ROLL P. Thubert, Ed. Internet-Draft L. Zhao Updates: 8138 (if approved) Cisco Systems Intended status: Standards Track 5 August 2020 Expires: 6 February 2021 A RPL DODAG Configuration Option for the 6LoWPAN Routing Header draft-ietf-roll-turnon-rfc8138-10 Abstract This document updates RFC 8138 by defining a bit in the RPL DODAG Configuration Option to indicate whether compression is used within the RPL Instance, and specify the behavior of RFC 8138-capable nodes when the bit is set and reset. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 6 February 2021. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.3. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. The RPL DODAG Configuration Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Updating RFC 8138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. Transition Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1. Coexistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.2. Inconsistent State While Migrating . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.3. Rolling Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1. Introduction The packet compression technique defined in [RFC8138] can only be activated in a RPL [RFC6550] network when all the nodes support it. Otherwise, a non-capable node acting as leaf-only would fail to communicate, and acting as a router it would drop the compressed packets and black-hole a portion of the network. The original idea was to use a flag day but that proved impractical in a number of situations such as a large metering network that is used in production and incurs financial losses when interrupted. This specification is designed for the scenario where a live network is upgraded to support [RFC8138]. During the migration, the compression should remain inactive, until all nodes are upgraded. This document complements [RFC8138] and dedicates a flag in the RPL DODAG Configuration Option to indicate whether the [RFC8138] compression should be used within the RPL DODAG. The setting of this new flag is controlled by the Root and propagates as is in the whole network as part of the normal RPL signaling. The idea is to use the flag to maintain the compression inactive during the migration phase. When the migration is complete (e.g., as known by network management and/or inventory), the flag is set and the compression is globally activated in the whole DODAG. Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 2. Terminology 2.1. References The terminology used in this document is consistent with and incorporates that described in "Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs)" [RFC7102]. Other terms in use in LLNs are found in "Terminology for Constrained-Node Networks" [RFC7228]. "RPL", the "RPL Packet Information" (RPI), and "RPL Instance" (indexed by a RPLInstanceID) are defined in "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks" [RFC6550]. The RPI is the abstract information that RPL defines to be placed in data packets, e.g., as the RPL Option [RFC6553] within the IPv6 Hop-By-Hop Header. By extension the term "RPI" is often used to refer to the RPL Option itself. The DODAG Information Solicitation (DIS), Destination Advertisement Object (DAO) and DODAG Information Object (DIO) messages are also specified in [RFC6550]. This document uses the terms RPL-Unaware Leaf (RUL) and RPL-Aware Leaf (RAL) consistently with "Using RPI Option Type, Routing Header for Source Routes and IPv6-in-IPv6 encapsulation in the RPL Data Plane" [USEofRPLinfo]. The term RPL-Aware Node (RAN) refers to a node that is either a RAL or a RPL Router. A RAN manages the reachability of its addresses and prefixes by injecting them in RPL by itself. In contrast, a RUL leverages "Registration Extensions for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Neighbor Discovery" [RFC8505] to obtain reachability services from its parent router(s) as specified in "Routing for RPL Leaves" [UNAWARE-LEAVES]. 2.2. Glossary This document often uses the following acronyms: 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network 6LoRH: 6LoWPAN Routing Header DIO: DODAG Information Object (a RPL message) DODAG: Destination-Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph LLN: Low-Power and Lossy Network RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks OF: RPL Objective Function OCP: RPL Objective Code Point MOP: RPL Mode of Operation RPI: RPL Packet Information RAL: RPL-Aware Leaf RAN: RPL-Aware Node RUL: RPL-Unaware Leaf SRH: Source Routing Header Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 2.3. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 3. The RPL DODAG Configuration Option The DODAG Configuration Option is defined in Section 6.7.6 of [RFC6550]. The RPL DODAG Configuration Option is typically placed in a DODAG Information Object (DIO) message. The DIO message propagates down the DODAG to form and then maintain its structure. The DODAG Configuration Option is copied unmodified from parents to children. As shown in Figure 1, the DODAG Configuration Option was designed with 4 bit positions reserved for future use as Flags. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = 0x04 |Opt Length = 14| Flags |A| ... | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | ... | Figure 1: DODAG Configuration Option (Partial View) This specification defines a new flag "Enable RFC8138 Compression" (T). The "T" flag is set to turn-on the use of the compression of RPL artifacts with [RFC8138] within the DODAG. The new "T" flag is encoded in the Flags field in the RPL DODAG Configuration Option. The suggested bit position of the "T" flag is indicated in Section 6. [RFC6550] states, when referring to the DODAG Configuration Option, that "Nodes other than the DODAG Root MUST NOT modify this information when propagating the DODAG Configuration option". Therefore, a legacy parent propagates the "T" flag as set by the Root whether it supports this specification or not. So when the "T" flag is set, it is transparently flooded to all the nodes in the DODAG. Section 6.3.1 of [RFC6550] defines a 3-bit Mode of Operation (MOP) in the DIO Base Object. This specification applies to MOP values 0 to 6. For a MOP value of 7, the compression MUST be used by default regardless of the setting of the "T" flag. Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 4. Updating RFC 8138 A node SHOULD source packets in the compressed form using [RFC8138] if and only if the "T" flag is set. This behaviour can be overridden by e.g., configuration or network management. Overriding may be needed e.g., to cope with a legacy implementation of the Root that supports [RFC8138] but not this specification and cannot set the "T" flag. The decision of using [RFC8138] is made by the originator of the packet depending on its capabilities and its knowledge of the state of the "T" flag. A router that encapsulates a packet is the originator of the resulting packet and is responsible to compress the outer headers with [RFC8138], but it MUST leave the encapsulated packet as is. An external target [USEofRPLinfo] is not expected to support [RFC8138]. In most cases, packets from and to an external target are tunneled back and forth between the border router (referred to as 6LR) that serves the external target and the Root, regardless of the MOP used in the RPL DODAG. The inner packet is typically not compressed with [RFC8138], so for outgoing packets, the border router just needs to decapsulate the (compressed) outer header and forward the (uncompressed) inner packet towards the external target. A router MUST uncompress a packet that is to be forwarded to an external target. Otherwise, the router MUST forward the packet in the form that the source used, either compressed or uncompressed. A RUL [UNAWARE-LEAVES] is both a leaf and an external target. A RUL does not participate in RPL and depends on the parent router to obtain connectivity. In the case of a RUL, forwarding towards an external target actually means delivering the packet. 5. Transition Scenarios A node that supports [RFC8138] but not this specification can only be used in an homogeneous network. Enabling the [RFC8138] compression without a turn-on signaling requires a "flag day"; all nodes must be upgraded, and then the network can be rebooted with the [RFC8138] compression turned on. The intent for this specification is to perform a migration once and for all without the need for a flag day. In particular it is not the intention to undo the setting of the "T" flag. Though it is possible to roll back (see Section 5.3), adding nodes that do not support [RFC8138] after a roll back may be problematic if the roll back did not fully complete. Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 5.1. Coexistence A node that supports this specification can operate in a network with the [RFC8138] compression turned on or off with the "T" flag set accordingly and in a network in transition from off to on or on to off (see Section 5.2). A node that does not support [RFC8138] can interoperate with nodes that do in a network with [RFC8138] compression turned off. If the compression is turned on, all the RPL-Aware Nodes are expected to be able to handle compressed packets in the compressed form. A node that cannot do so may remain connected to the network as a RUL, but how the node is modified to turn into a RUL is out of scope. 5.2. Inconsistent State While Migrating When the "T" flag is turned on by the Root, the information slowly percolates through the DODAG as the DIO gets propagated. Some nodes will see the flag and start sourcing packets in the compressed form while other nodes in the same RPL DODAG are still not aware of it. In non-storing mode, the Root will start using [RFC8138] with a Source Routing Header 6LoRH (SRH-6LoRH) that routes all the way to the parent router or to the leaf. To ensure that a packet is forwarded across the RPL DODAG in the form in which it was generated, it is required that all the RPL nodes support [RFC8138] at the time of the switch. Setting the "T" flag is ultimately the responsibility of the Network Administrator. The expectation is that the network management or upgrading tools in place enable the Network Administrator to know when all the nodes that may join a DODAG were migrated. In the case of a RPL instance with multiple Roots, all nodes that participate to the RPL Instance may potentially join any DODAG. The network MUST be operated with the "T" flag reset until all nodes in the RPL Instance are upgraded to support this specification. 