lpwan Working Group A. Minaburo Internet-Draft Acklio Intended status: Informational L. Toutain Expires: January 3, 2019 Institut MINES TELECOM; IMT Atlantique R. Andreasen Universidad de Buenos Aires July 02, 2018 LPWAN Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) for CoAP draft-ietf-lpwan-coap-static-context-hc-04 Abstract This draft defines the way SCHC header compression can be applied to CoAP headers. CoAP header structure differs from IPv6 and UDP protocols since the CoAP use a flexible header with a variable number of options themself of a variable length. Another important difference is the asymmetry in the header format used in request and response messages. Most of the compression mechanisms have been introduced in [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc], this document explains how to use the SCHC compression for CoAP. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 3, 2019. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 1] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. SCHC Compression Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. CoAP Compression with SCHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Compression of CoAP header fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1. CoAP version field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2. CoAP type field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.3. CoAP code field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.4. CoAP Message ID field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.5. CoAP Token fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. CoAP options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.1. CoAP Content and Accept options. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.2. CoAP option Max-Age field, CoAP option Uri-Host and Uri- Port fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.3. CoAP option Uri-Path and Uri-Query fields . . . . . . . . 8 5.3.1. Variable length Uri-Path and Uri-Query . . . . . . . 8 5.3.2. Variable number of path or query elements . . . . . . 9 5.4. CoAP option Size1, Size2, Proxy-URI and Proxy-Scheme fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.5. CoAP option ETag, If-Match, If-None-Match, Location-Path and Location-Query fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Other RFCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.1. Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6.2. Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.3. No-Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.4. Time Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.5. OSCORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Examples of CoAP header compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7.1. Mandatory header with CON message . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7.2. Complete exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.3. OSCORE Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7.4. Example OSCORE Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 2] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 1. Introduction CoAP [rfc7252] is an implementation of the REST architecture for constrained devices. Nevertheless, if limited, the size of a CoAP header may be too large for LPWAN constraints and some compression may be needed to reduce the header size. [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] defines a header compression mechanism for LPWAN network based on a static context. The context is said static since the field description composing the Rules and the context are not learned during the packet exchanges but are previously defined. The context(s) is(are) known by both ends before transmission. A context is composed of a set of rules that are referenced by Rule IDs (identifiers). A rule contains an ordered list of the fields descriptions containing a field ID (FID), its length (FL) and its position (FP), a direction indicator (DI) (upstream, downstream and bidirectional) and some associated Target Values (TV). Target Value indicates the value that can be expected. TV can also be a list of values. A Matching Operator (MO) is associated to each header field description. The rule is selected if all the MOs fit the TVs for all fields. In that case, a Compression/Decompression Action (CDA) associated to each field defines the link between the compressed and decompressed value for each of the header fields. Compression results mainly in 4 actions: send the field value, send nothing, send less significant bits of a field, send an index. Values sent are called Compression Residues and follows the rule ID. 2. SCHC Compression Process The SCHC Compression rules can be applied to CoAP flows. SCHC Compression of the CoAP header may be done in conjunction with the above layers (IPv6/UDP) or independently. The SCHC adaptation layers as described in [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] may be used as as shown in the Figure 1. