DNSEXT R. Bellis Internet-Draft Nominet UK Intended status: BCP March 2, 2009 Expires: September 3, 2009 DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines draft-ietf-dnsext-dnsproxy-02 Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on September 3, 2009. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info). Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Abstract This document provides guidelines for the implementation of DNS proxies, as found in broadband gateways and other similar network devices. Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 1] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. The Transparency Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Protocol Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.1. Unexpected Flags and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.2. Label Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.3. Unknown Resource Record Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.4. Packet Size Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.4.1. TCP Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.4.2. Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0) . . . . . . . . . 6 4.4.3. IP Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.5. Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG) . . . 7 5. DHCP's Interaction with DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.1. Domain Name Server (DHCP Option 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.2. Domain Name (DHCP Option 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.3. DHCP Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.1. Forgery Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.2. Interface Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.3. Packet Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 2] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 1. Introduction Recent research ([SAC035], [DOTSE]) has found that many commonly-used broadband gateways (and similar devices) contain DNS proxies which are incompatible in various ways with current DNS standards. These proxies are usual simple DNS forwarders, but do not usually have any caching capabilities. The proxy serves as a convenient default DNS resolver for clients on the LAN, but relies on an upstream resolver (e.g. at an ISP) to perform recursive DNS lookups. This documents describes the incompatibilities that have been discovered and offers guidelines to implementors on how to provide maximum interoperability. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 3. The Transparency Principle It is not considered practical for a simple DNS proxy to directly implement all current and future DNS features. There are several reasons why this is the case: o broadband gateways usually have limited hardware resources o firmware upgrade cycles are long, and many users do not routinely apply upgrades when they become available o no-one knows what those future DNS features will be, nor how they might be implemented o it would substantially complicate the configuration UI of the device Furthermore some modern DNS protocol extensions (see e.g. EDNS0, below) are intended to be used as "hop-by-hop" mechanisms. If the DNS proxy is considered to be such a "hop" in the resolution chain then for it to function correctly it would need to be fully compliant with all such mechanisms. Research [SAC035] has shown that the more actively a proxy participates in the DNS protocol then the more likely it is that it will somehow interfere with the flow of messages between the DNS client and the upstream recursive resolvers. Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 3] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 The role of the proxy should therefore be no more and no less than to receive DNS requests from clients on the LAN side, forward those verbatim to one of the known upstream recursive resolvers on the WAN side, and ensure that the whole response is returned verbatim to the original client. It is RECOMMENDED that proxies should be as transparent as possible, such that any "hop-by-hop" mechanisms or newly introduced protocol extensions operate as if the proxy were not there. Except when required to enforce an active security or network policy (such as maintaining a pre-authentication "walled garden"), end-users SHOULD be able to send their DNS queries to specified upstream resolvers. In this case, the proxy SHOULD NOT modify the packets in any way except for modifying IP and TCP/UDP headers as required by NAT. 4. Protocol Conformance 4.1. Unexpected Flags and Data The Transparency Principle above, when combined with Postel's Robustness Principle [RFC0793], suggests that DNS proxies should not arbitrarily reject or otherwise drop requests or responses based on perceived non-compliance with standards. For example, some proxies have been observed to drop any packet containing either the "Authentic Data" (AD) or "Checking Disabled" (CD) bits from DNSSEC [RFC4035]. This may be because [RFC1035] originally specified that these unused "Z" flag bits "MUST" be zero. However these flag bits were always intended to be reserved for future use, so refusing to proxy any packet containing these flags (now that uses for those flags have indeed been defined) is not appropriate. Therefore it is RECOMMENDED that proxies SHOULD ignore any unknown DNS flags and proxy those packets as usual. 