Internet Engineering Task Force L. Fang, Ed. Internet-Draft Cisco Systems Intended status: Informational B. Niven-Jenkins, Ed. Expires: April 30, 2012 Velocix S. Mansfield, Ed. Ericsson R. Graveman, Ed. RFG Security October 31, 2011 MPLS-TP Security Framework draft-ietf-mpls-tp-security-framework-02 Abstract This document provides a security framework for Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). Extended from MPLS technologies, MPLS-TP introduces new OAM capabilities, a transport- oriented path protection mechanism, and strong emphasis on static provisioning supported by network management systems. This document addresses the security aspects that are relevant in the context of MPLS-TP specifically. It describes the security requirements for MPLS-TP and potential security threats and mitigation procedures for MPLS-TP networks and MPLS-TP inter-connection to MPLS and GMPLS networks. This document is a product of a joint Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) / International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) effort to include an MPLS Transport Profile within the IETF MPLS and PWE3 architectures to support the capabilities and functionalities of a packet transport network. This Informational Internet-Draft is aimed at achieving IETF Consensus before publication as an RFC and will be subject to an IETF Last Call. [RFC Editor, please remove this note before publication as an RFC and insert the correct Streams Boilerplate to indicate that the published RFC has IETF Consensus.] Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 1] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on April 30, 2012. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 2] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1. Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Requirement Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5. Structure of the document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. Security Reference Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1. Security Reference Model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2. Security Reference Model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3. Security Reference Model 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4. Trusted Zone Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3. Security Requirements for MPLS-TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. Security Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1. Attacks on the Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2. Attacks on the Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5. Defensive Techniques for MPLS-TP Networks . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.1. Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.1.1. Management System Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.1.2. Peer-to-Peer Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.1.3. Cryptographic Techniques for Authenticating Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.2. Access Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.3. Use of Isolated Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5.4. Use of Aggregated Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5.5. Service Provider Quality Control Processes . . . . . . . . 21 5.6. Verification of Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6. Monitoring, Detection, and Reporting of Security Attacks . . . 21 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 3] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 1. Introduction 1.1. Background and Motivation This document provides a security framework for Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). The MPLS-TP Requirements and MPLS-TP Framework are defined in [RFC5654] and [RFC5921] respectively. The intent of MPLS-TP development is to address the needs for transport evolution and the fast-growing bandwidth demand accelerated by new packet-based services and multimedia applications, from Ethernet Services, Layer 2 and Layer 3 VPNS, and triple play to Mobile Access Network (RAN) backhaul, etc. MPLS-TP is based on MPLS technologies to take advantage of this technology's maturity, and MPLS-TP is required to maintain the transport characteristics of MPLS. Focused on meeting transport requirements, MPLS-TP uses a subset of MPLS features and introduces extensions to reflect the transport technology characteristics. The added functionalities include in- band OAM, transport-oriented path protection and recovery mechanisms, etc. There is strong emphasis on static provisioning supported by Network Management Systems (NMS) or Operation Support Systems (OSS). There are also needs for MPLS-TP and MPLS interworking. The security aspects for the new extensions particularly designed for MPLS-TP need to be addressed. The security models, requirements, threats, and defense techniques previously defined in [RFC5921] can be applied to reuse existing functionalities in MPLS and GMPLS but are not sufficient to cover the new extensions. This document is a product of a joint Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) / International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) effort to include an MPLS Transport Profile within the IETF MPLS and PWE3 architectures to support the capabilities and functionalities of a packet transport network. 