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 3] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 ^ +------------+ ^ +------------+ ^ +------------+ | | CoAP | | | CoAP | inner | | CoAP | | +------------+ v +------------+ x | OSCORE | | | UDP | | DTLS | outer | +------------+ | +------------+ +------------+ | | UDP | | | IPv6 | | UDP | | +------------+ v +------------+ +------------+ | | IPv6 | | IPv6 | v +------------+ +------------+ Figure 1: rule scope for CoAP Figure 1 shows some examples for CoAP architecture and the SCHC rule's scope. A rule can covers all headers from IPv6 to CoAP, SCHC C/D is done in the device and at the LPWAN boundary. If an end-to- end encryption mechanisms is used between the device and the application. CoAP must be compressed independently of the other layers. The rule ID and the compression residue are encrypted using a mechanism such as DTLS. Only the other end can decipher the information. Layers below may also be compressed using other SCHC rules (this is out of the scope of this document). OSCORE [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] can also define 2 rules to compress the CoAP message. A first rule focuses on the inner header and is end to end, a second rule may compress the outer header and the layer above. SCHC C/D for inner header is done by both ends, SCHC C/D for outer header and other headers is done between the device and the LPWAN boundary. 3. CoAP Compression with SCHC CoAP differs from IPv6 and UDP protocols on the following aspects: o IPv6 and UDP are symmetrical protocols. The same fields are found in the request and in the response, only the location in the header may vary (e.g. source and destination fields). A CoAP request is different from a response. For example, the URI-path option is mandatory in the request and is not found in the response, a request may contain an Accept option and the response a Content option. [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] defines the use of a message direction (DI) when processing the rule which allows the description of message header format in both directions. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 4] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 o Even when a field is "symmetric" (i.e. found in both directions) the values carried in each direction are different. Combined with a matching list in the TV, this will allow to reduce the range of expected values in a particular direction and therefore reduce the size of a compression residue. For instance, if a client sends only CON request, the type can be elided by compression and the answer may use one bit to carry either the ACK or RST type. Same behavior can be applied to the CoAP Code field (0.0X code are present in the request and Y.ZZ in the answer). The direction allows to split in two parts the possible values for each direction. o In IPv6 and UDP header fields have a fixed size. In CoAP, Token size may vary from 0 to 8 bytes, length is given by a field in the header. More systematically, the CoAP options are described using the Type-Length-Value. [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] offers the possibility to define a function for the Field Length in the Field Description. o In CoAP headers, a field can be duplicated several times, for instances, elements of an URI (path or queries). The position defined in a rule, associated to a Field ID, can be used to identify the proper element. [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] allows a Field id to appears several times in the rule, the Field Position (FP) removes ambiguities for the matching operation. o Field size defined in the CoAP protocol can be to large regarding LPWAN traffic constraints. This is particularly true for the message ID field or Token field. The use of MSB MO can be used to reduce the information carried on LPWANs. o CoAP also obeys to the client/server paradigm and the compression rate can be different if the request is issued from an LPWAN node or from an non LPWAN device. For instance a Device (Dev) aware of LPWAN constraints can generate a 1 byte token, but a regular CoAP client will certainly send a larger token to the Thing. SCHC compression will not modify the values to offer a better compression rate. Nevertheless a proxy placed before the compressor may change some field values to offer a better compression rate and maintain the necessary context for interoperability with existing CoAP implementations. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 5] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 4. Compression of CoAP header fields This section discusses of the compression of the different CoAP header fields. 4.1. CoAP version field This field is bidirectional and must be elided during the SCHC compression, since it always contains the same value. In the future, if new version of CoAP are defined, new rules ID will be defined avoiding ambiguities between versions. 4.2. CoAP type field [rfc7252] defines 4 types of messages: CON, NON, ACK and RST. The latter two ones are a response of the two first ones. If the device plays a specific role, a rule can exploit these property with the mapping list: [CON, NON] for one direction and [ACK, RST] for the other direction. Compression residue is reduced to 1 bit. The field must be elided if for instance a client is sending only NON or CON messages. In any case, a rule must be defined to carry RST to a client. 