Network Working Group James Polk Internet Draft Cisco Systems Expires: Nov 4, 2011 Brian Rosen Intended Status: Standards Track (PS) Jon Peterson NeuStar May 4, 2011 Location Conveyance for the Session Initiation Protocol draft-ietf-sipcore-location-conveyance-07.txt Abstract This document defines an extension to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to convey geographic location information from one SIP entity to another SIP entity. The SIP extension covers end-to-end conveyance as well as location-based routing, where SIP intermediaries make routing decisions based upon the location of the Location Target. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on Nov 4, 2011. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 1] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the BSD License. This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English. Table of Contents 1. Conventions and Terminology used in this document . . . . . . 3 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Overview of SIP Location Conveyance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1 Location Conveyed by Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.2 Location Conveyed as a Location URI . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.3 Location Conveyed though a SIP Intermediary . . . . . . . 5 3.4 SIP Intermediary Replacing Bad Location . . . . . . . . . 7 4. SIP Modifications for Geolocation Conveyance . . . . . . . . 8 4.1 The Geolocation Header Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.2 The Geolocation-Routing Header Field . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2.1 Explaining Geolocation-Routing header-value States . . 11 4.3 424 (Bad Location Information) Response Code . . . . . . 12 4.4 The Geolocation-Error Header Field . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.5 Location URIs in Message Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.6 Location Profile Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5. Geolocation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.1 Location-by-value (Coordinate Format) . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.2 Two Locations Composed in Same Location Object Example . 19 6. Geopriv Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8.1 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation Header Field . 22 8.2 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation-Routing Header Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8.3 IANA Registration for New SIP Option Tags . . . . . . . . 23 8.4 IANA Registration for New 424 Response Code . . . . . . . 23 8.5 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation-Error Header Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8.6 IANA Registration for New SIP Geolocation-Error Codes . . 24 9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 2] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 10.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 10.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Author Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Appendix A. Requirements for SIP Location Conveyance . . . . 27 1. Conventions and Terminology used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. This document furthermore uses numerous terms defined in RFC 3693 [RFC3693], including Location Object, Location Recipient, Location Server, Target, and Using Protocol. 2. Introduction Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261] creates, modifies and terminates multimedia sessions. SIP carries certain information related to a session while establishing or maintaining calls. This document defines how SIP conveys geographic location information of a Target to a Location Recipient (LR). SIP acts as a Using Protocol of location information, as defined in RFC 3693. In order to convey location information, this document specifies three new SIP header fields, Geolocation, Geolocation-Routing and Geolocation-Error, which carry a reference to a Location Object (LO), grant permission to route a SIP request based on the location-value and provide error notifications specific to location errors respectively. The Location Object (LO) may appear in a MIME body attached to the SIP request, or it may be a remote resource in the network. A Target is an entity whose location is being conveyed, per RFC 3693. Thus, a Target could be a SIP user agent (UA), some other IP device (a router or a PC) that does not have a SIP stack, a non-IP device (a person or a black phone) or even a non-communications device (a building or store front). In no way does this document assume that the SIP user agent client which sends a request containing a location object is necessarily the Target. The location of a Target conveyed within SIP typically corresponds to that of a device controlled by the Target, for example, a mobile phone, but such devices can be separated from their owners, and moreover, in some cases the user agent may not know its own location. In the SIP context, a location recipient will most likely be a SIP UA, but due to the mediated nature of SIP architectures, location information conveyed by a single SIP request may have multiple recipients, as any SIP proxy server in the signaling path that inspects the location of the Target must also be considered a Location Recipient. In presence-like architectures, an intermediary Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 3] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 that receives publications of location information and distributes them to watchers acts as a Location Server per RFC 3693. This location conveyance mechanism can also be used to deliver URIs pointing to such Location Servers where prospective Location Recipients can request Location Objects. 