PRECIS P. Saint-Andre Internet-Draft &yet Obsoletes: 4013 (if approved) A. Melnikov Intended status: Standards Track Isode Ltd Expires: May 30, 2015 November 26, 2014 Preparation, Enforcement, and Comparison of Internationalized Strings Representing Usernames and Passwords draft-ietf-precis-saslprepbis-11 Abstract This document describes methods for handling Unicode strings representing usernames and passwords. This document obsoletes RFC 4013. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on May 30, 2015. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 1] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Usernames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2. UsernameCaseMapped Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2.1. Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2.2. Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.3. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.3. UsernameCasePreserved Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.3.1. Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.3.2. Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3.3. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.4. Case Mapping vs. Case Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.5. Application-Layer Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.6. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2. Password Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.2.1. Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.2.2. Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.2.3. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.1. Usernames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.2. Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.1. UsernameCaseMapped Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.2. UsernameCasePreserved Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.3. Password Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.1. Password/Passphrase Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7.2. Identifier Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.3. Reuse of PRECIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.4. Reuse of Unicode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Appendix A. Differences from RFC 4013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Appendix B. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1. Introduction Usernames and passwords are widely used for authentication and authorization on the Internet, either directly when provided in plaintext (as in the SASL PLAIN mechanism [RFC4616] or the HTTP Basic Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 2] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 scheme [RFC2617] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-basicauth-update]) or indirectly when provided as the input to a cryptographic algorithm such as a hash function (as in the SASL SCRAM mechanism [RFC5802] or the HTTP Digest scheme [RFC2617] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-digest]). To increase the likelihood that the input and comparison of usernames and passwords will work in ways that make sense for typical users throughout the world, this document defines rules for preparing, enforcing, and comparing internationalized strings that represent usernames and passwords. Such strings consist of characters from the Unicode character set [UNICODE], with special attention to characters outside the ASCII range [RFC20]. The rules for handling such strings are specified through profiles of the string classes defined in the PRECIS framework specification [I-D.ietf-precis-framework]. Profiles of the PRECIS framework enable software to handle Unicode characters outside the ASCII range in an automated way, so that such characters are treated carefully and consistently in application protocols. In large measure, these profiles are designed to protect application developers from the potentially negative consequences of supporting the full range of Unicode characters. For instance, in almost all application protocols it would be dangerous to treat the Unicode character SUPERSCRIPT ONE (U+0089) as equivalent to DIGIT ONE (U+0031), since that would result in false positives during comparison, authentication, and authorization (e.g., an attacker could easy spoof an account "user1@example.com"). Whereas a naive use of Unicode would make such attacks trivially easy, the PRECIS profile defined here for usernames generally protects applications from inadvertently causing such problems. (Similar considerations apply to passwords, although here it is desirable to support a wider range of characters so as to maximize entropy during authentication.) The methods defined here might be applicable wherever usernames or passwords are used. However, the methods are not intended for use in preparing strings that are not usernames (e.g., email addresses and LDAP distinguished names), nor in cases where identifiers or secrets are not strings (e.g., keys and certificates) or require specialized handling. This document obsoletes RFC 4013 (the "SASLprep" profile of stringprep [RFC3454]) but can be used by technologies other than the Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) [RFC4422], such as HTTP authentication [RFC2617] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-basicauth-update] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-digest]. