Network Working Group A. Doria (Ed.) Internet-Draft ETRI Expires: June 16, 2006 R. Haas (Ed.) IBM J. Hadi Salim (Ed.) Znyx H. Khosravi (Ed.) Intel W. M. Wang (Ed.) Zhejiang Gongshang University December 12, 2005 ForCES Protocol Specification draft-ietf-forces-protocol-06.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on June 16, 2006. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). Abstract This document specifies the Forwarding and Control Element Separation Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 1] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 (ForCES) protocol. ForCES protocol is used for communications between Control Elements(CEs) and Forwarding Elements (FEs) in a ForCES Network Element (ForCES NE). This specification is intended to meet the ForCES protocol requirements defined in RFC3654. Besides the ForCES protocol messages, the specification also defines the framework, the mechanisms, and the Transport Mapping Layer (TML) requirements for ForCES protocol. Authors The participants in the ForCES Protocol Team, co-authors and co- editors, of this protocol specification, are: Ligang Dong (Zhejiang Gongshang University), Avri Doria (ETRI), Ram Gopal (Nokia), Robert Haas (IBM), Jamal Hadi Salim (Znyx), Hormuzd M Khosravi (Intel), and Weiming Wang (Zhejiang Gongshang University). Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 2] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Table of Contents 1. Terminology and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.1. Protocol Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.1.1. The PL layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.1.2. The TML layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.1.3. The FEM/CEM Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2. ForCES Protocol Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2.1. Pre-association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.2.2. Post-association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.3. Protocol Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.3.1. Transactions, Atomicity, Execution and Responses . . 19 4.3.2. Heartbeat Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.3.3. FE Object and FE protocol LFBs . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3.4. Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5. TML Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.1. TML Parameterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6. Message encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.1. Common Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.2. Type Length Value(TLV) Structuring . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6.2.1. Nested TLVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.2.2. Scope of the T in TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.3. ILV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7. Protocol Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.1. Protocol Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.1.1. Protocol BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.1.2. Protocol Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.2. Core ForCES LFBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 7.2.1. FE Protocol LFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 7.2.2. FE Object LFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 7.3. Semantics of message Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 7.4. Association Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 7.4.1. Association Setup Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 7.4.2. Association Setup Response Message . . . . . . . . . 50 7.4.3. Association Teardown Message . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 7.5. Configuration Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.5.1. Config Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.5.2. Config Response Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 7.6. Query Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 7.6.1. Query Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 7.6.2. Query Response Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.7. Event Notification Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.8. Packet Redirect Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.9. Heartbeat Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.10. Operation Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 3] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 8. Protocol Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 8.1. Association Setup state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 8.2. Association Established state or Steady State . . . . . . 67 9. High Availability Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 9.1. Responsibilities for HA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 10.1. No Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 10.1.1. Endpoint Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 10.1.2. Message authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 10.2. ForCES PL and TML security service . . . . . . . . . . . 74 10.2.1. Endpoint authentication service . . . . . . . . . . . 74 10.2.2. Message authentication service . . . . . . . . . . . 74 10.2.3. Confidentiality service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 12.2. Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Appendix A. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 A.1. Message Type Name Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 A.2. Operation Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 A.3. Header Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 A.4. TLV Type Name Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 A.5. LFB Class Id Name Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 A.6. Association Setup Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 A.7. Association Teardown Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 A.8. Configuration Request Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Appendix B. ForCES Protocol LFB schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 B.1. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 B.2. Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Appendix C. Data Encoding Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Appendix D. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Appendix E. Changes between -05 and -06; Post WGLC . . . . . . . 109 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . 113 Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 4] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 1. Terminology and Conventions The key words MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 5] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 2. Introduction Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) defines an architectural framework and associated protocols to standardize information exchange between the control plane and the forwarding plane in a ForCES Network Element (ForCES NE). RFC 3654 has defined the ForCES requirements, and RFC 3764 has defined the ForCES framework. While there may be multiple protocols used within the overall ForCES architecture, the term "ForCES protocol" and "protocol" as used in this document refers to the protocol used to standardize the information exchange between Control Elements(CEs) and Forwarding Elements(FEs) only. ForCES FE model [FE-MODEL] presents the capabilities, state and configuration of FEs within the context of the ForCES protocol, so that CEs can accordingly control the FEs in a standardizded way and by means of the ForCES protocol. This document defines the ForCES protocol specifications. The ForCES protocol works in a master-slave mode in which FEs are slaves and CEs are masters. Information exchanged between FEs and CEs makes extensive use of TLVs. The protocol includes commands for transport of LFB configuration information as well as for association, status, and event notifications, etc. This specification does not define a transport mechanism for protocol messages, but does include a discussion of service primitives that must be provided by the underlying transport interface. Section 3 provides a glossary of terminology used in the specification. Section 4 provides an overview of the protocol including a discussion on the protocol framework, descriptions of the Protocol Layer (PL) and a Transport Mapping Layer (TML), as well as of the ForCES protocol mechanisms. While this document does not define the TML, Section 5 details the services that a TML must provide (TML requirements). The ForCES protocol defines a common header for all protocol messages. The header is defined in Section 6.1, while the protocol messages are defined in Section 7. Section 8 describes several Protocol Scenarios and includes message exchange descriptions. Section 9 describes mechanism in the protocol to support high availability mechanisms including redundancy and fail over. Section 10 defines the security mechanisms provided by the PL and Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 6] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 TML. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 7] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 3. Definitions This document follows the terminology defined by the ForCES Requirements in [RFC3654] and by the ForCES framework in [RFC3746]. This document also uses the terminology defined by ForCES the FE model in [FE-MODEL]. The definitons below are repeated below for clarity. Addressable Entity (AE) - A physical device that is directly addressable given some interconnect technology. For example, on IP networks, it is a device which can be reached using an IP address; and on a switch fabric, it is a device which can be reached using a switch fabric port number. Forwarding Element (FE) - A logical entity that implements the ForCES protocol. FEs use the underlying hardware to provide per-packet processing and handling as directed/controlled by a CE via the ForCES protocol. Control Element (CE) - A logical entity that implements the ForCES protocol and uses it to instruct one or more FEs on how to process packets. CEs handle functionality such as the execution of control and signaling protocols. Pre-association Phase - The period of time during which an FE Manager (see below) and a CE Manager (see below) are determining which FE(s) and CE(s) should be part of the same network element. Post-association Phase - The period of time during which an FE knows which CE is to control it and vice versa. This includes the time during which the CE and FE are establishing communication with one another. FE Model - A model that describes the logical processing functions of an FE. FE Manager (FEM) - A logical entity responsible for generic FE management tasks. It is used during pre-association phase to determine with which CE(s) an FE should communicate. This process is called CE discovery and may involve the FE manager learning the capabilities of available CEs. An FE manager may use anything from a static configuration to a pre- association phase protocol (see below) to determine which CE(s) to use. Being a logical entity, an FE manager might be physically combined with any of the other logical entities such as FEs. CE Manager (CEM) - A logical entity responsible for generic CE management tasks. It is particularly used during the pre-association Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 8] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 phase to determine with which FE(s) a CE should communicate. This process is called FE discovery and may involve the CE manager learning the capabilities of available FEs. ForCES Network Element (NE) - An entity composed of one or more CEs and one or more FEs. To entities outside a NE, the NE represents a single point of management. Similarly, a NE usually hides its internal organization from external entities. High Touch Capability - This term will be used to apply to the capabilities found in some forwarders to take action on the contents or headers of a packet based on content other than what is found in the IP header. Examples of these capabilities include NAT-PT, firewall, and L7 content recognition. Datapath -- A conceptual path taken by packets within the forwarding plane inside an FE. LFB (Logical Function Block) -- The basic building block that is operated on by the ForCES protocol. The LFB is a well defined, logically separable functional block that resides in an FE and is controlled by the CE via ForCES protocol. The LFB may reside at the FE's datapath and process packets or may be purely an FE control or configuration entity that is operated on by the CE Note that the LFB is a functionally accurate abstraction of the FE's processing capabilities, but not a hardware-accurate representation of the FE implementation. LFB (Logical Function Block) and LFB Instance -- LFBs are categorized by LFB Classes(or Types). An LFB Instance represents an LFB Class (or Type) existence. There may be multiple instances of the same LFB Class (or Type) in an FE. An LFB Class is represented by an LFB Class ID, and an LFB Instance is represented by an LFB Instance ID. As a result, an LFB Class ID associated with an LFB Instance ID uniquely specify an LFB existence. LFB Metadata -- Metadata is used to communicate per-packet state from one LFB to another, but is not sent across the network. The FE model defines how such metadata is identified, produced and consumed by the LFBs. It defines the functionality but not how metadata is encoded within an implementation. LFB Attribute -- Operational parameters of the LFBs that must be visible to the CEs are conceptualized in the FE model as the LFB attributes. The LFB attributes include, for example, flags, single parameter arguments, complex arguments, and tables that the CE can read or/and write via the ForCES protocol (see below). Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 9] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 LFB Topology -- Representation of how the LFB instances are logically interconnected and placed along the datapath within one FE. Sometimes it is also called intra-FE topology, to be distinguished from inter-FE topology. FE Topology -- A representation of how the multiple FEs within a single NE are interconnected. Sometimes this is called inter-FE topology, to be distinguished from intra-FE topology (i.e., LFB topology). Inter-FE Topology -- See FE Topology. Intra-FE Topology -- See LFB Topology. The following terms are defined by this document: ForCES Protocol - While there may be multiple protocols used within the overall ForCES architecture, the term "ForCES protocol" and "protocol" refer to the Fp reference point in the ForCES Framework in [RFC3746]. This protocol does not apply to CE-to-CE communication, FE-to-FE communication, or to communication between FE and CE managers. Basically, the ForCES protocol works in a master-slave mode in which FEs are slaves and CEs are masters. This document defines the specifications for this ForCES protocol. ForCES Protocol Layer (ForCES PL) -- A layer in ForCES protocol architecture that defines the ForCES protocol messages, the protocol state transfer scheme, as well as the ForCES protocol architecture itself (including requirements of ForCES TML (see below)). Specifications of ForCES PL are defined by this document. ForCES Protocol Transport Mapping Layer (ForCES TML) -- A layer in ForCES protocol architecture that uses the capabilities of existing transport protocols to specifically address protocol message transportation issues, such as how the protocol messages are mapped to different transport media (like TCP, IP, ATM, Ethernet, etc), and how to achieve and implement reliability, multicast, ordering, etc. The ForCES TML specifications are detailed in separate ForCES documents, one for each TML. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 10] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 4. Overview The reader is referred to the Framework document [RFC3746], and in particular sections 3 and 4, for an architectural overview and an explanation of how the ForCES protocol fits in. There may be some content overlap between the framework document and this section in order to provide clarity. 4.1. Protocol Framework Figure 1 below is reproduced from the Framework document for clarity. It shows a NE with two CEs and two FEs. --------------------------------------- | ForCES Network Element | -------------- Fc | -------------- -------------- | | CE Manager |---------+-| CE 1 |------| CE 2 | | -------------- | | | Fr | | | | | -------------- -------------- | | Fl | | | Fp / | | | Fp| |----------| / | | | | |/ | | | | | | | | | Fp /|----| | | | | /--------/ | | -------------- Ff | -------------- -------------- | | FE Manager |---------+-| FE 1 | Fi | FE 2 | | -------------- | | |------| | | | -------------- -------------- | | | | | | | | | | | ----+--+--+--+----------+--+--+--+----- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fi/f Fi/f Fp: CE-FE interface Fi: FE-FE interface Fr: CE-CE interface Fc: Interface between the CE Manager and a CE Ff: Interface between the FE Manager and an FE Fl: Interface between the CE Manager and the FE Manager Fi/f: FE external interface Figure 1: ForCES Architectural Diagram The ForCES protocol domain is found in the Fp Reference Point. The Protocol Element configuration reference points, Fc and Ff also play a role in the booting up of the ForCES Protocol. The protocol Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 11] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 element configuration, indicated by reference points Fc and Fe, is out of scope of the ForCES protocol but is touched on in this document in discussion of FEM and CEM since it is an integral part of the protocol pre-association phase. Figure 2 below shows further breakdown of the Fp interface by example of an MPLS QoS enabled Network Element. ------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | |OSPF |RIP |BGP |RSVP |LDP |. . . | | | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------- CE | ForCES Interface | ------------------------------------------------- ^ ^ | | ForCES | |data control | |packets messages| |(e.g., routing packets) | | v v ------------------------------------------------- | ForCES Interface | ------------------------------------------------- FE | | | | | | | |LPM Fwd|Meter |Shaper |MPLS |Classi-|. . . | | | | | |fier | | ------------------------------------------------- Figure 2: Examples of CE and FE functions The ForCES Interface shown in Figure 2 constitutes two pieces: the PL layer and the TML layer. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 12] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 This is depicted in Figure 3 below. +------------------------------------------------ | CE PL layer | +------------------------------------------------ | CE TML layer | +------------------------------------------------ ^ | ForCES | (i.e ForCES data + control PL | packets ) messages | over | specific | TML | encaps | and | transport | | v +------------------------------------------------ | FE TML layer | +------------------------------------------------ | FE PL layer | +------------------------------------------------ Figure 3: ForCES Interface The PL layer is in fact the ForCES protocol. Its semantics and message layout are defined in this document. The TML Layer is necessary to connect two ForCES PL layers as shown in Figure 3 above. The TML is out of scope for this document but is within scope of ForCES. This document defines requirements the PL needs the TML to meet. Both the PL and the TML layers are standardized by the IETF. While only one PL layer is defined, different TMLs are expected to be standardized. To interoperate the TML layer at the CE and FE are expected to conform to the same definition. On transmit, the PL layer delivers its messages to the TML layer. The TML layer delivers the message to the destination TML layer(s). On receive, the TML delivers the message to its destination PL layer(s). 4.1.1. The PL layer The PL is common to all implementations of ForCES and is standardized Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 13] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 by the IETF as defined in this document. The PL layer is responsible for associating an FE or CE to an NE. It is also responsible for tearing down such associations. An FE uses the PL layer to trasmit various subscribed-to events to the CE PL layer as well as to respond to various status requests issued from the CE PL. The CE configures both the FE and associated LFBs' operational parameters using the PL layer. In addition the CE may send various requests to the FE to activate or deactivate it, reconfigure its HA parameterization, subscribe to specific events etc. More details can be found in Section 7. 4.1.2. The TML layer The TML layer transports the PL layer messages. The TML is where the issues of how to achieve transport level reliability, congestion control, multicast, ordering, etc. are handled. It is expected more than one TML will be standardized. The various possible TMLs could vary their implementations based on the capabilities of underlying media and transport. However, since each TML is standardized, interoperability is guaranteed as long as both endpoints support the same TML. All ForCES Protocol Layer implementations should be portable across all TMLs, because all TMLs MUST have the top edge semantics defined in this document. 4.1.3. The FEM/CEM Interface The FEM and CEM components, although valuable in the setup and configurations of both the PL and TML layers, are out of scope of the ForCES protocol. The best way to think of them are as configurations/parameterizations for the PL and TML before they become active (or even at runtime based on implementation). In the simplest case, the FE or CE read a static configuration file. RFC 3746 has a more detailed descriptions on how the FEM and CEM could be used. The pre-association phase, where the CEM and FEM can be sued, are described briefly in Section 4.2.1. An example of typical of things the FEM/CEM could configure would be TML specific parameterizations such as: a. how the TML connection should happen (example what IP addresses to use, transport modes etc); b. Issuing the ID for the FE or CE would also be issued at this point. c. Security parameterization such as keys etc. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 14] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 d. Connection association parameters Example: "send up to 3 association messages each 1 second apart" Vs " send up to 4 association messages with increasing exponential timeout". 4.2. ForCES Protocol Phases ForCES, in relation to NEs, involves two phases: the Pre-Association phase where configuration/initialization/bootup of the TML and PL layer happens, and the association phase where the ForCES protocol operates to manipulate the parameters of the FEs. start FEObject Admin up -------+ +--->---->---->---->------->----+ | | Y Y | | | | Y +------+--+ +--------+ | | | | | DOWN | | UP | | State | | State | | | | | +---------+ +--------+ ^ Y | | +-<---<------<-----<------<----<---+ FEObject Admin Down/ Association lost Figure 4: The FE State Machine The FE can only be in one of two states as indicated above. When the FE is in the DOWN state, it is not forwarding packets. When the FE is in the UP state it may be forwarding packets depending on the configuration of its specific LFBs. On start up the FE is in the DOWN state unless explicitly configured by the CE to transition to the UP state. This MUST be done before configuring any other LFBs that affect packet forwarding. The FE transitions from the DOWN to the UP state when explicitly configured to do so by the CE or when it loses its association with the CE. For the FE to properly complete the transition to the DOWN state it MUST stop packet forwarding and that this may affect Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 15] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 multiple LFBs. How this is achieved is outside the scope of this specification. 4.2.1. Pre-association The ForCES interface is configured during the pre-association phase. In a simple setup, the configuration is static and is read from a saved configuration file. All the parameters for the association phase are well known after the pre-association phase is complete. A protocol such as DHCP may be used to retrieve the configuration parameters instead of reading them from a static configuration file. Note, this will still be considered static pre-association. Dynamic configuration may also happen using the Fc, Ff and Fl reference points. Vendors may use their own proprietary service discovery protocol to pass the parameters. Essentially only guidelines are provided here and the details are left to the implementation. The following are scenarios reproduced from the Framework Document to show a pre-association example. <----Ff ref pt---> <--Fc ref pt-------> FE Manager FE CE Manager CE | | | | | | | | (security exchange) (security exchange) 1|<------------>| authentication 1|<----------->|authentication | | | | (FE ID, attributes) (CE ID, attributes) 2|<-------------| request 2|<------------|request | | | | 3|------------->| response 3|------------>|response (corresponding CE ID) (corresponding FE ID) | | | | | | | | Figure 5: Examples of a message exchange over the Ff and Fc reference points Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 16] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 <-----------Fl ref pt--------------> | FE Manager FE CE Manager CE | | | | | | | | (security exchange) | | 1|<------------------------------>| | | | | | (a list of CEs and their attributes) | 2|<-------------------------------| | | | | | (a list of FEs and their attributes) | 3|------------------------------->| | | | | | | | | | Figure 6: An example of a message exchange over the Fl reference point Before the transition to the association phase, the FEM will have established contact with a CEM component. Initialization of the ForCES interface will have completed, and authentication as well as capability discovery may be complete. Both the FE and CE would have the necessary information for connecting to each other for configuration, accounting, identification and authentication purposes. To summarize, at the completion of this stage both sides have all the necessary protocol parameters such as timers, etc. The Fl reference point may continue to operate during the association phase and may be used to force a disassociation of an FE or CE. Because the pre-association phase is out of scope, these details are not discussed any further in this specification. The reader is referred to the framework document [RFC3746] for a slightly more detailed discussion. 4.2.2. Post-association In this phase, the FE and CE components communicate with each other using the ForCES protocol (PL over TML) as defined in this document. There are three sub-phases: o Association Setup stage o Established Stage o Association Lost stage Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 17] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 4.2.2.1. Association Setup stage The FE attempts to join the NE. The FE may be rejected or accepted. Once granted access into the NE, capabilities exchange happens with the CE querying the FE. Once the CE has the FE capability information, the CE can offer an initial configuration (possibly to restore state) and can query certain attributes within either an LFB or the FE itself. More details are provided in Section 8. On successful completion of this stage, the FE joins the NE and is moved to the Established State. 4.2.2.2. Association Established stage In this stage the FE is continuously updated or queried. The FE may also send asynchronous event notifications to the CE or synchronous heartbeat notifications if programmed to do so. This continues until a termination occurs because of loss of connectivity or is initiated by either the CE or the FE. Refer to section on protocol scenarios, Section 8, for more details. 4.2.2.3. Association Lost stage In this state, both or either the CE or FE declare the other side is no longer associated. The disconnection could be physically initiated by either party for administrative purposes but may also be driven by operational reasons such as loss of connectivity. It should be noted that loss of connectivity between TMLs is not necessarily indicative of loss of association between respective PL layers unless the programmed FE Protocol Object time limit is exceeded. In other words if the TML repairs the transport loss before then, the association would still be valid. When an association is lost between a CE and FE, the FE continues to operate as instructed by the CE via the CE failover policy (for further discussion refer to Section 9 and Appendix B). For this version of the protocol (as defined in this document), the FE, upon re-association, MUST discard any state it has as invalid and retrieve new state. This approach is motivated by a desire for simplicity (as opposed to efficiency). Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 18] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 4.3. Protocol Mechanisms Various semantics are exposed to the protocol users via the PL header including: Transaction capabilities, atomicity of transactions, two phase commits, batching/parallelization, High Availability and failover as well as command windows. 4.3.1. Transactions, Atomicity, Execution and Responses In the master-slave relationship the CE instructs one or more FEs on how to execute operations and how to report back the results. This section details the different modes of execution that a CE can order the FE(s) to perform as defined in Section 4.3.1.1. It also describes the different modes a CE can ask the FE(s) to use for formatting the responses after processing the operations as requested. 4.3.1.1. Execution There are 3 execution modes that could be requested for a batch of operations spanning one or more LFB selectors: a. Transactional execute-all-or-none b. Loose transactional execute-until-failure c. Non-transactional continue-execute-on-failure 4.3.1.1.1. 'execute-all-or-none' Atomic transaction A transaction may be atomic: a. Within an FE alone Example: updating multiple tables which are dependent on each other. If updating one fails, then any others already updated must be undone. b. Distributed across the NE Example: updating table(s) that are inter-dependent across several FEs (such as L3 forwarding related tables). For distributed transactional consistency across FEs, a classical transactional protocol known as Two Phase Commit (2PC) [2PCREF] is supported. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 19] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 4.3.1.1.2. Transaction Definition A transaction is defined as a collection of one or more ForCES operations within one or more PL messages that MUST meet the ACIDity properties[ACID], defined as: o *Atomicity*. In a transaction involving two or more discrete pieces of information, either all of the pieces are committed or none are. o *Consistency*. A transaction either creates a new and valid state of data, or, if any failure occurs, returns all data to its state before the transaction was started. o *Isolation*. A transaction in process and not yet committed must remain isolated from any other transaction. o *Durability*. Committed data is saved by the system such that, even in the event of a failure and system restart, the data is available in its correct state. There are cases where the CE knows exact memory and implementation details of the FE such as in the case of an FE-CE pair from the same vendor where the FE-CE pair is tightly coupled. In such a case, the transactional operations may be simplified further by extra computation at the CE. This view is not discussed further other than to mention that it is not disallowed. For the purpose of interoperability, a classical transactional protocol known as two phase commit is defined. This model meets the ACID properties described in [ACID] to be used for transactions. 4.3.1.1.3. Transaction protocol A 2PC [2PCREF] configuration message starts with the header flags containing a Start of Transaction (SOT) and Atomic Transaction (AT) on its first message configuration message. A transaction may span multiple messages. It is up to the CE to keep track of the different outstanding messages making up a transaction. As an example, the correlator field could be used to mark transactions and a sequence field to label the different messages within the same atomic transaction. Any failure notified by the FE causes the CE to execute an Abort Transaction (ABT) to all FEs involved in the transaction, rolling back all previously executed operations in the transaction. The transaction commitment phase is signaled from the CE to the FE by an empty End of Transaction (EOT) configuration message. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 20] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 The FE MUST respond to the CE's EOT message. If no response is received from the FE within a specified timeout, the transaction MUST be aborted by the CE. 4.3.1.1.4. Recovery Any of the participating FEs, or the CE, or the associations between them, may fail after the EOT response message has left the FE but before it has received all the responses, e.g if the EOT response never reaches the CE. In this protocol revision, for sake of simplicity as indicated in Section 4.2.2.3, an FE losing an association would be required to get new state from the newly associated CE from scratch upon a re- association. The decision on what an FE should do after a lost association is dictated by the CE Failover policy (refer to Section 9 and Section 7.2). 4.3.1.1.5. continue-execute-on-failure If several independent operations are targeted at one or more LFB selectors, execution continues at the FE even if one or more operations fail. This mode is signaled by AT flag set to zero (0). 4.3.1.1.6. execute-until-failure In this mode all operations are executed on the FE sequentially until the first failure. The rest of the operations are not executed but operations already completed are not undone, i.e. there is no roll back in this mode. 4.3.1.1.7. Relation to Multipart messages Multipart messages, after the first one, are indicated by the Middle of Transaction flag (MOT). The first message is indicated by SOT and the last by EOT. Multi-part messages MUST be consistent in their use of execution modes. If the first message starts with one exectution mode (such as continue-execute-on-failure mode), then all other parts of the same multi-part messages MUST continue with the same execution mode. Any inconsistency implies an error and a canceled transaction in which all messages are dropped and the sender NACKED. 4.3.2. Heartbeat Mechanism Heartbeats (HB) between FEs and CEs are traffic sensitive. A HB is sent only if no PL traffic is sent between the CE and FE within a Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 21] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 configured interval. This has the effect of reducing the amount of HB traffic in the case of busy PL periods. A HB can be sourced by either the CE or FE. When sourced by the CE, a response can be requested (similar to the ICMP ping protocol). The FE can only generate HBs in the case of being configured to do so by the CE. Refer to Section 7.2.1 and Section 7.9 for details. 4.3.3. FE Object and FE protocol LFBs All PL messages operate on LFB constructs as this provides more flexibility for future enhancements. This means that maintenance and configurability of FEs, NE, as well as the ForCES protocol itself must be expressed in terms of this LFB architecture. For this reason special LFBs are created to accommodate this need. In addition, this shows how the ForCES protocol itself can be controlled by the very same type of structures (LFBs) it uses to control functions such as IP forwarding, filtering, etc. To achieve this, the following specialized LFBs are introduced: o FE Protocol LFB which is used to control the ForCES protocol. o FE Object LFB which is used to controls attributes relative to the FE itself. Such attributes include FEState (refer to model draft), vendor, etc. These LFBs are detailed in Section 7.2. 4.3.4. Scalability It is desirable that the PL layer not become the bottleneck when larger bandwidth pipes become available. To pick a hypothetical example in today's terms, if a 100Gbps pipe is available and there is sufficient work then the PL layer should be able to take advantage of this and use all of the 100Gbps pipe. Two mechanisms are provided to achieve this. The first one is batching and the second one is a command window. Batching is the ability to send multiple commands (such as Config) in one Protocol Data Unit (PDU). The size of the batch will be affected by, amongst other things, the path MTU. The commands may be part of the same transaction or part of unrelated transactions that are independent of each other. Command windowing allows for pipelining of independent transactions which do not affect each other. Each independent transaction could Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 22] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 consist of one or more batches. 