3. Overview of SIP Location Conveyance An operational overview of SIP location conveyance can be shown in 4 basic diagrams, with most applications falling under one of the following basic use cases. Each is separated into its own subsection here in section 3. Each diagram has Alice and Bob as UAs. Alice is the Target, and Bob is an LR. A SIP intermediary appears in some of the diagrams. Any SIP entity that receives and inspects location information is an LR, therefore any of the diagrams the SIP intermediary receives the SIP request is potentially an LR - though that does not mean such an intermediary necessarily has to route the SIP request based on the location information. In some use cases, location information passes through the LS on the right of each diagram. 3.1 Location Conveyed by Value We start with the simplest diagram of Location Conveyance, Alice to Bob, where no other layer 7 entities are involved. Alice SIP Intermediary Bob LS | | | | | Request w/Location | | |----------------------------------->| | | | | | Response | | |<-----------------------------------| | | | | | Figure 1. Location Conveyed by Value In Figure 1, Alice is both the Target and the LS that is conveying her location directly to Bob, who acts as an LR. This conveyance is point-to-point - it does not pass through any SIP-layer intermediary. A Location Object appears by-value in the initial SIP request as a MIME body, and Bob responds to that SIP request as appropriate. There is a 'Bad Location Information' response code introduced within this document to specifically inform Alice if she conveys bad location to Bob (e.g., Bob "cannot parse the location provided", or "there is not enough location information to determine where Alice is"). Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 4] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 3.2 Location Conveyed as a Location URI Here we make Figure 1 a little more complicated by showing a diagram of indirect Location Conveyance from Alice to Bob, where Bob's entity has to retrieve the location object from a 3rd party server. Alice SIP Intermediary Bob LS | | | | | Request w/Location URI | | |----------------------------------->| | | | Dereference | | | Request | | (To: Location URI) | | |---------------->| | | | | | Dereference | | | Response | | (includes location) | | |<----------------| | Response | | |<-----------------------------------| | | | | | Figure 2. Location Conveyed as a Location URI In Figure 2, location is conveyed indirectly, via a Location URI carried in the SIP request (more of those details later). If Alice sends Bob this Location URI, Bob will need to dereference the URI - analogous to Content Indirection [RFC4483] - in order to request the location information. In general, the LS provides the location value to Bob instead of Alice directly for conveyance to Bob. From a user interface perspective, Bob the user won't know that this information was gathered from an LS indirectly rather than culled from the SIP request, and practically this does not impact the operation of location-based applications. The example given in this section is only illustrative, not normative. In particular, applications can choose to dereference a location URI at any time, possibly several times, or potentially not at all. Applications receiving a Location URI in a SIP transaction need to be mindful of timers used by different transactions. In particular, if the means of dereferencing the Location URI might take longer than the SIP transaction timeout (Timer C for INVITE transactions, Timer F for non-INVITE transactions), then it needs to rely on mechanisms other than the transaction's response code to convey location errors, if returning such errors are necessary. 