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 3] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 2. Terminology Many important terms used in this document are defined in [I-D.ietf-precis-framework], [RFC5890], [RFC6365], and [UNICODE]. The term "non-ASCII space" refers to any Unicode code point having a general category of "Zs", with the exception of U+0020 (here called "ASCII space"). As used here, the term "password" is not literally limited to a word; i.e., a password could be a passphrase consisting of more than one word, perhaps separated by spaces or other such characters. Some SASL mechanisms (e.g., CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, and SCRAM) specify that the authentication identity used in the context of such mechanisms is a "simple user name" (see Section 2 of [RFC4422] as well as [RFC4013]). Various application technologies also assume that the identity of a user or account takes the form of a username (e.g., authentication for the HyperText Transfer Protocol [RFC2617] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-basicauth-update] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-digest]), whether or not they use SASL. Note well that the exact form of a username in any particular SASL mechanism or application technology is a matter for implementation and deployment, and that a username does not necessarily map to any particular application identifier (such as the localpart of an email address). The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 3. Usernames 3.1. Definition This document specifies that a username is a string of Unicode code points [UNICODE], encoded using UTF-8 [RFC3629], and structured as an ordered sequence of "userparts" (where the complete username can consist of a single userpart or a space-separated sequence of userparts). The syntax for a username is defined as follows using the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) [RFC5234]. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 4] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 username = userpart *(1*SP userpart) userpart = 1*(idbyte) ; ; an "idbyte" is a byte used to represent a ; UTF-8 encoded Unicode code point that can be ; contained in a string that conforms to the ; PRECIS "IdentifierClass" ; All code points and blocks not explicitly allowed in the PRECIS IdentifierClass are disallowed; this includes private use characters, surrogate code points, and the other code points and blocks that were defined as "Prohibited Output" in [RFC4013]. In addition, common constructions such as "user@example.com" are allowed as usernames under this specification, as they were under [RFC4013]. Implementation Note: The username construct defined in this document does not necessarily match what all deployed applications might refer to as a "username" or "userid", but instead provides a relatively safe subset of Unicode characters that can be used in existing SASL mechanisms and SASL-using application protocols, and even in most application protocols that do not currently use SASL. A username MUST NOT be zero bytes in length. This rule is to be enforced after any normalization and mapping of code points. In protocols that provide usernames as input to a cryptographic algorithm such as a hash function, the client will need to perform proper preparation of the username before applying the algorithm. This specification defines two profiles for usernames: one that performs case mapping and one that performs case preservation (see further discussion under Section 3.4). 3.2. UsernameCaseMapped Profile The definition of the UsernameCaseMapped profile of the IdentifierClass is provided in the following sections, including detailed information about preparation, enforcement, and comparison (on the distinction between these actions, refer to [I-D.ietf-precis-framework]). 3.2.1. Preparation An entity that prepares a string according to this profile MUST ensure that the string consists only of Unicode code points that conform to the "IdentifierClass" base string class defined in Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 5] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 [I-D.ietf-precis-framework]. In addition, the string MUST be encoded as UTF-8 [RFC3629]. 3.2.2. Enforcement An entity that performs enforcement according to this profile MUST prepare a string as described in the previous section and MUST also apply the rules specified below for the UsernameCaseMapped profile (these rules MUST be applied in the order shown). 1. Width Mapping Rule: Fullwidth and halfwidth characters MUST be mapped to their decomposition mappings. 2. Additional Mapping Rule: There is no additional mapping rule. 3. Case Mapping Rule: Uppercase and titlecase characters MUST be mapped to their lowercase equivalents, preferably using Unicode Default Case Folding as defined in Chapter 3 of the Unicode Standard [UNICODE]. 4. Normalization Rule: Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC) MUST be applied to all characters. 5. Directionality Rule: Applications MUST apply the "Bidi Rule" defined in [RFC5893] (i.e., each of the six conditions of the Bidi Rule must be satisfied). 3.2.3. Comparison An entity that performs comparison of two strings according to this profile MUST prepare each string and enforce the rules specified in the previous two sections. The two strings are to be considered equivalent if they are an exact octet-for-octet match (sometimes called "bit-string identity"). 3.3. UsernameCasePreserved Profile The definition of the UsernameCasePreserved profile of the IdentifierClass is provided in the following sections, including detailed information about preparation, enforcement, and comparison (on the distinction between these actions, refer to [I-D.ietf-precis-framework]). 3.3.1. Preparation An entity that prepares a string according to this profile MUST ensure that the string consists only of Unicode code points that conform to the "IdentifierClass" base string class defined in Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 6] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 [I-D.ietf-precis-framework]. In addition, the string MUST be encoded as UTF-8 [RFC3629]. 