, P., and M. Teener, "Deterministic Networking Architecture", draft-finn-detnet- architecture-03 (work in progress), March 2016. [I-D.finn-detnet-problem-statement] Finn, N. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Networking Problem Statement", draft-finn-detnet-problem-statement-04 (work in progress), October 2015. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-6top-interface] Wang, Q. and X. Vilajosana, "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer (6top) Interface", draft-ietf-6tisch-6top-interface-04 (work in progress), July 2015. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-architecture] Thubert, P., "An Architecture for IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4", draft-ietf-6tisch-architecture-09 (work in progress), November 2015. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-coap] Sudhaakar, R. and P. Zand, "6TiSCH Resource Management and Interaction using CoAP", draft-ietf-6tisch-coap-03 (work in progress), March 2015. [I-D.ietf-6tisch-terminology] Palattella, M., Thubert, P., Watteyne, T., and Q. Wang, "Terminology in IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e", draft-ietf-6tisch-terminology-06 (work in progress), November 2015. [I-D.ietf-ipv6-multilink-subnets] Thaler, D. and C. Huitema, "Multi-link Subnet Support in IPv6", draft-ietf-ipv6-multilink-subnets-00 (work in progress), July 2002. [I-D.ietf-roll-rpl-industrial-applicability] Phinney, T., Thubert, P., and R. Assimiti, "RPL applicability in industrial networks", draft-ietf-roll- rpl-industrial-applicability-02 (work in progress), October 2013. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 60] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [I-D.ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls] Davari, S., Oren, A., Bhatia, M., Roberts, P., and L. Montini, "Transporting Timing messages over MPLS Networks", draft-ietf-tictoc-1588overmpls-07 (work in progress), October 2015. [I-D.kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case] Khasnabish, B., hu, f., and L. Contreras, "Segment Routing in IP RAN use case", draft-kh-spring-ip-ran-use-case-02 (work in progress), November 2014. [I-D.mirsky-mpls-residence-time] Mirsky, G., Ruffini, S., Gray, E., Drake, J., Bryant, S., and S. Vainshtein, "Residence Time Measurement in MPLS network", draft-mirsky-mpls-residence-time-07 (work in progress), July 2015. [I-D.svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding] Shah, S. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Forwarding PHB", draft-svshah-tsvwg-deterministic-forwarding-04 (work in progress), August 2015. [I-D.thubert-6lowpan-backbone-router] Thubert, P., "6LoWPAN Backbone Router", draft-thubert- 6lowpan-backbone-router-03 (work in progress), February 2013. [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer] Wang, Q. and X. Vilajosana, "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer (6top)", draft-wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer-04 (work in progress), November 2015. [IEC61850-90-12] TC57 WG10, IEC., "IEC 61850-90-12 TR: Communication networks and systems for power utility automation - Part 90-12: Wide area network engineering guidelines", 2015. [IEC62439-3:2012] TC65, IEC., "IEC 62439-3: Industrial communication networks - High availability automation networks - Part 3: Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR)", 2012. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 61] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [IEEE1588] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and Control Systems", IEEE Std 1588-2008, 2008, . [IEEE1722] IEEE, "1722-2011 - IEEE Standard for Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time Sensitive Applications in a Bridged Local Area Network", IEEE Std 1722-2011, 2011, . [IEEE19043] IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 1904.3 TF", IEEE 1904.3, 2015, . [IEEE802.1TSNTG] IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networks Task Group", March 2013, . [IEEE802154] IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE std. 802.15.4, Part. 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks". [IEEE802154e] IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE standard for Information Technology, IEEE std. 802.15.4, Part. 