Network Working Group V. Fuller Internet-Draft D. Farinacci Intended status: Experimental cisco Systems Expires: March 2, 2012 August 30, 2011 LISP Map Server draft-ietf-lisp-ms-11.txt Abstract This draft describes the LISP Map Server (LISP-MS), a computing system which provides a simplified LISP protocol interface as a "front end" to the Endpoint-ID (EID) to Routing Locator (RLOC) mapping database and associated virtual network of LISP protocol elements. The purpose of the Map Server is to reduce implementation and operational complexity of LISP Ingress Tunnel Routers (ITRs) and Egress Tunnel Routers (ETRs), the devices that implement the "edge" of the LISP infrastructure and which connect directly to LISP-capable Internet end sites. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on March 2, 2012. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 1] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Interactions With Other LISP Components . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. EID Prefix Configuration and ETR Registration . . . . . . 8 4.3. Map Server Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.4. Map Resolver Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.4.1. Anycast Map Resolver Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Open Issues and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 2] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 1. Introduction [LISP] specifies an architecture and mechanism for replacing the addresses currently used by IP with two separate name spaces: EIDs, used within sites, and RLOCs, used on the transit networks that make up the Internet infrastructure. To achieve this separation, LISP defines protocol mechanisms for mapping from EIDs to RLOCs. In addition, LISP assumes the existence of a database to store and propagate those mappings globally. Several such databases have been proposed, among them: LISP-CONS [CONS], LISP-NERD, [NERD] and LISP+ ALT [ALT]. There are two types of operation for a LISP Map Server: as a Map Resolver, which accepts Map-Requests from an ITR and "resolves" the EID-to-RLOC mapping using the distributed mapping database, and as a Map Server, which learns authoritative EID-to-RLOC mappings from an ETR and publish them in the database. A single device may implement one or both types of operation. Conceptually, LISP Map Servers share some of the same basic configuration and maintenance properties as Domain Name System (DNS) [RFC1035] servers and caching resolvers. With this in mind, this specification borrows familiar terminology (resolver and server) from the DNS specifications. Note that while this document assumes a LISP+ALT database mapping infrastructure to illustrate certain aspects of Map Server and Map Resolver operation, this is not intended to preclude the use of Map Servers and Map Resolvers as a standardized interface for ITRs and ETRs to access other mapping database systems. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 3] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 2. Definition of Terms Map Server: a network infrastructure component which learns EID-to- RLOC mapping entries from an authoritative source (typically, an ETR, via the registration mechanism described below). A Map Server publishes these mappings in the distributed mapping database. Map Resolver: a network infrastructure component which accepts LISP Encapsulated Map-Requests, typically from an ITR, quickly determines whether or not the destination IP address is part of the EID namespace; if it is not, a Negative Map-Reply is immediately returned. Otherwise, the Map Resolver finds the appropriate EID-to-RLOC mapping by consulting the distributed mapping database system. Encapsulated Map-Request: a LISP Map-Request carried within an Encapsulated Control Message, which has an additional LISP header prepended. Sent to UDP destination port 4342. The "outer" addresses are globally-routeable IP addresses, also known as RLOCs. Used by an ITR when sending to a Map Resolver and by a Map Server when forwarding a Map-Request to an ETR. Negative Map-Reply: a LISP Map-Reply that contains an empty locator-set. Returned in response to a Map-Request if the destination EID does not exist in the mapping database. Typically, this means that the "EID" being requested is an IP address connected to a non-LISP site. Map-Register message: a LISP message sent by an ETR to a Map Server to register its associated EID-prefixes. In addition to the set of EID-prefixes to register, the message includes one or more RLOCs to be be used by the Map Server when forwarding Map-Requests (re-formatted as Encapsulated Map-Requests) received through the database mapping system. An ETR may request that the Map Server answer Map-Requests on its behalf by setting the "proxy-map-reply" flag (P-bit) in the message. Map-Notify message: a LISP message sent by a Map Server to an ETR to confirm that a Map-Register has been received and processed. An ETR requests that a Map-Notify be returned by setting the "want-map-notify" or "M" bit in the Map-Register message. Unlike a Map-Reply, a Map-Notify uses UDP port 4342 for both source and destination. For definitions of other terms, notably Map-Request, Map-Reply, Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR), and Egress Tunnel Router (ETR), please consult the LISP specification [LISP]. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 4] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 3. Basic Overview A Map Server is a device which publishes EID-prefix information on behalf of ETRs and connects to the LISP distributed mapping database system to help answer LISP Map-Requests seeking the RLOCs for those EID-prefixes. To publish its EID-prefixes, an ETR periodically sends Map-Register messages to the Map Server. A Map-Register message contains a list of EID-prefixes plus a set of RLOCs that can be used to reach the ETR when a Map Server needs to forward a Map-Request to it. When LISP+ALT is used as the mapping database, a Map Server connects to ALT network and acts as a "last-hop" ALT router. Intermediate ALT routers forward Map-Requests to the Map Server that advertises a particular EID-prefix and the Map Server forwards them to the owning ETR, which responds with Map-Reply messages. The LISP Map Server design also includes the operation of a Map Resolver, which receives Encapsulated Map-Requests from its client ITRs and uses the distributed mapping database system to find the appropriate ETR to answer those requests. On a LISP+ALT network, a Map Resolver acts as a "first-hop" ALT router. It has GRE tunnels configured to other ALT routers and uses BGP to learn paths to ETRs for different prefixes in the LISP+ALT database. The Map Resolver uses this path information to forward Map-Requests over the ALT to the correct ETRs. A Map Resolver may operate in a non-caching mode, where it simply de-capsulates and forwards the Encapsulated Map- Requests that it receives from ITRs. Alternatively, a Map Resolver may operate in a caching mode, where it saves information about outstanding Map-Requests, originates new Map- Requests to the correct ETR(s), accepts and caches the Map-Replies, and finally forwards the Map-Replies to the original ITRs. One significant issue with use of caching in a Map Resolver is that it hides the original ITR source of a Map-Request, which prevents an ETR from tailoring its responses to that source; this reduces the inbound traffic- engineering capability for the site owning the ETR. In addition, caching in a Map Resolver exacerbates problems associated with old mappings being cached; an outdated, cached mapping in an ITR affects only that ITR and traffic originated by its site while an outdate, cached mapping in a Map Resolver could cause a problem with a wider scope. More experience with caching Map Resolvers on the LISP pilot network will be needed to determine whether their use can be recommended. Note that a single device can implement the functions of both a Map Server and a Map Resolver and, in many cases, the functions will be co-located in that way. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 5] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 Detailed descriptions of the LISP packet types referenced by this document may be found in [LISP]. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 6] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 4. Interactions With Other LISP Components 4.1. ITR EID-to-RLOC Mapping Resolution An ITR is configured with the address of a Map Resolver. This address is a "locator" or RLOC in that it must be routeable on the underlying core network; it must not need to be resolved through LISP EID-to-RLOC mapping as that would introduce a circular dependency. When using a Map Resolver, an ITR does not need to connect to any other database mapping system. In particular, the ITR need not connect to the LISP+ALT infrastructure or implement the BGP and GRE protocols that it uses. An ITR sends an Encapsulated Map-Request to a configured Map Resolver when it needs an EID-to-RLOC mapping that is not found in its local map-cache. Using the Map Resolver greatly reduces both the complexity of the ITR implementation and the costs associated with its operation. In response to an Encapsulated Map-Request, the ITR can expect one of the following: o An immediate Negative Map-Reply (with action code of "forward- native", 15-minute TTL) from the Map Resolver if the Map Resolver can determine that the requested EID does not exist. The ITR saves the EID-prefix returned in the Map-Reply in its cache, marking it as non-LISP-capable and knows not to attempt LISP encapsulation for destinations matching it. o A Negative Map-Reply (with action code of "forward-native") from the Map Server that has an aggregate EID-covering the EID in the Map-Request but where the EID matches a "hole" in the aggregate. If the "hole" is for a LISP EID-prefix that is defined in the Map Server configuration but for which no ETRs are currently registered, a 1-minute TTL is returned. If the "hole" is for an unassigned part of the aggregate, then it is not a LISP EID and a 15-minute TTL is returned. See Section 4.2 for discussion of aggregate EID-prefixes and details of Map Server EID-prefix matching. o A LISP Map-Reply from the ETR that owns the EID-to-RLOC mapping or possibly from a Map Server answering on behalf of the ETR. Note that the stateless nature of non-caching Map Resolver forwarding means that the Map-Reply may not be from the Map Resolver to which the Encapsulated Map-Request was sent unless the target Map Resolver offers caching. See (Section 4.4) for more details on Map Resolver message processing. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 7] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 Note that an ITR may be configured to both use a Map Resolver and to participate in a LISP+ALT logical network. In such a situation, the ITR should send Map-Requests through the ALT network for any EID- prefix learned via ALT BGP. Such a configuration is expected to be very rare, since there is little benefit to using a Map Resolver if an ITR is already using LISP+ALT. There would be, for example, no need for such an ITR to send a Map-Request to a possibly non-existent EID (and rely on Negative Map-Replies) if it can consult the ALT database to verify that an EID-prefix is present before sending that Map-Request. 4.2. EID Prefix Configuration and ETR Registration An ETR publishes its EID-prefixes on a Map Server by sending LISP Map-Register messages. A Map-Register message includes authentication data, so prior to sending a Map-Register message, the ETR and Map Server must be configured with a secret shared-key. A Map Server's configuration must also include a list of the EID- prefixes for which each ETR is authoritative. Upon receipt of a Map- Register from an ETR, a Map Server accepts only EID-prefixes that are configured for that ETR. Failure to implement such a check would leave the mapping system vulnerable to trivial EID-prefix hijacking attacks. As developers and operators gain experience with the mapping system, additional, stronger security measures may be added to the registration process. In addition to the set of EID-prefixes defined for each ETR that may register, a Map Server is typically also be configured with one or more aggregate prefixes that define the part of the EID numbering space assigned to it. When LISP+ALT is the database in use, aggregate EID-prefixes are implemented as discard routes and advertised into ALT BGP. The existance of aggregate EID-prefixes in a Map Server's database means that it may receive Map Requests for EID-prefixes that match an aggregate but do not match a registered prefix; Section 4.3 describes how this is handled. Map-Register messages are sent periodically from an ETR to a Map Server with a suggested interval between messages of one minute. A Map Server should time-out and remove an ETR's registration if it has not received a valid Map-Register message within the past three minutes. When first contacting a Map Server after restart or changes to its EID-to-RLOC database mappings, an ETR may initially send Map- Register messages at an increased frequency, up to one every 20 seconds. This "quick registration" period is limited to five minutes in duration. An ETR may request that a Map Server explicitly acknowledge receipt and processing of a Map-Register message by setting the "want-map- Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 8] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 notify" ("M" bit) flag. A Map Server that receives a Map-Register with this flag set will respond with a Map-Notify message. Typical use of this flag by an ETR would be to set it for Map-Register messages sent during the initial "quick registration" with a Map Server but then set it only occasionally during steady-state maintenance of its association with that Map Server. Note that the Map-Notify message is sent to UDP destination port 4342, not to the source port specified in the original Map-Register message. Note that a one-minute minimum registration interval during maintenance of an ETR-MS association does set a lower-bound on how quickly and how frequently a mapping database entry can be updated. This may have implications for what sorts of mobility can supported directly by the mapping system. For a discussion on one way that faster mobility may be implemented for individual devices, please see [LISP-MN]. An ETR may also request, by setting the "proxy-map-reply" flag (P-bit) in the Map-Regsiter message, that a Map Server answer Map- Requests instead of forwarding them to the ETR. See [LISP] for details on how the Map Server sets certain flags (such as those indicating whether the message is authoritative and how returned locators should be treated) when sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an ETR. When an ETR requests proxy reply service, it should include all RLOCs for all ETRs for the EID-prefix being registered, along with the "R" bit setting for each RLOC. The Map Server includes all of this information in Map Reply messages that it sends on behalf of the ETR. An ETR which uses a Map Server to publish its EID-to-RLOC mappings does not need to participate further in the mapping database protocol(s). When using a LISP+ALT mapping database, for example, this means that the ETR does not need to implement GRE or BGP, which greatly simplifies its configuration and reduces its cost of operation. Note that use of a Map Server does not preclude an ETR from also connecting to the mapping database (i.e. it could also connect to the LISP+ALT network) but doing so doesn't seem particularly useful as the whole purpose of using a Map Server is to avoid the complexity of the mapping database protocols. 