4.3. CoAP code field The compression of the CoAP code field follows the same principle as for the CoAP type field. If the device plays a specific role, the set of code values can be split in two parts, the request codes with the 0 class and the response values. If the device implement only a CoAP client, the request code can be reduced to the set of request the client is able to process. All the response codes should be compressed with a SCHC rule. 4.4. CoAP Message ID field This field is bidirectional and is used to manage acknowledgments. Server memorizes the value for a EXCHANGE_LIFETIME period (by default 247 seconds) for CON messages and a NON_LIFETIME period (by default 145 seconds) for NON messages. During that period, a server receiving the same Message ID value will process the message has a retransmission. After this period, it will be processed as a new messages. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 6] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 In case the Device is a client, the size of the message ID field may the too large regarding the number of messages sent. Client may use only small message ID values, for instance 4 bit long. Therefore a MSB can be used to limit the size of the compression residue. In case the Device is a server, client may be located outside of the LPWAN area and view the device as a regular device connected to the internet. The client will generate Message ID using the 16 bits space offered by this field. A CoAP proxy can be set before the SCHC C/D to reduce the value of the Message ID, to allow its compression with the MSB matching operator and LSB CDA. 4.5. CoAP Token fields Token is defined through two CoAP fields, Token Length in the mandatory header and Token Value directly following the mandatory CoAP header. Token Length is processed as a tradition protocol field. If the value remains the same during all the transaction, the size can be stored in the context and elided during the transmission. Otherwise it will have to the send as a compression residue. Token Value size should not be defined directly in the rule in the Field Length (FL). Instead a specific function designed as "TKL" must be used. This function informs the SCHC C/D that the length of this field has to be read from the Token Length field. 5. CoAP options 5.1. CoAP Content and Accept options. These field are both unidirectional and must not be set to bidirectional in a rule entry. If single value is expected by the client, it can be stored in the TV and elided during the transmission. Otherwise, if several possible values are expected by the client, a matching-list should be used to limit the size of the residue. If not the possible, the value as to be sent as a residue (fixed or variable length). 5.2. CoAP option Max-Age field, CoAP option Uri-Host and Uri-Port fields This field is unidirectional and must not be set to bidirectional in a rule entry. It is used only by the server to inform of the caching duration and is never found in client requests. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 7] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 If the duration is known by both ends, value can be elided on the LPWAN. A matching list can be used if some well-known values are defined. Otherwise these options should be sent as a residue (fixed or variable length). 5.3. CoAP option Uri-Path and Uri-Query fields This fields are unidirectional and must not be set to bidirectional in a rule entry. They are used only by the client to access to a specific resource and are never found in server responses. Uri-Path and Uri-Query elements are a repeatable options, the Field Position (FP) gives the position in the path. A Mapping list can be used to reduce size of variable Paths or Queries. In that case, to optimize the compression, several elements can be regrouped into a single entry. Numbering of elements do not change, MO comparison is set with the first element of the matching. FID FL FP DI TV MO CDA URI-Path 1 up ["/a/b", equal not-sent "/c/d"] URI-Path 3 up ignore value-sent Figure 2: complex path example In Figure 2 a single bit residue can be used to code one of the 2 paths. If regrouping was not allowed, a 2 bits residue whould have been needed. 5.3.1. Variable length Uri-Path and Uri-Query When the length is known at the rule creation, the Field Length must be set to variable, and the unit is set to bytes. The MSB MO can be apply to a Uri-Path or Uri-Query element. Since MSB value is given in bit, the size must always be a multiple of 8 bits and the LSB CDA must not carry any value. The length sent at the beginning of a variable length residue indicates the size of the LSB in bytes. For instance for a CoMi path /c/X6?k="eth0" the rule can be set to: Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 8] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 FID FL FP DI TV MO CDA URI-Path 1 up "c" equal not-sent URI-Path 2 up ignore value-sent URI-Query 1 up "k=" MSB (16) LSB Figure 3: CoMi URI compression Figure 3 shows the parsing and the compression of the URI. where c is not sent. The second element is sent with the length (i.e. 0x2 X 6) followed by the query option (i.e. 0x05 "eth0"). 