3.3 Location Conveyed though a SIP Intermediary Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 5] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 In Figure 3, we introduce the idea of a SIP intermediary into the example to illustrate the role of proxying in the location architecture. This intermediary can be a SIP proxy or it can be a back-to-back-user-agent (B2BUA). In this message flow, the SIP intermediary could act as a LR, in addition to Bob. The primary use case for intermediaries consuming location information is location-based routing. In this case, the intermediary chooses a next hop for the SIP request by consulting a specialized location service which selects forwarding destinations based on geographical location. Alice SIP Intermediary Bob LS | | | | | Request | | | | w/Location | | | |--------------->| | | | | Request | | | | w/Location | | | |------------------>| | | | | | | | Response | | | |<------------------| | | Response | | | |<---------------| | | | | | | Figure 3. Location Conveyed though a SIP Intermediary However, the most common case will be one in which the SIP intermediary receives a request with location information (conveyed either by-value or by-reference) and does not know or care about Alice's location, or support this extension, and merely passes it on to Bob. In this case, the intermediary does not act as a Location Recipient. When the intermediary is not an LR, this use case is the same as the one described in Section 3.1. Note that an intermediary does not have to perform location-based routing in order to be location recipient. It could be the case that a SIP intermediary which does not perform location-based routing but does care when Alice includes her location; for example, it could care that the location information is complete or that it correctly identifies where Alice is. The best example of this is intermediaries that verify location information for emergency calling, but it could also be for any location based routing - e.g., contacting your favorite local pizza delivery service, making sure that organization has Alice's proper location in the initial SIP request. There is another scenario in which the SIP intermediary cares about location and is not an LR, one in which the intermediary inserts another location of the Target, Alice in this case, into the request, and forwards it. This secondary insertion is generally not Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 6] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 advisable because downstream SIP entities will not be given any guidance about which location to believe is better, more reliable, less prone to error, more granular, worse than the other location or just plain wrong. This document takes a "you break it, you bought it" approach to dealing with second locations placed into a SIP request by an intermediary entity. That entity becomes completely responsible for all location within that SIP request (more on this in Section 4). 3.4 SIP Intermediary Replacing Bad Location If the SIP intermediary rejects the message due to unsuitable location information, the SIP response will indicate there was 'Bad Location Information' in the SIP request, and provide a location specific error code indicating what Alice needs to do to send an acceptable request (see Figure 4 for this scenario). Alice SIP Intermediary Bob LS | | | | | Request | | | | w/Location | | | |--------------->| | | | | | | | Rejected | | | | w/New Location | | | |<---------------| | | | | | | | Request | | | | w/New Location | | | |--------------->| | | | | Request | | | | w/New Location | | | |------------------>| | | | | | Figure 4. SIP Intermediary Replacing Bad Location In this last use case, the SIP intermediary wishes to include a Location Object indicating where it understands Alice to be. Thus, it needs to inform her user agent what location it will include in any subsequent SIP request that contains her location. In this case, the intermediary can reject Alice's request and, through the SIP response, convey to her the best way to repair the request in order for the intermediary to accept it. Overriding location information provided by the user requires a deployment where an intermediary necessarily knows better than an end user - after all, it could be that Alice has an on-board GPS, and the SIP intermediary only knows her nearest cell tower. Which is more accurate location information? Currently, there is no way to Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 7] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 tell which entity is more accurate, or which is wrong - for that matter. This document will not specify how to indicate which location is more accurate than another. As an aside, it is not envisioned that any SIP-based emergency services request (i.e., IP-911, or 112 type of call attempt) will receive a corrective 'Bad Location Information' response from an intermediary. Most likely, the SIP intermediary would in that scenario act as a B2BUA and insert into the request by-value any appropriate location information for the benefit of Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) call centers to expedite call reception by the emergency services personnel; thereby, minimizing any delay in call establishment time. The implementation of these specialized deployments is, however, outside the scope of this document. 4. SIP Modifications for Geolocation Conveyance The following sections detail the modifications to SIP for location conveyance. 