4.3.4.1. Batching There are several batching levels at different protocol hierarchies. o multiple PL PDUs can be aggregated under one TML message o multiple LFB classes and instances (as indicated in the LFB selector) can be addressed within one PL PDU o Multiple operations can be addressed to a single LFB class and instance 4.3.4.2. Command Pipelining The protocol allows any number of messages to be issued by the CE before the corresponding acknowledgments (if requested) have been returned by the FE. Hence pipelining is inherently supported by the protocol. Matching responses with requests messages can be done using the correlator field in the message header. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 23] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 5. TML Requirements The requirements below are expected to be delivered by the TML. This text does not define how such mechanisms are delivered. As an example they could be defined to be delivered via hardware or between 2 or more TML processes on different CEs or FEs in protocol level schemes. Each TML must describe how it contributes to achieving the listed ForCES requirements. If for any reason a TML does not provide a service listed below a justification needs to be provided. 1. Reliability As defined by RFC 3654, section 6 #6. 2. Security TML provides security services to the ForCES PL. TML layer should support the following security services and describe how they are achieved. * Endpoint authentication of FE and CE. * Message Authentication * Confidentiality service 3. Congestion Control The congestion control scheme used needs to be defined. The congestion control mechanism defined by the TML should prevent the FE from being overloaded by the CE or the CE from being overwhelmed by traffic from the FE. Additionally, the circumstances under which notification is sent to the PL to notify it of congestion must be defined. 4. Uni/multi/broadcast addressing/delivery if any If there is any mapping between PL and TML level Uni/Multi/ Broadcast addressing it needs to be defined. 5. HA decisions It is expected that availability of transport links is the TML's responsibility. However, on config basis, the PL layer may wish to participate in link failover schemes and therefore the TML must support this capability. Please refer to Section 9 for details. 6. Encapsulations used. Different types of TMLs will encapsulate the PL messages on different types of headers. The TML needs to specify the Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 24] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 encapsulation used. 7. Prioritization It is expected that the TML will be able to handle up to 8 priority levels needed by the PL layer and will provide preferential treatment. TML needs to define how this is achieved. 8. The requirement for supporting up to 8 priority levels does not mean that the underlying TML MUST be capable of handling up to 8 priority levels. In such an event the priority levels should be divided between the available TML priority levels. For example, if the TML only supports 2 priority levels, the 0-3 could go in one TML priority level, while 4-7 could go in the other. 9. Protection against DoS attacks As described in the Requirements RFC 3654, section 6 5.1. TML Parameterization It is expected that it should be possible to use a configuration reference point, such as the FEM or the CEM, to configure the TML. Some of the configured parameters may include: o PL ID o Connection Type and associated data. For example if a TML uses IP/TCP/UDP then parameters such as TCP and UDP ports, IP addresses need to be configured. o Number of transport connections o Connection Capability, such as bandwidth, etc. o Allowed/Supported Connection QoS policy (or Congestion Control Policy) Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 25] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 6. Message encapsulation All PL layer PDUs start with a common header [Section 6.1] followed by a one or more TLVs [Section 6.2] which may nest other TLVs [Section 6.2.1]. All fields are in network byte order. 6.1. Common Header 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |version| rsvd | Message Type | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Source ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Destination ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Correlator | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Flags | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 7: Common Header The message is 32 bit aligned. Version (4 bit): Version number. Current version is 1. rsvd (4 bit): Unused at this point. A receiver should not interpret this field. Senders SHOULD set it to zero. Message Type (8 bits): Commands are defined in Section 7. Length (16 bits): length of header + the rest of the message in DWORDS (4 byte increments). Source ID (32 bit): Dest ID (32 bit): * Each of the source and Dest IDs are 32 bit IDs which are unique NE-wide and which recognize the termination points of Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 26] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 a ForCES PL message. * IDs allow multi/broad/unicast addressing with the following approach: a. A split address space is used to distinguish FEs from CEs. Even though in a large NE there are typically two or more orders of magnitude more FEs than CEs, the address space is split uniformly for simplicity. b. The address space allows up to 2^30 (over a billion) CEs and the same amount of FEs. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |TS | sub-ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 8: ForCES ID Format c. The 2 most significant bits called Type Switch (TS) are used to split the ID space as follows: A. TS Corresponding ID range Assignment B. -- ---------------------- ---------- C. 0b00 0x00000000 to 0x3FFFFFFF FE IDs (2^30) D. 0b01 0x40000000 to 0x7FFFFFFF CE IDs (2^30) E. 0b10 0x80000000 to 0xBFFFFFFF reserved F. 0b11 0xC0000000 to 0xFFFFFFEF multicast IDs (2^30 - 16) G. 0b11 0xFFFFFFF0 to 0xFFFFFFFC reserved H. 0b11 0xFFFFFFFD all CEs broadcast I. 0b11 0xFFFFFFFE all FEs broadcast J. 0b11 0xFFFFFFFF all FEs and CEs (NE) broadcast Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 27] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 * Multicast or broadcast IDs are used to group endpoints (such as CEs and FES). As an example one could group FEs in some functional group, by assigning a multicast ID. Likewise, subgroups of CEs that act, for instance, in a back-up mode may be assigned a multicast ID to hide them from the FE. * This document does not discuss how a particular multicast ID is associated to a given group though it could be done via configuration process. The list of IDs an FE owns or is part of are listed on the FE Object LFB. Correlator (64 bits) This field is set by the CE to correlate ForCES Request Messages with the corresponding Response messages from the FE. Essentially it is a cookie. The Correlator is handled transparently by the FE, i.e. for a particular Request message the FE MUST assign the same correlator value in the corresponding Response message. In the case where the message from the CE does not elicit a response, this field may not be useful. The Correlator field could be used in many implementations specific ways by the CE. For example, the CE could split the Correlator into a 32-bit transactional identifier and 32-bit message sequence identifier. Another example a 64 bit pointer to a context block. All such implementation specific use of the Correlator is outside the scope of this specification. Flags(32 bits): Identified so far: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | | | | |ACK| Pri | EM|TP | Reserved | | | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ - ACK: ACK indicator(2 bit) The ACK indicator flag is only used by the CE when sending a Config Message(Section 7.5.1) or a HB message (Section 7.9) to indicate to the message receiver whether or not a config response is required by the sender. Note that for all other messages than Config Message this flag MUST be ignored. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 28] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 The flag values are defined as below: 'NoACK' (0b00) - to indicate that the message receiver MUST not to send any response message back to this message sender. 'SuccessACK'(0b01) - to indicate the message receiver MUST send a response message back only when the message has been successfully processed by the receiver. 'FailureACK'(0b10) - to indicate the message receiver MUST send a response message back only when there is was failure by the receiver in processing (executing) the message. In other words, if the message can be processed successfully, the sender will not expect any response from the receiver. 'AlwaysACK' (0b11) - to indicate the message receiver MUST send a response message. Note that in above definitions, the term success implies a complete execution without any failure of the message. Anything else than a complete successful execution is defined as a failure for the message processing. As a result, for the execution modes (defined in Section 4.3.1.1) like execute-all-or-none, execute-until-failure, and continue- execute-on-failure, if any single operation among several operations in the same message fails, it will be treated as a failure and result in a response if the ACK indicator has been set to 'FailureACK' or 'AlwaysACK'. Also note that, other than in Config and HB Messages, requirements for responses of messages are all given in a default way rather than by ACK flags. The default requirements of these messages and the expected responses are summarized below. Detailed descriptions can be found in the individual message definitions: + Association Setup Message always expects a response. + Association Teardown Message, and Packet Redirect Message, never expect responses. + Query Message always expects a response. + Response messages never expect further responses. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 29] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 - Pri: Priority (3 bits) ForCES protocol defines 8 different levels of priority (0-7). The priority level can be used to distinguish between different protocol message types as well as between the same message type. For example, the REDIRECT PACKET message could have different priorities to distinguish between Routing protocols packets and ARP packets being redirected from FE to CE. The Normal priority level is 1. - EM: Execution mode (2 bits) There are 3 execution modes refer to Section 4.3.1.1 for details. Reserved..................... (0b00) `execute-all-or-none` ....... (0b01) `execute-until-failure` ..... (0b10) `continue-execute-on-failure` (0b11) - TP: Transaction phase (2 bits) A message from the CE to the FE within a transaction could be indicative of the different phases the transaction is in. Refer to Section 4.3.1.1.3 for details. `MOT (Middle of transaction)` (0b00) `SOT (start of transaction)` (0b01) `EOT (end of transaction)` (0b10) `ABT (abort)` (11) 6.2. Type Length Value(TLV) Structuring Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 30] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | TLV Type | variable TLV Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Value (Data of size TLV length) | ~ ~ ~ ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 10: TLV Representation TLV Type (16): The TLV type field is two octets, and indicates the type of data encapsulated within the TLV. TLV Length (16): The TLV Length field is two octets, and indicates the length of this TLV including the TLV Type, TLV Length, and the TLV data in octets. TLV Value (variable): The TLV Value field carries the data. For extensibility, the TLV value may in fact be a TLV. TLVs must be 32 bit aligned. 6.2.1. Nested TLVs TLV values can be other TLVs. This provides the benefits of protocol flexibility (being able to add new extensions by introducing new TLVs when needed). The nesting feature also allows for an conceptual optimization with the XML LFB definitions to binary PL representation (represented by nested TLVs). 6.2.2. Scope of the T in TLV The "Type" values in the TLV are global in scope. This means that wherever in the PDU hierarchy a Type occurs, it refers to the same Type of TLV. This is a design choice to ease debugging of the protocol. 6.3. ILV A slight variation of the TLV known as the ILV. This sets the type ("T") to be a 32-bit local index that referes to a ForCES element ID. The Length part of the ILV is fixed at 32 bits. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 31] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Identifier | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Value | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 11: ILV Representation It should be noted that the "I" values are of local scope and are defined by the data declarations from the LFB definition. Refer to Section 7.1.1.1.8 for discussions on usage of ILVs. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 32] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 7. Protocol Construction 7.1. Protocol Grammar The protocol construction is formally defined using a BNF-like syntax to describe the structure of the PDU layout. This is matched to a precise binary format later in the document. Since the protocol is very flexible and hierarchical in nature, it is easier at times to see the visualization layout. This is provided in Section 7.1.2 7.1.1. Protocol BNF The format used is based on RFC 2234. The terminals of this grammar are flags, IDcount, IDs, KEYID, and encoded data, described after the grammar. 1. A TLV will have the word "-TLV" suffix at the end of its name 2. An ILV will have the word "-ILV" suffix at the end of its name 3. / is used to separate alternatives 4. parenthesized elements are treated as a single item 5. * before an item indicates 0 or more repetitions 6. 1* before an item indicates 1 or more repetitions 7. [] around an item indicates that it is optional (equal to *0) The BNF of the PL level PDU is as follows: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 33] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 PL level PDU := MAINHDR [MAIN-TLV] MAIN-TLV := [LFBselect-TLV] / [REDIRECT-TLV] / [ASResult-TLV] / [ASTreason-TLV] LFBselect-TLV := LFBCLASSID LFBInstance OPER-TLV OPER-TLV := 1*PATH-DATA-TLV PATH-DATA-TLV := PATH [DATA] PATH := flags IDcount IDs [SELECTOR] SELECTOR := KEYINFO-TLV DATA := FULLDATA-TLV / SPARSEDATA-TLV / RESULT-TLV / 1*PATH-DATA-TLV KEYINFO-TLV := KEYID FULLDATA-TLV SPARSEDATA-TLV := encoded data that may have optionally appearing elements FULLDATA-TLV := encoded data element which may nest further FULLDATA-TLVs RESULT-TLV := Holds result code and optional FULLDATA-TLV o MAINHDR defines a message type, Target FE/CE ID etc. The MAINHDR also defines the content. As an example the content of a "config" message would be different from an "association" message. o MAIN-TLV is one of several TLVs that could follow the Mainheader. The appearance of these TLVs is message type specific. o LFBCLASSID is a 32 bit unique identifier per LFB class defined at class Definition time. o LFBInstance is a 32 bit unique instance identifier of an LFB class o OPER-TLV uses the Type field in the TLV to uniquely identify the type of operation i.e one of {SET, GET, DEL,etc.} depending on the message type. o PATH-DATA-TLV identifies the exact element targeted and may have zero or more paths associated with it. The last PATH-DATA-TLV in the case of nesting of paths via the DATA construct in the case of SET requests and GET response is terminated by encoded data or response in the form of either FULLDATA-TLV or SPARSEDATA-TLV or RESULT-TLV. o PATH provides the path to the data being referenced. * flags (16 bits) are used to further refine the operation to be applied on the Path. More on these later. * IDcount(16 bit): count of 32 bit IDs Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 34] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 * IDs: zero or more 32bit IDs (whose count is given by IDcount) defining the main path. Depending on the flags, IDs could be field IDs only or a mix of field and dynamic IDs. Zero is used for the special case of using the entirety of the containing context as the result of the path. o SELECTOR is an optional construct that further defines the PATH. Currently, the only defined selector is the KEYINFO-TLV, used for selecting an array entry by the value of a key field. The presence of a SELECTOR is correct only when the flags also indicate its presence. A mismatch is a protocol format error. o A KEYINFO TLV contains information used in content keying. * A KeyID is used in a KEYINFO TLV. It indicates which key for the current array is being used as the content key for array entry selection. * The key's data is the data to look for in the array, in the fields identified by the key field. The information is encoded according to the rules for the contents of a FULLDATA-TLV, and represent the field or fields which make up the key identified by the KEYID. o DATA may contain a FULLDATA-TLV, SPARSEDATA-TLV, a RESULT-TLV or 1 or more further PATH-DATA selection. FULLDATA and SPARSEDATA are only allowed on SET requests, or on responses which return content information (GET-RESPONSE for example). PATH-DATA may be included to extend the path on any request. * Note: Nested PATH-DATA TLVs are supported as an efficiency measure to permit common subexpression extraction. * FULLDATA and SPARSEDATA contain "the data" whose path has been selected by the PATH. Refer to Section 7.1.1.1 for details. o RESULT contains the indication of whether the individual SET succeeded. If there is an indication for verbose response, then SET-RESPONSE will also contain the FULLDATA TLV showing the data that was set. RESULT-TLV is included on the assumption that individual parts of a SET request can succeed or fail separately. In summary this approach has the following characteristic: o There can be one or more LFB Class + InstanceId combination targeted in a message (batch) Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 35] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 o There can one or more operations on an addressed LFB classid+ instanceid combination (batch) o There can be one or more path targets per operation (batch) o Paths may have zero or more data values associated (flexibility and operation specific) It should be noted that the above is optimized for the case of a single classid+instance targeting. To target multiple instances within the same class, multiple LFBselect are needed. 