3.3.2. Enforcement An entity that performs enforcement according to this profile MUST prepare a string as described in the previous section and MUST also apply the rules specified below for the UsernameCasePreserved profile (these rules MUST be applied in the order shown). 1. Width Mapping Rule: Fullwidth and halfwidth characters MUST be mapped to their decomposition mappings. 2. Additional Mapping Rule: There is no additional mapping rule. 3. Case Mapping Rule: Uppercase and titlecase characters MUST NOT be mapped to their lowercase equivalents. 4. Normalization Rule: Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC) MUST be applied to all characters. 5. Directionality Rule: Applications MUST apply the "Bidi Rule" defined in [RFC5893] (i.e., each of the six conditions of the Bidi Rule must be satisfied). 3.3.3. Comparison An entity that performs comparison of two strings according to this profile MUST prepare each string and enforce the rules specified in the previous two sections. The two strings are to be considered equivalent if they are an exact octet-for-octet match (sometimes called "bit-string identity"). 3.4. Case Mapping vs. Case Preservation In order to accomodate the widest range of username constructs in applications, this document defines two username profiles: UsernameCaseMapped and UsernameCasePreserved. Case mapping is a matter for the application protocol, protocol implementation, or end deployment. In general, this document suggests that it is preferable to apply the UsernameCaseMapped profile and therefore perform case mapping, since not doing so can lead to false positives during authentication and authorization (as described in [RFC6943]) and can result in confusion among end users given the prevalence of case mapping in many existing protocols and applications. However, there can be good reasons to apply the Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 7] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 UsernameCasePreserved profile and thus not perform case mapping, such as backward compatibility with deployed infrastructure. In particular: o SASL mechanisms that follow the recommendations in this document MUST specify whether and when case mapping is to be applied to authentication identifiers. SASL mechanisms SHOULD delay any case mapping to the last possible moment, such as when doing a lookup by username, username comparisons, or generating a cryptographic salt from a username (if the last possible moment happens on the server, then decisions about case mapping can be a matter of deployment policy). In keeping with [RFC4422], SASL mechanisms are not to apply this or any other profile to authorization identifiers. o Application protocols that use SASL (such as IMAP [RFC3501] and XMPP [RFC6120]) and that directly re-use this profile MUST specify whether case mapping is to be applied to authorization identifiers. Such "SASL application protocols" SHOULD delay any case mapping of authorization identifiers to the last possible moment, which happens to necessarily be on the server side (this enables decisions about case mapping to be a matter of deployment policy). In keeping with [RFC4422], SASL application protocols are not to apply this or any other profile to authentication identifiers. o Application protocols that do not use SASL (such as HTTP authentication with the Basic and Digest schemes [RFC2617] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-basicauth-update] / [I-D.ietf-httpauth-digest]) MUST specify whether and when case mapping is to be applied to authentication identifiers and authorization identifiers. Such "non-SASL application protocols" SHOULD delay any case mapping to the last possible moment, such as when doing a lookup by username, username comparisons, or generating a cryptographic salt from a username (if the last possible moment happens on the server, then decisions about case mapping can be a matter of deployment policy). If the specification for a SASL mechanism, SASL application protocol, or non-SASL application protocol uses the UsernameCaseMapped profile, it MUST clearly describe whether case mapping is to be applied at the level of the protocol itself, implementations thereof, or service deployments (all of these approaches can be legitimate depending on the application in question). Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 8] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 3.5. Application-Layer Constructs Both the UsernameCaseMapped and UsernameCasePreserved profiles allow an application protocol, implementation, or deployment to create application-layer constructs such as "user@domain" or "Firstname Middlename Lastname". One example of the former is the Network Access Identifier specified in [I-D.ietf-radext-nai]. (Such constructs are possible because the PRECIS IdentifierClass allows any ASCII7 character, because spaces can be used to separate userpart instances, and because domain names as specified in [RFC5890] and [RFC5892] are a subset of the PRECIS IdentifierClass.) 