4.1 The Geolocation Header Field This document defines "Geolocation" as a new SIP header field registered by IANA, with the following ABNF [RFC5234]: message-header /= Geolocation-header ; (message-header from 3261) Geolocation-header = "Geolocation" HCOLON locationValue *( COMMA locationValue ) locationValue = LAQUOT locationURI RAQUOT *(SEMI geoloc-param) locationURI = sip-URI / sips-URI / pres-URI / http-URI / https-URI / cid-url ; (from RFC 2392) / absoluteURI ; (from RFC 3261) geoloc-param = generic-param; (from RFC 3261) HCOLON, COMMA, LAQUOT, RAQUOT, and SEMI are defined in RFC3261 [RFC3261]. sip-URI, sips-URI and absoluteURI are defined according to [RFC3261]. The pres-URI is defined in [RFC3859]. http-URI and https-URI are defined according to [RFC2616] and [RFC2818], respectively. The cid-url is defined in [RFC2392] to locate message body parts. This URI type is present in a SIP request when location is conveyed as a MIME body in the SIP message. GEO-URIs [RFC5870] are not appropriate for usage in the SIP Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 8] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 Geolocation header. Other URI schemas used in the location URI MUST be reviewed against the RFC 3693 [RFC3693] criteria for a Using Protocol. The generic-param in the definition of locationValue is included as a mechanism for future extensions that might require parameters. This document defines no parameters for use with locationValue. If a Geolocation header field is received that contains generic-params, each parameter SHOULD be ignored, and SHOULD NOT be removed when forwarding the locationValue. If a need arises to define parameters for use with locationValue, a revision/extension to this document is required. The Geolocation header field can have one or more locationValues. A Geolocation header field MUST have at least one locationValue. A SIP intermediary SHOULD NOT add location to a SIP request that already contains location. This will quite often lead to confusion within LRs. However, if a SIP intermediary adds location, even if location was not previously present in a SIP request, that SIP intermediary is fully responsible for addressing the concerns of any 424 (Bad Location Information) SIP response it receives about this location addition, and MUST NOT pass on (upstream) the 424 response. A SIP intermediary that adds a locationValue MUST position the new locationValue as the last locationValue within the Geolocation header field of the SIP request. This document defines the Geolocation header field as valid in the following SIP requests: INVITE [RFC3261], REGISTER [RFC3261], OPTIONS [RFC3261], BYE [RFC3261], UPDATE [RFC3311], INFO [RFC6086], MESSAGE [RFC3428], REFER [RFC3515], SUBSCRIBE [RFC3265], NOTIFY [RFC3265], PUBLISH [RFC3903] The Geolocation header field MAY be included in any one of the above listed requests by a UA, and a 424 response to any one of the requests sent above. Fully appreciating the caveats/warnings mentioned above, a SIP intermediary MAY add the Geolocation header field. A SIP intermediary MAY add a Geolocation header field if one is not present - for example, when a user agent does not support the Geolocation mechanism but their outbound proxy does and knows the Target's location, or any of a number of other use cases (see Section 3). The Geolocation header field MAY be present in a SIP request or response without the presence of a Geolocation-Routing header (defined in Section 4.2). As stated in Section 4.2, the default Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 9] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 value of Geolocation-Routing header-value is "no", meaning SIP intermediaries are not to view any direct or indirect location within this SIP message. Any locationValue MUST be related to the original Target. This is equally true the location information in a SIP response, i.e., from a SIP intermediary back to the Target as explained in Section 3.4. SIP intermediaries SHOULD NOT modify or delete any existing locationValue(s). 4.2 The Geolocation-Routing Header Field This document defines "Geolocation-Routing" as a new SIP header field registered by IANA, with the following ABNF [RFC5234]: message-header /= Georouting-header ; (message-header from 3261) Georouting-header = "Geolocation-Routing" HCOLON ( "yes" / "no" / generic-value ) generic-value = generic-param; (from RFC 3261) HCOLON is defined in RFC3261 [RFC3261]. The only defined values for the Geolocation-Routing header field are "yes" or "no". When the value is "yes", the locationValue can be used for routing decisions along the downstream signaling path by intermediaries. Values other than "yes" or "no" are permitted for future extensions. Implementations not aware of an extension MUST treat any other received value the same as "no". If no Geolocation-Routing header field is present in a SIP request, a SIP intermediary MAY insert this header. Without knowledge from a Rulemaker, the SIP intermediary inserting this header-value SHOULD NOT set the value to "yes", as this could allow the Target's location to be forwarded to third parties without the Target's explicit permission. An easy way around this is to have the Target always insert this header-value as "no". When this Geolocation-Routing header-value is set to "no", this means no locationValue (inserted by the originating UAC or any intermediary along the signaling path) can be used by any SIP intermediary to make routing decisions. Intermediaries that attempt