Google, Inc

mkwst@google.com https://mikewest.org/

Apple, Inc

wilander@apple.com

Applications and Real-Time HTTP This document defines the HTTP Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields. These header fields can be used by HTTP servers to store state (called cookies) at HTTP user agents, letting the servers maintain a stateful session over the mostly stateless HTTP protocol. Although cookies have many historical infelicities that degrade their security and privacy, the Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields are widely used on the Internet. This document obsoletes RFC 6265. Discussion of this draft takes place on the HTTP working group mailing list (ietf-http-wg@w3.org), which is archived at https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/. Working Group information can be found at http://httpwg.github.io/; source code and issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/labels/6265bis.

This document defines the HTTP Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields. Using the Set-Cookie header field, an HTTP server can pass name/value pairs and associated metadata (called cookies) to a user agent. When the user agent makes subsequent requests to the server, the user agent uses the metadata and other information to determine whether to return the name/value pairs in the Cookie header. Although simple on their surface, cookies have a number of complexities. For example, the server indicates a scope for each cookie when sending it to the user agent. The scope indicates the maximum amount of time in which the user agent should return the cookie, the servers to which the user agent should return the cookie, and the URI schemes for which the cookie is applicable. For historical reasons, cookies contain a number of security and privacy infelicities. For example, a server can indicate that a given cookie is intended for “secure” connections, but the Secure attribute does not provide integrity in the presence of an active network attacker. Similarly, cookies for a given host are shared across all the ports on that host, even though the usual “same-origin policy” used by web browsers isolates content retrieved via different ports. There are two audiences for this specification: developers of cookie-generating servers and developers of cookie-consuming user agents. To maximize interoperability with user agents, servers SHOULD limit themselves to the well-behaved profile defined in when generating cookies. User agents MUST implement the more liberal processing rules defined in Section 5, in order to maximize interoperability with existing servers that do not conform to the well-behaved profile defined in . This document specifies the syntax and semantics of these headers as they are actually used on the Internet. In particular, this document does not create new syntax or semantics beyond those in use today. The recommendations for cookie generation provided in represent a preferred subset of current server behavior, and even the more liberal cookie processing algorithm provided in does not recommend all of the syntactic and semantic variations in use today. Where some existing software differs from the recommended protocol in significant ways, the document contains a note explaining the difference. This document obsoletes .

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in . Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms (such as “strip any leading space characters” or “return false and abort these steps”) are to be interpreted with the meaning of the key word (“MUST”, “SHOULD”, “MAY”, etc.) used in introducing the algorithm. Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps can be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is equivalent. In particular, the algorithms defined in this specification are intended to be easy to understand and are not intended to be performant.

This specification uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation of . The following core rules are included by reference, as defined in , Appendix B.1: ALPHA (letters), CR (carriage return), CRLF (CR LF), CTLs (controls), DIGIT (decimal 0-9), DQUOTE (double quote), HEXDIG (hexadecimal 0-9/A-F/a-f), LF (line feed), NUL (null octet), OCTET (any 8-bit sequence of data except NUL), SP (space), HTAB (horizontal tab), CHAR (any character), VCHAR (any visible character), and WSP (whitespace). The OWS (optional whitespace) rule is used where zero or more linear whitespace characters MAY appear:

OWS SHOULD either not be produced or be produced as a single SP character.

The terms “user agent”, “client”, “server”, “proxy”, and “origin server” have the same meaning as in the HTTP/1.1 specification (, Section 2). The request-host is the name of the host, as known by the user agent, to which the user agent is sending an HTTP request or from which it is receiving an HTTP response (i.e., the name of the host to which it sent the corresponding HTTP request). The term request-uri refers to “request-target” as defined in Section 5.3 of . Two sequences of octets are said to case-insensitively match each other if and only if they are equivalent under the i;ascii-casemap collation defined in . The term string means a sequence of non-NUL octets. The terms “active document”, “ancestor browsing context”, “browsing context”, “dedicated worker”, “Document”, “WorkerGlobalScope”, “sandboxed origin browsing context flag”, “parent browsing context”, “shared worker”, “the worker’s Documents”, “nested browsing context”, and “top-level browsing context” are defined in . “Service Workers” are defined in the Service Workers specification . The term “origin”, the mechanism of deriving an origin from a URI, and the “the same” matching algorithm for origins are defined in . “Safe” HTTP methods include GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE, as defined in Section 4.2.1 of . A domain’s “public suffix” is the portion of a domain that is controlled by a public registry, such as “com”, “co.uk”, and “pvt.k12.wy.us” . A domain’s “registrable domain” is the domain’s public suffix plus the label to its left. That is, for https://www.site.example, the public suffix is example, and the registrable domain is site.example. This concept is defined more rigorously in , which specifies a formal algorithm to obtain both. The term “request”, as well as a request’s “client”, “current url”, “method”, and “target browsing context”, are defined in .

This section outlines a way for an origin server to send state information to a user agent and for the user agent to return the state information to the origin server. To store state, the origin server includes a Set-Cookie header in an HTTP response. In subsequent requests, the user agent returns a Cookie request header to the origin server. The Cookie header contains cookies the user agent received in previous Set-Cookie headers. The origin server is free to ignore the Cookie header or use its contents for an application-defined purpose. Origin servers MAY send a Set-Cookie response header with any response. User agents MAY ignore Set-Cookie headers contained in responses with 100-level status codes but MUST process Set-Cookie headers contained in other responses (including responses with 400- and 500-level status codes). An origin server can include multiple Set-Cookie header fields in a single response. The presence of a Cookie or a Set-Cookie header field does not preclude HTTP caches from storing and reusing a response. Origin servers SHOULD NOT fold multiple Set-Cookie header fields into a single header field. The usual mechanism for folding HTTP headers fields (i.e., as defined in Section 3.2.2 of ) might change the semantics of the Set-Cookie header field because the %x2C (“,”) character is used by Set-Cookie in a way that conflicts with such folding.

Using the Set-Cookie header, a server can send the user agent a short string in an HTTP response that the user agent will return in future HTTP requests that are within the scope of the cookie. For example, the server can send the user agent a “session identifier” named SID with the value 31d4d96e407aad42. The user agent then returns the session identifier in subsequent requests.

User Agent == Set-Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42 == User Agent -> Server == Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42 ]]>

The server can alter the default scope of the cookie using the Path and Domain attributes. For example, the server can instruct the user agent to return the cookie to every path and every subdomain of site.example.

User Agent == Set-Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; Path=/; Domain=site.example == User Agent -> Server == Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42 ]]>

As shown in the next example, the server can store multiple cookies at the user agent. For example, the server can store a session identifier as well as the user’s preferred language by returning two Set-Cookie header fields. Notice that the server uses the Secure and HttpOnly attributes to provide additional security protections for the more sensitive session identifier (see ).

User Agent == Set-Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; Path=/; Secure; HttpOnly Set-Cookie: lang=en-US; Path=/; Domain=site.example == User Agent -> Server == Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; lang=en-US ]]>

Notice that the Cookie header above contains two cookies, one named SID and one named lang. If the server wishes the user agent to persist the cookie over multiple “sessions” (e.g., user agent restarts), the server can specify an expiration date in the Expires attribute. Note that the user agent might delete the cookie before the expiration date if the user agent’s cookie store exceeds its quota or if the user manually deletes the server’s cookie.

User Agent == Set-Cookie: lang=en-US; Expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT == User Agent -> Server == Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; lang=en-US ]]>

Finally, to remove a cookie, the server returns a Set-Cookie header with an expiration date in the past. The server will be successful in removing the cookie only if the Path and the Domain attribute in the Set-Cookie header match the values used when the cookie was created.