3.6. Examples The following examples illustrate a small number of userparts (not usernames) that are consistent with the format defined above (note that the characters < and > are used here to delineate the actual userparts and are not part of the userpart strings). Table 1: A sample of legal userparts +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | # | Userpart | Notes | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 1 | | The at-sign is allowed in the | | | | PRECIS IdentifierClass | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 2 | | | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 3 | | The third character is LATIN | | | | SMALL LETTER SHARP S (U+00DF) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 4 | <π> | A userpart of GREEK SMALL | | | | LETTER PI (U+03C0) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 5 | <Σ> | A userpart of GREEK CAPITAL | | | | LETTER SIGMA (U+03A3) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 6 | <σ> | A userpart of GREEK SMALL | | | | LETTER SIGMA (U+03C3) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 7 | <ς> | A userpart of GREEK SMALL | | | | LETTER FINAL SIGMA (U+03C2) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ Several points are worth noting. Regarding examples 2 and 3: although in German the character esszett (LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S, U+00DF) can mostly be used interchangeably with the two characters Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 9] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 "ss", the userparts in these examples are different and (if desired) a server would need to enforce a registration policy that disallows one of them if the other is registered. Regarding examples 5, 6, and 7: optional case-mapping of GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA (U+03A3) to lowercase (i.e., to GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA, U+03C3) during comparison would result in matching the userparts in examples 5 and 6; however, because the PRECIS mapping rules do not account for the special status of GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA (U+03C2), the userparts in examples 5 and 7 or examples 6 and 7 would not be matched during comparison. The following examples illustrate strings that are not valid userparts (not usernames) because they violate the format defined above. Table 2: A sample of strings that violate the userpart rule +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | # | Non-Userpart string | Notes | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 8 | | Space (U+0020) is disallowed in | | | | the userpart | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 9 | <> | Zero-length userpart | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 10| | The sixth character is ROMAN | | | | NUMERAL FOUR (U+2163) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ | 11| <♚> | A localpart of BLACK CHESS KING | | | | (U+265A) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------+ Here again, several points are worth noting. Regarding example 10, the Unicode character ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR (U+2163) has a compatibility equivalent of the string formed of LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I (U+0049) and LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V (U+0056), but characters with compatibility equivalents are not allowed in the PRECIS IdentiferClass. Regarding example 11: symbol characters such as BLACK CHESS KING (U+265A) are not allowed in the PRECIS IdentifierClass. 4. Passwords 4.1. Definition This document specifies that a password is a string of Unicode code points [UNICODE], encoded using UTF-8 [RFC3629], and conformant to the PRECIS FreeformClass. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 10] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 The syntax for a password is defined as follows using the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) [RFC5234]. password = 1*(freebyte) ; ; a "freebyte" is a byte used to represent a ; UTF-8 encoded Unicode code point that can be ; contained in a string that conforms to the ; PRECIS "FreefromClass" ; All code points and blocks not explicitly allowed in the PRECIS FreeformClass are disallowed; this includes private use characters, surrogate code points, and the other code points and blocks defined as "Prohibited Output" in Section 2.3 of RFC 4013. A password MUST NOT be zero bytes in length. This rule is to be enforced after any normalization and mapping of code points. Note: The prohibition on zero-length passwords is not a recommendation regarding password strength (since a password of only one byte is highly insecure), but is meant to prevent applications from omitting a password entirely. In protocols that provide passwords as input to a cryptographic algorithm such as a hash function, the client will need to perform proper preparation of the password before applying the algorithm, since the password is not available to the server in plaintext form. 4.2. Password Profile The definition of the Password profile is provided in the following sections, including detailed information about preparation, enforcement, and comparison (on the distinction between these actions, refer to [I-D.ietf-precis-framework]). 4.2.1. Preparation An entity that prepares a string according to this profile MUST ensure that the string consists only of Unicode code points that conform to the "FreeformClass" base string class defined in [I-D.ietf-precis-framework]. In addition, the string MUST be encoded as UTF-8 [RFC3629]. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 11] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 4.2.2. Enforcement An entity that performs enforcement according to this profile MUST prepare a string as described in the previous section and MUST also apply the rules specified below for the Password (these rules MUST be applied in the order shown). 1. Width Mapping Rule: Fullwidth and halfwidth characters MUST NOT be mapped to their decomposition mappings. 2. Additional Mapping Rule: Any instances of non-ASCII space MUST be mapped to ASCII space (U+0020); a non-ASCII space is any Unicode code point having a general category of "Zs", naturally with the exception of U+0020. 3. Case Mapping Rule: Uppercase and titlecase characters MUST NOT be mapped to their lowercase equivalents. 