1.2. Scope This document addresses the security aspects specific to MPLS-TP. It provides the security requirements for MPLS-TP, defines security models that apply to various MPLS-TP deployment scenarios, and identifies the potential security threats and mitigation procedures for MPLS-TP networks and MPLS-TP inter-connection to MPLS or GMPLS networks. Inter-AS and Inter-provider security for MPLS-TP to MPLS-TP connections or MPLS-TP to MPLS connections are discussed, because these connections present higher security risk factors than connections for Intra-AS MPLS-TP. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 4] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 The general security analysis and guidelines for MPLS and GMPLS are addressed in [RFC5920], and the content of [RFC5920] that has no new impact on MPLS-TP is not repeated in this document. Other general security issues regarding transport networks that are not specific to MPLS-TP are also out of scope. Readers may also refer to the "Security Best Practices Efforts and Documents" Opsec Effort [opsec-efforts] and "Security Mechanisms for the Internet" [RFC3631] (if there are linkages to the Internet in the applications) for general network operations security considerations. This document does not define the specific mechanisms or methods that must be implemented to satisfy the security requirements. The issues and areas addressed with respect to MPLS-TP security are: o G-Ach (control plane attack, DoS attack, message intercept, etc.) o ID Spoofing o Loopback attacks o NMS attacks o NMS and CP interaction vulnerabilities o MIP and MEP assignment and attacks on these mechanisms o Topology discovery vulnerabilities o Data plane authentication o Label authentication o DoS attacks on the Data Plane o Performance Monitoring vulnerabilities 1.3. Requirement Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Although this document is not a protocol specification, the use of this language clarifies the instructions to protocol designers producing solutions that satisfy the requirements set out in this document. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 5] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 1.4. Terminology This document uses MPLS, MPLS-TP, and security specific terminology. Detailed definitions and additional terminology for MPLS-TP may be found in [RFC5654], [RFC5921], and MPLS/GMPLS security-related terminology in [RFC5920]. o BFD: Bidirectional Forwarding Detection o CE: Customer-Edge device o DoS: Denial of Service o DDoS: Distributed Denial of Service o GAL: Generic Alert Label o G-ACH: Generic Associated Channel o GMPLS: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching o LDP: Label Distribution Protocol o LSP: Label Switched Path o MCC: Management Communication Channel o MEP: Maintenance End Point o MIP: Maintenance Intermediate Point o MPLS: MultiProtocol Label Switching o OAM: Operations, Administration, and Management o PE: Provider-Edge device o PSN: Packet-Switched Network o PW: Pseudowire o RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol o RSVP-TE: Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering Extensions o S-PE: Switching Provider Edge Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 6] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 o SSH: Secure Shell o TE: Traffic Engineering o TLS: Transport Layer Security o T-PE: Terminating Provider Edge o VPN: Virtual Private Network o WG: Working Group of IETF o WSS: Web Services Security 1.5. Structure of the document Section 1: Introduction Section 2: MPLS-TP Security Reference Models Section 3: Security Requirements Section 4: Security Threats Section 5: Defensive and mitigation techniques and procedures 2. Security Reference Models This section defines reference models for security in MPLS-TP networks. The models are built on the architecture of MPLS-TP defined in [RFC5921]. The Service Provider (SP) boundaries play an important role in determining the security models for any particular deployment. This document defines a trusted zone as being where a single SP has total operational control over that part of the network. A primary concern is about security aspects that relate to breaches of security from the "outside" of a trusted zone to the "inside" of this zone. 2.1. Security Reference Model 1 In reference model 1, a single SP has total control of the PE/T-PE to PE/T-PE part of the MPLS-TP network. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 7] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework May 2011 Security reference model 1(a) An MPLS-TP network with Single Segment Pseudowire (SS-PW) from PE to PE. The trusted zone is PE1 to PE2 as illustrated in MPLS-TP Security Model 1 (a) (Figure 1). |<-------------- Emulated Service ---------------->| | | | |<------- Pseudo Wire ------>| | | | | | | | |<-- PSN Tunnel -->| | | | V V V V | V AC +----+ +----+ AC V +-----+ | | PE1|==================| PE2| | +-----+ | |----------|............PW1.............|----------| | | CE1 | | | | | | | | CE2 | | |----------|............PW2.............|----------| | +-----+ ^ | | |==================| | | ^ +-----+ ^ | +----+ +----+ | | ^ | | Provider Edge 1 Provider Edge 2 | | | | | | Customer | | Customer Edge 1 | | Edge 2 | | Native service Native service ----Untrusted--- >|<------- Trusted Zone ----->|<---Untrusted---- MPLS-TP Security Model 1 (a) Figure 1 AC: Attachment Circuit Security reference model 1(b) An MPLS-TP network with Multi-Segment Pseudowire (MS-PW) from T-PE to T-PE. The trusted zone is T-PE1 to T-PE2 in this model as illustrated in MPLS-TP Security Model 1 (b) (Figure 2). Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 8] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Native |<------------Pseudowire----------->| Native Service | PSN PSN | Service (AC) | |<-cloud->| |<-cloud->| | (AC) | V V V V V V | | +----+ +----+ +----+ | +----+ | |TPE1|=========|SPE1|==========|TPE2| | +----+ | |------|.....PW.Seg't1......PW.Seg't3..... |-------| | | CE1| | | | | | | | | |CE2 | | |------|.....PW.Seg't2......PW.Seg't4..... |-------| | +----+ | | |=========| |==========| | | +----+ ^ +----+ ^ +----+ ^ +----+ ^ | | | | | TP LSP TP LSP | | | |<---------------- Emulated Service -------------->| -- Untrusted-->|<---------- Trusted Zone ---------->|<--Untrusted-- MPLS-TP Security Model 1 (b) Figure 2 2.2. Security Reference Model 2 In reference model 2, a single SP does not have total control of the PE/T-PE to PE/T-PE part of the MPLS-TP network. S-PE and T-PE may be under the control of different SPs or their customers or may not be trusted for some other reason. The MPLS-TP network is not contained within a single trusted zone. Security Reference Model 2(a) An MPLS-TP network with Multi-Segment Pseudowire (MS-PW) from T-PE to T-PE. The trusted zone is T-PE1 to S-PE, as illustrated in MPLS-TP Security Model 2 (a) (Figure 3). Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 9] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Native |<------------Pseudowire----------->| Native Service | PSN PSN | Service (AC) | || |<-cloud-->| | (AC) | V V V V V V | | +----+ +----+ +----+ | +----+ | |TPE1|=========|SPE1|==========|TPE2| | +----+ | |------|.....PW.Seg't1......PW.Seg't3..... |-------| | | CE1| | | | | | | | | |CE2 | | |------|.....PW.Seg't2......PW.Seg't4..... |-------| | +----+ | | |=========| |==========| | | +----+ ^ +----+ ^ +----+ ^ +----+ ^ | | | | | TP LSP TP LSP | | | |<---------------- Emulated Service -------------->| -- Untrusted-->|<-- Trusted Zone -->|<---------Untrusted-------- MPLS-TP Security Model 2 (a) Figure 3 Security Reference Model 2(b) An MPLS-TP network with Multi-Segment Pseudowire (MS-PW) from T-PE to T-PE. The trusted zone is the S-PE, as illustrated in MPLS-TP Security Model 2 (b) (Figure 4). Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 10] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Native |<------------Pseudowire-------------->| Native Service | PSN PSN | Service (AC) | || |<-cloud-->| | (AC) | V V V V V V | | +----+ +----+ +----+ | +----+ | |TPE1|=========|SPE1|==========|TPE2| | +----+ | |------|.....PW.Seg't1......PW.Seg't3.... .|-------| | | CE1| | | | | | | | | |CE2 | | |------|.....PW.Seg't2......PW.Seg't4..... |-------| | +----+ | | |=========| |==========| | | +----+ ^ +----+ ^ +----+ ^ +----+ ^ | | | | | TP LSP TP LSP | | | |<---------------- Emulated Service -------------->| --------Untrusted------------>|<--->|< ------Untrusted-------- Trusted Zone MPLS-TP Security Model 2 (b) Figure 4 Security Reference Model 2(c) An MPLS-TP network with Multi-Segment Pseudowire (MS-PW) from different Service Providers with inter-provider PW connections. The trusted zone is T-PE1 to S-PE3, as illustrated in MPLS-TP Security Model 2 (c) (Figure 5). Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 11] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Native |<-------------------- PW15 --------------------->| Native Layer | | Layer Service | |<-PSN13->| |<-PSN3X->| |<-PSNXZ->| | Service (AC1) V V LSP V V LSP V V LSP V V (AC2) +----+ +-+ +----+ +----+ +-+ +----+ +---+ |TPE1| | | |SPE3| |SPEX| | | |TPEZ| +---+ | | | |=========| |=========| |=========| | | | |CE1|----|........PW1........|...PW3...|........PW5........|---|CE2| | | | |=========| |=========| |=========| | | | +---+ | 1 | |2| | 3 | | X | |Y| | Z | +---+ +----+ +-+ +----+ +----+ +-+ +----+ |<- Subnetwork 123->| |<- Subnetwork XYZ->| Untrusted->|<- Trusted Zone - >|<-------------Untrusted--------------- MPLS-TP Security Model 2 (c) Figure 5 2.3. Security Reference Model 3 An MPLS-TP network with a Transport LSP from PE1 to PE2. The trusted zone is PE1 to PE2 as illustrated in MPLS-TP Security Model 3 (a) (Figure 6). Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 12] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 |<------------- Client Network Layer --------------->| | | | |<----------- Packet --------->| | | | Transport Service | | | | | | | | | | | | Transport | | | | |<------ LSP ------->| | | | V V V V | V AC +----+ +-----+ +----+ AC V +-----+ | | PE1|=======\ /========| PE2| | +-----+ | |----------|..Svc LSP1.| \ / |............|----------| | | CE1 | | | | | X | | | | | CE2 | | |----------|..Svc LSP2.| / \ |............|----------| | +-----+ ^ | | |=======/ \========| | | ^ +-----+ ^ | +----+ ^ +-----+ +----+ | | ^ | | Provider | ^ Provider | | | | Edge 1 | | Edge 2 | | Customer | | P Router | Customer Edge 1 | TE LSP | Edge 2 | | | | Native service Native service -----Untrusted---- >|< ------ Trusted Zone ------ >|<---Untrusted---- MPLS-TP Security Model 3 (a) Figure 6 2.4. Trusted-Zone Boundaries The boundaries of a trusted zone should be carefully defined when analyzing the security properties of each individual network. As illustrated above, the security boundaries determine which reference model should be applied to the use case analysis. A key requirement of MPLS-TP networks is that the security of a trusted zone MUST NOT be compromised by interconnecting one SP's MPLS-TP or MPLS infrastructure with another SP's core devices, T-PE devices, or end users. In addition, neighboring nodes in the network may be trusted or untrusted. Neighbors may also be authorized or unauthorized. Even though a neighbor may be authorized for communication, it may not be trusted. For example, when connecting with another provider's S-PE to set up Inter-AS LSPs, the other provider is considered to be untrusted but may be authorized for communication. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 13] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 +---------------+ +----------------+ | | | | | MPLS-TP S-PE1----S-PE3 MPLS-TP | CE1--T-PE1 Network | | Network T-PE2--CE2 | Provider S-PE2----S-PE4 Provider | | A | | B | +---------------+ +----------------+ For Provider A: Trusted Zone: Provider A MPLS-TP network Trusted neighbors: T-PE1, S-PE1, S-PE2 Authorized but untrusted neighbor: Provider B Unauthorized neighbors: CE2 MPLS-TP trusted zone and authorized neighbor Figure 7 3. Security Requirements for MPLS-TP This section covers security requirements for securing an MPLS-TP network infrastructure. The MPLS-TP network can be operated without a control plane or via dynamic control plane protocols. The security requirements related to new MPLS-TP OAM, recovery mechanisms, MPLS-TP and MPLS interconnection, and MPLS-TP specific operations are addressed in this section. A service provider may choose the deployment options best fitting for its network operations. This document does not mandate that an MPLS-TP network must fulfill all security requirements listed to be secure. These requirements are focused on: 1) how to protect the MPLS-TP network from various attacks originating outside the trusted zone including those from network users, both accidental and malicious; 2) prevention of operational errors resulting from misconfiguration within the trusted zone. o MPLS-TP MUST support the physical and logical separation of the data plane from the control plane and the management plane. That is, if the control plane, management plane, or both are attacked and cannot function normally, the data plane should continue to forward packets without being impacted. o MPLS-TP MUST support static provisioning of MPLS-TP LSPs and PWs with or without an NMS or OSS, without using control protocols. This is particularly important in the case of security model 2(a) Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 14] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 (Figure 3) and security model 2(b) (Figure 4) where some or all T-PEs are not in the trusted zone, and in the inter-provider cases in security model 2(c) (Figure 5) when the connecting S-PE is not in the trusted zone. o MPLS-TP MUST support non-IP path options