5.3.2. Variable number of path or query elements The number of Uri-path or Uri-Query element in a rule is fixed at the rule creation time. If the number varies, several rules should be created to cover all the possibilities. Another possibilities is to define the length of Uri-Path to variable and send a compression residue with a length of 0 to indicate that this Uri-Path is empty. This add 4 bits to the compression residue. 5.4. CoAP option Size1, Size2, Proxy-URI and Proxy-Scheme fields These fields are unidirectional and must not be set to bidirectional in a rule entry. They are used only by the client to access to a specific resource and are never found in server response. If the field value must be sent, TV is not set, MO is set to "ignore" and CDF is set to "value-sent. A mapping can also be used. Otherwise the TV is set to the value, MO is set to "equal" and CDF is set to "not-sent" 5.5. CoAP option ETag, If-Match, If-None-Match, Location-Path and Location-Query fields These fields are unidirectional. These fields values cannot be stored in a rule entry. They must always be sent with the compression residues. 6. Other RFCs 6.1. Block Block [rfc7959] allows a fragmentation at the CoAP level. SCHC includes also a fragmentation protocol. They are compatible. If a block option is used, its content must be sent as a compression residue. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 9] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 6.2. Observe [rfc7641] defines the Observe option. The TV is not set, MO is set to "ignore" and the CDF is set to "value-sent". SCHC does not limit the maximum size for this option (3 bytes). To reduce the transmission size either the device implementation should limit the value increase or a proxy can modify the incrementation. Since RST message may be sent to inform a server that the client do not require Observe response, a rule must allow the transmission of this message. 6.3. No-Response [rfc7967] defines an No-Response option limiting the responses made by a server to a request. If the value is not known by both ends, then TV is set to this value, MO is set to "equal" and CDF is set to "not-sent". Otherwise, if the value is changing over time, TV is not set, MO is set to "ignore" and CDA to "value-sent". A matching list can also be used to reduce the size. 6.4. Time Scale Time scale [I-D.toutain-core-time-scale] option allows a client to inform the server that it is in a slow network and that message ID should be kept for a duration given by the option. If the value is not known by both ends, then TV is set to this value, MO is set to "equal" and CDA is set to "not-sent". Otherwise, if the value is changing over time, TV is not set, MO is set to "ignore" and CDA to "value-sent". A matching list can also be used to reduce the size. 6.5. OSCORE OSCORE [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] defines end-to-end protection for CoAP messages. This section describes how SCHC rules can be applied to compress OSCORE-protected messages. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 10] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 <--------- n bytes -------------> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--------------------------------- |0 0 0|h|k| n | Partial IV (if any) ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--------------------------------- | | | <--------- CoAP OSCORE_piv ------------------> | <- 1 byte -> <------ s bytes -----> +------------+----------------------+-----------------------+ | s (if any) | kid context (if any) | kid (if any) ... | +------------+----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | <------ CoAP OSCORE_kidctxt ----->|<-- CoAP OSCORE_kid -->| Figure 4: OSCORE Option The encoding of the OSCORE Option Value defined in Section 6.1 of [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] is repeated in Figure 4. The first byte is used for flags that specify the contents of the OSCORE option. The 3 most significant bits are reserved and always set to 0. Bit h, when set, indicates the presence of the kid context field in the option. Bit k, when set, indicates the presence of a kid field. The 3 least significant bits n indicate to length of the piv field in bytes, n = 0 taken to mean that no piv is present. After the flag byte follow the piv field, kid context field and kid field in order and if present; the length of the kid context field is encoded in the first byte denoting by s the length of the kid context in bytes. This draft recommends to implement a parser that is able to identify the OSCORE Option and the fields it contains - this makes it possible to do a preliminary processing of the message in preparation for regular SCHC compression. Conceptually, the OSCORE option can transmit up to 3 distinct pieces of information at a time: the piv, the kid context, and the kid. This draft proposes that the SCHC Parser split the contents of this option into 3 SCHC fields: o CoAP OSCORE_piv, o CoAP OSCORE_ctxt, o CoAP OSCORE_kid. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 11] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 These fields are superposed on the OSCORE Option format in Figure 4, and include the corresponding flag and size bits for each part of the option. Both the flag and size bits can be omitted by use of the MSB matching operator on each field. 