7.1.1.1. Discussion on Grammar In the case of FULLDATA encoding, data is packed in such a way that a receiver of such data with knowledge of the path can correlate what it means by inferring in the LFB definition. This is an optimization that helps reducing the amount of description for the data in the protocol. In other words: It is assumed that the type of the data can be inferred by the context in which data is used. Hence, data will not include its type information. The basis for the inference is typically the LFB class id and the path. It is expected that a substantial number of operations in ForCES will need to reference optional data within larger structures. For this reason, the SPARSEDATA encoding is introduced to make it easier to encapsulate optionally appearing data elements. 7.1.1.1.1. Data Packing Rules The scheme for encoding data used in this doc adheres to the following rules: o The Value ("V" of TLV) of FULLDATA TLV will contain the data being transported. This data will be as was described in the LFB definition. o Variable sized data within a FULLDATA TLV will be encapsulated inside another FULLDATA TLV inside the V of the outer TLV. For example of such a setup refer to Appendix D and Appendix C. o In the case of FULLDATA TLVs: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 36] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 * When a table is referred to in the PATH (ids) of a PATH-DATA- TLV, then the FULLDATA's "V" will contain that table's row content prefixed by its 32 bit index/subscript. OTOH, when PATH flags are 00, the PATH may contain an index pointing to a row in table; in such a case, the FULLDATA's "V" will only contain the content with the index in order to avoid ambiguity. 7.1.1.1.2. Path Flags The following flags are currently defined: o SELECTOR Bit: F_SELKEY indicates that a KEY Selector is present following this path information, and should be considered in evaluating the path. o FIND-EMPTY Bit: This must not be set if the F_SEL_KEY bit is set. This must only be used on a create operation. If set, this indicates that although the path identifies an array, the SET operation should be applied to the first unused element in the array. The result of the operation will not have this flag set, and will have the assigned index in the path. 7.1.1.1.3. Relation of operational flags with global message flags Should be noted that other applicable flags such as atomicity indicators as well as verbosity result formatters are in the main headers flags area. 7.1.1.1.4. Content Path Selection The KEYINFO TLV describes the KEY as well as associated KEY data. KEYs, used for content searches, are restricted and described in the LFB definition. 7.1.1.1.5. LFB select TLV The LFB select TLV is an instance of TLV defined in Section 6.2. The definition is as below: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 37] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = LFBselect | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | LFB Class ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | LFB Instance ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Operation TLV | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ... ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Operation TLV | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 13: PL PDU layout Type: The type of the TLV is "LFBselect" Length: Length of the TLV including the T and L fields, in octets. LFB Class ID: This field uniquely recognizes the LFB class/type. LFB Instance ID: This field uniquely identifies the LFB instance. Operation TLV: It describes an operation nested in the LFB select TLV. Note that usually there SHOULD be at least one Operation TLV present for an LFB select TLV, but for the Association Setup Message defined in Section 7.4.1. the Operation TLV is optional. In this case there might not be an Operation TLV followed in the LFB select TLV. 7.1.1.1.6. Operation TLV The Operation TLV is an instance of TLV defined in Section 6.2. It is assumed that specific operations are identified by the Type code of the TLV. Definitions for individual Types of operation TLVs are in corresponding message description sections followed. SET and GET Requests do not have result information (they are Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 38] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 requests). SET and GET Responses have result information. SET and GET Responses use SET-RESPONSE and GET-RESPONSE operation TLVs. For a GET response, individual gets which succeed will have FULLDATA TLVs added to the leaf paths to carry the requested data. For GET elements that fail, instead of the FULLDATA TLV there will be a RESULT TLV. For a SET response, each FULLDATA or or SPARSEDATA TLV in the original request will be replaced with a RESULT TLV in the response. If the request was for Ack-fail, then only those items which failed will appear in the response. If the request was for ack-all, then all elements of the request will appear in the response with RESULT TLVs. Note that if a SET request with a structure in a FULLDATA is issued, and some field in the structure is invalid, the FE will not attempt to indicate which field was invalid, but rather will indicate that the operation failed. Note further that if there are multiple errors in a single leaf path-data / FULLDATA, the FE can select which error it chooses to return. So if a FULLDATA for a SET of a structure attempts to write one field which is read only, and attempts to set another field to an invalid value, the FE can return whatever error it likes. A SET operation on a variable length element with a length of 0 for the item is not the same as deleting it. If the CE wishes to delete then the DEL operation should be used whether the path refers to an array element or an optional structure element. 7.1.1.1.7. Result TLV A RESULT TLV contains a 4 octet integer value. The defined values are 0 = success 1 = no such object 2 = permission denied 3 = invalid value (the encoded data could not validly be stored in the field) 4 = invalid array creation (when the subscript in an array create is not allowed) Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 39] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 255 = unspecified error (for when the FE can not decide what went wrong) 7.1.1.1.8. DATA TLV A FULLDATA TLV has "T"= FULLDATA, and a 16bit Length followed by the data value/contents. Likewise, a SPARSEDATA TLV has "T" = SPARSEDATA, a 16bit Length followed by the data value/contents. In the case of the SPARSEDATA each element in the Value part of the TLV will be further encapsulated in an ILV. Rules: 1. Both ILVs and TLVs MUST 32 bit aligned. If need be they MUST be padded to achieve the alignment. 2. FULLDATA TLV may be used at a particular path only if every element at that path level is present. This requirement holds whether the fields are fixed or variable length, mandatory or optional. * If a FULLDATA TLV is used, the encoder MUST layout data for each element in the same order in which the data was defined in the LFB specification. This ensures the decoder is guaranteed to retrieve the data. * In the case of a SPARSEDATA, it does not need to be ordered since the "I" in the ILV uniquely identifies the element. 3. Inside a FULLDATA TLV * The values for atomic, fixed-length fields are given without any TLV or ILV encapsulation. * The values for atomic, variable-length fields are given inside FULLDATA TLVs. 4. Inside a SPARSE TLV * the values for atomic fields may be given with ILVs (32-bit index, 32-bit length) 5. Any of the FULLDATA TLVs can contain an ILV but an ILV cannot contain a FULLDATA. This is because it is hard to disambiguate ILV since an I is 32 bit and a T is 16 bit. 6. A FULLDATA can also contain a FULLDATA for variable sized elements. The decoding disambiguation is assumed from rule #3 above. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 40] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 7.1.1.1.9. SET and GET Relationship It is expected that a GET-RESPONSE would satisfy the following: o it would have exactly the same path definitions as those sent in the GET. The only difference being a GET-RESPONSE will contain FULLDATA TLVs. o it should be possible to take the same GET-RESPONSE and convert it to a SET-REPLACE successfully by merely changing the T in the operational TLV. o There are exceptions to this rule: 1. When a KEY selector is used with a path in a GET operation, that selector is not returned in the GET-RESPONSE; instead the cooked result is returned. Refer to the examples using KEYS to see this. 2. When dumping a whole table in a GET, the GET-RESPONSE that merely edits the T to be SET will end up overwriting the table. 7.1.2. Protocol Visualization The figure below shows a general layout of the PL PDU. A main header is followed by one or more LFB selections each of which may contain one or more operation. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 41] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 main hdr (Config in this case) | | +--- T = LFBselect | | | +-- LFBCLASSID | | | | | +-- LFBInstance | | | +-- T = SET-CREATE | | | | | +-- // one or more path targets | | // with their data here to be added | | | +-- T = DEL | . | | . +-- // one or more path targets to be deleted | | +--- T = LFBselect | | | +-- LFBCLASSID | | | | | +-- LFBInstance | | | + -- T= SET-REPLACE | | | | | + -- T= DEL | | | + -- T= SET-REPLACE | | +--- T = LFBselect | +-- LFBCLASSID | +-- LFBInstance . . . Figure 14: PL PDU logical layout Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 42] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 The figure below shows an example general layout of the operation within a targeted LFB selection. The idea is to show the different nesting levels a path could take to get to the target path. T = SET-CREATE | | | +- T = Path-data | | | + -- flags | + -- IDCount | + -- IDs | | | +- T = Path-data | | | + -- flags | + -- IDCount | + -- IDs | | | +- T = Path-data | | | + -- flags | + -- IDCount | + -- IDs | + -- T = KEYINFO | | + -- KEY_ID | | + -- KEY_DATA | | | + -- T = FULLDATA | + -- data | | T = SET-REPLACE | | | +- T = Path-data | | | | | + -- flags | | + -- IDCount | | + -- IDs | | | | | + -- T = FULLDATA | | + -- data | +- T = Path-data | | | + -- flags | + -- IDCount | + -- IDs Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 43] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 | | | + -- T = FULLDATA | + -- data T = DEL | +- T = Path-data | + -- flags + -- IDCount + -- IDs | +- T = Path-data | + -- flags + -- IDCount + -- IDs | +- T = Path-data | + -- flags + -- IDCount + -- IDs + -- T = KEYINFO | + -- KEY_ID | + -- KEY_DATA +- T = Path-data | + -- flags + -- IDCount + -- IDs Figure 15: Sample operation layout 7.2. Core ForCES LFBs There are two LFBs that are used to control the operation of the ForCES protocol and to interact with FEs and CEs: o FE Protocol LFB o FE Object LFB Although these LFBs have the same form and interface as other LFBs, they are special in many respects: they have fixed well-known LFB Class and Instance IDs. They are statically defined (no dynamic instantiation allowed) and their status cannot be changed by the protocol: any operation to change the state of such LFBs (for Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 44] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 instance, in order to disable the LFB) must result in an error. Moreover, these LFBs must exist before the first ForCES message can be sent or received. All attributes in these LFBs must have pre- defined default values. Finally, these LFBs do not have input or output ports and do not integrate into the intra-FE LFB topology. 7.2.1. FE Protocol LFB The FE Protocol LFB is a logical entity in each FE that is used to control the ForCES protocol. The FE Protocol LFB Class ID is assigned the value 0x1. The FE Protocol LFB Instance ID is assigned the value 0x1. There MUST be one and only one instance of the FE Protocol LFB in an FE. The values of the attributes in the FE Protocol LFB have pre-defined default values that are specified here. Unless explicit changes are made to these values using Config messages from the CE, these default values MUST be used for correct operation of the protocol. The formal definition of the FE Protocol LFB can be found in Appendix B The FE Protocol LFB consists of the following elements: o FE Protocol capabilities (read-only): * Supported ForCES protocol version(s) by the FE * Any TML capability description(s) o FE Protocol attributes (can be read and set): * Current version of the ForCES protocol * FE unicast ID * FE multicast ID(s) list - this is a list of multicast IDs that the FE belongs to. These IDs are configured by the CE. * CE heartbeat policy - This policy, along with the parameter 'CE Heartbeat Dead Interval (CE HDI)' as described below defines the operating parameters for the FE to check the CE liveness. The policy values with meanings are listed as below: 0 (default) - This policy specifies that the CE will send a Heartbeat Message to the FE(s) whenever the CE reaches a time interval within which no other PL messages were sent from the CE to the FE(s); refer to Section 4.3.2 for Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 45] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 details. The CE HDI attribute as described below is tied to this policy. If the FE has not received any PL messages within a CE HDI period it declares the connectivity lost. The CE independently chooses the time interval for sending the Heartbeat messages to FE(s) - care must be exercised to ensure the CE->FE HB interval is smaller than the assigned CE HDI. 1 - The CE will not generate any HB messages. This actually means CE does not want the FE to check the CE liveness. Others - reserved. * CE Heartbeat Dead Interval (CE HDI) - The time interval the FE uses to check the CE liveness. If FE has not received any messages from CE within this time interval, FE deduces lost connectivity which implies that the CE is dead or the association to the CE is lost. Default value 30 s. * FE heartbeat policy - This policy, along with the parameter 'FE Heartbeat Interval (FE HI)', defines the operating parameters for how the FE should behave so that the CE can deduce its liveness. The policy values and the meanings are: 0(default) - The FE should not generate any Heartbeat messages. In this scenario, the CE is responsible for checking FE liveness by setting the PL header ACK flag of the message it sends to AlwaysACK. The FE responds to CE whenever CE sends such Heartbeat Request Message. Refer to Section 7.9 and Section 4.3.2 for details. 1 - This policy specifies that FE must actively send a Heartbeat Message if it reaches the time interval assigned by the FE HI as long as no other messages were sent from FE to CE during that interval as described in Section 4.3.2. Others - Reserved. * FE Heartbeat Interval (FE HI) - The time interval the FE should use to send HB as long as no other messages were sent from FE to CE during that interval as described in Section 4.3.2. The default value for an FE HI is 500ms. * Primary CEID - The CEID that the FE is associated with. * Backup CEs - The list of backup CEs an FE is associated with. Refer to Section 9 for details. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 46] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 * FE restart policy - This specifies the behavior of the FE during an FE restart. The restart may be from an FE failure or other reasons that have made FE down and then need to restart. The values are defined as below: 0(default)- just restart the FE from scratch. In this case, the FE should start from the pre-association phase. 1 - restart the FE from an intermediate state. In this case, the FE decides from which state it restarts. For example, if the FE is able to retain enough information of pre-association phase after some failure, it then has the ability to start from the post-association phase in this case. Others - Reserved * CE failover policy - This specifies the behavior of the FE during a CE failure and restart time interval, or when the FE loses the CE association. It should be noted that this policy in the case of HA only takes effect after total failure to connect to a new CE. A timeout parameter, the CE Timeout Interval (CE TI) is associated with this attribute. Values of this policy are defined as below: 0(default) - The FE should continue running and do what it can even without an associated CE. This basically requires that the FE support CE Graceful restart. Note that if the CE still has not been restarted or hasn't been associated back to the FE, after the CE TI has expired, the FE will go operationally down. 1 - FE should go down to stop functioning immediately. 2 - FE should go inactive to temporarily stop functioning. If the CE still has not been restarted after a time interval of specified by the CE TI, the FE will go down completely. Others - Reserved * CE Timeout Interval (CE TI) - The time interval associated with the CE failover policy case '0' and '2'. The default value is set to 300 seconds. Note that it is advisable to set the CE TI value much higher than the CE Heartbeat Dead Interval (CE HDI) since the effect of expiring this parameter is devastating to the operation of the FE. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 47] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 7.2.2. FE Object LFB The FE Object LFB is a logical entity in each FE and contains attributes relative to the FE itself, and not to the operation of the ForCES protocol. The formal definition of the FE Object LFB can be found in [FE- MODEL]. The model captures the high level properties of the FE that the CE needs to know to begin working with the FE. The class ID for this LFB Class is also assigned in [FE-MODEL]. The singular instance of this class will always exist, and will always have instance ID 1 within its class. It is common, although not mandatory, for a CE to fetch much of the attribute and capability information from this LFB instance when the CE begins controlling the operation of the FE. 7.3. Semantics of message Direction Recall: The PL protocol provides a master(CE)-Slave(FE) relationship. The LFBs reside at the FE and are controlled by CE. When messages go from the CE, the LFB Selector (Class and instance) refers to the destination LFB selection which resides in the FE. When messages go from the FE->CE, the LFB Selector (Class and instance) refers to the source LFB selection which resides in the FE. 7.4. Association Messages The ForCES Association messages are used to establish and teardown associations between FEs and CEs. 7.4.1. Association Setup Message This message is sent by the FE to the CE to setup a ForCES association between them. Message transfer direction: FE to CE Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set MessageType= 'AssociationSetup'. The ACK flag in the header MUST be ignored, and the association setup message always expects to get a response from the message receiver (CE) whether the setup is successful or not. The Correlator field in the header is set, so that FE can correlate the response coming back from CE correctly. The Src ID (FE ID) may be set to O in the header which means that the FE Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 48] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 would like the CE to assign an FE ID for the FE in the setup response message. Message body: The association setup message body optionally consists of one or more LFB select TLV as described in Section 7.1.1.1.5. The association setup message only operates toward the FE Object and FE Protocol LFBs, therefore, the LFB class ID in the LFB select TLV only points to these two kinds of LFBs. The Operation TLV in the LFB select TLV is defined as a 'REPORT' operation. More than one attribute may be announced in this message using REPORT operation to let the FE declare its configuration parameters in an unsolicited manner. These may contain attributes like the Heart Beat Interval parameter, etc. The Operation TLV for event notificationis is defined below. Operation TLV for Association Setup: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = REPORT | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PATH-DATA-TLV for REPORT | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type: Only one operation type is defined for the association setup message: Type = "REPORT" --- this type of operation is for FE to report something to CE. PATH-DATA-TLV for REPORT: This is generically a PATH-DATA-TLV format that has been defined in "Protocol Grammar" section(Section 7.1) in the PATH-DATA BNF definition. The PATH-DATA-TLV for REPORT operation MAY contain FULLDATA-TLV(s) but SHALL NOT contain any RESULT-TLV in the data format. The RESULT-TLV is defined in Section 7.1.1.1.7 and the FULLDATA-TLV is defined in Section 7.1.1.1.8. To better illustrate the above PDU format, a tree structure for the format is shown below: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 49] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 main hdr (eg type = Association setup) | | +--- T = LFBselect | | | +-- LFBCLASSID = FE object | | | | | +-- LFBInstance = 0x1 | | +--- T = LFBselect | +-- LFBCLASSID = FE Protocol object | | +-- LFBInstance = 0x1 | +-- Path-data to one or more attibutes including suggested HB parameters Figure 17: PDU Format 7.4.2. Association Setup Response Message This message is sent by the CE to the FE in response to the Setup message. It indicates to the FE whether the setup is successful or not, i.e. whether an association is established. Message transfer direction: CE to FE Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set MessageType= 'AssociationSetupResponse'. The ACK flag in the header MUST be ignored, and the setup response message never expects to get any more responses from the message receiver (FE). The Correlator field in the header MUST be the same as that of the corresponding association setup message, so that the association setup message sender can correlate the response correctly. The Dst ID in the header will be set to some FE ID value assigned by the CE if the FE had requested that in the setup message (by SrcID = 0). Message body: The association setup response message body only consists of one TLV, the Association Result TLV, the format of which is as follows: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 50] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = ASRresult | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Association Setup Result | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type (16 bits): The type of the TLV is "ASRresult". Length (16 bits): Length of the TLV including the T and L fields, in octets. Association Setup Result (32 bits): This indicates whether the setup msg was successful or whether the FE request was rejected by the CE. the defined values are: 0 = success 1 = FE ID invalid 2 = too many associations 3 = permission denied 7.4.3. Association Teardown Message This message can be sent by the FE or CE to any ForCES element to end its ForCES association with that element. Message transfer direction: CE to FE, or FE to CE (or CE to CE) Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set MessageType= "AssociationTeardown". The ACK flag MUST be ignored The correlator field in the header MUST be set to zero and MUST be ignored by the reciever. Message Body: The association teardown message body only consists of one TLV, the Association Teardown Reason TLV, the format of which is as follows: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 51] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = ASTreason | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Teardown Reason | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type (16 bits): The type of the TLV is "ASTreason". Length (16 bits): Length of the TLV including the T and L fields, in octets. Teardonw Reason (32 bits): This indicates the reason why the association is being terminated. Several reason codes are defined as follows. 0 - normal teardown by administrator 1 - error - loss of heartbeats 2 - error - out of bandwidth 3 - error - out of memory 4 - error - application crash 255 - error - other or unspecified 7.5. Configuration Messages The ForCES Configuration messages are used by CE to configure the FEs in a ForCES NE and report the results back to the CE. 7.5.1. Config Message This message is sent by the CE to the FE to configure LFB attributes in the FE. This message is also used by the CE to subscribe/ unsubscribe to LFB events. As usual, a config message is composed of a common header followed by a message body that consists of one or more TLV data format. Detailed description of the message is as below. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 52] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Message transfer direction: CE to FE Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set MessageType= 'Config'. The ACK flag in the header can be set to any value defined in Section 6.1, to indicate whether or not a response from FE is expected by the message ( the flag is set to 'NoACK' or 'AlwaysACK'), or to indicate under which conditions a response is generated (the flag is set to 'SuccessACK' or 'FailureACK'). The default behavior for the ACK flag is set to always expect a full response from FE. This happens when the ACK flag is not set to any defined value. The correlator field in the message header MUST be set if a response is expected, so that CE can correlate the response correctly. The correlator field can be ignored if no response is expected. Message body: The config message body MUST consist of at least one LFB select TLV as described in Section 7.1.1.1.5. The Operation TLV in the LFB select TLV is defined below. Operation TLV for Config: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PATH-DATA-TLV | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type: The operation type for config message. two types of operations for the config message are defined: Type = "SET" --- this operation is to set LFB attributes Type = "DEL" --- this operation to delete some LFB attributes PATH-DATA-TLV: This is generically a PATH-DATA-TLV format that has been defined in "Protocol Grammar" section(Section 7.1) in the PATH-DATA BNF definition. The restriction on the use of PATH-DATA-TLV for SET operation is, it MUST contain either a FULLDATA or SPARSEDATA TLV(s), but MUST NOT contain any RESULT-TLV. The restriction on the use of PATH-DATA-TLV for DEL operation is it MAY contain FULLDATA or SPARSEDATA TLV(s), but MUST NOT contain any RESULT- TLV. The RESULT-TLV is defined in Section 7.1.1.1.7 and FULLDATA Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 53] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 and SPARSEDATA TLVs is defined in Section 7.1.1.1.8. *Note: For Event subscription, the events will be defined by the individual LFBs. To better illustrate the above PDU format, a tree structure for the format is shown below: main hdr (eg type = config) | | +--- T = LFBselect | | | +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class | | | | | +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance | | | | | +-- T = operation { SET } | | | | | +-- // one or more path targets | | // associated with FULL or SPARSEDATA TLV(s) | | | +-- T = operation { DEL } | | | | | +-- // one or more path targets 7.5.2. Config Response Message This message is sent by the FE to the CE in response to the Config message. It indicates whether the Config was successful or not on the FE and also gives a detailed response regarding the configuration result of each attribute. Message transfer direction: FE to CE Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set MessageType= 'Config Response'. The ACK flag in the header is always ignored, and the config response message never expects to get any further response from the message receiver (CE). The Correlator field in the header MUST keep the same as that of the config message to be responded, so that the config message sender can correlate the response with the original message correctly. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 54] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Message body: The config message body MUST consist of at least one LFB select TLV as described in Section 7.1.1.1.5. The Operation TLV in the LFB select TLV is defined below. Operation TLV for Config Response: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PATH-DATA-TLV | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type: The operation type for config response message. Two types of operations for the config response message are defined: Type = "SET-RESPONSE" --- this operation is for the response of SET operation of LFB attributes Type = "DEL-RESPONSE" --- this operation is for the response of the DELETE operation of LFB attributes PATH-DATA-TLV: This is generically a PATH-DATA-TLV format that has been defined in "Protocol Grammar" section(Section 7.1) in the PATH-DATA BNF definition. The restriction on the use of PATH-DATA-TLV for SET- RESPONSE operation is it MUST contain RESULT-TLV(s). The restriction on the use of PATH-DATA-TLV for DEL-RESPONSE operation is it also MUST contain RESULT-TLV(s). The RESULT-TLV is defined in Section 7.1.1.1.7. 7.6. Query Messages The ForCES query messages are used by the CE to query LFBs in the FE for informations like LFB attributes, capabilities, statistics, etc. Query Messages include the Query Message and the Query Response Message. 7.6.1. Query Message A query message is composed of a common header and a message body that consists of one or more TLV data format. Detailed description of the message is as below. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 55] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Message transfer direction: from CE to FE. Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set to MessageType= 'Query'. The ACK flag in the header is always ignored, and a full response for a query message is always expected. The Correlator field in the header is set, so that CE can locate the response back from FE correctly. Message body: The query message body MUST consist of at least one LFB select TLV as described in Section 7.1.1.1.5. The Operation TLV in the LFB select TLV is defined below. Operation TLV for Query: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = GET | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PATH-DATA-TLV for GET | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 23: TLV for Query Type: The operation type for query. One operation type is defined: Type = "GET" --- this operation is to request to get LFB attributes. PATH-DATA-TLV for GET: This is generically a PATH-DATA-TLV format that has been defined in "Protocol Grammar" section(Section 7.1) in the PATH-DATA BNF definition. The restriction on the use of PATH-DATA-TLV for GET operation is it MUST NOT contain any SPARSEDATA or FULLDATA TLV and RESULT-TLV in the data format. To better illustrate the above PDU format, a tree structure for the format is shown below: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 56] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 main hdr (type = Query) | | +--- T = LFBselect | | | +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class | | | | | +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance | | | | | +-- T = operation { GET } | | | | | +-- // one or more path targets | | | +-- T = operation { GET } | | | | | +-- // one or more path targets | | Figure 24 7.6.2. Query Response Message When receiving a query message, the receiver should process the message and come up with a query result. The receiver sends the query result back to the message sender by use of the Query Response Message. The query result can be the information being queried if the query operation is successful, or can also be error codes if the query operation fails, indicating the reasons for the failure. A query response message is also composed of a common header and a message body consists of one or more TLVs describing the query result. Detailed description of the message is as below. Message transfer direction: from FE to CE. Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set to MessageType= 'QueryResponse'. The ACK flag in the header is ignored. As a response itself, the message does not expect a further response anymore. The Correlator field in the header MUST be the same as that of the associated query, so that the query message sender can keep track of the response. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 57] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Message body: The query response message body MUST consist of at least one LFB select TLV as described in Section 7.1.1.1.5. The Operation TLV in the LFB select TLV is defined below. Operation TLV for Query Response: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = GET-RESPONSE | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PATH-DATA-TLV for GET-RESPONSE | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 25: TLV for Query Response Type: The operation type for query response. One operation type is defined: Type = "GET-RESPONSE" --- this operation is to response to get operation of LFB attributes. PATH-DATA-TLV for GET-RESPONSE: This is generically a PATH-DATA-TLV format that has been defined in "Protocol Grammar" section(Section 7.1) in the PATH-DATA BNF definition. The PATH-DATA-TLV for GET-RESPONSE operation MAY contain SPARSEDATA TLV, FULLDATA TLV and/or RESULT-TLV(s) in the data encoding. The RESULT-TLV is defined in Section 7.1.1.1.7 and the SPARSEDATA and FULLDATA TLVs are defined in Section 7.1.1.1.8. 7.7. Event Notification Message Event Notification Message is used by FE to asynchronously notify CE of events that happen in the FE. All events that can be generated in an FE are subscribable by CE. A config message is used by CE to subscribe/unsubscribe for an event in FE. To subscribe to an event is usually by specifying to the path of such an event as described by FE-Model and defined by LFB library. As usual, an Event Notification Message is composed of a common header and a message body that consists of one or more TLV data format. Detailed description of the message is as below. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 58] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Message Transfer Direction: FE to CE Message Header: The Message Type in the message header is set to MessageType = 'EventNotification'. The ACK flag in the header MUST be ignored by the CE, and the event notification message does not expect any response from the receiver. The Correlator field in the header is also ignored because the response is not expected. Message Body: The event notification message body MUST consist of at least one LFB select TLV as described in Section 7.1.1.1.5. The Operation TLV in the LFB select TLV is defined below. Operation TLV for Event Notification: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = REPORT | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | PATH-DATA-TLV for REPORT | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type: Only one operation type is defined for the event notification message: Type = "REPORT" --- this type of operation is for FE to report something to CE. PATH-DATA-TLV for REPORT: This is generically a PATH-DATA-TLV format that has been defined in "Protocol Grammar" section(Section 7.1) in the PATH-DATA BNF definition. The PATH-DATA-TLV for REPORT operation MAY contain FULLDATA or SPARSEDATA TLV(s) but MUST NOT contain any RESULT-TLV in the data format. To better illustrate the above PDU format, a tree structure for the format is shown below: Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 59] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 main hdr (type = Event Notification) | | +--- T = LFBselect | | | +-- LFBCLASSID = target LFB class | | | | | +-- LFBInstance = target LFB instance | | | | | +-- T = operation { REPORT } | | | | | +-- // one or more path targets | | // associated with FULL/SPARSE DATA TLV(s) | +-- T = operation { REPORT } | | | | | +-- // one or more path targets | | // associated with FULL/SPARSE DATA TLV(s) Figure 27: PDU Format 7.8. Packet Redirect Message Packet redirect message is used to transfer data packets between CE and FE. Usually these data packets are IP packets, though they may sometimes be associated with some metadata generated by other LFBs in the model. They may also occasionally be other protocol packets, which usually happens when CE and FE are jointly implementing some high-touch operations. Packets redirected from FE to CE are the data packets that come from forwarding plane, and usually are the data packets that need high-touch operations in CE,or packets for which the IP destination address is the NE. Packets redirected from CE to FE are the data packets that come from the CE and that the CE decides to put into forwarding plane, i.e. an FE. Supplying such a redirect path between CE and FE actually leads to a possibility of this path being DoS attacked. Attackers may maliciously try to send huge spurious packets that will be redirected by FE to CE, resulting in the redirect path becoming congested. ForCES protocol and the TML layer will jointly supply approaches to prevent such DoS attack. To define a specific 'Packet Redirect Message' makes TML and CE able to distinguish the redirect messages from other ForCES protocol messages. By properly configuring related LFBs in FE, a packet can also be mirrored to CE instead of purely redirected to CE, i.e., the packet Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 60] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 is duplicated and one is redirected to CE and the other continues its way in the LFB topology. The Packet Redirect Message data format is formated as follows: Message Direction: CE to FE or FE to CE Message Header: The Message Type in the header is set to MessageType= 'PacketRedirect'. The ACK flags in the header MUST be ignored, and no response is expected by this message. The correlator field is also ignored because no response is expected. Message Body: Consists of (at least) one or more than one TLV that describes packet redirection. The TLV is specifically a Redirect TLV (with the TLV Type="Redirect"). Detailed data format of a Redirect TLV for packet redirect message is as below: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = Redirect | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | LFB Class ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | LFB Instance ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Meta Data TLV | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Redirect Data TLV | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 28: Redirect_Data TLV LFB class ID: There are only two possible LFB classes here, the 'RedirectSink' LFB or the 'RedirectSource' LFB[FE-MODEL]. If the message is from FE to CE, the LFB class should be 'RedirectSink'. If the message is from CE to FE, the LFB class should be 'RedirectSource'. Instance ID: Instance ID for the 'RedirectSink' LFB or 'RedirectSource' LFB. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 61] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Meta Data TLV: This is a TLV that specifies meta-data associated with followed redirected data. The TLV is as follows: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = META-DATA | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Meta Data ILV | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ~ ... ~ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Meta Data ILV | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 29: Redirected_Data TLV Meta Data ILV: This is an Identifier-Length-Value format that is used to describe one meta data. The ILV has the format as: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Meta Data ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Meta Data Value | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Where, Meta Data ID is an identifier for the meta data, which is statically assigned by the LFB definition. This actually implies a Meta Data ID transcoding mechanism may be necessary if a metadata traverses several LFBs while these LFBs define the metadata with different Meta Data IDs. Usually there are two meta data that are necessary for CE-FE redirect operation. One is the redirected data type (e.g., IP packet, TCP packet, or UDP Packet). For an FE->CE redirect operation, redirected packet type meta data is usually a meta data specified by a Classifier LFB that filter out redirected packets from packet stream and sends the packets to Redirect Sink LFB. For an CE->FE redirect operation, the redirected packet type meta data is usually directly generated by CE. Another meta data that should be associated with redirected data Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 62] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 is the port number in a redirect LFB. For a RedirectSink LFB, the port number meta data tells CE from which port in the lFB the redirected data come. For a RedriectSource LFB, via the meta data, CE tells FE which port in the LFB the redirected data should go out. Redirect Data TLV This is a TLV describing one packet of data to be directed via the redirect operation. The TLV format is as follows: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = REDIRECTDATA | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Redirected Data | . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Redirected Data: This field presents the whole packet that is to be redirected. The packet should be 32bits aligned. 7.9. Heartbeat Message The Heartbeat (HB) Message is used for one ForCES element (FE or CE) to asynchronously notify one or more other ForCES elements in the same ForCES NE on its liveness. A Heartbeat Message is sent by a ForCES element periodically. The parameterization and policy definition for heartbeats for an FE is managed as attributes of the FE protocol LFB, and can be set by CE via a config message. The Heartbeat message is a little different from other protocol messages in that it is only composed of a common header, with the message body left empty. Detailed description of the message is as below. Message Transfer Direction: FE to CE, or CE to FE Message Header: The Message Type in the message header is set to MessageType = 'Heartbeat'. Section 4.3.2 describes the HB mechanisms used. The ACK flag in the header MUST be set to either 'NoACK' or 'AlwaysACK' when the HB is sent. When set to 'AlwaysACK', the HB Message sender is always expecting a response from its receiver. When a response is sent it is always an echo of the original message with reversed IDs and the ACK information set to 'NoACK'. When not soliciting for response(default behavior), the ACK flag is set to 'NoACK' The correlator field in the HB message header Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 63] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 must be set accordingly when a response is expected so that a receiver can correlate the response correctly. The correlator field can be ignored if no response is expected. Also note that by virtue of Heartbeat policies defined in Section 7.2.1 only CE can send a HB Message with a response request. Message Body: The message body is empty for the Heartbeat Message. 7.10. Operation Summary The following table summarizes the TLVs that compose messages, and the applicabiity of operation TLVs to the messages. +---------------------------+-----------+---------------------------+ | Messages | TLVs | Operations | +---------------------------+-----------+---------------------------+ | Association Setup | LFBselect | REPORT | | | | | | Association Setup | ASRresult | None | | Response | | | | | | | | Association Teardown | ASTreason | None | | | | | | Config | LFBselect | SET, DEL | | | | | | Config Response | LFBselect | SET-RESPONSE, | | | | DEL-RESPONSE | | | | | | Query | LFBselect | GET | | | | | | Query Response | LFBselect | GET-RESPONSE | | | | | | Event Notification | LFBselect | REPORT | | | | | | Packet Redirect | Redirect | None | | | | | | Heartbeat | None | None | +---------------------------+-----------+---------------------------+ The following table summarises the applicability of the FULL/SPARSE DATA TLV and the RESULT TLV to the Operation TLVs. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 64] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 +--------------+--------------+----------------+------------+ | Operations | FULLDATA TLV | SPARSEDATA TLV | RESULT TLV | +--------------+--------------+----------------+------------+ | SET | MAY | MAY | MUST NOT | | | | | | | SET-RESPONSE | MAY | MUST NOT | MUST | | | | | | | DEL | MAY | MAY | MUST NOT | | | | | | | DEL-RESPONSE | MAY | MUST NOT | MUST | | | | | | | GET | MUST NOT | MUST NOT | MUST NOT | | | | | | | GET-RESPONSE | MUST | MUST NOT | MAY | | | | | | | REPORT | MAY | MUST NOT | MUST NOT | +--------------+--------------+----------------+------------+ Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 65] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 8. Protocol Scenarios 8.1. Association Setup state The associations among CEs and FEs are initiated via Association setup message from the FE. If a setup request is granted by the CE, a successful setup response message is sent to the FE. If CEs and FEs are operating in an insecure environment then the security associations have to be established between them before any association messages can be exchanged. The TML will take care of establishing any security associations. This is typically followed by capability query, topology query, etc. When the FE is ready to start forwarding data traffic, it sends an FE UP Event message to the CE. When the CE is ready, it repsonds by enabling the FE by setting the FEStatus to Adminup [Refer to [FE- MODEL] for details]. This indicates to the FE to start forwarding data traffic. At this point the association establishment is complete. These sequences of messages are illustrated in the Figure below. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 66] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 FE PL CE PL | | | Asso Setup Req | |---------------------->| | | | Asso Setup Resp | |<----------------------| | | | LFBx Query capability | |<----------------------| | | | LFBx Query Resp | |---------------------->| | | | FEO Query (Topology) | |<----------------------| | | | FEO Query Resp | |---------------------->| | | | Config FEO Adminup | |<----------------------| | | | FEO Config-Resp | |---------------------->| | | | FEO UP Event | |---------------------->| | | Figure 32: Message exchange between CE and FE to establish an NE association On successful completion of this state, the FE joins the NE. 8.2. Association Established state or Steady State In this state the FE is continously updated or queried. The FE may also send asynchronous event notifications to the CE or synchronous heartbeat messages. This continues until a termination (or deactivation) is initiated by either the CE or FE. The figure below helps illustrate this state. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 67] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 FE PL CE PL | | | Heart Beat | |<---------------------------->| | | | Heart Beat | |----------------------------->| | | | Config-set LFBy (Event sub.) | |<-----------------------------| | | | Config Resp LFBy | |----------------------------->| | | | Config-set LFBx Attr | |<-----------------------------| | | | Config Resp LFBx | |----------------------------->| | | |Config-Query LFBz (Stats) | |<--------------------------- -| | | | Query Resp LFBz | |----------------------------->| | | | FE Event Report | |----------------------------->| | | | Config-Del LFBx Attr | |<-----------------------------| | | | Config Resp LFBx | |----------------------------->| | | | Packet Redirect LFBx | |----------------------------->| | | | Heart Beat | |<-----------------------------| . . . . | | Figure 33: Message exchange between CE and FE during steady-state communication Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 68] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Note that the sequence of messages shown in the figure serve only as examples and the messages exchange sequences could be different from what is shown in the figure. Also, note that the protocol scenarios described in this section do not include all the different message exchanges which would take place during failover. That is described in the HA section 8. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 69] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 9. High Availability Support The ForCES protocol provides mechanisms for CE redundancy and failover, in order to support High Availability as defined in [RFC3654]. FE redundancy and FE to FE interaction is currently out of scope of this draft. There can be multiple redundant CEs and FEs in a ForCES NE. However, at any one time only one Primary CE can control the FEs though there can be multiple secondary CEs. The FE and the CE PL are aware of the primary and secondary CEs. This information (primary, secondary CEs) is configured in the FE and in the CE PLs during pre-association by the FEM and the CEM respectively. Only the primary CE sends Control messages to the FEs. Two HA are defined in the ForCES protocol, Report Primary Mode and Report All Mode. The Report Primary Mode is the default mode of the protocol, in which the FEs only associate with one CE (primary) at a time. The Report All mode is for future study and not part of the current protocol version. In this mode, the FE would establish association with multiple CEs (primary and secondary) and report events, packets, Heart Beats to all the CEs. However, only the primary CE would configure/control the FE in this mode as well. This helps with keeping state between CEs synchronized, although it does not guarantee synchronization. The HA Modes are configured during Association setup phase, currently only Report Primary Mode is configured. A CE-to-CE synchronization protocol will be needed to support fast failover as well as address some of the corner cases, however this will not be defined by the ForCES protocol (since it is out of scope). During a communication failure between the FE and CE (which is caused due to CE or link reasons, i.e. not FE related), the TML on the FE will trigger the FE PL regarding this failure. This can also be detected using the HB messages between FEs and CEs. The communication failure (detected via either of the two means described before) is considered as a loss of association between the CE and corresponding FE and the FE PL must establish association with the secondary CE at this point. During this phase, if the original primary CE comes alive and starts sending any commands to the FE, the FE should ignore those messages and send an Event to all CEs indicating its change in Primary CE. Thus the FE only has one primary CE at a time. An explicit message (Config message setting Primary CE attribute in ForCES Protocol object) from the primary CE, can also be used to change the Primary CE for an FE during normal protocol operation. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 70] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Also note that the FEs in a ForCES NE could also use a multicast CEID, i.e. they are associated with a group of CEs (assumes some form of CE-CE synchronization protocol). In this case the loss of association would mean that communication with the entire multicast group of CEs has been lost. The mechanisms described above will apply for this case as well during the loss of association. These two scenarios (Report All, Report Primary) have been illustrated in the figures below. FE CE Primary CE Secondary | | | | Asso Estb,Caps exchg | | 1 |<--------------------->| | | | | | Asso Estb,Caps|exchange | 2 |<----------------------|------------------->| | | | | All msgs | | 3 |<--------------------->| | | | | | packet redirection,|events, HBs | 4 |-----------------------|------------------->| | | | | FAILURE | | | | Event Report (pri CE down) | 5 |------------------------------------------->| | | | All Msgs | 6 |<------------------------------------------>| Figure 34: CE Failover for Report All mode Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 71] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 FE CE Primary CE Secondary | | | | Asso Estb,Caps exchg | | 1 |<--------------------->| | | | | | All msgs | | 2 |<--------------------->| | | | | | | | | FAILURE | | | | Asso Estb,Caps exchange | 3 |<------------------------------------------>| | | | Event Report (pri CE down) | 4 |------------------------------------------->| | | | All Msgs | 5 |<------------------------------------------>| Figure 35: CE Failover for Report Primary Mode 9.1. Responsibilities for HA TML level - Transport level: 1. The TML controls logical connection availability and failover. 2. The TML also controls peer HA management. At this level, control of all lower layers, for example transport level (such as IP addresses, MAC addresses etc) and associated links going down are the role of the TML. PL Level: For all other functionality including configuring the HA behavior during setup, the CEIDs are used to identify primary, secondary CEs, protocol Messages used to report CE failure (Event Report), Heartbeat messages used to detect association failure, messages to change primary CE (config - move), and other HA related operations described before are the PL responsibility. To put the two together, if a path to a primary CE is down, the TML would take care of failing over to a backup path, if one is available. If the CE is totally unreachable then the PL would be informed and it will take the appropriate actions described before. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 72] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 10. Security Considerations ForCES architecture identifies several levels of security in [RFC3746]. ForCES PL uses security services provided by the ForCES TML layer. TML layer provides security services such as endpoint authentication service, message authentication service and confidentiality service. Endpoint authentication service is invoked at the time of pre-association connection establishment phase and message authentication is performed whenever FE or CE receives a packet from its peer. The following are the general security mechanisms that needs to be in place for ForCES PL layer. o Security mechanisms are session controlled - that is, once the security is turned ON depending upon the chosen security level (No Security, Authentication only, Confidentiality), it will be in effect for the entire duration of the session. o Operator should configure the same security policies for both primary and backup FE's and CE's (if available). This will ensure uniform operations, and to avoid unnecessary complexity in policy configuration. o ForCES PL endpoints SHOULD pre-established connections with both primary and backup CE's. This will reduce the security messages and enable rapid switchover operations for HA. 10.1. No Security When "No security" is chosen for ForCES protocol communication, both endpoint authentication and message authentication service needs to be performed by ForCES PL layer. Both these mechanism are weak and does not involve cryptographic operation. Operator can choose "No security" level when the ForCES protocol endpoints are within a single box. In order to have interoperable and uniform implementation across various security levels, each CE and FE endpoint MUST implement this level. The operations that are being performed for "No security" level is required even if lower TML security services are being used. 10.1.1. Endpoint Authentication Each CE and FE PL layer maintains set of associations list as part of configuration. This is done via CEM and FEM interfaces. FE MUST connect to only those CE's that are configured via FEM similarly, a CE should accept the connection and establish associations for the Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 73] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 FE's which are configured via CEM. CE should validate the FE identifier before accepting the connection during the pre-association phase. 