The OAuth 2.0 Protocol
draft-ietf-oauth-v2-06

Abstract

This specification describes the OAuth 2.0 protocol. OAuth provides a method for making authenticated HTTP requests using a token - an string used to denote an access grant with specific scope, duration, and other attributes. Tokens are issued to third-party clients by an authorization server with the approval of the resource owner. OAuth defines multiple flows for obtaining a token to support a wide range of client types and user experience.

Status of this Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as “work in progress.”

This Internet-Draft will expire on December 11, 2010.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

1.  Introduction
    1.1.  Terminology
    1.2.  Overview
    1.3.  Example
    1.4.  Notational Conventions
2.  Obtaining an Access Token
    2.1.  Client Credentials
    2.2.  End-User Endpoint
    2.3.  Token Endpoint
        2.3.1.  Client Authentication
        2.3.2.  Response Format
    2.4.  Flow Parameters
    2.5.  Web Server Flow
        2.5.1.  Client Requests Authorization
        2.5.2.  Client Requests Access Token
    2.6.  User-Agent Flow
        2.6.1.  Client Requests Authorization
        2.6.2.  Client Extracts Access Token
    2.7.  Device Flow
        2.7.1.  Client Requests Authorization
        2.7.2.  Client Requests Access Token
    2.8.  Username and Password Flow
        2.8.1.  Client Requests Access Token
    2.9.  Client Credentials Flow
        2.9.1.  Client Requests Access Token
    2.10.  Assertion Flow
        2.10.1.  Client Requests Access Token
    2.11.  Native Application Considerations
3.  Refreshing an Access Token
4.  Accessing a Protected Resource
    4.1.  The Authorization Request Header
    4.2.  URI Query Parameter
    4.3.  Form-Encoded Body Parameter
5.  Identifying a Protected Resource
    5.1.  The WWW-Authenticate Response Header
6.  Security Considerations
7.  IANA Considerations
Appendix A.  Contributors
Appendix B.  Acknowledgements
Appendix C.  Differences from OAuth 1.0a
Appendix D.  Document History
8.  References
    8.1.  Normative References
    8.2.  Informative References
§  Authors' Addresses

1.  Introduction

With the increasing use of distributed web services and cloud computing, third-party applications require access to server-hosted resources. These resources are usually protected and require authentication using the resource owner's credentials (typically a username and password). In the traditional client-server authentication model, a client accessing a protected resource on a server presents the resource owner's credentials in order to authenticate and gain access.

Resource owners should not be required to share their credentials when granting third-party applications access to their protected resources. They should also have the ability to restrict access to a limited subset of the resources they control, to limit access duration, or to limit access to the HTTP methods supported by these resources.

OAuth provides a method for making authenticated HTTP requests using a token - an identifier used to denote an access grant with specific scope, duration, and other attributes. Tokens are issued to third-party clients by an authorization server with the approval of the resource owner. Instead of sharing their credentials with the client, resource owners grant access by authenticating directly with the authorization server which in turn issues a token to the client. The client uses the token to authenticate with the resource server and gain access.

For example, a web user (resource owner) can grant a printing service (client) access to her protected photos stored at a photo sharing service (resource server), without sharing her username and password with the printing service. Instead, she authenticates directly with the photo sharing service (authorization server) which issues the printing service delegation-specific credentials (token).

This specification defines the use of OAuth over HTTP (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” June 1999.) [RFC2616] (or HTTP over TLS as defined by [RFC2818] (Rescorla, E., “HTTP Over TLS,” May 2000.)). Other specifications may extend it for use with other transport protocols.

1.1.  Terminology

resource server

An HTTP (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1,” June 1999.) [RFC2616] server capable of accepting authenticated resource requests using the OAuth protocol.

protected resource

An access-restricted resource which can be obtained from a resource server using an OAuth-authenticated request.

client

An HTTP client capable of making authenticated requests for protected resources using the OAuth protocol.

resource owner

An entity capable of granting access to a protected resource.

end-user

A human resource owner.

token

A string representing an access grant issued to the client. The string is usually opaque to the client and can self-contain the authorization information in a verifiable manner (i.e. signed), or denotes an identifier used to retrieve the authorization information.

access token

A token used by the client to make authenticated requests on behalf of the resource owner.

refresh token

A token used by the client to replace an expired access token with a new access token without having to involve the resource owner. A refresh token is used when the access token is valid for a shorter time period than the duration of the access grant approved by the resource owner.

authorization server

An HTTP server capable of issuing tokens after successfully authenticating the resource owner and obtaining authorization. The authorization server may be the same server as the resource server, or a separate entity.

end-user endpoint

The authorization server's HTTP endpoint capable of authenticating the end-user and obtaining authorization.

token endpoint

The authorization server's HTTP endpoint capable of issuing tokens and refreshing expired tokens.

client identifier

An unique identifier issued to the client to identify itself to the authorization server. Client identifiers may have a matching secret.

1.2.  Overview

Clients interact with a protected resource, first by requesting access (which is granted in the form of an access token) from the authorization server, and then by authenticating with the resource server by presenting the access token. Figure 1 (Generic Client-Server Flow) demonstrates the flow between the client and authorization server (A, B), and the flow between the client and resource server (C, D), when the client is acting autonomously (the client is also the resource owner).

  +--------+                                  +---------------+
  |        |--(A)------ Credentials --------->| Authorization |
  |        |                                  |    Server     |
  |        |<-(B)------ Access Token ---------|               |
  |        |      (w/ Optional Refresh Token) +---------------+
  | Client |
  |        |            HTTP Request          +---------------+
  |        |--(C)--- with Access Token ------>|    Resource   |
  |        |                                  |     Server    |
  |        |<-(D)------ HTTP Response --------|               |
  +--------+                                  +---------------+

Access token strings can use any internal structure agreed upon between the authorization server and the resource server, but their structure is opaque to the client. Since the access token provides the client access to the protected resource for the life of the access token (or until revoked), the authorization server should issue access tokens which expire within an appropriate time, usually much shorter than the duration of the access grant.

When an access token expires, the client can request a new access token from the authorization server by presenting its credentials again (Figure 1 (Generic Client-Server Flow)), or by using the refresh token (if issued with the access token) as shown in Figure 2 (Refreshing an Access Token). Once an expired access token has been replaced with a new access token (A, B), the client uses the new access token as before (C, D).

  +--------+                                  +---------------+
  |        |--(A)------ Refresh Token ------->| Authorization |
  |        |                                  |    Server     |
  |        |<-(B)------ Access Token ---------|               |
  |        |                                  +---------------+
  | Client |
  |        |            HTTP Request          +---------------+
  |        |--(C)--- with Access Token ------>|    Resource   |
  |        |                                  |     Server    |
  |        |<-(D)----- HTTP Response ---------|               |
  +--------+                                  +---------------+

This specification defines a number of authorization flows to support different client types and scenarios. These authorization flows can be separated into three groups: user delegation flows, direct credentials flows, and autonomous flows.