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks, June 2011 as amended by IEEE std. 802.15.4e, Part. 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer", April 2012. [IEEE8021AS] IEEE, "Timing and Synchronizations (IEEE 802.1AS-2011)", IEEE 802.1AS-2001, 2011, . Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 62] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [IEEE8021CM] Farkas, J., "Time-Sensitive Networking for Fronthaul", Unapproved PAR, PAR for a New IEEE Standard; IEEE P802.1CM, April 2015, . [IEEE8021TSN] IEEE 802.1, "The charter of the TG is to provide the specifications that will allow time-synchronized low latency streaming services through 802 networks.", 2016, . [IETFDetNet] IETF, "Charter for IETF DetNet Working Group", 2015, . [ISA100] ISA/ANSI, "ISA100, Wireless Systems for Automation", . [ISA100.11a] ISA/ANSI, "Wireless Systems for Industrial Automation: Process Control and Related Applications - ISA100.11a-2011 - IEC 62734", 2011, . [ISO7240-16] ISO, "ISO 7240-16:2007 Fire detection and alarm systems -- Part 16: Sound system control and indicating equipment", 2007, . [knx] KNX Association, "ISO/IEC 14543-3 - KNX", November 2006. [lontalk] ECHELON, "LonTalk(R) Protocol Specification Version 3.0", 1994. [LTE-Latency] Johnston, S., "LTE Latency: How does it compare to other technologies", March 2014, . [MEF] MEF, "Mobile Backhaul Phase 2 Amendment 1 -- Small Cells", MEF 22.1.1, July 2014, . Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 63] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [METIS] METIS, "Scenarios, requirements and KPIs for 5G mobile and wireless system", ICT-317669-METIS/D1.1 ICT- 317669-METIS/D1.1, April 2013, . [modbus] Modbus Organization, "MODBUS APPLICATION PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION V1.1b", December 2006. [net5G] Ericsson, "5G Radio Access, Challenges for 2020 and Beyond", Ericsson white paper wp-5g, June 2013, . [NGMN] NGMN Alliance, "5G White Paper", NGMN 5G White Paper v1.0, February 2015, . [NGMN-fronth] NGMN Alliance, "Fronthaul Requirements for C-RAN", March 2015, . [PCE] IETF, "Path Computation Element", . [profibus] IEC, "IEC 61158 Type 3 - Profibus DP", January 2001. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, DOI 10.17487/RFC2460, December 1998, . [RFC2474] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998, . [RFC3031] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031, DOI 10.17487/RFC3031, January 2001, . Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 64] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V., and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001, . [RFC3393] Demichelis, C. and P. Chimento, "IP Packet Delay Variation Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)", RFC 3393, DOI 10.17487/RFC3393, November 2002, . [RFC3444] Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444, DOI 10.17487/RFC3444, January 2003, . [RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)", RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005, . [RFC3985] Bryant, S., Ed. and P. Pate, Ed., "Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture", RFC 3985, DOI 10.17487/RFC3985, March 2005, . [RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February 2006, . [RFC4553] Vainshtein, A., Ed. and YJ. Stein, Ed., "Structure- Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) over Packet (SAToP)", RFC 4553, DOI 10.17487/RFC4553, June 2006, . [RFC4903] Thaler, D., "Multi-Link Subnet Issues", RFC 4903, DOI 10.17487/RFC4903, June 2007, . [RFC4919] Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., and C. Schumacher, "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals", RFC 4919, DOI 10.17487/RFC4919, August 2007, . [RFC5086] Vainshtein, A., Ed., Sasson, I., Metz, E., Frost, T., and P. Pate, "Structure-Aware Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN)", RFC 5086, DOI 10.17487/RFC5086, December 2007, . Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 65] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [RFC5087] Stein, Y(J)., Shashoua, R., Insler, R., and M. Anavi, "Time Division Multiplexing over IP (TDMoIP)", RFC 5087, DOI 10.17487/RFC5087, December 2007, . [RFC6282] Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282, DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011, . [RFC6550] Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012, . [RFC6551] Vasseur, JP., Ed., Kim, M., Ed., Pister, K., Dejean, N., and D. Barthel, "Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6551, DOI 10.17487/RFC6551, March 2012, . [RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012, . [RFC7554] Watteyne, T., Ed., Palattella, M., and L. Grieco, "Using IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement", RFC 7554, DOI 10.17487/RFC7554, May 2015, . [SRP_LATENCY] Gunther, C., "Specifying SRP Latency", 2014, . [STUDIO_IP] Mace, G., "IP Networked Studio Infrastructure for Synchronized & Real-Time Multimedia Transmissions", 2007, . Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 66] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 [SyncE] ITU-T, "G.8261 : Timing and synchronization aspects in packet networks", Recommendation G.8261, August 2013, . [TEAS] IETF, "Traffic Engineering Architecture and Signaling", . [TS23401] 3GPP, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access", 3GPP TS 23.401 10.10.0, March 2013. [TS25104] 3GPP, "Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD)", 3GPP TS 25.104 3.14.0, March 2007. [TS36104] 3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception", 3GPP TS 36.104 10.11.0, July 2013. [TS36133] 3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Requirements for support of radio resource management", 3GPP TS 36.133 12.7.0, April 2015. [TS36211] 3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation", 3GPP TS 36.211 10.7.0, March 2013. [TS36300] 3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2", 3GPP TS 36.300 10.11.0, September 2013. [TSNTG] IEEE Standards Association, "IEEE 802.1 Time-Sensitive Networks Task Group", 2013, . [UHD-video] Holub, P., "Ultra-High Definition Videos and Their Applications over the Network", The 7th International Symposium on VICTORIES Project PetrHolub_presentation, October 2014, . [WirelessHART] www.hartcomm.org, "Industrial Communication Networks - Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles - WirelessHART - IEC 62591", 2010. Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 67] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Authors' Addresses Ethan Grossman (editor) Dolby Laboratories, Inc. 1275 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94103 USA Phone: +1 415 645 4726 Email: ethan.grossman@dolby.com URI: http://www.dolby.com Craig Gunther Harman International 10653 South River Front Parkway South Jordan, UT 84095 USA Phone: +1 801 568-7675 Email: craig.gunther@harman.com URI: http://www.harman.com Pascal Thubert Cisco Systems, Inc Building D 45 Allee des Ormes - BP1200 MOUGINS - Sophia Antipolis 06254 FRANCE Phone: +33 497 23 26 34 Email: pthubert@cisco.com Patrick Wetterwald Cisco Systems 45 Allees des Ormes Mougins 06250 FRANCE Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 36 Email: pwetterw@cisco.com Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 68] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Jean Raymond Hydro-Quebec 1500 University Montreal H3A3S7 Canada Phone: +1 514 840 3000 Email: raymond.jean@hydro.qc.ca Jouni Korhonen Broadcom Corporation 3151 Zanker Road San Jose, CA 95134 USA Email: jouni.nospam@gmail.com Yu Kaneko Toshiba 1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kasasaki-shi Kanagawa, Japan Email: yu1.kaneko@toshiba.co.jp Subir Das Applied Communication Sciences 150 Mount Airy Road, Basking Ridge New Jersey, 07920, USA Email: sdas@appcomsci.com Yiyong Zha Huawei Technologies Email: zhayiyong@huawei.com Balazs Varga Ericsson Konyves Kalman krt. 11/B Budapest 1097 Hungary Email: balazs.a.varga@ericsson.com Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 69] Internet-Draft DetNet Use Cases March 2016 Janos Farkas Ericsson Konyves Kalman krt. 11/B Budapest 1097 Hungary Email: janos.farkas@ericsson.com Franz-Josef Goetz Siemens Gleiwitzerstr. 555 Nurnberg 90475 Germany Email: franz-josef.goetz@siemens.com Juergen Schmitt Siemens Gleiwitzerstr. 555 Nurnberg 90475 Germany Email: juergen.jues.schmitt@siemens.com Grossman, et al. Expires September 8, 2016 [Page 70]