4. Normalization Rule: Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC) MUST be applied to all characters. 5. Directionality Rule: There is no directionality rule. The "Bidi Rule" (defined in [RFC5893]) and similar rules are unnecessary and inapplicable to passwords, since they can reduce the range of characters that are allowed in a string and therefore reduce the amount of entropy that is possible in a password. Furthermore, such rules are intended to minimize the possibility that the same string will be displayed differently on a system set for right- to-left display and a system set for left-to-right display; however, passwords are typically not displayed at all and are rarely meant to be interoperable across different systems in the way that non-secret strings like domain names and usernames are. 4.2.3. Comparison An entity that performs comparison of two strings according to this profile MUST prepare each string and enforce the rules specified in the previous two sections. The two strings are to be considered equivalent if they are an exact octet-for-octet match (sometimes called "bit-string identity"). 4.3. Examples The following examples illustrate a small number of passwords that are consistent with the format defined above (note that the characters < and > are used here to delineate the actual passwords and are not part of the password strings). Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 12] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 Table 3: A sample of legal passwords +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | # | Password | Notes | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 12| | ASCII space is allowed | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 13| | Different from example 12 | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 14| <πßå> | Non-ASCII letters are OK | | | | (e.g., GREEK SMALL LETTER | | | | PI, U+03C0) | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 15| | Symbols are OK (e.g., BLACK | | | | DIAMOND SUIT, U+2666) | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ The following examples illustrate strings that are not valid passwords because they violate the format defined above. Table 4: A sample of strings that violate the password rules +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | # | Password | Notes | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 16| | Non-ASCII space (here, OGHAM | | | | SPACE MARK, U+1680) is not | | | | allowed | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ | 17| | Controls are disallowed | +------------------------------------+------------------------------+ 5. Migration The rules defined in this specification differ slightly from those defined by the SASLprep specification [RFC4013]. The following sections describe these differences, along with their implications for migration, in more detail. 5.1. Usernames Deployments that currently use SASLprep for handling usernames might need to scrub existing data when migrating to use of the rules defined in this specification. In particular: o SASLprep specified the use of Unicode Normalization Form KC (NFKC), whereas the UsernameCaseMapped and UsernameCasePreserved profiles employ Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC). In practice Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 13] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 this change is unlikely to cause significant problems, because NFKC provides methods for mapping Unicode code points with compatibility equivalents to those equivalents, whereas the PRECIS IdentifierClass entirely disallows Unicode code points with compatibility equivalents (i.e., during comparison NFKC is more "aggressive" about finding matches than NFC). A few examples might suffice to indicate the nature of the problem: 1. U+017F LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S is compatibility equivalent to U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S 2. U+2163 ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR is compatibility equivalent to U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I and U+0056 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V 3. U+FB01 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI is compatibility equivalent to U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F and U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I Under SASLprep, the use of NFKC also handled the mapping of fullwidth and halfwidth code points to their decomposition mappings. Although it is expected that code points with compatibility equivalents are rare in existing usernames, for migration purposes deployments might want to search their database of usernames for Unicode code points with compatibility equivalents and map those code points to their compatibility equivalents. o SASLprep mapped the "characters commonly mapped to nothing" from Appendix B.1 of [RFC3454]) to nothing, whereas the PRECIS IdentifierClass entirely disallows most of these characters, which correspond to the code points from the "M" category defined under Section 8.13 of [I-D.ietf-precis-framework] (with the exception of U+1806 MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN, which was "commonly mapped to nothing" in Unicode 3.2 but at the time of this writing does not have a derived property of Default_Ignorable_Code_Point in Unicode 7.0). For migration purposes, deployments might want to remove code points contained in the PRECIS "M" category from usernames. o SASLprep allowed uppercase and titlecase characters, whereas the UsernameCaseMapped profile maps uppercase and titlecase characters to their lowercase equivalents (by contrast, the UsernameCasePreserved profile matches SASLprep in this regard). For migration purposes, deployments can either use the UsernameCaseMapped profile (thus losing the case information) or use the UsernameCasePreserved profile (thus ignoring case difference when comparing usernames). Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 14] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 5.2. Passwords Depending on local service policy, migration from RFC 4013 to this specification might not involve any scrubbing of data (since passwords might not be stored in the clear anyway); however, service providers need to be aware of possible issues that might arise during migration. In particular: o SASLprep specified the use of Unicode Normalization Form KC (NFKC), whereas the Password profile employs Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC). Because NFKC is more aggressive about finding matches than NFC, in practice this change is unlikely to cause significant problems and indeed has the security benefit of probably resulting in fewer false positives when comparing passwords. A few examples might suffice to indicate the nature of the problem: 1. U+017F LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S is compatibility equivalent to U+0073 LATIN SMALL LETTER S 2. U+2163 ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR is compatibility equivalent to U+0049 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I and U+0056 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V 3. U+FB01 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI is compatibility equivalent to U+0066 LATIN SMALL LETTER F and U+0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I Under SASLprep, the use of NFKC also handled the mapping of fullwidth and halfwidth code points to their decomposition mappings. Although it is expected that code points with compatibility equivalents are rare in existing passwords, some passwords that matched when SASLprep was used might no longer work when the rules in this specification are applied. o SASLprep mapped the "characters commonly mapped to nothing" from Appendix B.1 of [RFC3454]) to nothing, whereas the PRECIS FreeformClass entirely disallows such characters, which correspond to the code points from the "M" category defined under Section 8.13 of [I-D.ietf-precis-framework] (with the exception of U+1806 MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN, which was commonly mapped to nothing in Unicode 3.2 but at the time of this writing is allowed by Unicode 7.0). In practice, this change will probably have no effect on comparison, but user-oriented software might reject such code points instead of ignoring them during password preparation. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 15] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 6. IANA Considerations The IANA shall add the following entries to the PRECIS Profiles Registry. 6.1. UsernameCaseMapped Profile Name: UsernameCaseMapped. Base Class: IdentifierClass. Applicability: Usernames in security and application protocols. Replaces: The SASLprep profile of Stringprep. Width Mapping Rule: Map fullwidth and halfwidth characters to their decomposition mappings. Additional Mapping Rule: None. Case Mapping Rule: Map uppercase and titlecase characters to lowercase. Normalization Rule: NFC. Directionality Rule: The "Bidi Rule" defined in RFC 5893 applies. Enforcement: To be defined by security or application protocols that use this profile. Specification: RFC XXXX. [Note to RFC Editor: please change XXXX to the number issued for this specification.] 6.2. UsernameCasePreserved Profile Name: UsernameCasePreserved. Base Class: IdentifierClass. Applicability: Usernames in security and application protocols. Replaces: The SASLprep profile of Stringprep. Width Mapping Rule: Map fullwidth and halfwidth characters to their decomposition mappings. Additional Mapping Rule: None. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 16] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 Case Mapping Rule: None. Normalization Rule: NFC. Directionality Rule: The "Bidi Rule" defined in RFC 5893 applies. Enforcement: To be defined by security or application protocols that use this profile. Specification: RFC XXXX. [Note to RFC Editor: please change XXXX to the number issued for this specification.] 6.3. Password Profile Name: Password. Base Class: FreeformClass Applicability: Passwords in security and application protocols. Replaces: The SASLprep profile of Stringprep. Width Mapping Rule: None. Additional Mapping Rule: Map non-ASCII space characters to ASCII space. Case Mapping Rule: None. Normalization Rule: NFC. Directionality Rule: None. Enforcement: To be defined by security or application protocols that use this profile. Specification: RFC XXXX. [Note to RFC Editor: please change XXXX to the number issued for this specification.] 7. Security Considerations 7.1. Password/Passphrase Strength The ability to include a wide range of characters in passwords and passphrases can increase the potential for creating a strong password with high entropy. However, in practice, the ability to include such characters ought to be weighed against the possible need to reproduce them on various devices using various input methods. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 17] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 7.2. Identifier Comparison The process of comparing identifiers (such as SASL simple user names, authentication identifiers, and authorization identifiers) can lead to either false negatives or false positives, both of which have security implications. A more detailed discussion can be found in [RFC6943]. 