to use the location information for routing purposes in spite of this counter indication could end up routing the request improperly as a result. Section 4.4 describes the details on what a routing intermediary does if it determines it needs to use the location in the SIP request in order to process the message further. The practical implication is that when the Geolocation-Routing header-value is set to "no", if a cid:url is present in the SIP request, intermediaries SHOULD NOT view the location (because it is not for intermediaries to view), and if a location URI is present, Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 10] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 intermediaries SHOULD NOT dereference it. UAs are allowed to view location in the SIP request even when the Geolocation-Routing header-value is set to "no". An LR MUST by default consider the Geolocation-Routing header-value as set to "no", with no exceptions, unless the header field value is set to "yes". A Geolocation-Routing header-value that is set to "no" has no special security properties. It is at most a request for behavior within SIP intermediaries. That said, if the Geolocation-Routing header-value is set to "no", SIP intermediaries are still to process the SIP request and send it further downstream within the signaling path if there are no errors present in this SIP request. The Geolocation-Routing header field satisfies the recommendations made in section 3.5 of RFC 5606 [RFC5606] regarding indication of permission to use location-based routing in SIP. SIP implementations are advised to pay special attention to the policy elements for location retransmission and retention described in RFC 4119. The Geolocation-Routing header field cannot appear without a header-value in a SIP request or response (i.e., a null value is not allowed). The absence of a Geolocation-Routing header-value in a SIP request is always the same as the following header field: Geolocation-Routing: no The Geolocation-Routing header field MAY be present without a Geolocation header field in the same SIP request. This concept is further explored in Section 4.2.1. 4.2.1 Explaining Geolocation-Routing header-value States The Geolocation header field contains a Target's location, and MUST NOT be present if there is no location information in this SIP request. The location information is contained in one or more locationValues. These locationValues MAY be contained in a single Geolocation header field, or distributed among multiple Geolocation header fields. (See section 7.3.1 of RFC3261.) The Geolocation-Routing header field indicates whether or not SIP intermediaries can view and then route this SIP request based on the included (directly or indirectly) location information. The Geolocation-Routing header field MUST NOT appear more than once in any SIP request, and MUST NOT lack a header-value. The default or implied policy of a SIP request that does not have a Geolocation-Routing header field is the same as if one were present and the header-value were set to "no". There are only 3 possible states regarding the Geolocation-Routing Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 11] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 header field - "no" - "yes" - no header-field present in this SIP request The expected results in each state are: If the Geolocation-Routing Only possible interpretations: -------------------------- ----------------------------- "no" Location viewing policy set already such that no intermediaries can view location inserted downstream. SIP intermediaries inserting a locationValue into a Geolocation header field (whether adding to an existing header-value or inserting the Geolocation header field for the first time) MUST NOT modify or delete the received "no" header-value. "yes" Location viewing policy set already such that if location is inserted downstream, intermediaries can maintain an open viewing of location policy or can change policy to "no" for intermediaries further downstream. Geolocation-Routing absent If a Geolocation header field exists (meaning a locationValue is already present), a SIP intermediary MUST interpret the lack of a Geolocation-Routing header field as if there were one present and the header-value is set to "no". If there is no Geolocation header field in this SIP request, the default Geolocation-Routing is open and can be set by a downstream entity or not at all. 4.3 424 (Bad Location Information) Response Code This SIP extension creates a new location-specific response code, defined as follows, 424 (Bad Location Information) Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 12] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 The 424 (Bad Location Information) response code is a rejection of the request due to its location contents, indicating location information that was malformed or not satisfactory for the recipient's purpose, or could not be dereferenced. A SIP intermediary can also reject a location it receives from a Target when it understands the Target to be in a different location. The proper handling of this scenario, described in Section 