4.2. Label Compression Compression of labels as per Section 4.1.4 of [RFC1035] is optional. Proxies MUST forward packets regardless of the presence or absence of compressed labels therein. Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 4] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 4.3. Unknown Resource Record Types [RFC3597] requires that resolvers MUST handle Resource Records (RRs) of unknown type transparently. All requests and responses MUST be proxied regardless of the values of the QTYPE and QCLASS fields. Similarly all responses MUST be proxied regardless of the values of the TYPE and CLASS fields of any Resource Record therein. 4.4. Packet Size Limits [RFC1035] specifies that the maximum size of the DNS payload in a UDP packet is 512 octets. Where the required portions of a response would not fit inside that limit the DNS server MUST set the "TrunCation" (TC) bit in the DNS response header to indicate that truncation has occurred. There are however two standard mechanisms (described below) for transporting responses larger than 512 octets. Many proxies have been observed to truncate all responses at 512 octets, and others at a packet size related to the WAN MTU, in either case doing so without correctly setting the TC bit. Other proxies have been observed to incorrectly remove the TC bit in server responses which correctly had the TC bit set by the server. If a DNS response is truncated but the TC bit is not set then client failures may result, in particular a naive DNS client library might suffer crashes due to reading beyond the end of the data actually received. Since UDP packets larger than 512 octets are now expected in normal operation, proxies SHOULD NOT truncate UDP packets that exceed that size. See Section 4.4.3 for recommendations for packet sizes exceeding the WAN MTU. If a proxy must unilaterally truncate a response then the proxy MUST set the TC bit. Similarly, proxies MUST NOT remove the TC bit from responses. 4.4.1. TCP Transport Should a UDP query fail because of truncation the standard fail-over mechanism is to retry the query using TCP, as described in section 6.1.3.2 of [RFC1123] . DNS proxies SHOULD therefore be prepared to receive and forward Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 5] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 queries over TCP. Note that it is unlikely that a client would send a request over TCP unless it had already received a truncated UDP response. Some "smart" proxies have been observed to first forward a request received over TCP to an upstream resolver over UDP, only for the response to be truncated, causing the proxy to retry over TCP. Such behaviour increases network traffic and causes delay in DNS resolution since the initial UDP request is doomed to fail. Therefore whenever a proxy receives a request over TCP, the proxy SHOULD forward the query over TCP and SHOULD NOT attempt the same query over UDP first. 4.4.2. Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0) The Extension Mechanism for DNS [RFC2671] was introduced to allow the transport of larger DNS packets over UDP and also to allow for additional request and response flags. A client may send an OPT Resource Record (OPT RR) in the Additional Section of a request to indicate that it supports a specific receive buffer size. The OPT RR also includes the "DNSSEC OK" (DO) flag used by DNSSEC to indicate that DNSSEC-related RRs should be returned to the client. However some proxies have been observed to either reject (with a FORMERR response code) or black-hole any packet containing an OPT RR. As per Section 4.1 proxies SHOULD NOT refuse to proxy such packets. 4.4.3. IP Fragmentation Support for UDP packet sizes exceeding the WAN MTU depends on the gateway's algorithm for handling fragmented IP packets. Several options are possible: 1. fragments are dropped 2. fragments are forwarded individually as they're received 3. complete packets are reassembled on the gateway, and then re- fragmented (if necessary) as they're forwarded to the client Option 1 above will cause compatibility problems with EDNS0 unless the DNS client is configured to advertise an EDNS0 buffer size limited to 28 octets less than the MTU. Note that RFC 2671 does recommend that the path MTU should be taken into account when using EDNS0. Also, whilst the EDNS0 specification allows for a buffer size of up Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 6] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 to 65535 octets, most common DNS server implementations do not support a buffer size above 4096 octets. Therefore it is RECOMMENDED (whichever of options 2 or 3 above is in use) that gateways SHOULD be capable of forwarding UDP packets up to a payload size of at least 4096 octets. 4.5. Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG) [RFC2845] defines TSIG, which is a mechanism for authenticating DNS requests and responses at the packet level. Any modifications made to the DNS portions of a TSIG-signed query or response packet (with the exception of the Query ID) will cause a TSIG authentication failure. DNS proxies MUST implement Section 4.7 of [RFC2845] and either forward packets unchanged (as recommended above) or fully implement TSIG. As per Section 4.3, DNS proxies SHOULD be capable of proxying packets containing TKEY [RFC2930] Resource Records. NB: any DNS proxy (such as those commonly found in WiFi hotspot "walled gardens") which transparently intercepts all DNS queries, and which returns unsigned responses to signed queries, will also cause TSIG authentication failures. 5. DHCP's Interaction with DNS Whilst this document is primarily about DNS proxies, most consumers rely on DHCP [RFC2131] to obtain network configuration settings. Such settings include the client machine's IP address, subnet mask and default gateway, but also include DNS related settings. It is therefore appropriate to examine how DHCP affects client DNS configuration. 5.1. Domain Name Server (DHCP Option 6) Most gateways default to supplying their own IP address in the DHCP "Domain Name Server" option [RFC2132]. The net result is that without explicit re-configuration many DNS clients will by default send queries to the gateway's DNS proxy. This is understandable behaviour given that the correct upstream settings are not usually known at boot time. Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 7] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 Most gateways learn their own DNS settings via values supplied by an ISP via DHCP or PPP over the WAN interface. However whilst many gateways do allow the end-user to override those values, some gateways only use those end-user supplied values to affect the proxy's own forwarding function, and do not offer these values via DHCP. When using such a device the only way to avoid using the DNS proxy is to hard-code the required values in the client operating system. This may be acceptable for a desktop system but it is inappropriate for mobile devices which are regularly used on many different networks. As per Section 3, end-users SHOULD be able to send their DNS queries directly to specified upstream resolvers, ideally without hard-coding those settings in their stub resolver. It is therefore RECOMMENDED that gateways SHOULD support end-user configuration of values for the "Domain Name Server" DHCP option. 5.2. Domain Name (DHCP Option 15) A significant amount of traffic to the DNS Root Name Servers is for invalid top-level domain names, and some of that traffic can be attributed to particular equipment vendors whose firmware defaults this DHCP option to specific values. Since no standard exists for a "local" scoped domain name suffix it is RECOMMENDED that the default value for this option SHOULD be empty, and that this option SHOULD NOT be sent to clients when no value is configured. 5.3. DHCP Leases It is noted that some DHCP servers in broadband gateways by default offer their own IP address for the "Domain Name Server" option (as describe above) but then automatically start offering the upstream settings once they've been learnt over the WAN interface. In general this behaviour is highly desirable, but the effect for the end-user is that the settings used depend on whether the DHCP lease was obtained before or after the WAN link was established. If the DHCP lease is obtained whilst the WAN link is down then the DHCP client (and hence the DNS client) will not receive the correct values until the DHCP lease is renewed. Whilst no specific recommendations are given here, vendors may wish Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 8] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 to give consideration to the length of DHCP leases, and whether some mechanism for forcing a DHCP lease renewal might be appropriate. Another possibility is that the learnt upstream values might be persisted in non-volatile memory such that on reboot the same values can be automatically offered via DHCP. However this does run the risk that incorrect values are initially offered if the device is moved or connected to another ISP. Alternatively, the DHCP server might only issue very short (i.e. 60 second) leases while the WAN link is down, only reverting to more typical lease lengths once the WAN link is up and the upstream DNS servers are known. Indeed with such a configuration it may be possible to avoid the need to implement a DNS proxy function in the broadband gateway at all. 6. Security Considerations This document introduces no new protocols. However there are some security related recommendations for vendors that are listed here. 6.1. Forgery Resilience Whilst DNS proxies are not usually full-feature resolvers they nevertheless share some characteristics with them. Notwithstanding the recommendations above about transparency many DNS proxies are observed to pick a new Query ID for outbound requests to ensure that responses are directed to the correct client. NB: Changing the Query ID is acceptable and compatible with proxying TSIG-signed packets since the TSIG signature calculation is based on the original message ID which is carried in the TSIG RR. It has been standard guidance for many years that each