User Agent == Set-Cookie: lang=; Expires=Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT == User Agent -> Server == Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42 ]]>

This section describes the syntax and semantics of a well-behaved profile of the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers.

The Set-Cookie HTTP response header is used to send cookies from the server to the user agent.

Informally, the Set-Cookie response header contains the header name “Set-Cookie” followed by a “:” and a cookie. Each cookie begins with a name-value-pair, followed by zero or more attribute-value pairs. Servers SHOULD NOT send Set-Cookie headers that fail to conform to the following grammar:

cookie-av = expires-av / max-age-av / domain-av / path-av / secure-av / httponly-av / samesite-av / extension-av expires-av = "Expires=" sane-cookie-date sane-cookie-date = max-age-av = "Max-Age=" non-zero-digit *DIGIT ; In practice, both expires-av and max-age-av ; are limited to dates representable by the ; user agent. non-zero-digit = %x31-39 ; digits 1 through 9 domain-av = "Domain=" domain-value domain-value = ; defined in [RFC1034], Section 3.5, as ; enhanced by [RFC1123], Section 2.1 path-av = "Path=" path-value path-value = *av-octet secure-av = "Secure" httponly-av = "HttpOnly" samesite-av = "SameSite=" samesite-value samesite-value = "Strict" / "Lax" / "None" extension-av = *av-octet av-octet = %x20-3A / %x3C-7E ; any CHAR except CTLs or ";" ]]>

Note that some of the grammatical terms above reference documents that use different grammatical notations than this document (which uses ABNF from ). The semantics of the cookie-value are not defined by this document. To maximize compatibility with user agents, servers that wish to store arbitrary data in a cookie-value SHOULD encode that data, for example, using Base64 . Per the grammar above, the cookie-value MAY be wrapped in DQUOTE characters. Note that in this case, the initial and trailing DQUOTE characters are not stripped. They are part of the cookie-value, and will be included in Cookie headers sent to the server. The portions of the set-cookie-string produced by the cookie-av term are known as attributes. To maximize compatibility with user agents, servers SHOULD NOT produce two attributes with the same name in the same set-cookie-string. (See for how user agents handle this case.) Servers SHOULD NOT include more than one Set-Cookie header field in the same response with the same cookie-name. (See for how user agents handle this case.) If a server sends multiple responses containing Set-Cookie headers concurrently to the user agent (e.g., when communicating with the user agent over multiple sockets), these responses create a “race condition” that can lead to unpredictable behavior. NOTE: Some existing user agents differ in their interpretation of two-digit years. To avoid compatibility issues, servers SHOULD use the rfc1123-date format, which requires a four-digit year. NOTE: Some user agents store and process dates in cookies as 32-bit UNIX time_t values. Implementation bugs in the libraries supporting time_t processing on some systems might cause such user agents to process dates after the year 2038 incorrectly.

This section describes simplified semantics of the Set-Cookie header. These semantics are detailed enough to be useful for understanding the most common uses of cookies by servers. The full semantics are described in . When the user agent receives a Set-Cookie header, the user agent stores the cookie together with its attributes. Subsequently, when the user agent makes an HTTP request, the user agent includes the applicable, non-expired cookies in the Cookie header. If the user agent receives a new cookie with the same cookie-name, domain-value, and path-value as a cookie that it has already stored, the existing cookie is evicted and replaced with the new cookie. Notice that servers can delete cookies by sending the user agent a new cookie with an Expires attribute with a value in the past. Unless the cookie’s attributes indicate otherwise, the cookie is returned only to the origin server (and not, for example, to any subdomains), and it expires at the end of the current session (as defined by the user agent). User agents ignore unrecognized cookie attributes (but not the entire cookie).

The Expires attribute indicates the maximum lifetime of the cookie, represented as the date and time at which the cookie expires. The user agent is not required to retain the cookie until the specified date has passed. In fact, user agents often evict cookies due to memory pressure or privacy concerns.

The Max-Age attribute indicates the maximum lifetime of the cookie, represented as the number of seconds until the cookie expires. The user agent is not required to retain the cookie for the specified duration. In fact, user agents often evict cookies due to memory pressure or privacy concerns. NOTE: Some existing user agents do not support the Max-Age attribute. User agents that do not support the Max-Age attribute ignore the attribute. If a cookie has both the Max-Age and the Expires attribute, the Max-Age attribute has precedence and controls the expiration date of the cookie. If a cookie has neither the Max-Age nor the Expires attribute, the user agent will retain the cookie until “the current session is over” (as defined by the user agent).

The Domain attribute specifies those hosts to which the cookie will be sent. For example, if the value of the Domain attribute is “site.example”, the user agent will include the cookie in the Cookie header when making HTTP requests to site.example, www.site.example, and www.corp.site.example. (Note that a leading %x2E (“.”), if present, is ignored even though that character is not permitted, but a trailing %x2E (“.”), if present, will cause the user agent to ignore the attribute.) If the server omits the Domain attribute, the user agent will return the cookie only to the origin server. WARNING: Some existing user agents treat an absent Domain attribute as if the Domain attribute were present and contained the current host name. For example, if site.example returns a Set-Cookie header without a Domain attribute, these user agents will erroneously send the cookie to www.site.example as well. The user agent will reject cookies unless the Domain attribute specifies a scope for the cookie that would include the origin server. For example, the user agent will accept a cookie with a Domain attribute of “site.example” or of “foo.site.example” from foo.site.example, but the user agent will not accept a cookie with a Domain attribute of “bar.site.example” or of “baz.foo.site.example”. NOTE: For security reasons, many user agents are configured to reject Domain attributes that correspond to “public suffixes”. For example, some user agents will reject Domain attributes of “com” or “co.uk”. (See for more information.)

The scope of each cookie is limited to a set of paths, controlled by the Path attribute. If the server omits the Path attribute, the user agent will use the “directory” of the request-uri’s path component as the default value. (See for more details.) The user agent will include the cookie in an HTTP request only if the path portion of the request-uri matches (or is a subdirectory of) the cookie’s Path attribute, where the %x2F (“/”) character is interpreted as a directory separator. Although seemingly useful for isolating cookies between different paths within a given host, the Path attribute cannot be relied upon for security (see ).

The Secure attribute limits the scope of the cookie to “secure” channels (where “secure” is defined by the user agent). When a cookie has the Secure attribute, the user agent will include the cookie in an HTTP request only if the request is transmitted over a secure channel (typically HTTP over Transport Layer Security (TLS) ). Although seemingly useful for protecting cookies from active network attackers, the Secure attribute protects only the cookie’s confidentiality. An active network attacker can overwrite Secure cookies from an insecure channel, disrupting their integrity (see for more details).

The HttpOnly attribute limits the scope of the cookie to HTTP requests. In particular, the attribute instructs the user agent to omit the cookie when providing access to cookies via “non-HTTP” APIs (such as a web browser API that exposes cookies to scripts). Note that the HttpOnly attribute is independent of the Secure attribute: a cookie can have both the HttpOnly and the Secure attribute.

The “SameSite” attribute limits the scope of the cookie such that it will only be attached to requests if those requests are same-site, as defined by the algorithm in . For example, requests for https://site.example/sekrit-image will attach same-site cookies if and only if initiated from a context whose “site for cookies” is “site.example”. If the “SameSite” attribute’s value is “Strict”, the cookie will only be sent along with “same-site” requests. If the value is “Lax”, the cookie will be sent with same-site requests, and with “cross-site” top-level navigations, as described in . If the value is “None”, the cookie will be sent with same-site and cross-site requests. If the “SameSite” attribute’s value is something other than these three known keywords, the attribute’s value will be treated as “None”. The “SameSite” attribute affects cookie creation as well as delivery. Cookies which assert “SameSite=Lax” or “SameSite=Strict” cannot be set in responses to cross-site subresource requests, or cross-site nested navigations. They can be set along with any top-level navigation, cross-site or otherwise.

and of this document spell out some of the drawbacks of cookies’ historical implementation. In particular, it is impossible for a server to have confidence that a given cookie was set with a particular set of attributes. In order to provide such confidence in a backwards-compatible way, two common sets of requirements can be inferred from the first few characters of the cookie’s name. The normative requirements for the prefixes described below are detailed in the storage model algorithm defined in .