3.4, is for the SIP intermediary to include the proper location in the 424 Response. This SHOULD be included in the response as a MIME message body (i.e., a location value), rather than as a URI; however, in cases where the intermediary is willing to share location with recipients but not with a user agent, a reference might be necessary. As mentioned in Section 3.4, it might be the case that the intermediary does not want to chance providing less accurate location information than the user agent; thus it will compose its understanding of where the user agent is in a separate element of the same PIDF-LO message body in the SIP response (which also contains the Target's version of where it is). Therefore, both locations are included - each with different elements. The proper reaction of the user agent is to generate a new SIP request that includes this composed location object, and send it towards the original LR. SIP intermediaries can verify that subsequent requests properly insert the suggested location information before forwarding said requests. SIP intermediaries that are forwarding (as opposed to generating) a 424 response MUST NOT add, modify, or delete any location appearing in that response. This specifically applies to intermediaries that are between the 424 response generator and the original UAC. Geolocation and Geolocation-Error header fields and PIDF-LO body parts MUST remain unchanged, never added to or deleted. Section 4.4 describes a Geolocation-Error header field to provide more detail about what was wrong with the location information in the request. This header field MUST be included in the 424 response. It is only appropriate to generate a 424 response when the responding entity needs a locationValue and there are no values in the request that are usable by the responder, or when the responder has additional location information to provide. The latter case is shown in Figure 4 of section 3.4. There, a SIP intermediary is informing the upstream UA which location to include in the next SIP request. A 424 MUST NOT be sent in response to a request that lacks a Geolocation header entirely, as the user agent in that case may not support this extension at all. If a SIP intermediary inserted a locationValue into a SIP request where one was not previously Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 13] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 present, it MUST take any and all responsibility for the corrective action if it receives a 424 to a SIP request it sent. A 424 (Bad Location Information) response is a final response within a transaction, and MUST NOT terminate an existing dialog. 4.4 The Geolocation-Error Header Field As discussed in Section 4.3, more granular error notifications specific to location errors within a received request are required if the location inserting entity is to know what was wrong within the original request. The Geolocation-Error header field is used for this purpose. The Geolocation-Error header field is used to convey location-specific errors within a response. The Geolocation-Error header field has the following ABNF [RFC5234]: message-header /= Geolocation-Error ; (message-header from 3261) Geolocation-Error = "Geolocation-Error" HCOLON locationErrorValue locationErrorValue = location-error-code *(SEMI location-error-params) location-error-code = 1*3DIGIT location-error-params = location-error-code-text / generic-param ; from RFC3261 location-error-code-text = "code" EQUAL quoted-string ; from RFC3261 HCOLON, SEMI, and EQUAL are defined in RFC3261 [RFC3261]. DIGIT is defined in RFC5234 [RFC5234]. The Geolocation-Error header field MUST contain only one locationErrorValue to indicate what was wrong with the locationValue the Location Recipient determined was bad. The locationErrorValue contains a 3-digit error code indicating what was wrong with the location in the request. This error code has a corresponding quoted error text string that is human understandable. The text string are OPTIONAL, but RECOMMENDED for human readability, similar to the string phrase used for SIP response codes. That said, the strings are complete enough for rendering to the user, if so desired. The strings in this document are recommendations, and are not standardized - meaning an operator can change the strings - but MUST NOT change the meaning of the error code. Similar to how RFC 3261 specifies, there MUST NOT be more than one string per error code. The Geolocation-Error header field MAY be included in any response to one of the SIP Methods mentioned in Section 4.1, so long as a locationValue was in the request part of the same transaction. For Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 14] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 example, Alice includes her location in an INVITE to Bob. Bob can accept this INVITE, thus creating a dialog, even though his UA determined the location contained in the INVITE was bad. Bob merely includes a Geolocation-Error header value in the 200 OK to the INVITE informing Alice the INVITE was accepted but the location provided was bad. If, on the other hand, Bob cannot accept Alice's