Additional authorization flows may be defined by other specifications to cover different scenarios and client types.

User delegation flows are used to grant client access to protected resources by the end-user without sharing the end-user credentials (e.g. a username and password) with the client. Instead, the end-user authenticates directly with the authorization server, and grants client access to its protected resources. The user delegation flows defined by this specifications are:

• Web Server Flow - This flow is optimized for clients that are part of a web server application, accessible via HTTP requests. This flow is described in Section 2.5 (Web Server Flow).
• User-Agent Flow - This flow is designed for clients running inside a user-agent (typically a web browser). This flow is described in Section 2.6 (User-Agent Flow).
• Device Flow - This flow is suitable for clients executing on limited devices, but where the end-user has separate access to a user-agent on another computer or device. This flow is described in Section 2.7 (Device Flow).

Direct credentials flows enable clients to obtain an access token with a single request using the client credentials or end-user credentials without seeking additional resource owner authorization. The direct credentials flows defined by this specification are:

• Username and Password Flow - This flow is used in cases where the end-user trusts the client to handle its credentials but it is still undesirable for the client to store the end-user's username and password. This flow is only suitable when there is a high degree of trust between the end-user and the client. This flow is described in Section 2.8 (Username and Password Flow).
• Client Credentials Flow - The client uses its credentials to obtain an access token. This flow is described in Section 2.9 (Client Credentials Flow).

Autonomous flows enable clients to use utilize existing trust relationships or different authorization constructs to obtain an access token. They provide a bridge between OAuth and other trust frameworks. The autonomous authorization flow defined by this specifications is:

• Assertion Flow - The client presents an assertion such as a SAML (Cantor, S., Kemp, J., Philpott, R., and E. Maler, “Assertions and Protocol for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0,” March 2005.) [OASIS.saml‑core‑2.0‑os] assertion to the authorization server in exchange for an access token. This flow is described in Section 2.10 (Assertion Flow).

1.3.  Example

[[ Todo ]]

1.4.  Notational Conventions

The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] (Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,” March 1997.).

This document uses the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation of [I‑D.ietf‑httpbis‑p1‑messaging] (Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., Berners-Lee, T., and J. Reschke, “HTTP/1.1, part 1: URIs, Connections, and Message Parsing,” March 2010.). Additionally, the realm and auth-param rules are included from [RFC2617] (Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, “HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication,” June 1999.), and the URI-Reference rule from [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.).

2.  Obtaining an Access Token

The client obtains an access token by using one of the authorization flows supported by the authorization server. The authorization flows all use the same authorization and token endpoints, each with a different set of request parameters and values.

Access tokens have a scope, duration, and other access attributes granted by the resource owner. These attributes MUST be enforced by the resource server when receiving a protected resource request, and by the authorization server when receiving a token refresh request.

In many cases it is desirable to issue access tokens with a shorter lifetime than the duration of the authorization grant. However, it may be undesirable to require the resource owner to authorize the request again. Instead, the authorization server issues a refresh token in addition to the access token. When the access token expires, the client can request a new access token without involving the resource owner as long as the authorization grant is still valid. The token refresh method is described in Section 3 (Refreshing an Access Token).

2.1.  Client Credentials

When requesting access from the authorization server, the client identifies itself using a set of client credentials. The client credentials include a client identifier and an OPTIONAL symmetric shared secret. The means through which the client obtains these credentials are beyond the scope of this specification, but usually involve registration with the authorization server.

The client identifier is used by the authorization server to establish the identity of the client for the purpose of presenting information to the resource owner prior to granting access, as well as for providing different service levels to different clients. They can also be used to block unauthorized clients from requesting access.

Due to the nature of some clients, authorization servers SHOULD NOT make assumptions about the confidentiality of client credentials without establishing trust with the client operator. Authorization servers SHOULD NOT issue client secrets to clients incapable of keeping their secrets confidential.

2.2.  End-User Endpoint

In flows that involved an end-user, clients direct the end-user to the end-user endpoint to approve their access request. When accessing the end-user endpoint, the end-user first authenticates with the authorization server, and then approves or denies the access request.

The way in which the authorization server authenticates the end-user (e.g. username and password login, OpenID, session cookies) and in which the authorization server obtains the end-user's authorization, including whether it uses a secure channel such as TLS, is beyond the scope of this specification. However, the authorization server MUST first verify the identity of the end-user.

The URI of the end-user endpoint can be found in the service documentation, or can be obtained by using [[ OAuth Discovery ]].

The end-user endpoint advertised by the resource server MAY include a query component as defined by [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) section 3, which must be retained when adding additional query parameters.

Since requests to the end-user endpoint result in user authentication and the transmission of sensitive values, the authorization server SHOULD require the use of a transport-layer mechanism such as TLS when sending requests to the end-user endpoint.

2.3.  Token Endpoint

After obtaining authorization from the resource owner, clients request an access token from the authorization server's token endpoint.

The URI of the token endpoint can be found in the service documentation, or can be obtained by using [[ OAuth Discovery ]].

The token endpoint advertised by the resource server MAY include a query component as defined by [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) section 3.

Since requests to the token endpoint result in the transmission of plain text credentials in the HTTP request and response, the authorization server MUST require the use of a transport-layer mechanism when sending requests to the token endpoints. Servers MUST support TLS 1.2 as defined in [RFC5246] (Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2,” August 2008.) and MAY support addition mechanisms with equivalent protections.

2.3.1.  Client Authentication

The token endpoint requires the client to authenticate itself to the authorization server. This is done by including the client identifier (and optional secret) in the request. The client identifier and secret are included in the request using two request parameters: client_id and client_secret.

For example (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=web_server&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&
  client_secret=gX1fBat3bV&code=i1WsRn1uB1&
  redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fclient%2Eexample%2Ecom%2Fcb

The client MAY include the client credentials using an HTTP authentication scheme which supports authenticating using a username and password, instead of using the client_id and client_secret request parameters. Including the client credentials using an HTTP authentication scheme fulfills the requirements of including the parameters as defined by the various flows.

The client MUST NOT include the client credentials using more than one mechanism. If more than one mechanism is used, regardless if the credentials are identical, the server MUST reply with an HTTP 400 status code (Bad Request) and include the multiple-credentials error message.

The authorization server MUST accept the client credentials using both the request parameters, and the HTTP Basic authentication scheme as defined in [RFC2617] (Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, “HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication,” June 1999.). The authorization server MAY support additional HTTP authentication schemes.

For example (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Authorization: Basic czZCaGRSa3F0MzpnWDFmQmF0M2JW
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=web_server&code=i1WsRn1uB1&
  redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fclient%2Eexample%2Ecom%2Fcb

2.3.2.  Response Format

Authorization servers respond to client requests by including a set of response parameters in the entity body of the HTTP response. The response uses one of three formats based on the format requested by the client (using the format request parameter or the HTTP Accept header field):

• The application/json media type as defined by [RFC4627] (Crockford, D., “The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON),” July 2006.). The parameters are serialized into a JSON structure by adding each parameter at the highest structure level. Parameter names and string values are included as JSON strings. Numerical values are included as JSON numbers.