10.1.2. Message authentication When CE or FE generates initiates a message, the receiving endpoint MUST validate the initiator of the message by checking the common header CE or FE identifiers. This will ensure proper protocol functioning. This extra processing step is recommend even if the underlying TLM layer security services. 10.2. ForCES PL and TML security service This section is applicable if operator wishes to use the TML security services. ForCES TML layer MUST support one or more security service such as endpoint authentication service, message authentication service, confidentiality service as part of TML security layer functions. It is the responsibility of the operator to select appropriate security service and configure security policies accordingly. The details of such configuration is outside the scope of ForCES PL and is depending upon the type of transport protocol, nature of connection. All these configurations should be done prior to starting the CE and FE. When certificates-based authentication is being used at TML layer, the certificate can use ForCES specific naming structure as certificate names and accordingly the security policies can be configured at CE and FE. 10.2.1. Endpoint authentication service When TML security services are enabled. ForCES TML layer performs endpoint authentication. Security association is established between CE and FE and is transparent to the ForCES PL layer. It is recommended that an FE, after establishing the connection with the primary CE, should establish the security association with the backup CE (if available). During the switchover operation CE's security state associated with each SA's are not transferred. SA between primary CE and FE and backup CE and FE are treated as two separate SA's. 10.2.2. Message authentication service This is TML specific operation and is transparent to ForCES PL layer. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 74] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 For details refer to Section 5. 10.2.3. Confidentiality service This is TML specific operation and is transparent to ForCES PL layer. For details refer to Section 5. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 75] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 11. Acknowledgments The authors of this draft would like to acknowledge and thank the following: Alex Audu, Steven Blake, Alan DeKok, Ellen M. Deleganes, Yunfei Guo, Joel M. Halpern, Zsolt Haraszti, Jeff Pickering, Guangming Wang, Chaoping Wu, Lily L. Yang, and Alistair Munro for their contributions. We would also like to thank David Putzolu, and Patrick Droz for their comments and suggestions on the protocol. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 76] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 12. References 12.1. Normative References [FE-MODEL] Yang, L., Halpern, J., Gopal, R., DeKok, A., Haraszti, Z., and S. Blake, "ForCES Forwarding Element Model", Feb. 2005. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998. [RFC2629] Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629, June 1999. [RFC3654] Khosravi, H. and T. Anderson, "Requirements for Separation of IP Control and Forwarding", RFC 3654, November 2003. [RFC3746] Yang, L., Dantu, R., Anderson, T., and R. Gopal, "Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) Framework", RFC 3746, April 2004. 12.2. Informational References [2PCREF] Gray, J., "Notes on database operating systems. In Operating Systems: An Advanced Course. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 60, pp. 394-481, Springer-Verlag", 1978. [ACID] Haerder, T. and A. Reuter, "Principles of Transaction- Orientated Database Recovery", 1983. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 77] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Appendix A. IANA Considerations Following the policies outlined in "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs" (RFC 2434 [RFC2434]), the following name spaces are defined in ForCES. o Message Type Name Space Section 7.1.1 o Operation Type Name Space Section 7.1.1.1.6 o Header Flags Section 6.1 o TLV Type Section 7.1.1 o LFB Class ID Section 7.1.1.1.5 o Result: Association Setup Response Section 7.4.2 o Reason: Association Teardown Message Section 7.4.3 o Configuration Request: Operation Result Section 7.5.1 A.1. Message Type Name Space The Message Type is an 8 bit value. The following is the guideline for defining the Message Type namespace Message Types 0x00 - 0x0F Message Types in this range are part of the base ForCES Protocol. Message Types in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus action. [RFC2434] Values assigned by this specification: 0x00 ............... Heartbeat 0x01 ............... Association Messages 0x02 ............... Configuration Messages 0x03 ............... Query Messages 0x04 ............... Event Notifications 0x05 ............... Packet Redirection Message Types 0x10 - 0x7F Message Types in this range are Specification Required [RFC2434] Message Types using this range must be documented in an RFC or other permanent and readily available references. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 78] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Message Types 0x80 - 0xFF Message Types in this range are reserved for vendor private extensions and are the responsibility of individual vendors. IANA management of this range of the Message Type Name Space is unnecessary. A.2. Operation Type The Operation Type name space is 16 bits long. The following is the guideline for managing the Operation Type Name Space. Operation Type 0x0000-0x00FF Operation Types in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus process. [RFC2434]. Values assigned by this specification: 0x0000 Reserved 0x0001 SET 0x0002 SET-RESPONSE 0x0003 DEL 0x0004 DEL-RESPONSE 0x0005 GET 0x0006 GET-RESPONSE 0x0007 REPORT Operation Type 0x0100-0x7FFF Operation Types using this range must be documented in an RFC or other permanent and readily available references. [RFC2434]. Operation Type 0x8000-0xFFFF Operation Types in this range are reserved for vendor private extensions and are the responsibility of individual vendors. IANA management of this range of the Operation Type Name Space is unnecessary. A.3. Header Flags The Header flag field is 32 bits long Header flags are part of the ForCES base protocol. Header flags are allocated through an IETF consensus action [RFC2434]. TLV Result Values in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus process. [RFC2434]. Values assigned by this specification: A.4. TLV Type Name Space The TLV Type name space is 16 bits long. The following is the guideline for managing the TLV Type Name Space. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 79] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 TLV Type 0x0000-0x00FF TLV Types in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus process. [RFC2434]. Values assigned by this specification: 0x0000 Reserved 0x0001 MAIN_TLV 0x0002 REDIRECT-TLV 0x0010 ASResult-TLV 0x0011 ASTreason-TLV 0x1000 LFBselect-TLV 0x0101 OPER-TLV 0x0110 PATH-DATA-TLV 0x0111 KEYINFO-TLV 0x0112 FULLDATA-TLV 0x0113 SPARSEDATA-TLV 0x0114 RESULT-TLV TLV Type 0x0200-0x7FFF TLV Types using this range must be documented in an RFC or other permanent and readily available references. [RFC2434]. TLV Type 0x8000-0xFFFF TLV Types in this range are reserved for vendor private extensions and are the responsibility of individual vendors. IANA management of this range of the TLV Type Name Space is unnecessary. A.5. LFB Class Id Name Space The LFB Class ID name space is 32 bits long. The following iws the guideline for managing the TLV Result Name Space. LFB Class ID 0x00000000-0x0000FFFF LFB Class IDs in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus process. [RFC2434]. Values assigned by this specification: 0x00000000 Reserved 0x00000001 FE Protocol LFB 0x00000002 FE Object LFB LFB Class ID 0x00010000-0x7FFFFFFF LFB Class IDs in this range are Specification Required [RFC2434] LFB Class ID using this range must be documented in an RFC or other permanent and readily available references. [RFC2434]. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 80] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 LFB Class Id 0x80000000-0xFFFFFFFFF LFB Class IDs in this range are reserved for vendor private extensions and are the responsibility of individual vendors. IANA management of this range of the LFB Class ID Space is unnecessary. A.6. Association Setup Response The Association Setup Response name space is 16 bits long. The following is the guideline for managing the Association Setup Response Name Space. Association Setup Response 0x0000-0x00FF Association Setup Responses in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus process. [RFC2434]. Values assigned by this specification: 0x0000 Succcess 0x0001 FE ID Invalid 0x0002 Too many associations 0x0003 Permission Denied Association Setup Response 0x0100-0x0FFF Association Setup Responses in this range are Specification Required [RFC2434] Values using this range must be documented in an RFC or other permanent and readily available references. [RFC2434]. Association Setup Response 0x80000000-0xFFFFFFFFF Association Setup Responses in this range are reserved for vendor private extensions and are the responsibility of individual vendors. IANA management of this range of the Association Setup Responses Name Space is unnecessary. A.7. Association Teardown Message The Association Teardown Message name space is 32 bits long. The following is the guideline for managing the TLV Result Name Space. Association Teardown Message 0x00000000-0x0000FFFF Association Teardown Messages in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus process. [RFC2434]. Values assigned by this specification: 0x00000000 Normal - Teardown by Administrator 0x00000001 Error - Out of Memory 0x00000002 Error - Application Crash 0x000000FF Error - Unspecified Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 81] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Association Teardown Message 0x00010000-0x7FFFFFFF Association Teardown Messages in this range are Specification Required [RFC2434] Association Teardown Messages using this range must be documented in an RFC or other permanent and readily available references. [RFC2434]. LFB Class Id 0x80000000-0xFFFFFFFFF Association Teardown Messages in this range are reserved for vendor private extensions and are the responsibility of individual vendors. IANA management of this range of the Association Teardown Message Name Space is unnecessary. A.8. Configuration Request Result The Configuration Request name space is 32 bits long. The following is the guideline for managing the Configuration Request Name Space. Configuration Request 0x0000-0x00FF Configuration Requests in this range are allocated through an IETF consensus process. [RFC2434]. Values assigned by this specification: 0x0000 Success 0x0001 FE ID Invalid 0x0003 Permission Denied Configuration Request 0x0100-0x7FFF Configuration Requests in this range are Specification Required [RFC2434] Configuration Requests using this range must be documented in an RFC or other permanent and readily available references. [RFC2434]. 0x8000-0xFFFF Configuration Requests in this range are reserved for vendor private extensions and are the responsibility of individual vendors. IANA management of this range of the Configuration Request Name Space is unnecessary. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 82] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Appendix B. ForCES Protocol LFB schema The schema described below conforms to the LFB schema described in ForCES Model draft[FE-MODEL] CEHBPolicyValues The possible values of CE heartbeat policy uchar CEHBPolicy0 The CE heartbeat policy 0, refer to for details CEHBPolicy1 The CE heartbeat policy 1, refer to for details FEHBPolicyValues The possible values of FE heartbeat policy uchar FEHBPolicy0 Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 83] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 The FE heartbeat policy 0, refer to for details FEHBPolicy1 The FE heartbeat policy 1, refer to for details FERestartPolicyValues The possible values of FE restart policy uchar FERestartPolicy0 The FE restart policy 0, refer to for details FERestartPolicy1 The FE restart policy 1, refer to for details CEFailoverPolicyValues The possible values of CE failover policy Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 84] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 uchar CEFailoverPolicy0 The CE failover policy 0, refer to for details CEFailoverPolicy1 The CE failover policy 1, refer to for details CEFailoverPolicy2 The CE failover policy 2, refer to for details FEPO 1 The FE Protocol Object 1.0 baseclass CurrentRunningVersion Currently running ForCES version u8 FEID Unicast FEID uint32 Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 85] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 MulticastFEIDs the table of all multicast IDs uint32 CEHBPolicy The CE Heartbeat Policy CEHBPolicyValues CEHDI The CE Heartbeat Dead Interval in millisecs uint32 FEHBPolicy The FE Heartbeat Policy FEHBPolicyValues FEHI The FE Heartbeat Interval in millisecs uint32 CEID The Primary CE this FE is associated with uint32 BackupCEs Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 86] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 The table of all backup CEs other than the primary uint32 FERestartPolicy The FE Restart Policy FERestartPolicyValues CEFailoverPolicy The CE Failover Policy CEFailoverPolicyValues CETI The CE Timeout Interval in millisecs uint32 SupportableVersions the table of ForCES versions that FE supports u8 Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 87] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 B.1. Capabilities At the moment only the SupportableVersions capability is owned by this LFB. Supportable Versions enumerates all ForCES versions that an FE supports. B.2. Attributes All Attributes are explained in Section 7.2.1. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 88] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Appendix C. Data Encoding Examples In this section a few examples of data encoding are discussed. these example, however, do not show any padding. ========== Example 1: ========== Structure with three fixed-lengthof, mandatory fields. struct S { uint16 a uint16 b uint16 c } (a) Describing all fields using SPARSEDATA Path-Data TLV Path to an instance of S ... SPARSEDATA TLV ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(b), lengthof(b), valueof(b) ElementIDof(c), lengthof(c), valueof(c) (b) Describing a subset of fields Path-Data TLV Path to an instance of S ... SPARSEDATA TLV ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(c), lengthof(c), valueof(c) Note: Even though there are non-optional elements in structure S, since one can uniquely identify elements, one can selectively send element of structure S (eg in the case of an update from CE to FE). (c) Describing all fields using a FULLDATA TLV Path-Data TLV Path to an instance of S ... FULLDATA TLV valueof(a) valueof(b) valueof(c) Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 89] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 ========== Example 2: ========== Structure with three fixed-lengthof fields, one mandatory, two optional. struct T { uint16 a uint16 b (optional) uint16 c (optional) } This example is identical to Example 1, as illustrated below. (a) Describing all fields using SPARSEDATA Path-Data TLV Path to an instance of S ... SPARSEDATA TLV ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(b), lengthof(b), valueof(b) ElementIDof(c), lengthof(c), valueof(c) (b) Describing a subset of fields using SPARSEDATA Path-Data TLV Path to an instance of S ... SPARSEDATA TLV ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(c), lengthof(c), valueof(c) (c) Describing all fields using a FULLDATA TLV Path-Data TLV Path to an instance of S ... FULLDATA TLV valueof(a) valueof(b) valueof(c) Note: FULLDATA TLV _cannot_ be used unless all fields are being described. ========== Example 3: ========== Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 90] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Structure with a mix of fixed-lengthof and variable-lengthof fields, some mandatory, some optional. struct U { uint16 a string b (optional) uint16 c (optional) } (a) Describing all fields using SPARSEDATA Path to an instance of U ... SPARSEDATA TLV ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(b), lengthof(b), valueof(b) ElementIDof(c), lengthof(c), valueof(c) (b) Describing a subset of fields using SPARSEDATA Path to an instance of U ... SPARSEDATA TLV ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(c), lengthof(c), valueof(c) (c) Describing all fields using FULLDATA TLV Path to an instance of U ... FULLDATA TLV valueof(a) FULLDATA TLV valueof(b) valueof(c) Note: The variable-length field requires the addition of a FULLDATA TLV within the outer FULLDATA TLV as in the case of element b above. ========== Example 4: ========== Structure containing an array of another structure type. struct V { uint32 x uint32 y struct U z[] } Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 91] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 (a) Encoding using SPARSEDATA, with two instances of z[], also described with SPARSEDATA, assuming only the 10th and 15th subscript of z[] are encoded. path to instance of V ... SPARSEDATA TLV ElementIDof(x), lengthof(x), valueof(x) ElementIDof(y), lengthof(y), valueof(y) ElementIDof(z), lengthof(all below) ElementID = 10 (i.e index 10 from z[]), lengthof(all below) ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(b), lengthof(b), valueof(b) ElementID = 15 (index 15 from z[]), lengthof(all below) ElementIDof(a), lengthof(a), valueof(a) ElementIDof(c), lengthof(c), valueof(c) Note the holes in the elements of z (10 followed by 15). Also note the gap in index 15 with only elements a and c appearing but not b. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 92] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Appendix D. Use Cases Assume LFB with following attributes for the following use cases. foo1, type u32, ID = 1 foo2, type u32, ID = 2 table1: type array, ID = 3 elements are: t1, type u32, ID = 1 t2, type u32, ID = 2 // index into table 2 KEY: nhkey, ID = 1, V = t2 table2: type array, ID = 4 elements are: j1, type u32, ID = 1 j2, type u32, ID = 2 KEY: akey, ID = 1, V = { j1,j2 } table3: type array, ID = 5 elements are: someid, type u32, ID = 1 name, type string variable sized, ID = 2 table4: type array, ID = 6 elements are: j1, type u32, ID = 1 j2, type u32, ID = 2 j3, type u32, ID = 3 j4, type u32, ID = 4 KEY: mykey, ID = 1, V = { j1} table5: type array, ID = 7 elements are: p1, type u32, ID = 1 p2, type array, ID = 2, array elements of type-X Type-X: x1, ID 1, type u32 x2, ID2 , type u32 KEY: tkey, ID = 1, V = { x1} All examples will show an attribute suffixed with "v" or "val" to Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 93] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 indicate the value of the referenced attribute. example for attribute foo2, foo1v or foo1value will indicate the value of foo1. In the case where F_SEL** are missing (bits equal to 00) then the flags will not show any selection. All the examples only show use of FULLDATA for data encoding; although SPARSEDATA would make more sense in certain occassions, the emphasis is on showing the message layout. Refer to Appendix C for examples that show usage of both FULLDATA and SPARSEDATA. 1. To get foo1 OPER = GET-TLV Path-data TLV: IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 Result: OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags=0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA-TLV L = 4+4, V = foo1v 2. To set foo2 to 10 OPER = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA TLV: L = 4+4, V=10 Result: OPER = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV 3. To dump table2 OPER = GET-TLV Path-data-TLV: IDCount = 1, IDs = 4 Result: OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 4 FULLDATA=TLV: L = XXX, V= a series of: index, j1value,j2value entries representing the entire table Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 94] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 4. Note: One should be able to take a GET-RESPONSE-TLV and convert it to a SET-REPLACE-TLV. If the result in the above example is sent back in a SET-REPLACE-TLV, (instead of a GET-RESPONSE_TLV) then the entire contents of the table will be replaced at that point. 5. Multiple operations Example. To create entry 0-5 of table2 (Ignore error conditions for now) Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 95] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 OPER = SET-CREATE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0 , IDCount = 1, IDs=4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 0 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 0 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 1 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 2 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 3 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 4 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 5 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 5 Result: OPER = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0 , IDCount = 1, IDs=4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 0 RESULT-TLV PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 RESULT-TLV PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 RESULT-TLV PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 4 RESULT-TLV PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 5 RESULT-TLV Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 96] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 6. Block operations (with holes) example. Replace entry 0,2 of table2 OPER = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = 0 , IDCount = 1, IDs=4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 0 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 0 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1, j2 value for entry 2 Result: OPER = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = 0 , IDCount = 1, IDs=4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 0 RESULT-TLV PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV 7. Getting rows example. Get first entry of table2. OPER = GET-TLV Path-data TLV: IDCount = 2, IDs=4.0 Result: OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV: IDCount = 2, IDs=4.0 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXX, V = j1value,j2value entry 8. Get entry 0-5 of table2. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 97] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 OPER = GET-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 0 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 5 Result: OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=4 PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 0 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1value j2value PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1value j2value PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1value j2value PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1value j2value PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 4 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1value j2value PATH-DATA-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 5 FULLDATA-TLV containing j1value j2value 9. Create a row in table2, index 5. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 98] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 OPER = SET-CREATE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 2, IDs=4.5 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXX j1value,j2value Result: OPER = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=4.5 RESULT-TLV 10. An example of "create and give me an index" Assuming one asked for verbose response back in the main message header. OPER = SET-CREATE-TLV Path-data -TLV: flags = FIND-EMPTY, IDCount = 1, IDs=4 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXX j1value,j2value Result If 7 were the first unused entry in the table: OPER = SET-RESPONSE Path-data TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 2, IDs=4.7 RESULT-TLV indicating success, and FULLDATA-TLV, Length = XXX j1value,j2value 11. Dump contents of table1. OPER = GET-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=3 Result: OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=3 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX (depending on size of table1) index, t1value, t2value index, t1value, t2value . Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 99] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 . . 12. Using Keys. Get row entry from table4 where j1=100. Recall, j1 is a defined key for this table and its keyid is 1. OPER = GET-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = F_SELKEY IDCount = 1, IDs=6 KEYINFO-TLV = KEYID=1, KEY_DATA=100 Result: If j1=100 was at index 10 OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=6.10 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX j1value,j2value, j3value, j4value 13. Delete row with KEY match (j1=100, j2=200) in table 2. Note that the j1,j2 pair are a defined key for the table 2. OPER = DEL-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = F_SELKEY IDCount = 1, IDs=4 KEYINFO TLV: {KEYID =1 KEY_DATA=100,200} Result: If (j1=100, j2=200) was at entry 15: OPER = DELETE-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = 0 IDCount = 2, IDs=4.15 RESULT-TLV (with FULLDATA if verbose) 14. Dump contents of table3. It should be noted that this table has a column with element name that is variable sized. The purpose of this use case is to show how such an element is to be encoded. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 100] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 OPER = GET-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = 0 IDCount = 1, IDs=5 Result: OPER = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV: flags = 0 IDCount = 1, IDs=5 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX index, someidv, TLV: T=FULLDATA, L = 4+strlen(namev), V = namev index, someidv, TLV: T=FULLDATA, L = 4+strlen(namev), V = namev index, someidv, TLV: T=FULLDATA, L = 4+strlen(namev), V = namev index, someidv, TLV: T=FULLDATA, L = 4+strlen(namev), V = namev . . . 15. Multiple atomic operations. 16. Note: This emulates adding a new nexthop entry and then atomically updating the L3 entries pointing to an old NH to point to a new one. The assumption is both tables are in the same LFB 17. Main header has atomic flag set and the request is for verbose/ full results back; Two operations on the LFB instance, both are SET operations. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 101] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 //Operation 1: Add a new entry to table2 index #20. OPER = SET-CREATE-TLV Path-TLV: flags = 0, IDCount = 2, IDs=4.20 FULLDATA TLV, V= j1value,j2value // Operation 2: Update table1 entry which // was pointing with t2 = 10 to now point to 20 OPER = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data-TLV: flags = F_SELKEY, IDCount = 1, IDs=3 KEYINFO = KEYID=1 KEY_DATA=10 Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 1, IDs=2 FULLDATA TLV, V= 20 Result: //first operation, SET OPER = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 3, IDs=4.20 RESULT-TLV code = success FULLDATA TLV, V = j1value,j2value // second opertion SET - assuming entry 16 was updated OPER = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 2, IDs=3.16 Path-Data TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 SET-RESULT-TLV code = success FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX v=20 // second opertion SET OPER = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 1, IDs=3 KEYINFO = KEYID=1 KEY_DATA=10 Path-Data TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 SET-RESULT-TLV code = success FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX v=20 18. Selective setting. On table 4 -- for indices 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Replace j1 to 100, j2 to 200, j3 to 300. Leave j4 as is. PER = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data TLV Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 102] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 6 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {100} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {200} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {300} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {100} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {200} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {300} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 5 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {100} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {200} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {300} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 7 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {100} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {200} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {300} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 9 Path-data TLV Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 103] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {100} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {200} Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 FULLDATA TLV, Length = XXXX, V = {300} Non-verbose response mode shown: OPER = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 6 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 5 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 RESULT-TLV Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 104] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 7 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 9 Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 2 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs = 3 RESULT-TLV 19. Manipulation of table of table examples. Get x1 from table10 row with index 4, inside table5 entry 10 operation = GET-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 5, IDs=7.10.2.4.1 Results: operation = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 5, IDs=7.10.2.4.1 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {x1 value} 20. From table5's row 10 table10, get X2s based on on the value of x1 equlaing 10 (recal x1 is KeyID 1) Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 105] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 operation = GET-TLV Path-data-TLV flag = F_SELKEY, IDCount=3, IDS = 7.10.2 KEYINFO TLV, KEYID = 1, KEYDATA = 10 Path-data TLV IDCount = 1, IDS = 2 //select x2 Results: If x1=10 was at entry 11: operation = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV flag = 0, IDCount=5, IDS = 7.10.2.11 Path-data TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 1, IDS = 2 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {x2 value} 21. Further example of table of table Consider table 6 which is defined as: table6: type array, ID = 8 elements are: p1, type u32, ID = 1 p2, type array, ID = 2, array elements of type type-A type-A: a1, type u32, ID 1, a2, type array ID2 ,array elements of type type-B type-B: b1, type u32, ID 1 b2, type u32, ID 2 If for example one wanted to set by replacing: table6.10.p1 to 111 table6.10.p2.20.a1 to 222 table6.10.p2.20.a2.30.b1 to 333 in one message and one operation. There are two ways to do this: a) using nesting operation = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 2, IDs=6.10 Path-data-TLV Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 106] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=1 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {111} Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 2, IDs=2.20 Path-data-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=1 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {222} Path-data TLV : flags = 0, IDCount = 3, IDs=2.30.1 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {333} Result: operation = SET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 2, IDs=6.10 Path-data-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=1 RESULT-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 2, IDs=2.20 Path-data-TLV flags = 0, IDCount = 1, IDs=1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV : flags = 0, IDCount = 3, IDs=2.30.1 RESULT-TLV b) using a flat path data operation = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data TLV : flags = 0, IDCount = 3, IDs=6.10.1 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {111} Path-data TLV : flags = 0, IDCount = 5, IDs=6.10.1.20.1 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {222} Path-data TLV : flags = 0, IDCount = 7, IDs=6.10.1.20.1.30.1 FULLDATA TLV: L=XXXX, V = {333} Result: operation = SET-REPLACE-TLV Path-data TLV : flags = 0, IDCount = 3, IDs=6.10.1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV : Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 107] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 flags = 0, IDCount = 5, IDs=6.10.1.20.1 RESULT-TLV Path-data TLV : flags = 0, IDCount = 7, IDs=6.10.1.20.1.30.1 RESULT-TLV 22. Get a whole LFB (all its attributes, etc.). 23. For example, at startup a CE might well want the entire FE OBJECT LFB. So, in a request targetted at class 1, instance 1, one might find: operation = GET-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 0 result: operation = GET-RESPONSE-TLV Path-data-TLV flags = 0 IDCount = 0 FULLDATA encoding of the FE Object LFB Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 108] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Appendix E. Changes between -05 and -06; Post WGLC Note: This section should be removed by the RFC editor prior to publication Changes raised by issue tracker: o 09: Fixed LFB Definitions o 39: No Substantive Change. Some text clarification. o 62: Fixed FE Protocol LFB xml o 63: Nits fixed o 64: Editorial changes made. Second author's section removed. o 65: No change. saying the protocl makes extensive use does not preclude that this is becasue all info is exchange in TLV/ILV. Since this was an introduction did not want to go into greater detail. o 66: Moved Model document to Normative references o 67: Changed requirements level o 68: Changed text on Repsonse requirements o 69: Made requirements for top edge semantics a MUST o 70: Made using the same correlator in response a MUST o 71: Made requirement for a single FE Protocol LFB a MUST o 72: Editorial fixes o 73: NITS fixed. Spell Checker run. o 74: Change some instances where value was ignored to be more explicit. Not sure I caught them all. Some may still need discussion. o 75: NITS fixed o 76: Fixed Editorials, accepted new wording, fixed CE/FE functions picture, added ILV picture. Did not change any state diagrams. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 109] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 o 77: Some clarification text added o 78: Editorial changes made. o 79: Added section on RFC2119 words. o 80: Fixed reference to FE Object LFB and changes values to be consistent Other Changes o Removed pre WGLC histories o Added titles to some figures. Some more need to be done, but I am having some trouble with the sml source (titles are in the source but not showing up in the text) o Added TLV list to IANA section o Added Operations to IANA section Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 110] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Authors' Addresses Avri Doria ETRI Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Phone: +46 73 277 1788 Email: avri@acm.org Robert Haas IBM Saumerstrasse 4 8803 Ruschlikon Switzerland Phone: Email: rha@zurich.ibm.com Jamal Hadi Salim Znyx Ottawa, Ontario Canada Phone: Email: hadi@znyx.com Hormuzd M Khosravi Intel 2111 NE 25th Avenue Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA Phone: +1 503 264 0334 Email: hormuzd.m.khosravi@intel.com Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 111] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Weiming Wang Zhejiang Gongshang University 149 Jiaogong Road Hangzhou 310035 P.R.China Phone: +86-571-88057712 Email: wmwang@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 112] Internet-Draft ForCES December 2005 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. 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Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Doria (Ed.), et al. Expires June 16, 2006 [Page 113]