If a cookie’s name begins with a case-sensitive match for the string __Secure-, then the cookie will have been set with a Secure attribute. For example, the following Set-Cookie header would be rejected by a conformant user agent, as it does not have a Secure attribute.

Whereas the following Set-Cookie header would be accepted:

If a cookie’s name begins with a case-sensitive match for the string __Host-, then the cookie will have been set with a Secure attribute, a Path attribute with a value of /, and no Domain attribute. This combination yields a cookie that hews as closely as a cookie can to treating the origin as a security boundary. The lack of a Domain attribute ensures that the cookie’s host-only-flag is true, locking the cookie to a particular host, rather than allowing it to span subdomains. Setting the Path to / means that the cookie is effective for the entire host, and won’t be overridden for specific paths. The Secure attribute ensures that the cookie is unaltered by non-secure origins, and won’t span protocols. Ports are the only piece of the origin model that __Host- cookies continue to ignore. For example, the following cookies would always be rejected:

While the would be accepted if set from a secure origin (e.g. “https://site.example/”), and rejected otherwise:

The user agent sends stored cookies to the origin server in the Cookie header. If the server conforms to the requirements in (and the user agent conforms to the requirements in ), the user agent will send a Cookie header that conforms to the following grammar:

Each cookie-pair represents a cookie stored by the user agent. The cookie-pair contains the cookie-name and cookie-value the user agent received in the Set-Cookie header. Notice that the cookie attributes are not returned. In particular, the server cannot determine from the Cookie header alone when a cookie will expire, for which hosts the cookie is valid, for which paths the cookie is valid, or whether the cookie was set with the Secure or HttpOnly attributes. The semantics of individual cookies in the Cookie header are not defined by this document. Servers are expected to imbue these cookies with application-specific semantics. Although cookies are serialized linearly in the Cookie header, servers SHOULD NOT rely upon the serialization order. In particular, if the Cookie header contains two cookies with the same name (e.g., that were set with different Path or Domain attributes), servers SHOULD NOT rely upon the order in which these cookies appear in the header.

This section specifies the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers in sufficient detail that a user agent implementing these requirements precisely can interoperate with existing servers (even those that do not conform to the well-behaved profile described in ). A user agent could enforce more restrictions than those specified herein (e.g., for the sake of improved security); however, experiments have shown that such strictness reduces the likelihood that a user agent will be able to interoperate with existing servers.

This section defines some algorithms used by user agents to process specific subcomponents of the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers.

The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following algorithm to parse a cookie-date. Note that the various boolean flags defined as a part of the algorithm (i.e., found-time, found-day-of-month, found-month, found-year) are initially “not set”. Using the grammar below, divide the cookie-date into date-tokens.

Process each date-token sequentially in the order the date-tokens appear in the cookie-date: If the found-time flag is not set and the token matches the time production, set the found-time flag and set the hour-value, minute-value, and second-value to the numbers denoted by the digits in the date-token, respectively. Skip the remaining sub-steps and continue to the next date-token. If the found-day-of-month flag is not set and the date-token matches the day-of-month production, set the found-day-of-month flag and set the day-of-month-value to the number denoted by the date-token. Skip the remaining sub-steps and continue to the next date-token. If the found-month flag is not set and the date-token matches the month production, set the found-month flag and set the month-value to the month denoted by the date-token. Skip the remaining sub-steps and continue to the next date-token. If the found-year flag is not set and the date-token matches the year production, set the found-year flag and set the year-value to the number denoted by the date-token. Skip the remaining sub-steps and continue to the next date-token. If the year-value is greater than or equal to 70 and less than or equal to 99, increment the year-value by 1900. If the year-value is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 69, increment the year-value by 2000. NOTE: Some existing user agents interpret two-digit years differently. Abort these steps and fail to parse the cookie-date if: at least one of the found-day-of-month, found-month, found-year, or found-time flags is not set, the day-of-month-value is less than 1 or greater than 31, the year-value is less than 1601, the hour-value is greater than 23, the minute-value is greater than 59, or the second-value is greater than 59. (Note that leap seconds cannot be represented in this syntax.) Let the parsed-cookie-date be the date whose day-of-month, month, year, hour, minute, and second (in UTC) are the day-of-month-value, the month-value, the year-value, the hour-value, the minute-value, and the second-value, respectively. If no such date exists, abort these steps and fail to parse the cookie-date. Return the parsed-cookie-date as the result of this algorithm.

A canonicalized host name is the string generated by the following algorithm: Convert the host name to a sequence of individual domain name labels. Convert each label that is not a Non-Reserved LDH (NR-LDH) label, to an A-label (see Section 2.3.2.1 of for the former and latter), or to a “punycode label” (a label resulting from the “ToASCII” conversion in Section 4 of ), as appropriate (see of this specification). Concatenate the resulting labels, separated by a %x2E (“.”) character.

A string domain-matches a given domain string if at least one of the following conditions hold: The domain string and the string are identical. (Note that both the domain string and the string will have been canonicalized to lower case at this point.) All of the following conditions hold: The domain string is a suffix of the string. The last character of the string that is not included in the domain string is a %x2E (“.”) character. The string is a host name (i.e., not an IP address).

The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following algorithm to compute the default-path of a cookie: Let uri-path be the path portion of the request-uri if such a portion exists (and empty otherwise). For example, if the request-uri contains just a path (and optional query string), then the uri-path is that path (without the %x3F (“?”) character or query string), and if the request-uri contains a full absoluteURI, the uri-path is the path component of that URI. If the uri-path is empty or if the first character of the uri-path is not a %x2F (“/”) character, output %x2F (“/”) and skip the remaining steps. If the uri-path contains no more than one %x2F (“/”) character, output %x2F (“/”) and skip the remaining step. Output the characters of the uri-path from the first character up to, but not including, the right-most %x2F (“/”). A request-path path-matches a given cookie-path if at least one of the following conditions holds: The cookie-path and the request-path are identical. Note that this differs from the rules in for equivalence of the path component, and hence two equivalent paths can have different cookies. The cookie-path is a prefix of the request-path, and the last character of the cookie-path is %x2F (“/”). The cookie-path is a prefix of the request-path, and the first character of the request-path that is not included in the cookie-path is a %x2F (“/”) character.

A request is “same-site” if its target’s URI’s origin’s registrable domain is an exact match for the request’s client’s “site for cookies”, or if the request has no client. The request is otherwise “cross-site”. For a given request (“request”), the following algorithm returns same-site or cross-site: If request’s client is null, return same-site. Note that this is the case for navigation triggered by the user directly (e.g. by typing directly into a user agent’s address bar). Let site be request’s client’s “site for cookies” (as defined in the following sections). Let target be the registrable domain of request’s current url. If site is an exact match for target, return same-site. Return cross-site. The request’s client’s “site for cookies” is calculated depending upon its client’s type, as described in the following subsections:

The URI displayed in a user agent’s address bar is the only security context directly exposed to users, and therefore the only signal users can reasonably rely upon to determine whether or not they trust a particular website. The registrable domain of that URI’s origin represents the context in which a user most likely believes themselves to be interacting. We’ll label this domain the “top-level site”. For a document displayed in a top-level browsing context, we can stop here: the document’s “site for cookies” is the top-level site. For documents which are displayed in nested browsing contexts, we need to audit the origins of each of a document’s ancestor browsing contexts’ active documents in order to account for the “multiple-nested scenarios” described in Section 4 of . A document’s “site for cookies” is the top-level site if and only if the document and each of its ancestor documents’ origins have the same registrable domain as the top-level site. Otherwise its “site for cookies” is the empty string. Given a Document (document), the following algorithm returns its “site for cookies” (either a registrable domain, or the empty string): Let top-document be the active document in document’s browsing context’s top-level browsing context. Let top-origin be the origin of top-document’s URI if top-document’s sandboxed origin browsing context flag is set, and top-document’s origin otherwise. Let documents be a list containing document and each of document’s ancestor browsing contexts’ active documents. For each item in documents: Let origin be the origin of item’s URI if item’s sandboxed origin browsing context flag is set, and item’s origin otherwise. If origin’s host’s registrable domain is not an exact match for top-origin’s host’s registrable domain, return the empty string. Return top-origin’s host’s registrable domain.