  For example:

  
    {
      "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
      "expires_in":3600,
      "refresh_token":"8xLOxBtZp8"
    }
  
  

• The application/xml media type as defined by [RFC3023] (Murata, M., St. Laurent, S., and D. Kohn, “XML Media Types,” January 2001.). The parameters are serialized into an XML structure by adding each parameter as a child element of the root <OAuth> element. [[ Add namespace ]]

  For example:

  
    <?xml version='1.0' encoding="utf-8"?>
    <OAuth>
      <access_token>SlAV32hkKG</access_token>
      <expires_in>3600</expires_in>
      <refresh_token>8xLOxBtZp8</refresh_token>
    </OAuth>
  
  

• The application/x-www-form-urlencoded media type as defined by [W3C.REC‑html401‑19991224] (Hors, A., Jacobs, I., and D. Raggett, “HTML 4.01 Specification,” December 1999.).

  For example (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  
    access_token=SlAV32hkKG&expires_in=3600&
    refresh_token=8xLOxBtZp8
  
  

The authorization server MUST include the HTTP Cache-Control response header field with a value of no-store in any response containing tokens, secrets, or other sensitive information.

2.3.2.1.  Access Token Response

After receiving and verifying a valid and authorized access token request from the client (as described in each of the flows below), the authorization server constructs the response using the format requested by the client, which includes the parameters listed below, as well as additional flow-specific parameters. The formatted parameters are sent to the client in the entity body of the HTTP response with a 200 status code (OK).

The token response contains the following common parameters:

access_token

REQUIRED. The access token issued by the authorization server.

expires_in

OPTIONAL. The duration in seconds of the access token lifetime.

refresh_token

OPTIONAL. The refresh token used to obtain new access tokens using the same end-user access grant as described in Section 3 (Refreshing an Access Token).

scope

OPTIONAL. The scope of the access token as a list of space-delimited strings. The value of the scope parameter is defined by the authorization server. If the value contains multiple space-delimited strings, their order does not matter, and each string adds an additional access range to the requested scope.

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
    "expires_in":3600,
    "refresh_token":"8xLOxBtZp8"
  }

2.3.2.2.  Error Response

If the token request is invalid or unauthorized, the authorization server constructs the response using the format requested by the client which includes the parameters listed below, as well as additional flow-specific parameters. The formatted parameters are sent to the client in the entity body of the HTTP response with a 400 status code (Bad Request).

The response contains the following common parameter:

error

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to one of the values specified by each flow.

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"incorrect_client_credentials"
  }

2.4.  Flow Parameters

The sizes of tokens and other values received from the authorization server, are left undefined by this specification. Clients should avoid making assumptions about value sizes. Servers should document the expected size of any value they issue.

Unless otherwise noted, all the protocol parameter names and values are case sensitive.

2.5.  Web Server Flow

The web server flow is a user delegation flow suitable for clients capable of interacting with the end-user's user-agent (typically a web browser) and capable of receiving incoming requests from the authorization server (capable of acting as an HTTP server).

  +----------+         Client Identifier       +---------------+
  |         -+----(A)-- & Redirect URI ------->|               |
  | End-user |                                 | Authorization |
  |    at    |<---(B)-- User authenticates --->|     Server    |
  | Browser  |                                 |               |
  |         -+----(C)-- Verification Code ----<|               |
  +-|----|---+                                 +---------------+
    |    |                                         ^      v
   (A)  (C)                                        |      |
    |    |                                         |      |
    ^    v                                         |      |
  +---------+                                      |      |
  |         |>---(D)-- Client Credentials, --------'      |
  |   Web   |           Verification Code,                |
  |  Client |            & Redirect URI                   |
  |         |                                             |
  |         |<---(E)------- Access Token -----------------'
  +---------+        (w/ Optional Refresh Token)

The web server flow illustrated in Figure 3 (Web Server Flow) includes the following steps:

(A)

The web client initiates the flow by redirecting the end-user's user-agent to the end-user endpoint with its client identifier and a redirect URI to which the authorization server will send the end-user back once authorization is received (or denied).

(B)

The authorization server authenticates the end-user (via the user-agent) and establishes whether the end-user grants or denies the client's access request.

(C)

Assuming the end-user granted access, the authorization server redirects the user-agent back to the client to the redirection URI provided earlier. The authorization includes a verification code for the client to use to obtain an access token.

(D)

The client requests an access token from the authorization server by including its client credentials (identifier and secret), as well as the verification code received in the previous step.

(E)

The authorization server validates the client credentials and the verification code and responds back with the access token.

2.5.1.  Client Requests Authorization

In order for the end-user to grant the client access, the client sends the end-user to the authorization server. The client constructs the request URI by adding the following URI query parameters to the end-user endpoint URI:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to web_server.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

redirect_uri

REQUIRED unless a redirection URI has been established between the client and authorization server via other means. An absolute URI to which the authorization server will redirect the user-agent to when the end-user authorization step is completed. The authorization server MAY require the client to pre-register their redirection URI. Authorization servers MAY restrict the redirection URI to not include a query component as defined by [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) section 3.

state

OPTIONAL. An opaque value used by the client to maintain state between the request and callback. The authorization server includes this value when redirecting the user-agent back to the client.

scope

OPTIONAL. The scope of the access request expressed as a list of space-delimited strings. The value of the scope parameter is defined by the authorization server. If the value contains multiple space-delimited strings, their order does not matter, and each string adds an additional access range to the requested scope.

immediate

OPTIONAL. The parameter value must be set to true or false. If set to true, the authorization server MUST NOT prompt the end-user to authenticate or approve access. Instead, the authorization server attempts to establish the end-user's identity via other means (e.g. browser cookies) and checks if the end-user has previously approved an identical access request by the same client and if that access grant is still active. If the authorization server does not support an immediate check or if it is unable to establish the end-user's identity or approval status, it MUST deny the request without prompting the end-user. Defaults to false if omitted.

The client directs the end-user to the constructed URI using an HTTP redirection response, or by other means available to it via the end-user's user-agent. The request MUST use the HTTP GET method.

For example, the client directs the end-user's user-agent to make the following HTTPS requests (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  GET /authorize?type=web_server&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&redirect_uri=
      https%3A%2F%2Fclient%2Eexample%2Ecom%2Fcb HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com

If the client has previously registered a redirection URI with the authorization server, the authorization server MUST verify that the redirection URI received matches the registered URI associated with the client identifier.

The authorization server authenticates the end-user and obtains an authorization decision (by asking the end-user or establishing approval via other means). The authorization server sends the end-user's user-agent to the provided client redirection URI using an HTTP redirection response, or by other means available to it via the end-user's user-agent.

2.5.1.1.  End-user Grants Authorization

If the end-user authorizes the access request, the authorization server generates a verification code and associates it with the client identifier and redirection URI. The authorization server constructs the request URI by adding the following parameters to the query component of redirection URI provided by the client:

code

REQUIRED. The verification code generated by the authorization server.

state

REQUIRED if the state parameter was present in the client authorization request. Set to the exact value received from the client.