7. Examples of CoAP header compression 7.1. Mandatory header with CON message In this first scenario, the LPWAN compressor receives from outside client a POST message, which is immediately acknowledged by the Device. For this simple scenario, the rules are described Figure 5. Rule ID 1 +-------------+--+--+--+------+---------+-------------++------------+ | Field |FL|FP|DI|Target| Match | CDA || Sent | | | | | |Value | Opera. | || [bits] | +-------------+--+--+--+------+---------+-------------++------------+ |CoAP version | | |bi| 01 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP version | | |bi| 01 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Type | | |dw| CON |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Type | | |up|[ACK, | | || | | | | | | RST] |match-map|matching-sent|| T | |CoAP TKL | | |bi| 0 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Code | | |bi| ML1 |match-map|matching-sent|| CC CCC | |CoAP MID | | |bi| 0000 |MSB(7 ) |LSB(9) || M-ID| |CoAP Uri-Path| | |dw| path |equal 1 |not-sent || | +-------------+--+--+--+------+---------+-------------++------------+ Figure 5: CoAP Context to compress header without token The version and Token Length fields are elided. Code has shrunk to 5 bits using a matching list. Uri-Path contains a single element indicated in the matching operator. Figure 6 shows the time diagram of the exchange. A client in the Application Server sends a CON request. It can go through a proxy which reduces the message ID to a smallest value, with at least the 9 most significant bits equal to 0. SCHC Compression reduces the header sending only the Type, a mapped code and the least 9 significant bits of Message ID. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 12] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 Device LPWAN SCHC C/D | | | rule id=1 |<-------------------- |<-------------------| +-+-+--+----+------+ <------------------- | CCCCCMMMMMMMMM | |1|0| 4|0.01|0x0034| +-+-+--+----+-------+ | 00001000110100 | | 0xb4 p a t| |1|0| 1|0.01|0x0034 | | | | h | | 0xb4 p a t | | | +------+ | h | | | +------+ | | | | | | ---------------------->| rule id=1 | +-+-+--+----+--------+ |------------------->| |1|2| 0|2.05| 0x0034 | | TCCCCCMMMMMMMMM |---------------------> +-+-+--+----+--------+ | 001100000110100 | +-+-+--+----+------+ | | |1|2| 0|2.05|0x0034| v v +-+-+--+----+------+ Figure 6: Compression with global addresses 7.2. Complete exchange In that example, the Thing is using CoMi and sends queries for 2 SID. CON MID=0x0012 | | POST | | Accept X | | /c/k=AS |------------------------>| | | | | |<------------------------| ACK MID=0x0012 | | 0.00 | | | | |<------------------------| CON | | MID=0X0034 | | Content-Format X ACK MID=0x0034 |------------------------>| 0.00 Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 13] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 7.3. OSCORE Compression OSCORE aims to solve the problem of end-to-end encryption for CoAP messages, which are otherwise required to terminate their TLS or DTLS protection at the proxy, as discussed in Section 11.2 of [rfc7252]. CoAP proxies are men-in-the-middle, but not all of the information they have access to is necessary for their operation. The goal, therefore, is to hide as much of the message as possible while still enabling proxy operation. Conceptually this is achieved by splitting the CoAP message into an Inner Plaintext and Outer OSCORE Message. The Inner Plaintext contains sensible information which is not necessary for proxy operation. This, in turn, is the part of the message which can be encrypted and need not be decrypted until it reaches its end destination. The Outer Message acts as a shell matching the format of a regular CoAP message, and includes all Options and information needed for proxy operation and caching. This decomposition is illustrated in Figure 7. CoAP options are sorted into one of 3 classes, each granted a specific type of protection by the protocol: o Class E: Enrypted options moved to the Inner Plaintext, o Class I: Intergrity-protected options included in the AAD for the encryption of the Plaintext but otherwise left untouched in the Outer Message, o Class U: Unprotected options left untouched in the Outer Message. Additionally, the OSCORE Option is added as an Outer option, signaling that the message is OSCORE protected. This option carries the information necessary to retrieve the Security Context with which the message was encrypted so that it may be correctly decrypted at the other end-point. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 14] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 Orignal CoAP Message +-+-+---+-------+---------------+ |v|t|tkl| code | Msg Id. | +-+-+---+-------+---------------+....+ | Token | +-------------------------------.....+ | Options (IEU) | . . . . +------+-------------------+ | 0xFF | +------+------------------------+ | | | Payload | | | +-------------------------------+ / \ / \ / \ / \ Outer Header v v Plaintext +-+-+---+--------+---------------+ +-------+ |v|t|tkl|new code| Msg Id. | | code | +-+-+---+--------+---------------+....+ +-------+-----......+ | Token | | Options (E) | +--------------------------------.....+ +-------+------.....