Worker-driven requests aren’t as clear-cut as document-driven requests, as there isn’t a clear link between a top-level browsing context and a worker. This is especially true for Service Workers , which may execute code in the background, without any document visible at all. Note: The descriptions below assume that workers must be same-origin with the documents that instantiate them. If this invariant changes, we’ll need to take the worker’s script’s URI into account when determining their status.

Dedicated workers are simple, as each dedicated worker is bound to one and only one document. Requests generated from a dedicated worker (via importScripts, XMLHttpRequest, fetch(), etc) define their “site for cookies” as that document’s “site for cookies”. Shared workers may be bound to multiple documents at once. As it is quite possible for those documents to have distinct “site for cookie” values, the worker’s “site for cookies” will be the empty string in cases where the values diverge, and the shared value in cases where the values agree. Given a WorkerGlobalScope (worker), the following algorithm returns its “site for cookies” (either a registrable domain, or the empty string): Let site be worker’s origin’s host’s registrable domain. For each document in worker’s Documents: Let document-site be document’s “site for cookies” (as defined in ). If document-site is not an exact match for site, return the empty string. Return site.

Service Workers are more complicated, as they act as a completely separate execution context with only tangential relationship to the Document which registered them. Requests which simply pass through a Service Worker will be handled as described above: the request’s client will be the Document or Worker which initiated the request, and its “site for cookies” will be those defined in and Requests which are initiated by the Service Worker itself (via a direct call to fetch(), for instance), on the other hand, will have a client which is a ServiceWorkerGlobalScope. Its “site for cookies” will be the registrable domain of the Service Worker’s URI. Given a ServiceWorkerGlobalScope (worker), the following algorithm returns its “site for cookies” (either a registrable domain, or the empty string): Return worker’s origin’s host’s registrable domain.

When a user agent receives a Set-Cookie header field in an HTTP response, the user agent MAY ignore the Set-Cookie header field in its entirety. For example, the user agent might wish to block responses to “third-party” requests from setting cookies (see ). If the user agent does not ignore the Set-Cookie header field in its entirety, the user agent MUST parse the field-value of the Set-Cookie header field as a set-cookie-string (defined below). NOTE: The algorithm below is more permissive than the grammar in . For example, the algorithm strips leading and trailing whitespace from the cookie name and value (but maintains internal whitespace), whereas the grammar in forbids whitespace in these positions. User agents use this algorithm so as to interoperate with servers that do not follow the recommendations in . A user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following algorithm to parse a set-cookie-string: If the set-cookie-string contains a %x3B (“;”) character: The name-value-pair string consists of the characters up to, but not including, the first %x3B (“;”), and the unparsed-attributes consist of the remainder of the set-cookie-string (including the %x3B (“;”) in question). Otherwise: The name-value-pair string consists of all the characters contained in the set-cookie-string, and the unparsed-attributes is the empty string. If the name-value-pair string lacks a %x3D (“=”) character, then the name string is empty, and the value string is the value of name-value-pair. Otherwise, the name string consists of the characters up to, but not including, the first %x3D (“=”) character, and the (possibly empty) value string consists of the characters after the first %x3D (“=”) character. Remove any leading or trailing WSP characters from the name string and the value string. If both the name string and the value string are empty, ignore the set-cookie-string entirely. The cookie-name is the name string, and the cookie-value is the value string. The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following algorithm to parse the unparsed-attributes: If the unparsed-attributes string is empty, skip the rest of these steps. Discard the first character of the unparsed-attributes (which will be a %x3B (“;”) character). If the remaining unparsed-attributes contains a %x3B (“;”) character: Consume the characters of the unparsed-attributes up to, but not including, the first %x3B (“;”) character. Otherwise: Consume the remainder of the unparsed-attributes. Let the cookie-av string be the characters consumed in this step. If the cookie-av string contains a %x3D (“=”) character: The (possibly empty) attribute-name string consists of the characters up to, but not including, the first %x3D (“=”) character, and the (possibly empty) attribute-value string consists of the characters after the first %x3D (“=”) character. Otherwise: The attribute-name string consists of the entire cookie-av string, and the attribute-value string is empty. Remove any leading or trailing WSP characters from the attribute-name string and the attribute-value string. Process the attribute-name and attribute-value according to the requirements in the following subsections. (Notice that attributes with unrecognized attribute-names are ignored.) Return to Step 1 of this algorithm. When the user agent finishes parsing the set-cookie-string, the user agent is said to “receive a cookie” from the request-uri with name cookie-name, value cookie-value, and attributes cookie-attribute-list. (See for additional requirements triggered by receiving a cookie.)

If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string “Expires”, the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows. Let the expiry-time be the result of parsing the attribute-value as cookie-date (see ). If the attribute-value failed to parse as a cookie date, ignore the cookie-av. If the expiry-time is later than the last date the user agent can represent, the user agent MAY replace the expiry-time with the last representable date. If the expiry-time is earlier than the earliest date the user agent can represent, the user agent MAY replace the expiry-time with the earliest representable date. Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of Expires and an attribute-value of expiry-time.

If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string “Max-Age”, the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows. If the first character of the attribute-value is not a DIGIT or a “-“ character, ignore the cookie-av. If the remainder of attribute-value contains a non-DIGIT character, ignore the cookie-av. Let delta-seconds be the attribute-value converted to an integer. If delta-seconds is less than or equal to zero (0), let expiry-time be the earliest representable date and time. Otherwise, let the expiry-time be the current date and time plus delta-seconds seconds. Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of Max-Age and an attribute-value of expiry-time.

If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string “Domain”, the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows. If the attribute-value is empty, the behavior is undefined. However, the user agent SHOULD ignore the cookie-av entirely. If the first character of the attribute-value string is %x2E (“.”): Let cookie-domain be the attribute-value without the leading %x2E (“.”) character. Otherwise: Let cookie-domain be the entire attribute-value. Convert the cookie-domain to lower case. Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of Domain and an attribute-value of cookie-domain.

If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string “Path”, the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows. If the attribute-value is empty or if the first character of the attribute-value is not %x2F (“/”): Let cookie-path be the default-path. Otherwise: Let cookie-path be the attribute-value. Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of Path and an attribute-value of cookie-path.

If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string “Secure”, the user agent MUST append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of Secure and an empty attribute-value.

If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string “HttpOnly”, the user agent MUST append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of HttpOnly and an empty attribute-value.

If the attribute-name case-insensitively matches the string “SameSite”, the user agent MUST process the cookie-av as follows: Let enforcement be “None”. If cookie-av’s attribute-value is a case-insensitive match for “Strict”, set enforcement to “Strict”. If cookie-av’s attribute-value is a case-insensitive match for “Lax”, set enforcement to “Lax”. Append an attribute to the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of “SameSite” and an attribute-value of enforcement. Note: This algorithm maps the “None” value, as well as any unknown value, to the “None” behavior, which is helpful for backwards compatibility when introducing new variants.