in addition to the IP loopback option. Non-IP path options when used in security model 2 (Section 2.2) may help to lower the potential risk of attacks on the S-PE/T-PE in the trusted zone. o MPLS-TP MUST support authentication of any control protocol used for an MPLS-TP network, as well as for MPLS-TP network to dynamic MPLS network inter-connection. o MPLS-TP MUST support mechanisms to prevent Denial of Service (DoS) attacks via any in-band OAM or G-ACh/GAL. o MPLS-TP MUST support hiding of the Service Provider's infrastructure for all reference models regardless of whether the network(s) are using static configuration or a dynamic control plane. o Management security requirements from [RFC5951] include the following: * MPLS-TP MUST support security for the management communication channel (MCC). * Secure communication channels MUST be supported for all network traffic and protocols used to support management functions. This MUST include protocols used for configuration, monitoring, configuration backup, logging, time synchronization, authentication, and routing. * The MCC MUST provide support for confidentiality and data integrity protection for applications. * The MCC MUST support the use of a flexible set of strong, open, and standard cryptographic algorithms (see Section 2.2 of [RFC3871]). * The MCC MUST support authentication to ensure that management connectivity and activity is only from authenticated entities. * The MCC MUST support port access control. * Distributed Denial of Service: It is possible to lessen the potential and impact for DoS and DDoS attacks by using secure protocols, turning off unnecessary processes, logging and monitoring, and ingress filtering. See [RFC4732] for background on DoS in the context of the Internet. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 15] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 o MPLS-TP MUST provide protection from operational errors. Due to the extensive use of static provisioning with or without a NMS or OSS, the prevention of configuration errors should be addressed as a major set of security requirements. 4. Security Threats This section discusses the various network security threats that may endanger MPLS-TP networks. The discussion is limited to those threats that are unique to MPLS-TP networks or that affect MPLS-TP networks in unique ways. A successful attack on a particular MPLS-TP network or on a SP's MPLS-TP infrastructure may cause one or more of the following ill effects: 1. Observation (including traffic pattern analysis), modification, or deletion of a provider's or user's data, as well as replay or insertion of inauthentic data into a provider's or user's data stream. These types of attacks apply to MPLS-TP traffic regardless of how the LSP or PW is set up in a similar way to how they apply to MPLS traffic regardless how the LSP is set up. 2. Attacks on GAL label or BFD messages: a. GAL label or BFD label manipulation, which includes insertion of false labels or messages, and modification or removal of GAL labels or messages by attackers. b. DoS attack through in-band OAM G-ACH/GAL and BFD messages. 3. Disruption of a provider's or user's connectivity, or degradation of a provider's service quality. a. Attacks against provider connectivity: + In the case in which an NMS is used for LSP set-up, the attacks occur through attacks on the NMS. + In the case in which dynamic provisioning is used, the attacks occur on the dynamic control plane. Most aspects of these are addressed in [RFC5920]. b. Attacks against user connectivity. These are similar to PE/CE attacks against access in typical MPLS networks and are addressed in [RFC5920]. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 16] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 4. Probing a provider's network to determine its configuration, capacity, or usage. These types of attack can occur through attacks against an NMS in the case of static provisioning, or through attacks against the control plane in dynamic MPLS networks. They can also be combined attacks. It is useful to consider that threats, whether malicious or accidental, may come from different categories of sources. For example they may come from: o Other users whose services are provided by the same MPLS-TP core. o The MPLS-TP SP or persons working for it. o Other persons who obtain physical access to a MPLS-TP SP's site. o Other persons who use social engineering methods to influence the behavior of a SP's personnel. o Users of the MPLS-TP network itself. o Others, e.g., attackers from the other sources, including the Internet if connected. o Other SPs in the case of MPLS-TP inter-provider connection. The provider may or may not be using MPLS-TP. o Those who create, deliver, install, and maintain hardware or software