7.3. Reuse of PRECIS The security considerations described in [I-D.ietf-precis-framework] apply to the "IdentifierClass" and "FreeformClass" base string classes used in this document for usernames and passwords, respectively. 7.4. Reuse of Unicode The security considerations described in [UTS39] apply to the use of Unicode characters in usernames and passwords. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-precis-framework] Saint-Andre, P. and M. Blanchet, "Precis Framework: Handling Internationalized Strings in Protocols", draft- ietf-precis-framework-20 (work in progress), November 2014. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003. [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. [UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3", 2013, . 8.2. Informative References Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 18] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 [I-D.ietf-httpauth-basicauth-update] Reschke, J., "The 'Basic' HTTP Authentication Scheme", draft-ietf-httpauth-basicauth-update-02 (work in progress), October 2014. [I-D.ietf-httpauth-digest] Shekh-Yusef, R., Ahrens, D., and S. Bremer, "HTTP Digest Access Authentication", draft-ietf-httpauth-digest-08 (work in progress), August 2014. [I-D.ietf-radext-nai] DeKok, A., "The Network Access Identifier", draft-ietf- radext-nai-11 (work in progress), November 2014. [RFC20] Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", RFC 20, October 1969. [RFC2617] Franks, J., Hallam-Baker, P., Hostetler, J., Lawrence, S., Leach, P., Luotonen, A., and L. Stewart, "HTTP Authentication: Basic and Digest Access Authentication", RFC 2617, June 1999. [RFC3454] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454, December 2002. [RFC3501] Crispin, M., "INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - VERSION 4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003. [RFC4013] Zeilenga, K., "SASLprep: Stringprep Profile for User Names and Passwords", RFC 4013, February 2005. [RFC4422] Melnikov, A., Ed. and K. Zeilenga, Ed., "Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)", RFC 4422, June 2006. [RFC4616] Zeilenga, K., "The PLAIN Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) Mechanism", RFC 4616, August 2006. [RFC5802] Newman, C., Menon-Sen, A., Melnikov, A., and N. Williams, "Salted Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (SCRAM) SASL and GSS-API Mechanisms", RFC 5802, July 2010. [RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework", RFC 5890, August 2010. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 19] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 [RFC5891] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891, August 2010. [RFC5892] Faltstrom, P., "The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5892, August 2010. [RFC5893] Alvestrand, H. and C. Karp, "Right-to-Left Scripts for Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5893, August 2010. [RFC5894] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Background, Explanation, and Rationale", RFC 5894, August 2010. [RFC6120] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, March 2011. [RFC6365] Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, "Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF", BCP 166, RFC 6365, September 2011. [RFC6943] Thaler, D., "Issues in Identifier Comparison for Security Purposes", RFC 6943, May 2013. [UTS39] The Unicode Consortium, "Unicode Technical Standard #39: Unicode Security Mechanisms", July 2012, . Appendix A. Differences from RFC 4013 This document builds upon the PRECIS framework defined in [I-D.ietf-precis-framework], which differs fundamentally from the stringprep technology [RFC3454] used in SASLprep [RFC4013]. The primary difference is that stringprep profiles allowed all characters except those which were explicitly disallowed, whereas PRECIS profiles disallow all characters except those which are explicitly allowed (this "inclusion model" was originally used for internationalized domain names in [RFC5891]; see [RFC5894] for further discussion). It is important to keep this distinction in mind when comparing the technology defined in this document to SASLprep [RFC4013]. The following substantive modifications were made from RFC 4013. o A single SASLprep algorithm was replaced by three separate algorithms: one for usernames with case mapping, one for usernames with case preservation, and one for passwords. Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 20] Internet-Draft PRECIS: Usernames and Passwords November 2014 o The new preparation algorithms use PRECIS instead of a stringprep profile. The new algorithms work independenctly of Unicode versions. o As recommended in the PRECIS framework, changed the Unicode normalization form from NFKC to NFC. o Some Unicode code points that were mapped to nothing in RFC 4013 are simply disallowed by PRECIS. Appendix B. Acknowledgements The following individuals provided helpful feedback on this document: Marc Blanchet, Alan DeKok, Joe Hildebrand, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Simon Josefsson, Jonathan Lennox, James Manger, Matt Miller, Chris Newman, Yutaka OIWA, Pete Resnick, Andrew Sullivan, and Nico Williams. Nico in particular deserves special recognition for providing text that was used in Section 3.4. Thanks also to Yoshiro YONEYA and Takahiro NEMOTO for implementation feedback. This document borrows some text from [RFC4013] and [RFC6120]. Peter Saint-Andre wishes to acknowledge Cisco Systems, Inc., for employing him during his work on earlier versions of this document. Authors' Addresses Peter Saint-Andre &yet Email: peter@andyet.com URI: https://andyet.com/ Alexey Melnikov Isode Ltd 5 Castle Business Village 36 Station Road Hampton, Middlesex TW12 2BX UK Email: Alexey.Melnikov@isode.com Saint-Andre & Melnikov Expires May 30, 2015 [Page 21]