Same-site cookies in “Strict” enforcement mode will not be sent along with top-level navigations which are triggered from a cross-site document context. As discussed in , this might or might not be compatible with existing session management systems. In the interests of providing a drop-in mechanism that mitigates the risk of CSRF attacks, developers may set the SameSite attribute in a “Lax” enforcement mode that carves out an exception which sends same-site cookies along with cross-site requests if and only if they are top-level navigations which use a “safe” (in the sense) HTTP method. Lax enforcement provides reasonable defense in depth against CSRF attacks that rely on unsafe HTTP methods (like POST), but does not offer a robust defense against CSRF as a general category of attack: Attackers can still pop up new windows or trigger top-level navigations in order to create a “same-site” request (as described in section 5.2.1), which is only a speedbump along the road to exploitation. Features like <link rel='prerender'> can be exploited to create “same-site” requests without the risk of user detection. When possible, developers should use a session management mechanism such as that described in to mitigate the risk of CSRF more completely.

The user agent stores the following fields about each cookie: name, value, expiry-time, domain, path, creation-time, last-access-time, persistent-flag, host-only-flag, secure-only-flag, http-only-flag, and same-site-flag. When the user agent “receives a cookie” from a request-uri with name cookie-name, value cookie-value, and attributes cookie-attribute-list, the user agent MUST process the cookie as follows: A user agent MAY ignore a received cookie in its entirety. For example, the user agent might wish to block receiving cookies from “third-party” responses or the user agent might not wish to store cookies that exceed some size. Create a new cookie with name cookie-name, value cookie-value. Set the creation-time and the last-access-time to the current date and time. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “Max-Age”: Set the cookie’s persistent-flag to true. Set the cookie’s expiry-time to attribute-value of the last attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of “Max-Age”. Otherwise, if the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “Expires” (and does not contain an attribute with an attribute-name of “Max-Age”): Set the cookie’s persistent-flag to true. Set the cookie’s expiry-time to attribute-value of the last attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of “Expires”. Otherwise: Set the cookie’s persistent-flag to false. Set the cookie’s expiry-time to the latest representable date. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “Domain”: Let the domain-attribute be the attribute-value of the last attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of “Domain”. Otherwise: Let the domain-attribute be the empty string. If the user agent is configured to reject “public suffixes” and the domain-attribute is a public suffix: If the domain-attribute is identical to the canonicalized request-host: Let the domain-attribute be the empty string. Otherwise: Ignore the cookie entirely and abort these steps. NOTE: This step prevents attacker.example from disrupting the integrity of site.example by setting a cookie with a Domain attribute of “example”. If the domain-attribute is non-empty: If the canonicalized request-host does not domain-match the domain-attribute: Ignore the cookie entirely and abort these steps. Otherwise: Set the cookie’s host-only-flag to false. Set the cookie’s domain to the domain-attribute. Otherwise: Set the cookie’s host-only-flag to true. Set the cookie’s domain to the canonicalized request-host. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “Path”, set the cookie’s path to attribute-value of the last attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of “Path”. Otherwise, set the cookie’s path to the default-path of the request-uri. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “Secure”, set the cookie’s secure-only-flag to true. Otherwise, set the cookie’s secure-only-flag to false. If the scheme component of the request-uri does not denote a “secure” protocol (as defined by the user agent), and the cookie’s secure-only-flag is true, then abort these steps and ignore the cookie entirely. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “HttpOnly”, set the cookie’s http-only-flag to true. Otherwise, set the cookie’s http-only-flag to false. If the cookie was received from a “non-HTTP” API and the cookie’s http-only-flag is true, abort these steps and ignore the cookie entirely. If the cookie’s secure-only-flag is not set, and the scheme component of request-uri does not denote a “secure” protocol, then abort these steps and ignore the cookie entirely if the cookie store contains one or more cookies that meet all of the following criteria: Their name matches the name of the newly-created cookie. Their secure-only-flag is true. Their domain domain-matches the domain of the newly-created cookie, or vice-versa. The path of the newly-created cookie path-matches the path of the existing cookie. Note: The path comparison is not symmetric, ensuring only that a newly-created, non-secure cookie does not overlay an existing secure cookie, providing some mitigation against cookie-fixing attacks. That is, given an existing secure cookie named ‘a’ with a path of ‘/login’, a non-secure cookie named ‘a’ could be set for a path of ‘/’ or ‘/foo’, but not for a path of ‘/login’ or ‘/login/en’. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “SameSite”, set the cookie’s same-site-flag to the attribute-value of the last attribute in the cookie-attribute-list with an attribute-name of “SameSite” (i.e. either “Strict”, “Lax”, or “None”). Otherwise, set the cookie’s same-site-flag to “None”. If the cookie’s same-site-flag is not “None”: If the cookie was received from a “non-HTTP” API, and the API was called from a context whose “site for cookies” is not an exact match for request-uri’s host’s registrable domain, then abort these steps and ignore the newly created cookie entirely. If the cookie was received from a “same-site” request (as defined in ), skip the remaining substeps and continue processing the cookie. If the cookie was received from a request which is navigating a top-level browsing context (e.g. if the request’s “reserved client” is either null or an environment whose “target browsing context” is a top-level browing context), skip the remaining substeps and continue processing the cookie. Note: Top-level navigations can create a cookie with any SameSite value, even if the new cookie wouldn’t have been sent along with the request had it already existed prior to the navigation. Abort these steps and ignore the newly created cookie entirely. If the cookie-name begins with a case-sensitive match for the string “__Secure-“, abort these steps and ignore the cookie entirely unless the cookie’s secure-only-flag is true. If the cookie-name begins with a case-sensitive match for the string “__Host-“, abort these steps and ignore the cookie entirely unless the cookie meets all the following criteria: The cookie’s secure-only-flag is true. The cookie’s host-only-flag is true. The cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute with an attribute-name of “Path”, and the cookie’s path is /. If the cookie store contains a cookie with the same name, domain, host-only-flag, and path as the newly-created cookie: Let old-cookie be the existing cookie with the same name, domain, host-only-flag, and path as the newly-created cookie. (Notice that this algorithm maintains the invariant that there is at most one such cookie.) If the newly-created cookie was received from a “non-HTTP” API and the old-cookie’s http-only-flag is true, abort these steps and ignore the newly created cookie entirely. Update the creation-time of the newly-created cookie to match the creation-time of the old-cookie. Remove the old-cookie from the cookie store. Insert the newly-created cookie into the cookie store. A cookie is “expired” if the cookie has an expiry date in the past. The user agent MUST evict all expired cookies from the cookie store if, at any time, an expired cookie exists in the cookie store. At any time, the user agent MAY “remove excess cookies” from the cookie store if the number of cookies sharing a domain field exceeds some implementation-defined upper bound (such as 50 cookies). At any time, the user agent MAY “remove excess cookies” from the cookie store if the cookie store exceeds some predetermined upper bound (such as 3000 cookies). When the user agent removes excess cookies from the cookie store, the user agent MUST evict cookies in the following priority order: Expired cookies. Cookies whose secure-only-flag is not set, and which share a domain field with more than a predetermined number of other cookies. Cookies that share a domain field with more than a predetermined number of other cookies. All cookies. If two cookies have the same removal priority, the user agent MUST evict the cookie with the earliest last-access-time first. When “the current session is over” (as defined by the user agent), the user agent MUST remove from the cookie store all cookies with the persistent-flag set to false.