for network equipment. Given that security is generally a tradeoff between expense and risk, it is also useful to consider the likelihood of different attacks occurring. There is at least a perceived difference in the likelihood of most types of attacks being successfully mounted in different environments, such as: o A MPLS-TP network inter-connecting with another provider's core o A MPLS-TP configuration transiting the public Internet Most types of attacks become easier to mount and hence more likely as the shared infrastructure via which service is provided expands from a single SP to multiple cooperating SPs to the global Internet. Attacks that may not be of sufficient likeliness to warrant concern in a closely controlled environment often merit defensive measures in broader, more open environments. Even though surveys show that 40% to 60% of attacks originate from insiders, in closed communities, it is often practical to deal with misbehavior after the fact: an employee can be disciplined, for example. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 17] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 The following sections discuss specific types of exploits that threaten MPLS-TP networks. 4.1. Attacks on the Control Plane o MPLS-TP LSP creation by an unauthorized element o LSP message interception o Attacks on G-Ach o Attacks against LDP o Attacks against RSVP-TE o Attacks against GMPLS o Denial of Service Attacks on the Network Infrastructure o Attacks on the SP's MPLS/GMPLS Equipment via Management Interfaces o Social Engineering Attacks on the SP's Infrastructure o Cross-Connection of Traffic between Users o Attacks against Routing Protocols o Other Attacks on Control Traffic 4.2. Attacks on the Data Plane This category encompasses attacks on the provider's or end user's data. Note that from the MPLS-TP network end user's point of view, some of this might be control plane traffic, e.g. routing protocols running from user site A to user site B via IP or non-IP connections, which may be some type of VPN. o Unauthorized Observation of Data Traffic o Modification of Data Traffic o Insertion of Inauthentic Data Traffic: Spoofing and Replay o Unauthorized Deletion of Data Traffic o Unauthorized Traffic Pattern Analysis Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 18] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 o Denial of Service Attacks o Misconnection 5. Defensive Techniques for MPLS-TP Networks The defensive techniques discussed in this document are intended to describe methods by which some security threats can be addressed. They are not intended as requirements for all MPLS-TP implementations. The specific operational environment determines the security requirements for any instance of MPLS-TP. Therefore, protocol designers should provide a full set of security capabilities, which can be selected and used where appropriate. The MPLS-TP provider should determine the applicability of these techniques to the provider's specific service offerings, and the end user may wish to assess the value of these techniques to the user's service requirements. The techniques discussed here include entity authentication for identity verification, encryption for confidentiality, message integrity and replay detection to ensure the validity of message streams, network- based access controls such as packet filtering and firewalls, host-based access controls, isolation, aggregation, and event logging. Where these techniques apply to MPLS and GMPLS in general, they are described in Section 5.2 of [RFC5920]. The remainder of this section covers aspects that apply particularly to MPLS-TP. 5.1. Authentication To prevent security issues arising from impersonation, masquerade, or some DoS attacks or from malicious or accidental misconfiguration, it is critical that MPLS-TP devices should accept connections or control messages only from known sources. Authentication refers to methods for ensuring that the identities of message sources are properly verified by the MPLS-TP devices with which they communicate. This section focuses on scenarios in which sender authentication is required and recommends authentication mechanisms for these scenarios. 5.1.1. Management System Authentication Management system authentication includes the authentication of a PE to a centrally-managed network management or directory server when directory-based "auto-discovery" is used. It also includes authentication of a CE to the configuration server, when a configuration server system is used. This type of authentication should be bi-directional. The PE or CE needs to be certain it is communicating with the right server. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 19] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 5.1.2. Peer-to-Peer Authentication Peer-to-peer authentication includes peer authentication for network control protocols and other peer authentication (e.g., authentication of one IPsec security gateway by another). Authentication should be bi-directional, including S-PE, T-PE, PE or CE to configuration server authentication for PE or CE to be certain it is communicating with the right server. 5.1.3. Cryptographic Techniques for Authenticating Identity Cryptographic techniques offer several mechanisms for authenticating the identity of devices or individuals. These include the use of shared secret keys, one-time keys generated by accessory devices or software, user-ID and password pairs, and a variety of public-private key systems. Some of these use digital certificates binding a user's name and public key. One method of using digital certificates is within a hierarchical Certification Authority system. 5.2. Access Control Techniques Many of the security issues related to management interfaces can be addressed through the use of authentication as described in Section 5.1. However, additional security may be provided by controlling access to management interfaces or to specific resources with an access control model. In addition to identification and authentication, access control deals with authorization. Much of the work on security for SNMP has focused on access control models. For the most recent version of SNMP security, see the work of the ISMS WG. The Optical Internetworking Forum has done relevant work on Protecting interfaces to management systems with TLS, SSH, IPsec, WSS, etc. See Security for Management Interfaces to Network Elements [OIF-SMI-01.0], and Addendum to the Security for Management Interfaces to Network Elements [OIF-SMI-02.1]. Management interfaces, especially console ports on MPLS-TP devices, may be configured so they are only accessible out-of-band, through a system which is physically or logically separated from the rest of the MPLS-TP infrastructure. Where management interfaces are accessible in-band within the MPLS-TP domain, filtering or firewalling techniques can be used to restrict unauthorized in-band traffic from having access to management interfaces. Depending on device capabilities, these filtering or firewalling techniques can be configured either on other devices through which the traffic might pass, or on the individual MPLS-TP devices themselves. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 20] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 5.3. Use of Isolated Infrastructure One way to protect the infrastructure used for support of MPLS-TP is to separate the resources for support of MPLS-TP services from the resources used for other purposes. 5.4. Use of Aggregated Infrastructure In general, it is not feasible to use a completely separate set of resources for support of each service. In fact, one of the main reasons for MPLS-TP enabled services is to allow sharing of resources between multiple services and multiple users. Thus, even if certain services use a separate network from Internet services, nonetheless there will still be multiple MPLS-TP users sharing the same network resources. In general, the use of aggregated infrastructure allows the service provider to benefit from stochastic multiplexing of multiple bursty flows, and also may in some cases thwart traffic pattern analysis by combining the data from multiple users. However, service providers must minimize security risks introduced from any individual service or individual users. 5.5. Service Provider Quality Control Processes 5.6. Verification of Connectivity To protect against deliberate or accidental misconnection, mechanisms can be put in place to verify both end-to-end connectivity and hop-by-hop resources. These mechanisms can trace the routes of LSPs in both the control plane and the data plane. 6. Monitoring, Detection, and Reporting of Security Attacks MPLS-TP networks and services may be subject to attacks from a variety of security threats. Many types of threats are described in the Security Requirements (Section 3) Section of this document. The defensive techniques described in this document and elsewhere provide significant levels of protection from many of these threats. However, in addition to employing defensive techniques silently to protect against attacks, MPLS-TP services can also add value for both providers and customers by implementing security monitoring systems to detect and report on any security attacks, regardless of whether the attacks are effective. Attackers often begin by probing and analyzing defenses, so systems that can detect and properly report these early stages of attacks can provide significant benefits. Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 21] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Information concerning attack incidents, especially if available quickly, can be useful in defending against further attacks. It can be used to help identify attackers or their specific targets at an early stage. This knowledge about attackers and targets can be used to strengthen defenses against specific attacks or attackers, or to improve the defenses for specific targets on an as-needed basis. Information collected on attacks may also be useful in identifying and developing defenses against novel attack types. Also, extensive logging of normal processing, error conditions and security events can be an invaluable source of information for tracking down attacks, recovering from them, and determining how to prevent future attacks. Different methods may be appropriate from case to case, and in fact comparing the same or similar information obtained in different ways (e.g., with syslog and SNMP) has sometimes reveals subtle security flaws or actual intrusions. Implementations should also pay attention to the security of the logs themselves. 7. Security Considerations Security considerations constitute the sole subject of this document and hence are discussed throughout. The document describes a variety of defensive techniques that may be used to counter the potential threats. All of the techniques presented involve mature and widely implemented technologies that are practical to implement. The document evaluates MPLS-TP security requirements from a customer's perspective as well as from a service provider's perspective. These sections re-evaluate the identified threats from the perspectives of the various stakeholders and are meant to assist equipment vendors and service providers, who must ultimately decide what threats to protect against in any given configuration or service offering. 8. IANA Considerations This document contains no new IANA considerations. 9. References 9.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3871] Jones, G., "Operational Security Requirements for Large Internet Service Provider (ISP) IP Network Infrastructure", RFC 3871, September 2004. [RFC4732] Handley, M., Rescorla, E., and IAB, "Internet Denial-of- Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 22] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Service Considerations", RFC 4732, December 2006. [RFC5654] Niven-Jenkins, B., Brungard, D., Betts, M., Sprecher, N., and S. Ueno, "Requirements of an MPLS Transport Profile", RFC 5654, September 2009. [RFC5951] Lam, K., Mansfield, S., and E. Gray, "Network Management Requirements for MPLS-based Transport Networks", RFC 5951, September 2010. 9.2. Informative References [OIF-SMI-01.0] Optical Internetworking Forum, "Security for Management Interfaces to Network Elements", OIF OIF-SMI-01.0, Sept 2003. [OIF-SMI-02.1] Optical Internetworking Forum, "Addendum to the Security for Management Interfaces to Network Elements", OIF OIF- SMI-02.1, March 2006. Note: A single document updating these two OIF agreements may be published in November 2011. If so, it will be posted at http://www.oiforum.com/public/impagreements.html. [RFC3631] Bellovin, S., Schiller, J., and C. Kaufman, "Security Mechanisms for the Internet", RFC 3631, December 2003. [RFC5920] Fang, L., "Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS Networks", RFC 5920, July 2010. [RFC5921] Bocci, M., Bryant, S., Frost, D., Levrau, L., and L. Berger, "A Framework for MPLS in Transport Networks", RFC 5921, July 2010. [opsec-efforts] "Security Best Practices Efforts and Documents", IETF draft-ietf-opsec-efforts-08.txt, June 2008. Authors' Addresses Luyuan Fang (editor) Cisco Systems 111 Wood Ave. South Iselin, NJ 08830 US Email: lufang@cisco.com Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 23] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Ben Niven-Jenkins (editor) Velocix 326 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0WG UK Email: ben@niven-jenkins.co.uk Scott Mansfield (editor) Ericsson 300 Holger Way San Jose, CA 95134 US Email: scott.mansfield@ericsson.com Richard F. Graveman (editor) RFG Security, LLC 15 Park Avenue Morristown, NJ 07960 US Email: rfg@acm.org Raymond Zhang British Telecom BT Center 81 Newgate Street London EC1A 7AJ UK Email: raymond.zhang@bt.com Nabil Bitar Verizon 40 Sylvan Road Waltham, MA 02145 US Email: nabil.bitar@verizon.com Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 24] Internet-Draft MPLS-TP Security Framework October 2011 Masahiro Daikoku KDDI Corporation 3-11-11 Iidabashi, Chiyodaku Tokyo Japan Email: ms-daikoku@kddi.com Lei Wang Telenor Telenor Norway Office Snaroyveien 1331 Fornedbu Norway Email: lei.wang@telenor.com Henry Yu TW Telecom 10475 Park Meadow Drive Littleton, CO 80124 US Email: henry.yu@twtelecom.com Fang, et al. Expires April 30, 2012 [Page 25]