The verification code should expire shortly after it is issued and allowed for a single use.

For example, the authorization server redirects the end-user's user-agent by sending the following HTTP response:

  HTTP/1.1 302 Found
  Location: https://client.example.com/cb?code=i1WsRn1uB1

In turn, the end-user's user-agent makes the following HTTPS GET request:

  GET /cb?code=i1WsRn1uB1 HTTP/1.1
  Host: client.example.com

2.5.1.2.  End-user Denies Authorization

If the end-user denied the access request, the authorization server constructs the request URI by adding the following parameters to the query component of the redirection URI provided by the client:

error

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to user_denied.

state

REQUIRED if the state parameter was present in the client authorization request. Set to the exact value received from the client.

For example, the authorization server directs the client to make the following HTTP request:

  GET /cb?error=user_denied HTTP/1.1
  Host: client.example.com

The authorization flow concludes unsuccessfully.

2.5.2.  Client Requests Access Token

The client obtains an access token from the authorization server by making an HTTP POST request to the token endpoint. The client constructs a request URI by adding the following parameters to the request:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to web_server.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

client_secret

REQUIRED if the client identifier has a matching secret. The client secret as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

code

REQUIRED. The verification code received from the authorization server.

redirect_uri

REQUIRED. The redirection URI used in the initial request.

format

OPTIONAL. The response format requested by the client. Value MUST be one of json, xml, or form. Alternatively, the client MAY use the HTTP Accept header field with the desired media type. Defaults to json if omitted and no Accept header field is present.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=web_server&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&
  client_secret=gX1fBat3bV&code=i1WsRn1uB1&
  redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fclient%2Eexample%2Ecom%2Fcb

The authorization server MUST verify that the verification code, client identity, client secret, and redirection URI are all valid and match its stored association. If the request is valid, the authorization server issues a successful response as described in Section 2.3.2.1 (Access Token Response).

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
    "expires_in":3600,
    "refresh_token":"8xLOxBtZp8"
  }

If the request is invalid, the authorization server returns an error response as described in Section 2.3.2.2 (Error Response) with one of the following error codes:

• redirect_uri_mismatch
• bad_verification_code
• incorrect_client_credentials

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"incorrect_client_credentials"
  }

2.6.  User-Agent Flow

The user-agent flow is a user delegation flow suitable for client applications residing in a user-agent, typically implemented in a browser using a scripting language such as JavaScript. These clients cannot keep client secrets confidential and the authentication of the client is based on the user-agent's same-origin policy.

Unlike other flows in which the client makes separate authorization and access token requests, the client received the access token as a result of the authorization request in the form of an HTTP redirection. The client requests the authorization server to redirect the user-agent to another web server or local resource accessible to the browser which is capable of extracting the access token from the response and passing it to the client.

This user-agent flow does not utilize the client secret since the client executables reside on the end-user's computer or device which makes the client secret accessible and exploitable. Because the access token is encoded into the redirection URI, it may be exposed to the end-user and other applications residing on the computer or device.

         +----------+          Client Identifier     +----------------+
         |          |>---(A)-- & Redirection URI --->|                |
         |          |                                |                |
  End <--+  -  -  - +----(B)-- User authenticates -->|  Authorization |
  User   |          |                                |     Server     |
         |          |<---(C)-- Redirect URI --------<|                |
         |  Client  |       with Access Token        |                |
         |    in    |   (w/ Optional Refresh Token)  +----------------+
         |  Browser |            in Fragment
         |          |                                +----------------+
         |          |>---(D)-- Redirect URI -------->|                |
         |          |        without Fragment        |   Web Server   |
         |          |                                |   with Client  |
         |    (F)   |<---(E)-- Web Page with -------<|    Resource    |
         |  Access  |             Script             |                |
         |   Token  |                                +----------------+
         +----------+

The user-agent flow illustrated in Figure 4 (User-Agent Flow) includes the following steps:

(A)

The client sends the user-agent to the authorization server and includes its client identifier and redirection URI in the request.

(B)

The authorization server authenticates the end-user (via the user-agent) and establishes whether the end-user grants or denies the client's access request.

(C)

Assuming the end-user granted access, the authorization server redirects the user-agent to the redirection URI provided earlier. The redirection URI includes the access token in the URI fragment.

(D)

The user-agent follows the redirection instructions by making a request to the web server which does not include the fragment. The user-agent retains the fragment information locally.

(E)

The web server returns a web page containing a script capable of extracting the access token from the URI fragment retained by the user-agent.

(F)

The user-agent executes the script provided by the web server which extracts the access token and passes it to the client.

2.6.1.  Client Requests Authorization

In order for the end-user to grant the client access, the client sends the end-user to the authorization server. The client constructs the request URI by adding the following URI query parameters to the end-user endpoint URI:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to user_agent.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

redirect_uri

REQUIRED unless a redirection URI has been established between the client and authorization server via other means. An absolute URI to which the authorization server will redirect the user-agent to when the end-user authorization step is completed. The authorization server SHOULD require the client to pre-register their redirection URI. Authorization servers MAY restrict the redirection URI to not include a query component as defined by [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) section 3.

state

OPTIONAL. An opaque value used by the client to maintain state between the request and callback. The authorization server includes this value when redirecting the user-agent back to the client.

scope

OPTIONAL. The scope of the access request expressed as a list of space-delimited strings. The value of the scope parameter is defined by the authorization server. If the value contains multiple space-delimited strings, their order does not matter, and each string adds an additional access range to the requested scope.

immediate

OPTIONAL. The parameter value must be set to true or false. If set to true, the authorization server MUST NOT prompt the end-user to authenticate or approve access. Instead, the authorization server attempts to establish the end-user's identity via other means (e.g. browser cookies) and checks if the end-user has previously approved an identical access request by the same client and if that access grant is still active. If the authorization server does not support an immediate check or if it is unable to establish the end-user's identity or approval status, it MUST deny the request without prompting the end-user. Defaults to false if omitted.

The client directs the end-user to the constructed URI using an HTTP redirection response, or by other means available to it via the end-user's user-agent. The request MUST use the HTTP GET method.

For example, the client directs the end-user's user-agent to make the following HTTPS request (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  GET /authorize?type=user_agent&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&
      redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2FEexample%2Ecom%2Frd HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com

If the client has previously registered a redirection URI with the authorization server, the authorization server MUST verify that the redirection URI received matches the registered URI associated with the client identifier.

The authorization server authenticates the end-user and obtains an authorization decision (by asking the end-user or establishing approval via other means). The authorization server sends the end-user's user-agent to the provided client redirection URI using an HTTP redirection response.