4.3. Map Server Processing Once a Map Server has EID-prefixes registered by its client ETRs, it can accept and process Map-Requests for them. In response to a Map-Request (received over the ALT if LISP+ALT is in Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 9] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 use), the Map Server first checks to see if the destination EID matches a configured EID-prefix. If there is no match, the Map Server returns a negative Map-Reply with action code "forward-native" and a 15-minute TTL. This may occur if a Map Request is received for a configured aggreate EID-prefix for which no more-specific EID- prefix exists; it indicates the presence of a non-LISP "hole" in the agregate EID-prefix. Next, the Map Server checks to see if any ETRs have registered the matching EID-prefix. If none are found, then the Map-Server returns a negative Map-Reply with action code "forward-native" and a 1-minute TTL. If any of the registered ETRs for the EID-prefix have requested proxy reply service, then the Map Server answered the request instead of forwarding it. It returns a Map-Reply with the EID-prefix, RLOCs, and other information learned through the registration process. If none of the ETRs have requested proxy reply service, then the Map Server re-encapsulates and forwards the resulting Encapsulated Map- Request to one of the registered ETRs. It does not otherwise alter the Map-Request so any Map-Reply sent by the ETR is returned to the RLOC in the Map-Request, not to the Map Server. Unless also acting as a Map Resolver, a Map Server should never receive Map-Replies; any such messages should be discarded without response, perhaps accompanied by logging of a diagnostic message if the rate of Map- Replies is suggestive of malicious traffic. A Map Server may also receive a Map-Request that is contained inside of an Encapsulated Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with the "Security" bit (S-bit) set. It processes the security parameters as described in [LISP-SEC] then handles the Map-Request as as described above. Note that a Map Server that is sending a Map-Reply on behalf of an ETR (performing proxy reply service) must perform security processing for that ETR as well; see [LISP-SEC] for details. 4.4. Map Resolver Processing Upon receipt of an Encapsulated Map-Request, a Map Resolver de- capsulates the enclosed message then searches for the requested EID in its local database of mapping entries (statically configured, cached, or learned from associated ETRs when the Map Resolver is also acting as a Map Server). If it finds a matching entry, it returns a non-authoritative LISP Map-Reply with the known mapping. If the Map Resolver does not have the mapping entry and if it can Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 10] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 determine that the EID is not in the mapping database (for example, if LISP+ALT is used, the Map Resolver will have an ALT forwarding table that covers the full EID space) it immediately returns a negative LISP Map-Reply, with action code "forward-native" and a 15- minute TTL. To minimize the number of negative cache entries needed by an ITR, the Map Resolver should return the least-specific prefix which both matches the original query and does not match any EID- prefix known to exist in the LISP-capable infrastructure. If the Map Resolver does not have sufficient information to know whether the EID exists, it needs to forward the Map-Request to another device which has more information about the EID being requested. This is done in one of two ways: 1. A non-caching Map Resolver simply forwards the unencapsulated Map-Request, with the original ITR RLOC as the source, on to the distributed mapping database. Using a LISP+ALT mapping database, the Map Resolver is connected to the ALT network and sends the Map-Request to the next ALT hop learned from its ALT BGP neighbors. The Map Resolver does not send any response to the ITR; since the source RLOC is that of the ITR, the ETR or Map Server which receives the Map-Request over the ALT and responds will do so directly to the ITR. 2. A caching Map Resolver queues information from the Encapsulated Map-Request, including the ITR RLOC and the original nonce. It then modifies the Map-Request to use its own RLOC, generates a "local nonce" (which is also saved in the request queue entry), and forwards the Map-Request as above. When the Map Resolver receives a Map-Reply, it looks in its request queue to match the reply nonce to a "local nonce" entry then de-queues the entry and uses the saved original nonce and ITR RLOC to re-write those fields in the Map-Reply before sending to the ITR. The request queue entry is also deleted and the mapping entries from the Map- Reply are saved in the Map Resolver's cache. If a Map Resolver receives a Map-Request contained in an Encapsulated Control Message (an Encapsulated Map-Request) with the "security" option (S-Bit) set, additional processing is required. It extracts the enclosed Map-Request and uses the attached security paramaters to generate a new Encapsulated Control Message containing the original Map-Rqeuest and additional signature information used to protect both the Map-Request and the Map-Reply that will be generated by the destination ETR or Map Server. The outgoing message will have the S-bit set, will use the requested EID as its outer header destination IP address plus Map Resolver RLOC as source IP address, and will include security parameters added by the Map Resolver. See [LISP-SEC] for details of the checks that are performed and the Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 11] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 security information that is added during the de-encapsulation and re-encapsulation process. 4.4.1. Anycast Map Resolver Operation A Map Resolver can be set up to use "anycast", where the same address is assigned to multiple Map Resolvers and is propagated through IGP routing, to facilitate the use of a topologically-close Map Resolver each ITR. Note that Map Server associations with ETRs should not use anycast addresses as registrations need to be established between an ETR and a specific set of Map Servers, each identified by a specific registation association. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 12] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 5. Open Issues and Considerations There are a number of issues with the Map Server and Map Resolver design that are not yet completely understood. Among these are: o Feasibility, performance, and complexity trade-offs of implementing caching in Map Resolvers o Convergence time when an EID-to-RLOC mapping changes and mechanisms for detecting and refreshing or removing stale, cached information o Deployability and complexity trade-offs of implementing stronger security measures in both EID-prefix registration and Map-Request/ Map-Reply processing o Requirements for additional state in the registration process between Map Servers and ETRs The authors expect that experimentation on the LISP pilot network will help answer open questions surrounding these and other issues. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 13] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 6. IANA Considerations This document makes no request of the IANA. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 14] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 7. Security Considerations The 2-way nonce exchange documented in [LISP] can be used to avoid ITR spoofing attacks. To publish an authoritative EID-to-RLOC mapping with a Map Server, an ETR includes authentication data that is a hash of the message using pair-wise shared key. An implementation must support use of HMAC- SHA-1-160 [RFC2104] and should support use of HMAC-SHA-256-128 [RFC6234] (SHA-256 truncated to 128 bits). During experimental and prototype deployment, authentication key changes will be manual. Should LISP and its components be considered for IETF standardization, further work will be required to follow the BCP 107 [RFC4107] recommendations on automated key management. As noted in Section 4.2, a Map Server should verify that all EID- prefixes registered by an ETR match configuration stored on the Map Server. [LISP-SEC] defines a mechanism for providing origin authentication, integrity, anti-reply protection, and prevention of man-in-the-middle and "overclaiming" attacks on the Map-Request/Map-Reply exchange. While beyond the scope of securing an individual Map Server or Map Resolver, it should be noted that a BGP-based LISP+ALT network (if ALT is used as the mapping database infrastructure) can take advantage of technology being developed by the IETF SIDR working group or either S-BGP [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr] or soBGP [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture] should they be developed and widely deployed. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 15] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 8. References 8.1. Normative References [ALT] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP Alternative Topology (LISP-ALT)", draft-ietf-lisp-alt-07.txt (work in progress), June 2011. [LISP] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)", draft-ietf-lisp-15.txt (work in progress), July 2011. [LISP-SEC] Maino, F., Ermagan, V., Cabellos, A., Sanchez, D., and O. Bonaventure, "LISP-Security", draft-ietf-lisp-sec-00.txt (work in progress), July 2011. [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. [RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed- Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997. [RFC6234] Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, May 2011. 8.2. Informative References [CONS] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network Service for LISP", draft-meyer-lisp-cons-04.txt (work in progress), April 2008. [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr] Murphy, S., "BGP Security Analysis", draft-murphy-bgp-secr-04 (work in progress), November 2001. [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture] White, R., "Architecture and Deployment Considerations for Secure Origin BGP (soBGP)", draft-white-sobgparchitecture-00 (work in progress), May 2004. [LISP-MN] Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., Meyer, D., and D. Lewis, "LISP Mobile Node Architecture", draft-meyer-lisp-mn-05.txt (work in progress), May 2011. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 16] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 [NERD] Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database", draft-lear-lisp-nerd-08.txt (work in progress), March 2010. [RFC4107] Bellovin, S. and R. Housley, "Guidelines for Cryptographic Key Management", BCP 107, RFC 4107, June 2005. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 17] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 Appendix A. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Greg Schudel, Darrel Lewis, John Zwiebel, Andrew Partan, Dave Meyer, Isidor Kouvelas, Jesper Skriver, Fabio Maino, and members of the lisp@ietf.org mailing list for their feedback and helpful suggestions. Special thanks are due to Noel Chiappa for his extensive work on caching with LISP-CONS, some of which may be used by Map Resolvers. Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 18] Internet-Draft LISP Map Server August 2011 Authors' Addresses Vince Fuller cisco Systems Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134 USA Email: vaf@cisco.com Dino Farinacci cisco Systems Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134 USA Email: dino@cisco.com Fuller & Farinacci Expires March 2, 2012 [Page 19]