5.3. Rolling Back When turning [RFC8138] compression off in the network, the Network Administrator MUST wait until all nodes have converged to the "T" flag reset before allowing nodes that do not support the compression in the network. It is RECOMMENDED to only deploy nodes that support [RFC8138] in a network where the compression is turned on. A node that does not support [RFC8138] MUST only be used as a RUL. Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 6. IANA Considerations IANA is requested to assign a new option flag from the Registry for the "DODAG Configuration Option Flags" that was created for [RFC6550] as follows: +---------------+---------------------------------+-----------+ | Bit Number | Capability Description | Reference | +---------------+---------------------------------+-----------+ | 2 (suggested) | Turn on RFC8138 Compression (T) | THIS RFC | +---------------+---------------------------------+-----------+ Table 1: New DODAG Configuration Option Flag 7. Security Considerations First of all, it is worth noting that with [RFC6550], every node in the LLN that is RPL-aware can inject any RPL-based attack in the network. A trust model has to be put in place in an effort to exclude rogue nodes from participating to the RPL and the 6LoWPAN signaling, as well as from the data packet exchange. This trust model could be at a minimum based on a Layer-2 Secure joining and the Link-Layer security. This is a generic RPL and 6LoWPAN requirement, see Req5.1 in Appendix of [RFC8505]. Setting the "T" flag before all routers are upgraded may cause a loss of packets. The new bit is protected as the rest of the configuration so this is just one of the many attacks that can happen if an attacker manages to inject a corrupted configuration. Setting and resetting the "T" flag may create inconsistencies in the network but as long as all nodes are upgraded to [RFC8138] support they will be able to forward both forms. The source is responsible for selecting whether the packet is compressed or not, and all routers must use the format that the source selected. So the result of an inconsistency is merely that both forms will be present in the network, at an additional cost of bandwidth for packets in the uncompressed form. An attacker in the middle of the network may reset the "T" flag to cause extra energy spending in its subDAG. Conversely it may set the "T" flag, so that nodes located downstream would compress when that it is not desired, potentially resulting in the loss of packets. In a tree structure, the attacker would be in position to drop the packets from and to the attacked nodes. So the attacks above would be more complex and more visible than simply dropping selected packets. The downstream node may have other parents and see both settings, which could raise attention. Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 8. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Carles Gomez, Alvaro Retana, Dominique Barthel and Rahul Jadhav for their in-depth reviews and constructive suggestions. Also many thanks to Michael Richardson for being always helpful and responsive when need comes. 9. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . [RFC6550] Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J., Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur, JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012, . [RFC7102] Vasseur, JP., "Terms Used in Routing for Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 7102, DOI 10.17487/RFC7102, January 2014, . [RFC8138] Thubert, P., Ed., Bormann, C., Toutain, L., and R. Cragie, "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Routing Header", RFC 8138, DOI 10.17487/RFC8138, April 2017, . [RFC8505] Thubert, P., Ed., Nordmark, E., Chakrabarti, S., and C. Perkins, "Registration Extensions for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Neighbor Discovery", RFC 8505, DOI 10.17487/RFC8505, November 2018, . [UNAWARE-LEAVES] Thubert, P. and M. Richardson, "Routing for RPL Leaves", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-roll-unaware- leaves-18, 12 June 2020, . Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Turn On 6LoRH August 2020 10. Informative References [RFC6553] Hui, J. and JP. Vasseur, "The Routing Protocol for Low- Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) Option for Carrying RPL Information in Data-Plane Datagrams", RFC 6553, DOI 10.17487/RFC6553, March 2012, . [RFC7228] Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228, DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014, . [USEofRPLinfo] Robles, I., Richardson, M., and P. Thubert, "Using RPI Option Type, Routing Header for Source Routes and IPv6-in- IPv6 encapsulation in the RPL Data Plane", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-roll-useofrplinfo-40, 25 June 2020, . Authors' Addresses Pascal Thubert (editor) Cisco Systems, Inc Building D 45 Allee des Ormes - BP1200 06254 MOUGINS - Sophia Antipolis France Phone: +33 497 23 26 34 Email: pthubert@cisco.com Li Zhao Cisco Systems, Inc Xinsi Building No. 926 Yi Shan Rd SHANGHAI 200233 China Email: liz3@cisco.com Thubert & Zhao Expires 6 February 2021 [Page 9]