+ | Options (IU) | | OxFF | . . +-------+-----------+ . OSCORE Option . | | +------+-------------------+ | Payload | | 0xFF | | | +------+ +-------------------+ Figure 7: OSCORE inner and outer header form a CoAP message Figure 7 shows the message format for the OSCORE Message and Plaintext. In the Outer Header, the original message code is hidden and replaced by a default value (POST or FETCH) depending on whether the original message was a Request or a Response. The original message code is put into the first byte of the Plaintext. Following the message code come the class E options and if present the original message Payload preceded by its payload marker. The Plaintext is now encrypted by an AEAD algorithm which integrity protects Security Context parameters and eventually any class I options from the Outer Header. Currently no CoAP options are marked Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 15] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 class I. The resulting Ciphertext becomes the new Payload of the OSCORE message, as illustrated in Figure 8. Outer Header +-+-+---+--------+---------------+ |v|t|tkl|new code| Msg Id. | +-+-+---+--------+---------------+....+ | Token | +--------------------------------.....+ | Options (IU) | . . . OSCORE Option . +------+-------------------+ | 0xFF | +------+-------------------------+ | | | Encrypted Inner Header and | | Payload | | | +--------------------------------+ Figure 8: OSCORE message The SCHC Compression scheme consists of compressing both the Plaintext before encryption and the resulting OSCORE message after encryption, see Figure 9. This way compression reaches all fields of the original CoAP message. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 16] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 Outer Message OSCORE Plaintext +-+-+---+--------+---------------+ +-------+ |v|t|tkl|new code| Msg Id. | | code | +-+-+---+--------+---------------+....+ +-------+-----......+ | Token | | Options (E) | +--------------------------------.....+ +-------+------.....+ | Options (IU) | | OxFF | . . +-------+-----------+ . OSCORE Option . | | +------+-------------------+ | Payload | | 0xFF | | | +------+------------+ +-------------------+ | Ciphertext |<---------\ | | | | v +-------------------+ | +-----------------+ | | | Inner SCHC | v | | Compression | +-----------------+ | +-----------------+ | Outer SCHC | | | | Compression | | v +-----------------+ | +-------+ | | |Rule ID| v | +-------+--+ +--------+ +------------+ | Residue | |Rule ID'| | Encryption | <--- +----------+--------+ +--------+--+ +------------+ | | | Residue' | | Payload | +-----------+-------+ | | | Ciphertext | +-------------------+ | | +-------------------+ Figure 9: OSCORE Compression Diagram 7.4. Example OSCORE Compression In what follows we present an example GET Request and consequent CONTENT Response and show a possible set of rules for the Inner and Outer SCHC Compression. We then show a dump of the results and contrast SCHC + OSCORE performance with SCHC + COAP performance. This gives an approximation to the cost of security with SCHC-OSCORE. Our first example CoAP message is the GET Request in Figure 10 Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 17] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 Original message: ================= 0x4101000182bb74656d7065726174757265 Header: 0x4101 01 Ver 00 CON 0001 tkl 00000001 Request Code 1 "GET" 0x0001 = mid 0x82 = token Options: 0xbb74656d7065726174757265 Option 11: URI_PATH Value = temperature Original msg length: 17 bytes. Figure 10: CoAP GET Request Its corresponding response is the CONTENT Response in Figure 11. Original message: ================= 0x6145000182ff32332043 Header: 0x6145 01 Ver 10 ACK 0001 tkl 01000101 Successful Response Code 69 "2.05 Content" 0x0001 = mid 0x82 = token 0xFF Payload marker Payload: 0x32332043 Original msg length: 10 Figure 11: CoAP CONTENT Response Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 18] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 The SCHC Rules for the Inner Compression include all fields that are already present in a regular CoAP message, what matters is the order of appearance and inclusion of only those CoAP fields that go into the Plaintext, Figure 12. Rule ID 0 +----------------+--+--+-----------+-----------+-----------++--------+ | Field |FP|DI| Target | MO | CDA || Sent | | | | | Value | | || [bits] | +----------------+--+--+-----------+-----------+-----------++--------+ |CoAP Code | |up| 1 | equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Code | |dw|[69,132] | match-map |match-sent || c | |CoAP Uri-Path | |up|temperature| equal |not-sent || | |COAP Option-End | |dw| 0xFF | equal |not-sent || | +----------------+--+--+-----------+-----------+-----------++--------+ Figure 12: Inner SCHC Rules The Outer SCHC Rules (Figure 13) must process the OSCORE Options fields. Here we mask off the repeated bits (most importantly the flag and size bits) with the MSB Mathing Operator. Rule ID 0 +---------------+--+--+--------------+---------+-----------++------------+ | Field |FP|DI| Target | MO | CDA || Sent | | | | | Value | | || [bits] | +---------------+--+--+--------------+---------+-----------++------------+ |CoAP version | |bi| 01 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Type | |up| 0 