2.6.1.1.  End-user Grants Authorization

If the end-user authorizes the access request, the authorization server issues an access token and delivers it to the client by adding the following parameters, using the application/x-www-form-urlencoded format as defined by [W3C.REC‑html401‑19991224] (Hors, A., Jacobs, I., and D. Raggett, “HTML 4.01 Specification,” December 1999.), to the redirection URI fragment:

access_token

REQUIRED. The access token.

expires_in

OPTIONAL. The duration in seconds of the access token lifetime.

refresh_token

OPTIONAL. The refresh token.

state

REQUIRED if the state parameter was present in the client authorization request. Set to the exact value received from the client.

For example, the authorization server redirects the end-user's user-agent by sending the following HTTP response:

  HTTP/1.1 302 Found
  Location: http://example.com/rd#access_token=FJQbwq9&expires_in=3600

2.6.1.2.  End-user Denies Authorization

If the end-user denied the access request, the authorization server responds to the client by adding the following parameters, using the application/x-www-form-urlencoded format as defined by [W3C.REC‑html401‑19991224] (Hors, A., Jacobs, I., and D. Raggett, “HTML 4.01 Specification,” December 1999.), to the redirection URI fragment:

error

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to user_denied.

state

REQUIRED if the state parameter was present in the client authorization request. Set to the exact value received from the client.

For example, the authorization server responds with the following:

  HTTP/1.1 302 Found
  Location: http://example.com/rd#error=user_denied

The authorization flow concludes unsuccessfully. To extract the error message, the client follows the steps described in Section 2.6.2 (Client Extracts Access Token).

2.6.2.  Client Extracts Access Token

The user-agent follows the authorization server redirection response by making an HTTP GET request to the URI received in the Location HTTP response header. The user-agent SHALL NOT include the fragment component with the request.

For example, the user-agent makes the following HTTP GET request in response to the redirection directive received from the authorization server:

  GET /rd HTTP/1.1
  Host: example.com

The HTTP response to the redirection request returns a web page (typically an HTML page with an embedded script) capable of accessing the full redirection URI including the fragment retained by the user-agent, and extracting the access token (and other parameters) contained in the fragment.

2.7.  Device Flow

The device flow is a user delegation flow suitable for clients executing on devices which do not have an easy data-entry method (e.g. game consoles or media hub), but where the end-user has separate access to a user-agent on another computer or device (e.g. home computer, a laptop, or a smart phone). The client is incapable of receiving incoming requests from the authorization server (incapable of acting as an HTTP server).

Instead of interacting with the end-user's user-agent, the client instructs the end-user to use another computer or device and connect to the authorization server to approve the access request. Since the client cannot receive incoming requests, it polls the authorization server repeatedly until the end-user completes the approval process.

This device flow does not utilize the client secret since the client executables reside on a local device which makes the client secret accessible and exploitable.

  +----------+                                +----------------+
  |          |>---(A)-- Client Identifier --->|                |
  |          |                                |                |
  |          |<---(B)-- Verification Code, --<|                |
  |          |              User Code,        |                |
  |          |         & Verification URI     |                |
  |  Device  |                                |                |
  |  Client  |         Client Identifier &    |                |
  |          |>---(E)-- Verification Code --->|                |
  |          |    ...                         |                |
  |          |>---(E)--->                     |                |
  |          |                                |  Authorization |
  |          |<---(F)-- Access Token --------<|     Server     |
  +----------+  (w/ Optional Refresh Token)   |                |
        v                                     |                |
        :                                     |                |
       (C) User Code & Verification URI       |                |
        :                                     |                |
        v                                     |                |
  +----------+                                |                |
  | End-user |                                |                |
  |    at    |<---(D)-- User authenticates -->|                |
  |  Browser |                                |                |
  +----------+                                +----------------+

The device flow illustrated in Figure 5 (Device Flow) includes the following steps:

(A)

The client requests access from the authorization server and includes its client identifier in the request.

(B)

The authorization server issues a verification code, an end-user code, and provides the end-user verification URI.

(C)

The client instructs the end-user to use its user-agent (elsewhere) and visit the provided end-user verification URI. The client provides the end-user with the end-user code to enter in order to grant access.

(D)

The authorization server authenticates the end-user (via the user-agent) and prompts the end-user to grant the client's access request. If the end-user agrees to the client's access request, the end-user enters the end-user code provided by the client. The authorization server validates the end-user code provided by the end-user.

(E)

While the end-user authorizes (or denies) the client's request (D), the client repeatedly polls the authorization server to find out if the end-user completed the end-user authorization step. The client includes the verification code and its client identifier.

(F)

Assuming the end-user granted access, the authorization server validates the verification code provided by the client and responds back with the access token.

2.7.1.  Client Requests Authorization

The client initiates the flow by requesting a set of verification codes from the authorization server by making an HTTP POST request to the token endpoint. The client constructs a request URI by adding the following parameters to the request:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to device_code.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

scope

OPTIONAL. The scope of the access request expressed as a list of space-delimited strings. The value of the scope parameter is defined by the authorization server. If the value contains multiple space-delimited strings, their order does not matter, and each string adds an additional access range to the requested scope.

format

OPTIONAL. The response format requested by the client. Value MUST be one of json, xml, or form. Alternatively, the client MAY use the HTTP Accept header field with the desired media type. Defaults to json if omitted and no Accept header field is present.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=device_code&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3

In response, the authorization server generates a verification code and an end-user code and includes them in the HTTP response body using the application/json format as described by Section 2.3.2 (Response Format) with a 200 status code (OK). The response contains the following parameters:

code

REQUIRED. The verification code.

user_code

REQUIRED. The end-user code.

verification_uri

REQUIRED. The end-user verification URI on the authorization server. The URI should be short and easy to remember as end-users will be asked to manually type it into their user-agent.

expires_in

OPTIONAL. The duration in seconds of the verification code lifetime.

interval

OPTIONAL. The minimum amount of time in seconds that the client SHOULD wait between polling requests to the token endpoint.

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "code":"74tq5miHKB",
    "user_code":"94248",
    "verification_uri":"http://www.example.com/device",
    "interval"=5
  }

The client displays the end-user code and the end-user verification URI to the end-user, and instructs the end-user to visit the URI using a user-agent and enter the end-user code.

The end-user manually types the provided verification URI and authenticates with the authorization server. The authorization server prompts the end-user to authorize the client's request by entering the end-user code provided by the client. Once the end-user approves or denies the request, the authorization server informs the end-user to return to the device for further instructions.

2.7.2.  Client Requests Access Token

Since the client is unable to receive incoming requests from the authorization server, it polls the authorization server repeatedly until the end-user grants or denies the request, or the verification code expires.

The client makes the following request at an arbitrary but reasonable interval which MUST NOT exceed the minimum interval rate provided by the authorization server (if present via the interval parameter). Alternatively, the client MAY provide a user interface for the end-user to manually inform it when authorization was granted.