The user agent includes stored cookies in the Cookie HTTP request header. When the user agent generates an HTTP request, the user agent MUST NOT attach more than one Cookie header field. A user agent MAY omit the Cookie header in its entirety. For example, the user agent might wish to block sending cookies during “third-party” requests from setting cookies (see ). If the user agent does attach a Cookie header field to an HTTP request, the user agent MUST send the cookie-string (defined below) as the value of the header field. The user agent MUST use an algorithm equivalent to the following algorithm to compute the cookie-string from a cookie store and a request-uri: Let cookie-list be the set of cookies from the cookie store that meets all of the following requirements: Either: The cookie’s host-only-flag is true and the canonicalized request-host is identical to the cookie’s domain. Or: The cookie’s host-only-flag is false and the canonicalized request-host domain-matches the cookie’s domain. The request-uri’s path path-matches the cookie’s path. If the cookie’s secure-only-flag is true, then the request-uri’s scheme must denote a “secure” protocol (as defined by the user agent). NOTE: The notion of a “secure” protocol is not defined by this document. Typically, user agents consider a protocol secure if the protocol makes use of transport-layer security, such as SSL or TLS. For example, most user agents consider “https” to be a scheme that denotes a secure protocol. If the cookie’s http-only-flag is true, then exclude the cookie if the cookie-string is being generated for a “non-HTTP” API (as defined by the user agent). If the cookie’s same-site-flag is not “None”, and the HTTP request is cross-site (as defined in ) then exclude the cookie unless all of the following statements hold: The same-site-flag is “Lax” The HTTP request’s method is “safe”. The HTTP request’s target browsing context is a top-level browsing context. The user agent SHOULD sort the cookie-list in the following order: Cookies with longer paths are listed before cookies with shorter paths. Among cookies that have equal-length path fields, cookies with earlier creation-times are listed before cookies with later creation-times. NOTE: Not all user agents sort the cookie-list in this order, but this order reflects common practice when this document was written, and, historically, there have been servers that (erroneously) depended on this order. Update the last-access-time of each cookie in the cookie-list to the current date and time. Serialize the cookie-list into a cookie-string by processing each cookie in the cookie-list in order: Output the cookie’s name, the %x3D (“=”) character, and the cookie’s value. If there is an unprocessed cookie in the cookie-list, output the characters %x3B and %x20 (“; “). NOTE: Despite its name, the cookie-string is actually a sequence of octets, not a sequence of characters. To convert the cookie-string (or components thereof) into a sequence of characters (e.g., for presentation to the user), the user agent might wish to try using the UTF-8 character encoding to decode the octet sequence. This decoding might fail, however, because not every sequence of octets is valid UTF-8.

Practical user agent implementations have limits on the number and size of cookies that they can store. General-use user agents SHOULD provide each of the following minimum capabilities: At least 4096 bytes per cookie (as measured by the sum of the length of the cookie’s name, value, and attributes). At least 50 cookies per domain. At least 3000 cookies total. Servers SHOULD use as few and as small cookies as possible to avoid reaching these implementation limits and to minimize network bandwidth due to the Cookie header being included in every request. Servers SHOULD gracefully degrade if the user agent fails to return one or more cookies in the Cookie header because the user agent might evict any cookie at any time on orders from the user.

One reason the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers use such esoteric syntax is that many platforms (both in servers and user agents) provide a string-based application programming interface (API) to cookies, requiring application-layer programmers to generate and parse the syntax used by the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers, which many programmers have done incorrectly, resulting in interoperability problems. Instead of providing string-based APIs to cookies, platforms would be well-served by providing more semantic APIs. It is beyond the scope of this document to recommend specific API designs, but there are clear benefits to accepting an abstract “Date” object instead of a serialized date string.

IDNA2008 supersedes IDNA2003 . However, there are differences between the two specifications, and thus there can be differences in processing (e.g., converting) domain name labels that have been registered under one from those registered under the other. There will be a transition period of some time during which IDNA2003-based domain name labels will exist in the wild. User agents SHOULD implement IDNA2008 and MAY implement or in order to facilitate their IDNA transition. If a user agent does not implement IDNA2008, the user agent MUST implement IDNA2003 .

Cookies are often criticized for letting servers track users. For example, a number of “web analytics” companies use cookies to recognize when a user returns to a web site or visits another web site. Although cookies are not the only mechanism servers can use to track users across HTTP requests, cookies facilitate tracking because they are persistent across user agent sessions and can be shared between hosts.

Particularly worrisome are so-called “third-party” cookies. In rendering an HTML document, a user agent often requests resources from other servers (such as advertising networks). These third-party servers can use cookies to track the user even if the user never visits the server directly. For example, if a user visits a site that contains content from a third party and then later visits another site that contains content from the same third party, the third party can track the user between the two sites. Given this risk to user privacy, some user agents restrict how third-party cookies behave, and those restrictions vary widly. For instance, user agents might block third-party cookies entirely by refusing to send Cookie headers or process Set-Cookie headers during third-party requests. They might take a less draconian approach by partitioning cookies based on the first-party context, sending one set of cookies to a given third party in one first-party context, and another to the same third party in another. This document grants user agents wide latitude to experiment with third-party cookie policies that balance the privacy and compatibility needs of their users. However, this document does not endorse any particular third-party cookie policy. Third-party cookie blocking policies are often ineffective at achieving their privacy goals if servers attempt to work around their restrictions to track users. In particular, two collaborating servers can often track users without using cookies at all by injecting identifying information into dynamic URLs.

User agents SHOULD provide users with a mechanism for managing the cookies stored in the cookie store. For example, a user agent might let users delete all cookies received during a specified time period or all the cookies related to a particular domain. In addition, many user agents include a user interface element that lets users examine the cookies stored in their cookie store. User agents SHOULD provide users with a mechanism for disabling cookies. When cookies are disabled, the user agent MUST NOT include a Cookie header in outbound HTTP requests and the user agent MUST NOT process Set-Cookie headers in inbound HTTP responses. Some user agents provide users the option of preventing persistent storage of cookies across sessions. When configured thusly, user agents MUST treat all received cookies as if the persistent-flag were set to false. Some popular user agents expose this functionality via “private browsing” mode . Some user agents provide users with the ability to approve individual writes to the cookie store. In many common usage scenarios, these controls generate a large number of prompts. However, some privacy-conscious users find these controls useful nonetheless.

Although servers can set the expiration date for cookies to the distant future, most user agents do not actually retain cookies for multiple decades. Rather than choosing gratuitously long expiration periods, servers SHOULD promote user privacy by selecting reasonable cookie expiration periods based on the purpose of the cookie. For example, a typical session identifier might reasonably be set to expire in two weeks.

Cookies have a number of security pitfalls. This section overviews a few of the more salient issues. In particular, cookies encourage developers to rely on ambient authority for authentication, often becoming vulnerable to attacks such as cross-site request forgery . Also, when storing session identifiers in cookies, developers often create session fixation vulnerabilities. Transport-layer encryption, such as that employed in HTTPS, is insufficient to prevent a network attacker from obtaining or altering a victim’s cookies because the cookie protocol itself has various vulnerabilities (see “Weak Confidentiality” and “Weak Integrity”, below). In addition, by default, cookies do not provide confidentiality or integrity from network attackers, even when used in conjunction with HTTPS.

A server that uses cookies to authenticate users can suffer security vulnerabilities because some user agents let remote parties issue HTTP requests from the user agent (e.g., via HTTP redirects or HTML forms). When issuing those requests, user agents attach cookies even if the remote party does not know the contents of the cookies, potentially letting the remote party exercise authority at an unwary server. Although this security concern goes by a number of names (e.g., cross-site request forgery, confused deputy), the issue stems from cookies being a form of ambient authority. Cookies encourage server operators to separate designation (in the form of URLs) from authorization (in the form of cookies). Consequently, the user agent might supply the authorization for a resource designated by the attacker, possibly causing the server or its clients to undertake actions designated by the attacker as though they were authorized by the user. Instead of using cookies for authorization, server operators might wish to consider entangling designation and authorization by treating URLs as capabilities. Instead of storing secrets in cookies, this approach stores secrets in URLs, requiring the remote entity to supply the secret itself. Although this approach is not a panacea, judicious application of these principles can lead to more robust security.