INVITE without a suitable location, a 424 (Bad Location Information) is sent. This message flow is shown in Figures 1, 2 or 3 in Sections 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. A SIP intermediary that requires Alice's location in order to properly process Alice's INVITE also sends a 424 with a Geolocation-Error code. This message flow is shown in Figure 4 of Section 3.4. If more than one locationValue is present in a SIP request and at least one locationValue is determined to be valid by the LR, the location in that SIP request MUST be considered good as far as location is concerned, and no Geolocation-Error is to be sent. Here is an initial list of location based error code ranges for any SIP response, including provisional responses (other than 100 Trying) and the new 424 (Bad Location Information) response. These error codes are divided into 3 categories, based on how the response receiver should react to these errors. There MUST be no more than one Geolocation-Error code in a SIP response, regardless of how many locationValues there are in the correlating SIP request. There is no guidance given in this document as to which locationValue, when more than one was present in the SIP request, is related to the Geolocation-Error code; meaning that, somehow not defined here, the LR just picks one to error. o 1XX errors mean the LR cannot process the location within the request A non-exclusive list of reasons for returning a 1XX is - the location was not present or could not be found, - there was not enough location information to determine where the Target was, - the location information was corrupted or known to be inaccurate, o 2XX errors mean some specific permission is necessary to process the included location information. o 3XX errors mean there was trouble dereferencing the Location URI sent. It should be noted that for non-INVITE transactions, the SIP Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 15] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 response will likely be sent before the dereference response has been received. This document does not alter that SIP protocol reality. This means the receiver of any non-INVITE response to a request containing location SHOULD NOT consider a 200 OK to mean the act of dereferencing has concluded and the dereferencer (i.e., the LR) has successfully received and parsed the PIDF-LO for errors and found none. The end of section 3.2 discusses how transaction timing considerations lead to this requirement. Additionally, if an LR cannot or chooses not to process location from a SIP request, a 500 (Server Internal Error) SHOULD be used with or without a configurable Retry-After header field. There is no special location error code for what already exists within SIP today. Within each of these ranges, there is a top level error as follows: Geolocation-Error: 100 ; code="Cannot Process Location" Geolocation-Error: 200 ; code="Permission To Use Location Information" Geolocation-Error: 300 ; code="Dereference Failure" If an error recipient cannot process an specific error code (such as the 201 or 202 below), perhaps because it does not understand that specific error code, the error recipient SHOULD process the error code as if it originally were a top level error code where the X in X00 matches the specific error code. If the error recipient cannot process a non-100 error code, for whatever reason, then the error code 100 MUST be processed. There are two specific Geolocation-Error codes necessary to include in this document, both have to do with permissions necessary to process the SIP request; they are Geolocation-Error: 201 ; code="Permission To Retransmit Location Information to a Third Party" This location error is specific to having the Presence Information Data Format (PIDF-LO) [RFC4119] element set to "no". This location error is stating it requires permission (i.e., PIDF-LO element set to "yes") to process this SIP request further. If the LS sending the location information does not want to give this permission, it will not reset this permission in a new request. If the LS wants this message processed without this permission reset, it MUST choose another logical path (if one exists) for this SIP request. Geolocation-Error: 202 ; code="Permission to Route based on Location Information" Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 16] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 This location error is specific to having the Geolocation-Routing header value set to "no". This location error is stating it requires permission (i.e., the Geolocation-Routing header value set to "yes") to process this SIP request further. If the LS sending the location information does not want to give this permission, it will not reset this permission in a new request. If the LS wants this message processed without this permission reset, it MUST choose another logical path (if one exists) for this SIP request. 4.5 Location URIs in Message Bodies In the case where an LR sends a 424 response and wishes to communicate suitable location by reference rather than by value, the 424 MUST include a content-indirection body per RFC 4483. 