The client requests an access token by making an HTTP POST request to the token endpoint. The client constructs a request URI by adding the following parameters to the request:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to device_token.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

code

REQUIRED. The verification code received from the authorization server.

format

OPTIONAL. The response format requested by the client. Value MUST be one of json, xml, or form. Alternatively, the client MAY use the HTTP Accept header field with the desired media type. Defaults to json if omitted and no Accept header field is present.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=device_token&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3
  &code=74tq5miHKB

If the end-user authorized the request, the authorization server issues an access token response as described in Section 2.3.2.1 (Access Token Response).

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
    "expires_in":3600,
    "refresh_token":"8xLOxBtZp8"
  }

If the request is invalid, the authorization server returns an error response as described in Section 2.3.2.2 (Error Response) with one of the following error codes:

• authorization_declined
• bad_verification_code

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"authorization_declined"
  }

If the end-user authorization is pending or expired without receiving any response from the end-user, or the client is exceeding the allowed polling interval, the authorization server returns an error response as described in Section 2.3.2.2 (Error Response) with one of the following error codes:

• 'authorization_pending
• slow_down
• code_expired

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"authorization_pending"
  }

2.8.  Username and Password Flow

The username and password flow is suitable for clients capable of asking end-users for their usernames and passwords. It is also used to migrate existing clients using direct authentication schemes such as HTTP Basic or Digest authentication to OAuth by converting the end-user credentials stored with tokens.

However, unlike the HTTP Basic authentication scheme defined in [RFC2617] (Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, “HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication,” June 1999.), the end-user's credentials are used in a single request and are exchanged for an access token and refresh token which eliminates the client need to store them for future use.

The methods through which the client prompts end users for their usernames and passwords is beyond the scope of this specification. The client MUST discard the usernames and passwords once an access token has been obtained.

This flow is suitable in cases where the end-user already has a trust relationship with the client, such as its computer operating system or highly privileged applications. Authorization servers should take special care when enabling the username and password flow, and only when other delegation flows are not viable.

   End-user
      v
      :
     (A)
      :
      v
  +--------+                                  +---------------+
  |        |          Client Credentials      |               |
  |        |>--(B)--- & User Credentials ---->| Authorization |
  | Client |                                  |     Server    |
  |        |<--(C)---- Access Token ---------<|               |
  |        |     (w/ Optional Refresh Token)  |               |
  +--------+                                  +---------------+

The username and password flow illustrated in Figure 6 (Username and Password Flow) includes the following steps:

(A)

The end-user provides the client with its username and password.

(B)

The client sends an access token request to the authorization server and includes its client identifier and client secret, and the end-user's username and password.

(C)

The authorization server validates the end-user credentials and the client credentials and issues an access token.

2.8.1.  Client Requests Access Token

The client requests an access token by making an HTTP POST request to the token endpoint. The client constructs a request URI by adding the following parameters to the request:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to username.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

client_secret

REQUIRED. The client secret as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials). OPTIONAL if no client secret was issued.

username

REQUIRED. The end-user's username.

password

REQUIRED. The end-user's password.

scope

OPTIONAL. The scope of the access request expressed as a list of space-delimited strings. The value of the scope parameter is defined by the authorization server. If the value contains multiple space-delimited strings, their order does not matter, and each string adds an additional access range to the requested scope.

format

OPTIONAL. The response format requested by the client. Value MUST be one of json, xml, or form. Alternatively, the client MAY use the HTTP Accept header field with the desired media type. Defaults to json if omitted and no Accept header field is present.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=username&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&client_secret=
  47HDu8s&username=johndoe&password=A3ddj3w

The authorization server MUST validate the client credentials and end-user credentials and if valid issues an access token response as described in Section 2.3.2.1 (Access Token Response).

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
    "expires_in":3600,
    "refresh_token":"8xLOxBtZp8"
  }

If the request is invalid, the authorization server returns an error response as described in Section 2.3.2.2 (Error Response) with one of the following error codes:

• incorrect_client_credentials
• unauthorized_client' - The client is not permitted to use this flow.

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"incorrect_client_credentials"
  }

2.9.  Client Credentials Flow

The client credentials flow is used when the client acts on behalf of itself (the client is the resource owner), or when the client credentials are used to obtain an access token representing a previously established access authorization. The client secret is assumed to be high-entropy since it is not designed to be memorized by an end-user.

  +--------+                                  +---------------+
  |        |                                  |               |
  |        |>--(A)--- Client Credentials ---->| Authorization |
  | Client |                                  |     Server    |
  |        |<--(B)---- Access Token ---------<|               |
  |        |     (w/ Optional Refresh Token)  |               |
  +--------+                                  +---------------+

The client credential flow illustrated in Figure 7 (Client Credentials Flow) includes the following steps:

(A)

The client sends an access token request to the authorization server and includes its client identifier and client secret.

(B)

The authorization server validates the client credentials and issues an access token.

2.9.1.  Client Requests Access Token

The client requests an access token by making an HTTP POST request to the token endpoint. The client constructs a request URI by adding the following parameters to the request:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to client_credentials.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

client_secret

REQUIRED. The client secret as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

scope

OPTIONAL. The scope of the access request expressed as a list of space-delimited strings. The value of the scope parameter is defined by the authorization server. If the value contains multiple space-delimited strings, their order does not matter, and each string adds an additional access range to the requested scope.

format

OPTIONAL. The response format requested by the client. Value MUST be one of json, xml, or form. Alternatively, the client MAY use the HTTP Accept header field with the desired media type. Defaults to json if omitted and no Accept header field is present.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request:

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=client_credentials&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&client_secret=47HDu8s

The authorization server MUST validate the client credentials and if valid issues an access token response as described in Section 2.3.2.1 (Access Token Response).

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
    "expires_in":3600,
    "refresh_token":"8xLOxBtZp8"
  }

If the request is invalid, the authorization server returns an error response as described in Section 2.3.2.2 (Error Response) with one of the following error codes:

• incorrect_client_credentials

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"incorrect_client_credentials"
  }

2.10.  Assertion Flow

The assertion flow is used when a client wishes to exchange an existing security token or assertion for an access token. This flow is suitable when the client is the resource owner or is acting on behalf of the resource owner (based on the content of the assertion used).

The assertion flow requires the client to obtain a assertion (such as a SAML (Cantor, S., Kemp, J., Philpott, R., and E. Maler, “Assertions and Protocol for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0,” March 2005.) [OASIS.saml‑core‑2.0‑os] assertion) from an assertion issuer or to self-issue an assertion prior to initiating the flow. The assertion format, the process by which the assertion is obtained, and the method of validating the assertion are defined by the assertion issuer and the authorization server, and are beyond the scope of this specification.

  +--------+                                  +---------------+
  |        |                                  |               |
  |        |>--(A)------ Assertion ---------->| Authorization |
  | Client |                                  |     Server    |
  |        |<--(B)---- Access Token ---------<|               |
  |        |                                  |               |
  +--------+                                  +---------------+

The assertion flow illustrated in Figure 8 (Assertion Flow) includes the following steps:

(A)

The client sends an access token request to the authorization server and includes an assertion.

(B)

The authorization server validates the assertion and issues an access token.