Unless sent over a secure channel (such as TLS), the information in the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers is transmitted in the clear. All sensitive information conveyed in these headers is exposed to an eavesdropper. A malicious intermediary could alter the headers as they travel in either direction, with unpredictable results. A malicious client could alter the Cookie header before transmission, with unpredictable results. Servers SHOULD encrypt and sign the contents of cookies (using whatever format the server desires) when transmitting them to the user agent (even when sending the cookies over a secure channel). However, encrypting and signing cookie contents does not prevent an attacker from transplanting a cookie from one user agent to another or from replaying the cookie at a later time. In addition to encrypting and signing the contents of every cookie, servers that require a higher level of security SHOULD use the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers only over a secure channel. When using cookies over a secure channel, servers SHOULD set the Secure attribute (see ) for every cookie. If a server does not set the Secure attribute, the protection provided by the secure channel will be largely moot. For example, consider a webmail server that stores a session identifier in a cookie and is typically accessed over HTTPS. If the server does not set the Secure attribute on its cookies, an active network attacker can intercept any outbound HTTP request from the user agent and redirect that request to the webmail server over HTTP. Even if the webmail server is not listening for HTTP connections, the user agent will still include cookies in the request. The active network attacker can intercept these cookies, replay them against the server, and learn the contents of the user’s email. If, instead, the server had set the Secure attribute on its cookies, the user agent would not have included the cookies in the clear-text request.

Instead of storing session information directly in a cookie (where it might be exposed to or replayed by an attacker), servers commonly store a nonce (or “session identifier”) in a cookie. When the server receives an HTTP request with a nonce, the server can look up state information associated with the cookie using the nonce as a key. Using session identifier cookies limits the damage an attacker can cause if the attacker learns the contents of a cookie because the nonce is useful only for interacting with the server (unlike non-nonce cookie content, which might itself be sensitive). Furthermore, using a single nonce prevents an attacker from “splicing” together cookie content from two interactions with the server, which could cause the server to behave unexpectedly. Using session identifiers is not without risk. For example, the server SHOULD take care to avoid “session fixation” vulnerabilities. A session fixation attack proceeds in three steps. First, the attacker transplants a session identifier from his or her user agent to the victim’s user agent. Second, the victim uses that session identifier to interact with the server, possibly imbuing the session identifier with the user’s credentials or confidential information. Third, the attacker uses the session identifier to interact with server directly, possibly obtaining the user’s authority or confidential information.

Cookies do not provide isolation by port. If a cookie is readable by a service running on one port, the cookie is also readable by a service running on another port of the same server. If a cookie is writable by a service on one port, the cookie is also writable by a service running on another port of the same server. For this reason, servers SHOULD NOT both run mutually distrusting services on different ports of the same host and use cookies to store security-sensitive information. Cookies do not provide isolation by scheme. Although most commonly used with the http and https schemes, the cookies for a given host might also be available to other schemes, such as ftp and gopher. Although this lack of isolation by scheme is most apparent in non-HTTP APIs that permit access to cookies (e.g., HTML’s document.cookie API), the lack of isolation by scheme is actually present in requirements for processing cookies themselves (e.g., consider retrieving a URI with the gopher scheme via HTTP). Cookies do not always provide isolation by path. Although the network-level protocol does not send cookies stored for one path to another, some user agents expose cookies via non-HTTP APIs, such as HTML’s document.cookie API. Because some of these user agents (e.g., web browsers) do not isolate resources received from different paths, a resource retrieved from one path might be able to access cookies stored for another path.

Cookies do not provide integrity guarantees for sibling domains (and their subdomains). For example, consider foo.site.example and bar.site.example. The foo.site.example server can set a cookie with a Domain attribute of “site.example” (possibly overwriting an existing “site.example” cookie set by bar.site.example), and the user agent will include that cookie in HTTP requests to bar.site.example. In the worst case, bar.site.example will be unable to distinguish this cookie from a cookie it set itself. The foo.site.example server might be able to leverage this ability to mount an attack against bar.site.example. Even though the Set-Cookie header supports the Path attribute, the Path attribute does not provide any integrity protection because the user agent will accept an arbitrary Path attribute in a Set-Cookie header. For example, an HTTP response to a request for http://site.example/foo/bar can set a cookie with a Path attribute of “/qux”. Consequently, servers SHOULD NOT both run mutually distrusting services on different paths of the same host and use cookies to store security-sensitive information. An active network attacker can also inject cookies into the Cookie header sent to https://site.example/ by impersonating a response from http://site.example/ and injecting a Set-Cookie header. The HTTPS server at site.example will be unable to distinguish these cookies from cookies that it set itself in an HTTPS response. An active network attacker might be able to leverage this ability to mount an attack against site.example even if site.example uses HTTPS exclusively. Servers can partially mitigate these attacks by encrypting and signing the contents of their cookies. However, using cryptography does not mitigate the issue completely because an attacker can replay a cookie he or she received from the authentic site.example server in the user’s session, with unpredictable results. Finally, an attacker might be able to force the user agent to delete cookies by storing a large number of cookies. Once the user agent reaches its storage limit, the user agent will be forced to evict some cookies. Servers SHOULD NOT rely upon user agents retaining cookies.

Cookies rely upon the Domain Name System (DNS) for security. If the DNS is partially or fully compromised, the cookie protocol might fail to provide the security properties required by applications.

“SameSite” cookies offer a robust defense against CSRF attack when deployed in strict mode, and when supported by the client. It is, however, prudent to ensure that this designation is not the extent of a site’s defense against CSRF, as same-site navigations and submissions can certainly be executed in conjunction with other attack vectors such as cross-site scripting. Developers are strongly encouraged to deploy the usual server-side defenses (CSRF tokens, ensuring that “safe” HTTP methods are idempotent, etc) to mitigate the risk more fully. Additionally, client-side techniques such as those described in may also prove effective against CSRF, and are certainly worth exploring in combination with “SameSite” cookies.

Setting the SameSite attribute in “strict” mode provides robust defense in depth against CSRF attacks, but has the potential to confuse users unless sites’ developers carefully ensure that their cookie-based session management systems deal reasonably well with top-level navigations. Consider the scenario in which a user reads their email at MegaCorp Inc’s webmail provider https://site.example/. They might expect that clicking on an emailed link to https://projects.example/secret/project would show them the secret project that they’re authorized to see, but if projects.example has marked their session cookies as SameSite, then this cross-site navigation won’t send them along with the request. projects.example will render a 404 error to avoid leaking secret information, and the user will be quite confused. Developers can avoid this confusion by adopting a session management system that relies on not one, but two cookies: one conceptually granting “read” access, another granting “write” access. The latter could be marked as SameSite, and its absence would prompt a reauthentication step before executing any non-idempotent action. The former could drop the SameSite attribute entirely, or choose the “Lax” version of enforcement, in order to allow users access to data via top-level navigation.

The SameSite attribute is inappropriate for some important use-cases. In particular, note that content intended for embedding in a cross-site contexts (social networking widgets or commenting services, for instance) will not have access to same-site cookies. Cookies may be required for requests triggered in these cross-site contexts in order to provide seamless functionality that relies on a user’s state. Likewise, some forms of Single-Sign-On might require cookie-based authentication in a cross-site context; these mechanisms will not function as intended with same-site cookies.