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Type | |dw| 2 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP TKL | |bi| 1 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Code | |up| 2 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Code | |dw| 68 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP MID | |bi| 0000 |MSB(12) |LSB ||MMMM | |CoAP Token | |bi| 0x80 |MSB(5) |LSB ||TTT | |CoAP OSCORE_piv| |up| 0x0900 |MSB(12) |LSB ||PPPP | |COAP OSCORE_kid| |up|b'\x06client' |MSB(52) |LSB ||KKKK | |CoAP OSCORE_piv| |dw| b'' |equal |not-sent || | |COAP Option-End| |dw| 0xFF |equal |not-sent || | +---------------+--+--+--------------+---------+-----------++------------+ Figure 13: Outer SCHC Rules Next we show a dump of the compressed message: Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 19] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 Compressed message: ================== 0x00291287f0a5c4833760d170 0x00 = Rule ID piv = 0x04 Compression residue: 0b0001 010 0100 0100 (15 bits -> 2 bytes with padding) mid tkn piv kid Payload 0xa1fc297120cdd8345c Compressed message length: 12 bytes Figure 14: SCHC-OSCORE Compressed GET Request Compressed message: ================== 0x0015f4de9cb814c96aed9b1d981a3a58 0x00 = Rule ID Compression residue: 0b0001 010 (7 bits -> 1 byte with padding) mid tkn Payload 0xfa6f4e5c0a64b576cd8ecc0d1d2c Compressed msg length: 16 bytes Figure 15: SCHC-OSCORE Compressed CONTENT Response For contrast, we compare these results with what would be obtained by SCHC compressing the original CoAP messages without protecting them with OSCORE. To do this, we compress the CoAP mesages according to the SCHC rules in Figure 16. Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 20] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 Rule ID 1 +---------------+--+--+-----------+---------+-----------++------------+ | Field |FP|DI| Target | MO | CDA || Sent | | | | | Value | | || [bits] | +---------------+--+--+-----------+---------+-----------++------------+ |CoAP version | |bi| 01 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Type | |up| 0 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Type | |dw| 2 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP TKL | |bi| 1 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Code | |up| 2 |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP Code | |dw| [69,132] |equal |not-sent || | |CoAP MID | |bi| 0000 |MSB(12) |LSB ||MMMM | |CoAP Token | |bi| 0x80 |MSB(5) |LSB ||TTT | |CoAP Uri-Path | |up|temperature|equal |not-sent || | |COAP Option-End| |dw| 0xFF |equal |not-sent || | +---------------+--+--+-----------+---------+-----------++------------+ Figure 16: SCHC-CoAP Rules (No OSCORE) This yields the results in Figure 17 for the Request, and Figure 18 for the Response. Compressed message: ================== 0x0114 0x01 = Rule ID Compression residue: 0b00010100 (1 byte) Compressed msg length: 2 Figure 17: CoAP GET Compressed without OSCORE Compressed message: ================== 0x010a32332043 0x01 = Rule ID Compression residue: 0b00001010 (1 byte) Payload 0x32332043 Compressed msg length: 6 Figure 18: CoAP CONTENT Compressed without OSCORE Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 21] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 As can be seen, the difference between applying SCHC + OSCORE as compared to regular SCHC + COAP is about 10 bytes of cost. 8. Normative References [I-D.ietf-core-object-security] Selander, G., Mattsson, J., Palombini, F., and L. Seitz, "Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE)", draft-ietf-core-object-security-13 (work in progress), June 2018. [I-D.ietf-lpwan-ipv6-static-context-hc] Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., Gomez, C., and D. Barthel, "LPWAN Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and fragmentation for IPv6 and UDP", draft-ietf-lpwan-ipv6- static-context-hc-16 (work in progress), June 2018. [I-D.toutain-core-time-scale] Minaburo, A. and L. Toutain, "CoAP Time Scale Option", draft-toutain-core-time-scale-00 (work in progress), October 2017. [rfc7252] Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014, . [rfc7641] Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641, DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015, . [rfc7959] Bormann, C. and Z. Shelby, Ed., "Block-Wise Transfers in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7959, DOI 10.17487/RFC7959, August 2016, . [rfc7967] Bhattacharyya, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Pal, A., and T. Bose, "Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Option for No Server Response", RFC 7967, DOI 10.17487/RFC7967, August 2016, . Authors' Addresses Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 22] Internet-Draft LPWAN CoAP compression July 2018 Ana Minaburo Acklio 1137A avenue des Champs Blancs 35510 Cesson-Sevigne Cedex France Email: ana@ackl.io Laurent Toutain Institut MINES TELECOM; IMT Atlantique 2 rue de la Chataigneraie CS 17607 35576 Cesson-Sevigne Cedex France Email: Laurent.Toutain@imt-atlantique.fr Ricardo Andreasen Universidad de Buenos Aires Av. Paseo Colon 850 C1063ACV Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires Argentina Email: randreasen@fi.uba.ar Minaburo, et al. Expires January 3, 2019 [Page 23]