2.10.1.  Client Requests Access Token

The client requests an access token by making an HTTP POST request to the token endpoint. The client constructs a request URI by adding the following parameters to the request:

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to assertion.

assertion_format

REQUIRED. The format of the assertion as defined by the authorization server. The value MUST be an absolute URI.

assertion

REQUIRED. The assertion.

client_id

OPTIONAL. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials). The authorization server MAY require including the client credentials with the request based on the assertion properties.

client_secret

OPTIONAL. The client secret as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials). MUST NOT be included if the client_id parameter is omitted.

scope

OPTIONAL. The scope of the access request expressed as a list of space-delimited strings. The value of the scope parameter is defined by the authorization server. If the value contains multiple space-delimited strings, their order does not matter, and each string adds an additional access range to the requested scope.

format

OPTIONAL. The response format requested by the client. Value MUST be one of json, xml, or form. Alternatively, the client MAY use the HTTP Accept header field with the desired media type. Defaults to json if omitted and no Accept header field is present.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request (line breaks are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=assertion&assertion_format=_______&assertion=_______

The authorization server MUST validate the assertion and if valid issues an access token response as described in Section 2.3.2.1 (Access Token Response). The authorization server SHOULD NOT issue a refresh token.

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
    "expires_in":3600
  }

If the request is invalid, the authorization server returns an error response as described in Section 2.3.2.2 (Error Response) with one of the following error codes:

• invalid_assertion
• unknown_format

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"invalid_assertion"
  }

Authorization servers SHOULD issue access tokens with a limited lifetime and require clients to refresh them by requesting a new access token using the same assertion if it is still valid. Otherwise the client MUST obtain a new valid assertion.

2.11.  Native Application Considerations

Native application are clients running as native code on the end-user's computer or device (i.e. executing outside a browser or as a desktop program). These clients are often capable of interacting with (or embedding) the end-user's user-agent but are incapable of receiving callback requests from the server (incapable of acting as an HTTP server).

Native application clients can utilize many of the flows defined in this specification with little or no changes. For example:

• Launch an external user-agent and have it redirect back to the client using a custom URI scheme. This works with the web server flow and user-agent flow.
• Launch an external user-agent and poll for changes to the window title. This works with the web server flow with a server-hosted custom redirect result page that puts the verification code in the title.
• Use an embedded user-agent and obtain the redirection URI. This works with the web server flow and user-agent flow.
• Use the device profile with an external or embedded user-agent. The application will open a user-agent and then poll the authorization server for results.
• Use the username and password flow and prompt the end-users for their credentials. This is generally discouraged as it hands the end-user's password directly to the 3rd party and may not work with some authentication schemes.

When choosing between launching an external browser and an embedded user-agent, developers should consider the following:

• External user-agents may improve completion rate as the end-user may already be logged-in and not have to re-authenticate.
• Embedded user-agents often offer a better end-user flow, as they remove the need to switch context and open new windows.
• Embedded user-agents are less secure because users are authenticating in unidentified window without access to the protections offered by many user-agents.

3.  Refreshing an Access Token

Token refresh is used when the lifetime of an access token is shorter than the lifetime of the authorization grant. It allows clients to obtain a new access token without having to go through the authorization flow again or involve the resource owner.

  +--------+                                  +---------------+
  |        |         Client Credentials,      |               |
  |        |>--(A)----- Refresh Token ------->| Authorization |
  | Client |                                  |     Server    |
  |        |<--(B)----- Access Token --------<|               |
  |        |                                  |               |
  +--------+                                  +---------------+

To refresh a token, the client constructs an HTTP POST request to the token endpoint and includes the following parameters in the HTTP request body using the application/x-www-form-urlencoded content type as defined by [W3C.REC‑html401‑19991224] (Hors, A., Jacobs, I., and D. Raggett, “HTML 4.01 Specification,” December 1999.):

type

REQUIRED. The parameter value MUST be set to refresh.

client_id

REQUIRED. The client identifier as described in Section 2.1 (Client Credentials).

client_secret

REQUIRED if the client was issued a secret. The client secret.

refresh_token

REQUIRED. The refresh token associated with the access token to be refreshed.

format

OPTIONAL. The response format requested by the client. Value MUST be one of json, xml, or form. Alternatively, the client MAY use the HTTP Accept header field with the desired media type. Defaults to json if omitted and no Accept header field is present.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request (line break are for display purposes only):

  POST /token HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  type=refresh_token&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&client_secret=8eSEIpnqmM
  &refresh_token=n4E9O119d

verify the client credential, the validity of the refresh token, and that the resource owner's authorization is still valid. If the request is valid, the authorization server issues an access token response as described in Section 2.3.2.1 (Access Token Response). The authorization server MAY issue a new refresh token in which case the client MUST NOT use the previous refresh token and replace it with the newly issued refresh token.

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "access_token":"SlAV32hkKG",
    "expires_in":3600
  }

If the request is invalid, the authorization server returns an error response as described in Section 2.3.2.2 (Error Response) with one of the following error codes:

• incorrect_client_credentials
• authorization_expired

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
  Content-Type: application/json
  Cache-Control: no-store

  {
    "error":"incorrect_client_credentials"
  }

4.  Accessing a Protected Resource

Clients access protected resources by presenting an access token to the resource server.

For example:

  GET /resource HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Authorization: Token token="vF9dft4qmT"

Access tokens act as bearer tokens, where the token string acts as a shared symmetric secret. This requires treating the access token with the same care as other secrets (e.g. end-user passwords). Access tokens SHOULD NOT be sent in the clear over an insecure channel.

However, when it is necessary to transmit bearer tokens in the clear without a secure channel, authorization servers SHOULD issue access tokens with limited scope and lifetime to reduce the potential risk from a compromised access token.

Clients SHOULD NOT make authenticated requests with an access token to unfamiliar resource servers, especially when using bearer tokens, regardless of the presence of a secure channel.

The methods used by the resource server to validate the access token are beyond the scope of this specification, but generally involve an interaction or coordination between the resource server and authorization server.

The resource server MUST validate the access token and ensure it has not expired and that its scope covers the requested resource. If the token expired or is invalid, the resource server MUST reply with an HTTP 401 status code (Unauthorized) and include the HTTP WWW-Authenticate response header as described in Section 5.1 (The WWW-Authenticate Response Header).

For example:

  HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
  WWW-Authenticate: Token realm='Service', error='token_expired'

Clients make authenticated token requests using the Authorization request header field as described in Section 4.1 (The Authorization Request Header). Alternatively, clients MAY include the access token using the HTTP request URI in the query component as described in Section 4.2 (URI Query Parameter), or in the HTTP body when using the application/x-www-form-urlencoded content type as described in Section 4.3 (Form-Encoded Body Parameter).

Clients SHOULD only use the request URI or body when the Authorization request header field is not available, and MUST NOT use more than one method in each request. [[ specify error ]]

4.1.  The Authorization Request Header

The Authorization request header field is used by clients to make authenticated token requests. The client uses the token attribute to include the access token in the request.