SameSite cookies in and of themselves don’t do anything to address the general privacy concerns outlined in Section 7.1 of . The “SameSite” attribute is set by the server, and serves to mitigate the risk of certain kinds of attacks that the server is worried about. The user is not involved in this decision. Moreover, a number of side-channels exist which could allow a server to link distinct requests even in the absence of cookies. Connection and/or socket pooling, Token Binding, and Channel ID all offer explicit methods of identification that servers could take advantage of.

The permanent message header field registry (see ) needs to be updated with the following registrations.

Cookie http standard IETF this specification ()

Set-Cookie http standard IETF this specification ()

This RFC is the revised basic definition of The Domain Name System. It obsoletes RFC-882. This memo describes the domain style names and their used for host address look up and electronic mail forwarding. It discusses the clients and servers in the domain name system and the protocol used between them. This RFC is an official specification for the Internet community. It incorporates by reference, amends, corrects, and supplements the primary protocol standards documents relating to hosts. [STANDARDS-TRACK] In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. See for an explanation why the normative reference to an obsoleted specification is needed. Many Internet application protocols include string-based lookup, searching, or sorting operations. However, the problem space for searching and sorting international strings is large, not fully explored, and is outside the area of expertise for the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Rather than attempt to solve such a large problem, this specification creates an abstraction framework so that application protocols can precisely identify a comparison function, and the repertoire of comparison functions can be extended in the future. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Internet technical specifications often need to define a formal syntax. Over the years, a modified version of Backus-Naur Form (BNF), called Augmented BNF (ABNF), has been popular among many Internet specifications. The current specification documents ABNF. It balances compactness and simplicity with reasonable representational power. The differences between standard BNF and ABNF involve naming rules, repetition, alternatives, order-independence, and value ranges. This specification also supplies additional rule definitions and encoding for a core lexical analyzer of the type common to several Internet specifications. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document is one of a collection that, together, describe the protocol and usage context for a revision of Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA), superseding the earlier version. It describes the document collection and provides definitions and other material that are common to the set. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document defines the concept of an "origin", which is often used as the scope of authority or privilege by user agents. Typically, user agents isolate content retrieved from different origins to prevent malicious web site operators from interfering with the operation of benign web sites. In addition to outlining the principles that underlie the concept of origin, this document details how to determine the origin of a URI and how to serialize an origin into a string. It also defines an HTTP header field, named "Origin", that indicates which origins are associated with an HTTP request. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document provides an overview of HTTP architecture and its associated terminology, defines the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes, defines the HTTP/1.1 message syntax and parsing requirements, and describes related security concerns for implementations. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless \%application- level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document defines the semantics of HTTP/1.1 messages, as expressed by request methods, request header fields, response status codes, and response header fields, along with the payload of messages (metadata and body content) and mechanisms for content negotiation. American National Standards Institute Mozilla Google, Inc. Opera Mozilla Opera Google, Inc. This memo describes how to use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connections over the Internet. This memo provides information for the Internet community. A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. This specification defines the generic URI syntax and a process for resolving URI references that might be in relative form, along with guidelines and security considerations for the use of URIs on the Internet. The URI syntax defines a grammar that is a superset of all valid URIs, allowing an implementation to parse the common components of a URI reference without knowing the scheme-specific requirements of every possible identifier. This specification does not define a generative grammar for URIs; that task is performed by the individual specifications of each URI scheme. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document defines the HTTP Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields. These header fields can be used by HTTP servers to store state (called cookies) at HTTP user agents, letting the servers maintain a stateful session over the mostly stateless HTTP protocol. Although cookies have many historical infelicities that degrade their security and privacy, the Cookie and Set-Cookie header fields are widely used on the Internet. This document obsoletes RFC 2965. [STANDARDS-TRACK] ISO/IEC 10646-1 defines a large character set called the Universal Character Set (UCS) which encompasses most of the world's writing systems. The originally proposed encodings of the UCS, however, were not compatible with many current applications and protocols, and this has led to the development of UTF-8, the object of this memo. UTF-8 has the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range, providing compatibility with file systems, parsers and other software that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other values. This memo obsoletes and replaces RFC 2279. This document describes the commonly used base 64, base 32, and base 16 encoding schemes. It also discusses the use of line-feeds in encoded data, use of padding in encoded data, use of non-alphabet characters in encoded data, use of different encoding alphabets, and canonical encodings. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This specification defines registration procedures for the message header fields used by Internet mail, HTTP, Netnews and other applications. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. In the original version of the Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) protocol, any Unicode code points taken from user input were mapped into a set of Unicode code points that "made sense", and then encoded and passed to the domain name system (DNS). The IDNA2008 protocol (described in RFCs 5890, 5891, 5892, and 5893) presumes that the input to the protocol comes from a set of "permitted" code points, which it then encodes and passes to the DNS, but does not specify what to do with the result of user input. This document describes the actions that can be taken by an implementation between receiving user input and passing permitted code points to the new IDNA protocol. This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. To improve the protection of web applications against clickjacking, this document describes the X-Frame-Options HTTP header field, which declares a policy, communicated from the server to the client browser, regarding whether the browser may display the transmitted content in frames that are part of other web pages. This document updates RFC6265 by removing the ability for a non- secure origin to set cookies with a 'secure' flag, and to overwrite cookies whose 'secure' flag is set. This deprecation improves the isolation between HTTP and HTTPS origins, and reduces the risk of malicious interference. This document updates RFC6265 by adding a set of restrictions upon the names which may be used for cookies with specific properties. These restrictions enable user agents to smuggle cookie state to the server within the confines of the existing "Cookie" request header syntax, and limits the ways in which cookies may be abused in a conforming user agent. This document updates RFC6265 by defining a "SameSite" attribute which allows servers to assert that a cookie ought not to be sent along with cross-site requests. This assertion allows user agents to mitigate the risk of cross-origin information leakage, and provides some protection against cross-site request forgery attacks.

Port to Markdown. No (intentional) normative changes.

Fixes to formatting caused by mistakes in the initial port to Markdown: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/243 https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/246 Addresses errata 3444 by updating the path-value and extension-av grammar, errata 4148 by updating the day-of-month, year, and time grammar, and errata 3663 by adding the requested note. https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=6265 Dropped Cookie2 and Set-Cookie2 from the IANA Considerations section: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/247 Merged the recommendations from , removing the ability for a non-secure origin to set cookies with a ‘secure’ flag, and to overwrite cookies whose ‘secure’ flag is true. Merged the recommendations from , adding __Secure- and __Host- cookie name prefix processing instructions.

Merged the recommendations from , adding support for the SameSite attribute. Closed a number of editorial bugs: Clarified address bar behavior for SameSite cookies: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/201 Added the word “Cookies” to the document’s name: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/204 Clarified that the __Host- prefix requires an explicit Path attribute: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/222 Expanded the options for dealing with third-party cookies to include a brief mention of partitioning based on first-party: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/248 Noted that double-quotes in cookie values are part of the value, and are not stripped: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/295 Fixed the “site for cookies” algorithm to return something that makes sense: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/302

Clarified handling of invalid SameSite values: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/389 Reflect widespread implementation practice of including a cookie’s host-only-flag when calculating its uniqueness: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/199 Introduced an explicit “None” value for the SameSite attribute: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/788

Allow SameSite cookies to be set for all top-level navigations. https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/594 Treat Set-Cookie: token as creating the cookie ("", "token"): https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/159 Reject cookies with neither name nor value (e.g. Set-Cookie: = and Set-Cookie:: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/159 Clarified behavior of multiple SameSite attributes in a cookie string: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/issues/901

Typos and editorial fixes: https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/pull/1035, https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/pull/1038, https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/pull/1040, https://github.com/httpwg/http-extensions/pull/1047.

RFC 6265 was written by Adam Barth. This document is a minor update of RFC 6265, adding small features, and aligning the specification with the reality of today’s deployments. Here, we’re standing upon the shoulders of a giant since the majority of the text is still Adam’s.