Host Identity Protocol Heer Internet-Draft Distributed Systems Group, RWTH Intended status: Informational Aachen University Expires: April 24, 2009 Varjonen Helsinki Institute for Information Technology October 21, 2008 HIP Certificates draft-ietf-hip-cert-00 Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. This document may not be modified, and derivative works of it may not be created, except to publish it as an RFC and to translate it into languages other than English. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on April 24, 2009. Abstract This document specifies a certificate parameter called CERT for the Host Identity Protocol (HIP). The CERT parameter is a container for Simple Public Key Infrastructure (SPKI) and X.509.v3 certificates. It is used for carrying these certificates in HIP control messages. Additionally, this document specifies the representations of Host Identity Tags in SPKI and X.509.v3 certificates. Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 1] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 1. Introduction Digital certificates bind a piece of information to a public key by means of a digital signature, and thus, enable the holder of a private key to generate cryptographically verifiable statements. The Host Identity Protocol (HIP)[RFC5201] defines a new cryptographic namespace based on asymmetric cryptography. Each host's identity is derived from a public key, allowing hosts to digitally sign data with their private key. This document specifies the CERT parameter that is used to transmit digital signatures in HIP. It corresponds to the placeholder specified in Section 2 of [RFC5201]. 2. CERT Parameter The CERT parameter is a container for a certain types of digital certificates. It may either carry SPKI certificates or X.509.v3 certificates. It does not specify any certificate semantics. However, it defines some organizational parameters that help HIP hosts to transmit semantically grouped parameters in a more systematic way. The CERT parameter may be covered by the HIP SIGNATURE field and is a non-critical parameter. Each HIP packet may contain multiple CERT parameters. If these parameters must be handled in certain sequence, the Cert group and the Cert count field must be set. Ungrouped certificates exhibit a unique Cert group field and set the Cert count to 1. CERT parameters with the same Cert group number in the group field indicate a logical grouping. The Cert count field indicates the number of grouped CERT parameters. CERT parameters that belong to the same CERT group may be contained in multiple sequential packets. This is indicated by a higher Cert count than the amount of CERT parameters with matching Cert group fields in a packet. Within a HIP packet, CERT parameters must be placed in ascending order according to their Cert group field. Cert groups may only span multiple packets if the Cert group does not fit the packet. Only one Cert group may span two subsequent packets. Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 2] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 The Cert ID acts as a sequence number to identify the certificates in a Cert group. The numbers in the Cert ID field must start from 1 up to Cert count. The CERT parameter can be used in R1, I2, R2, UPDATE and NOTIFY messages. When CERT parameter is used in R1 message it is NOT recommended to use grouping or hash and URL encodings. Initiator and Responder can detect middleboxes on the path after R1 message is sent by checking if control packets contain ECHO_REQUEST_M parameters as defined in [HIP.middle_auth]. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Cert group | Cert count | Cert ID | Cert type | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Certificate / +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ / | Padding | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 768 Length Length in octets, excluding Type, Length, and Padding Cert group Group ID grouping multiple related CERT parameters Cert count Total count of certificates that are sent, possibly in several consecutive HIP control packets. Cert ID The sequence number for this certificate Cert Type Describes the type of the certificate Padding Any Padding, if necessary, to make the TLV a multiple of 8 bytes. The following certificate types are defined: Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 3] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 +--------------------------+-------------+ | Cert format | Type number | +--------------------------+-------------+ | SPKI | 1 | | X.509.v3 | 2 | | Hash and URL of SPKI | 3 | | Hash and URL of X.509.v3 | 4 | +--------------------------+-------------+ All implementations MUST support SPKI. The next section outlines the use of HITs in SPKI. The SPKI and its formats are defined in [RFC2693]. X.509.v3 certificates are defined in [RFC3280]. Wire format for X.509.v3 is Distinguished Encoding Rules format as defined in [X.690]. Hash and URL encodings (3 and 4) are used as defined in [RFC4306]. Using hash and URL encodings results in smaller HIP control packets, but requires the receiver to resolve the URL or check local cache against the hash. It is not recommended to use hash and URL encodings when HIP-aware middleboxes are present on the communication path between peers because fetching remote certificates requires the middlebox to buffer the packets and to request remote data. This makes these devices prone to denial of service (DoS) attacks. Moreover, middleboxes and responders that request remote certificates can be used as deflectors for distributed denial of service attacks. 3. SPKI Cert Object and Host Identities When using SPKI certificates to transmit information related to HIP hosts, HITs need to be enclosed within the certificates. In the following we define the representation of those identifiers for SPKI given as S-expressions. Note that the S-expressions are only the human-readable representation of SPKI certificates. As an example the Host Identity Tag of a host is expressed as follows: Format: (hash hit hit-of-host) Example: (hash hit 2001:13:724d:f3c0:6ff0:33c2:15d8:5f50) Appendix A shows a full example SPKI certificate with HIP content. Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 4] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 4. X.509.v3 Certificate Object and Host Identities When using X.509.v3 certificates to transmit information related to HIP hosts, HITs need to be enclosed within the certificates. HITs are represented as issuer and subject alternative name X.509.v3 extensions as defined in [RFC2459]. Because the Distinguished Name (DN) in X.509.v3 certificate cannot be empty HITs are also placed into the Common Name (CN) in a colon delimited presentation format. As an example the HIT of a host is expressed as follows: Format: Issuer: CN=hit-of-host Subject: CN=hit-of-host X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Issuer Alternative Name: IP Address:HIT-OF-HOST X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: IP Address:HIT-OF-HOST Example: Issuer: CN=2001:14:6cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056 Subject: CN=2001:14:6cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056 X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Issuer Alternative Name: IP Address:2001:14:6CF:FAE7:BB79:BF78:7D64:C056 X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: IP Address:2001:14:6CF:FAE7:BB79:BF78:7D64:C056 Appendix B shows a full example X.509.v3 certificate with HIP content. 5. Revocation of Certificates Revocation of SPKI certificates is handled as defined in Section 5. in [RFC2693] Revocation of X.509.v3 certificates is handled as defined in Section 5 in [RFC2459]. 6. IANA Considerations This document defines the CERT parameter for the Host Identity Protocol [RFC5201]. This parameter is defined in Section 2 with type 768. The parameter type number is also defined in [RFC5201]. The Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 5] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 Cert Group and Cert ID namespaces are managed locally by each peer that sends CERT parameters in HIP packets. 7. Security Considerations Certificate grouping allows the certificates to be sent in multiple consecutive packets. This might allow similar attacks as IP-layer fragmentation allows, i.e. sending of fragments in wrong order and skipping some fragments to delay or stall packet processing by the victim in order to use resources (e.g. CPU or memory). 8. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank M. Komu and T. Henderson of fruitful conversations on the subject. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [HIP.middle_auth] Heer, T., "End-Host Authentication for HIP Middleboxes", . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2459] Housley, R., Ford, W., Polk, T., and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile", RFC 2459, January 1999. [RFC2693] Ellison, C., Frantz, B., Lampson, B., Rivest, R., Thomas, B., and T. Ylonen, "SPKI Certificate Theory", RFC 2693, September 1999. [RFC3280] Housley, R., Polk, W., Ford, W., and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3280, April 2002. [RFC4306] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol", RFC 4306, December 2005. [RFC5201] Moskowitz, R., Nikander, P., Jokela, P., and T. Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol", RFC 5201, April 2008. Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 6] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 9.2. Informative References [X.690] ITU-T, "Recommendation X.690 Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", July 2002, . Appendix A. SPKI certificate example This section shows a self-signed SPKI certificate of HIT 2001:14:6cf: fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056. The example has been indented for readability. (sequence (public_key (rsa-pkcs1-sha1 (e #010001#) (n |n1CheoELqYRSkHYMQddub2TpILl+6H9wC/as6zFCZqOY43hsZgAjG0F GoQwtyOyQjzO2Ykb2TmUCZemTYui/sR0zIbdwg1xafKl7ggZDkhk5an PtGDxJxFalTYo6/A5ZQv8uatbaJgB/G7VM8G+O9HLucadad2zQUXpQf gbK3S8=| ) ) ) (cert (issuer (hash hit 2001:0014:06cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056) ) (subject (hash hit 2001:0014:06cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056) ) (not-before "2008-07-12_22:11:07") (not-after "2008-07-22_22:11:07") ) (signature (hash sha1 |kfElDhagiK0Bsqtj32Gq3t/1mxgA|) |HiIqjjZIUzypvoxQyO0UovPm5uC4Xte0scEcBnENDIfn2DNy/bAtxGEdKq4O dW80vTCmkF8/HXclgXLLVch3DxRNdSbYiiks000HpQt/OKqlTH+uUHBcHOAo E42LmDskM9T5KQJoC/CH7871zfvojPnpkl2dUngOWv4q0r/wSJ0=| ) ) Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 7] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 Appendix B. X.509.v3 certificate example This section shows a self-signed X.509.v3 certificate of HIT 2001:14: 6cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056. Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 0 (0x0) Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption Issuer: CN=2001:14:6cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056 Validity Not Before: Jul 12 18:58:38 2008 GMT Not After : Jul 22 18:58:38 2008 GMT Subject: CN=2001:14:6cf:fae7:bb79:bf78:7d64:c056 Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption RSA Public Key: (1024 bit) Modulus (1024 bit): 00:9f:50:a1:7a:81:0b:a9:84:52:90:76:0c:41:d7: 6e:6f:64:e9:20:b9:7e:e8:7f:70:0b:f6:ac:eb:31: 42:66:a3:98:e3:78:6c:66:00:23:1b:41:46:a1:0c: 2d:c8:ec:90:8f:33:b6:62:46:f6:4e:65:02:65:e9: 93:62:e8:bf:b1:1d:33:21:b7:70:83:5c:5a:7c:a9: 7b:82:06:43:92:19:39:6a:73:ed:18:3c:49:c4:56: a5:4d:8a:3a:fc:0e:59:42:ff:2e:6a:d6:da:26:00: 7f:1b:b5:4c:f0:6f:8e:f4:72:ee:71:a7:5a:77:6c: d0:51:7a:50:7e:06:ca:dd:2f Exponent: 65537 (0x10001) X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:TRUE X509v3 Issuer Alternative Name: IP Address:2001:14:6CF:FAE7:BB79:BF78:7D64:C056 X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: IP Address:2001:14:6CF:FAE7:BB79:BF78:7D64:C056 Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption 19:32:0b:72:a8:6c:f9:65:20:5b:1d:9a:e1:c7:39:97:c7:8a: 4d:d1:01:f9:7d:0b:0d:6f:61:a2:e3:2c:62:30:28:f6:36:db: 62:bc:7f:d1:9b:6d:cc:da:e3:9b:90:e7:53:9e:55:28:51:7e: 39:de:23:24:f5:a9:97:7a:ba:ce:54:3e:cf:8b:68:04:f6:be: 78:94:9f:d3:20:62:96:14:84:51:af:c7:ba:30:ae:b1:d6:7e: 7f:32:42:9c:f6:f5:76:27:0a:28:58:8b:b5:85:e7:e9:5a:ff: aa:4c:57:55:95:09:33:ac:0b:8c:fd:05:4a:5e:60:e7:7f:d7: 42:f0 Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 8] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 Authors' Addresses Tobias Heer Distributed Systems Group, RWTH Aachen University Ahornstrasse 55 Aachen Germany Phone: +49 241 80 214 36 Email: heer@cs.rwth-aachem.de URI: http://ds.cs.rwth-aachen.de/members/heer Samu Varjonen Helsinki Institute for Information Technology Metsnneidonkuja 4 Helsinki Finland Fax: +35896949768 Email: samu.varjonen@hiit.fi URI: http://www.hiit.fi Heer & Varjonen Expires April 24, 2009 [Page 9] Internet-Draft HIP CERT October 2008 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). 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