DNS query should use a randomly generated Query ID. However many proxies have been observed picking sequential Query IDs for successive requests. It is strongly RECOMMENDED that DNS proxies follow the relevant recommendations in [RFC5452], particularly those in Section 9.2 relating to randomisation of Query IDs and source ports. This also applies to source port selection within any NAT function. If a DNS proxy is running on a broadband gateway with NAT that is compliant with [RFC4787] then it SHOULD also follow the recommendations for how long DNS state is kept from Section 10 of [RFC5452] Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 9] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 6.2. Interface Binding Some gateways have been observed to have their DNS proxy listening on both internal (LAN) and external (WAN) interfaces. In this configuration it is possible for the proxy to be used to mount reflector attacks as described in [RFC5358] The DNS proxy in a gateway SHOULD NOT by default be accessible from the WAN interfaces of the device. 6.3. Packet Filtering The Transparency and Robustness Principles are not entirely compatible with the Deep Packet Inspection features of security appliances such as firewalls which are intended to protect systems on the inside of a network from rogue traffic. However a clear distinction may be made between traffic that is intrinsically malformed and that which merely contains unexpected data. Examples of malformed packets which MAY be dropped include: o invalid compression pointers (i.e. those that point outside of the current packet, or which might cause a parsing loop). o incorrect counts for the Question, Answer, Authority and Additional Sections (although care should be taken where truncation is a possibility). Since dropped packets will cause the client to repeatedly retransmit the original request, it is RECOMMENDED that proxies SHOULD instead return a suitable DNS error response to the client (i.e. SERVFAIL) instead of dropping the packet completely. 7. IANA Considerations This document requests no IANA actions. 8. Change Log draft-ietf-dnsproxy-02 Changed "router" to "gateway" throughout (David Oran) Updated forgery resilience reference Elaboration on bypassability (from Nicholas W.) Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 10] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 Elaboration on NAT source port randomisation (from Nicholas W.) Mention of using short DHCP leases while the WAN link is down (from Ralph Droms) Further clarification on permissibility of altering QID when using TSIG draft-ietf-dnsproxy-01 Strengthened recommendations about truncation (from Shane Kerr) New TSIG text (with help from Olafur) Additional forgery resilience text (from Olafur) Compression support (from Olafur) Correction of text re: QID changes and compatibility with TSIG draft-ietf-dnsproxy-00 Changed recommended DPI error to SERVFAIL (from Jelte) Changed example for invalid compression pointers (from Wouter). Note about TSIG implications of changing Query ID (from Wouter). Clarified TC-bit text (from Wouter) Extra text about proxy bypass (Nicholas W.) draft-bellis-dnsproxy-00 Initial draft 9. Acknowledgements The author would particularly like to acknowledge the assistance of Lisa Phifer of Core Competence. In addition the author is grateful for the feedback from the members of the DNSEXT Working Group. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, September 1981. [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 11] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 RFC 2131, March 1997. [RFC2132] Alexander, S. and R. Droms, "DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions", RFC 2132, March 1997. [RFC2671] Vixie, P., "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)", RFC 2671, August 1999. [RFC2845] Vixie, P., Gudmundsson, O., Eastlake, D., and B. Wellington, "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)", RFC 2845, May 2000. [RFC2930] Eastlake, D., "Secret Key Establishment for DNS (TKEY RR)", RFC 2930, September 2000. [RFC3597] Gustafsson, A., "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record (RR) Types", RFC 3597, September 2003. [RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005. [RFC4787] Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127, RFC 4787, January 2007. [RFC5358] Damas, J. and F. Neves, "Preventing Use of Recursive Nameservers in Reflector Attacks", BCP 140, RFC 5358, October 2008. [RFC5452] Hubert, A. and R. van Mook, "Measures for Making DNS More Resilient against Forged Answers", RFC 5452, January 2009. 10.2. Informative References [DOTSE] Ahlund and Wallstrom, "DNSSEC Tests of Consumer Broadband Routers", February 2008, . [SAC035] Bellis, R. and L. Phifer, "Test Report: DNSSEC Impact on Broadband Routers and Firewalls", September 2008, . Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 12] Internet-Draft DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines March 2009 Author's Address Ray Bellis Nominet UK Edmund Halley Road Oxford OX4 4DQ United Kingdom Phone: +44 1865 332211 Email: ray.bellis@nominet.org.uk URI: http://www.nominet.org.uk/ Bellis Expires September 3, 2009 [Page 13]