The Authorization header field uses the framework defined by [RFC2617] (Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, “HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication,” June 1999.) as follows:

  credentials    = "Token" RWS access-token [ CS 1#auth-param ]
  access-token   = "token" "=" <"> token <">
  CS             = OWS "," OWS

4.2.  URI Query Parameter

When including the access token in the HTTP request URI, the client adds the access token to the request URI query component as defined by [RFC3986] (Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, “Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax,” January 2005.) using the oauth_token parameter.

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request:

  GET /resource?oauth_token=vF9dft4qmT HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com

The HTTP request URI query can include other request-specific parameters, in which case, the oauth_token parameters SHOULD be appended following the request-specific parameters, properly separated by an & character (ASCII code 38).

The resource server MUST validate the access token and ensure it has not expired and its scope includes the requested resource. If the resource expired or is not valid, the resource server MUST reply with an HTTP 401 status code (Unauthorized) and include the HTTP WWW-Authenticate response header as described in Section 5.1 (The WWW-Authenticate Response Header).

4.3.  Form-Encoded Body Parameter

When including the access token in the HTTP request entity-body, the client adds the access token to the request body using the oauth_token parameter. The client can use this method only if the following REQUIRED conditions are met:

• The entity-body is single-part.
• The entity-body follows the encoding requirements of the application/x-www-form-urlencoded content-type as defined by [W3C.REC‑html401‑19991224] (Hors, A., Jacobs, I., and D. Raggett, “HTML 4.01 Specification,” December 1999.).
• The HTTP request entity-header includes the Content-Type header field set to application/x-www-form-urlencoded.
• The HTTP request method is POST, PUT, or DELETE.

The entity-body can include other request-specific parameters, in which case, the oauth_token parameters SHOULD be appended following the request-specific parameters, properly separated by an & character (ASCII code 38).

For example, the client makes the following HTTPS request:

  POST /resource HTTP/1.1
  Host: server.example.com
  Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  oauth_token=vF9dft4qmT

The resource server MUST validate the access token and ensure it has not expired and its scope includes the requested resource. If the resource expired or is not valid, the resource server MUST reply with an HTTP 401 status code (Unauthorized) and include the HTTP WWW-Authenticate response header as described in Section 5.1 (The WWW-Authenticate Response Header).

5.  Identifying a Protected Resource

Clients access protected resources after locating the appropriate end-user and token endpoints and obtaining an access token. In many cases, interacting with a protected resource requires prior knowledge of the protected resource properties and methods, as well as its authentication requirements (i.e. establishing client identity, locating the end-user and token endpoints).

However, there are cases in which clients are unfamiliar with the protected resource, including whether the resource requires authentication. When clients attempt to access an unfamiliar protected resource without an access token, the resource server denies the request and informs the client of the required credentials using an HTTP authentication challenge.

In addition, when receiving an invalid authenticated request, the resource server issues an authentication challenge including the error type and message.

5.1.  The WWW-Authenticate Response Header

A resource server receiving a request for a protected resource without a valid access token MUST respond with a 401 (Unauthorized) or 403 (Forbidden) HTTP status code, and include at least one Token WWW-Authenticate response header field challenge.

The WWW-Authenticate header field uses the framework defined by [RFC2617] (Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, “HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication,” June 1999.) as follows:

  challenge       = "Token" RWS token-challenge

  token-challenge = realm
                    [ CS error ]
                    [ CS 1#auth-param ]

  error           = "error" "=" <"> token <">

The realm attribute is used to provide the protected resources partition as defined by [RFC2617] (Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, “HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication,” June 1999.).

The error attribute is used to inform the client the reason why an access request was declined. [[ Add list of error codes ]]

6.  Security Considerations

[[ Todo ]]

7.  IANA Considerations

[[ Not Yet ]]

Appendix A.  Contributors

The following people contributed to preliminary versions of this document: Blaine Cook (BT), Brian Eaton (Google), Yaron Goland (Microsoft), Brent Goldman (Facebook), Raffi Krikorian (Twitter), Luke Shepard (Facebook), and Allen Tom (Yahoo!). The content and concepts within are a product of the OAuth community, WRAP community, and the OAuth Working Group.

The OAuth Working Group has dozens of very active contributors who proposed ideas and wording for this document, including: [[ If your name is missing or you think someone should be added here, please send Eran a note - don't be shy ]]

Michael Adams, Andrew Arnott, Dirk Balfanz, Brian Campbell, Leah Culver, Igor Faynberg, George Fletcher, Evan Gilbert, Justin Hart, John Kemp, Torsten Lodderstedt, Eve Maler, James Manger, Chuck Mortimore, Justin Richer, Peter Saint-Andre, Nat Sakimura, Rob Sayre, Marius Scurtescu, Justin Smith, and Franklin Tse.

Appendix B.  Acknowledgements

[[ Add OAuth 1.0a authors + WG contributors ]]

Appendix C.  Differences from OAuth 1.0a

[[ Todo ]]

Appendix D.  Document History

[[ to be removed by RFC editor before publication as an RFC ]]

-06

• Editorial changes, corrections, clarifications, etc.
• Removed conformance section.
• Moved authors section to contributors appendix.
• Added section on native applications.
• Changed error response to use the requested format. Added support for HTTP Accept header.
• Flipped the order of the web server and user-agent flows.
• Renamed assertion flow format parameter name to assertion_format to resolve conflict.
• Removed the term identifier from token definitions. Added a cryptographic token definition.
• Added figure titles.
• Added server response 401 when client tried to authenticate using multiple credentials.
• Clarified support for TLS alternatives, and added requirement for TLS 1.2 support for token endpoint.
• Removed all signature and cryptography.
• Removed all discovery.
• Updated HTML4 reference.

-05

• Corrected device example.
• Added client credentials parameters to the assertion flow as OPTIONAL.
• Added the ability to send client credentials using an HTTP authentication scheme.
• Initial text for the WWW-Authenticate header (also added scope support).
• Change authorization endpoint to end-user endpoint.
• In the device flow, change the user_uri parameter to verification_uri to avoid confusion with the end-user endpoint.
• Add format request parameter and support for XML and form-encoded responses.

-04

• Changed all token endpoints to use POST
• Clarified the authorization server's ability to issue a new refresh token when refreshing a token.
• Changed the flow categories to clarify the autonomous group.
• Changed client credentials language not to always be server-issued.
• Added a scope response parameter.
• Fixed typos.
• Fixed broken document structure.

-03

• Fixed typo in JSON error examples.
• Fixed general typos.
• Moved all flows sections up one level.

-02

• Removed restriction on redirect_uri including a query.
• Added scope parameter.
• Initial proposal for a JSON-based token response format.

-01

• Editorial changes based on feedback from Brian Eaton, Bill Keenan, and Chuck Mortimore.
• Changed device flow type parameter values and switch to use only the token endpoint.

-00

• Initial draft based on a combination of WRAP and OAuth 1.0a.

8.  References

8.1. Normative References

8.2. Informative References

Authors' Addresses