4.6 Location Profile Negotiation The following is part of the discussion started in Section 3, Figure 2, which introduced the concept of sending location indirectly. If a location URI is included in a SIP request, the sending user agent MUST also include a Supported header field indicating which location profiles it supports. Two option tags for location profiles are defined by this document: "geolocation-sip" and "geolocation-http". Future specifications MAY define further location profiles per the IANA policy described in Section 8.3. The "geolocation-sip" option tag signals support for acquiring location information via the presence event package of SIP ([RFC3856]). A location recipient who supports this option can send a SUBSCRIBE request and parse a resulting NOTIFY containing a PIDF-LO object. The URI schemes supported by this option include "sip", "sips" and "pres". The "geolocation-http" option tag signals support for acquiring location information via an HTTP ([RFC2616]). A location recipient who supports this option can request location with an HTTP GET and parse a resulting 200 response containing a PIDF-LO object. The URI schemes supported by this option include "http" and "https". A failure to parse the 200 response, for whatever reason, will return a "Dereference Failure" indication to the original location sending user agent to inform it that location was not delivered as intended. If the location URI receiver does not understand the URI scheme sent to it, it will return an Unsupported header value of the option-tag from the SIP request, and include the option-tag of the preferred URI scheme in the response's Supported header field. See [ID-GEO-FILTERS] or [ID-HELD-DEREF] for more details on dereferencing location information. Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 17] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 5. Geolocation Examples 5.1 Location-by-value (in Coordinate Format) This example shows an INVITE message with a coordinate location. In this example, the SIP request uses a sips-URI [RFC3261], meaning this message is protected using TLS on a hop-by-hop basis. INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIPS/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK74bf9 Max-Forwards: 70 To: Bob From: Alice ;tag=9fxced76sl Call-ID: 3848276298220188511@atlanta.example.com Geolocation: Geolocation-Routing: no Accept: application/sdp, application/pidf+xml CSeq: 31862 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=boundary1 Content-Length: ... --boundary1 Content-Type: application/sdp ...SDP goes here --boundary1 Content-Type: application/pidf+xml Content-ID: 32.86726 -97.16054 false Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 18] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 2010-11-14T20:00:00Z 802.11 mac:1234567890ab 2010-11-04T20:57:29Z --boundary1-- The Geolocation header field from the above INVITE: Geolocation: ... indicates the content-ID location [RFC2392] within the multipart message body of where location information is. The other message body part is SDP. The "cid:" eases message body parsing and disambiguates multiple parts of the same type. If the Geolocation header field did not contain a "cid:" scheme, for example, it could look like this location URI: Geolocation: ... the existence of a non-"cid:" scheme indicates this is a location URI, to be dereferenced to learn the Target's location. Any node wanting to know where the target is located would subscribe to the SIP presence event package [RFC3856] at sips:target123@server5.atlanta.example.com (see Figure 2 in Section 3.2 for this message flow). 5.2 Two Locations Composed in Same Location Object Example This example shows the INVITE message after a SIP intermediary rejected the original INVITE (say, the one in section 5.1). This INVITE contains the composed LO sent by the SIP intermediary which includes where the intermediary understands Alice to be. The rules of RFC 5491 [RFC5491] are followed in this construction. This example is here, but ought not be taken as occurring very often. In fact, this example is believed to be a corner case of location conveyance applicability. INVITE sips:bob@biloxi.example.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIPS/2.0/TLS pc33.atlanta.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK74bf0 Max-Forwards: 70 To: Bob Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 19] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 From: Alice ;tag=9fxced76sl Call-ID: 3848276298220188512@atlanta.example.com Geolocation: Geolocation-Routing: no Accept: application/sdp, application/pidf+xml CSeq: 31863 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=boundary1 Content-Length: ... --boundary1 Content-Type: application/sdp ...SDP goes here --boundary1 Content-Type: application/pidf+xml Content-ID: 32.86726 -97.16054 false 2010-11-14T20:00:00Z 802.11 mac:1234567890ab 2010-11-04T20:57:29Z Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 20] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 US Texas Colleyville Treemont Circle 3913 1 Haley's Place 76034 false 2010-11-14T20:00:00Z triangulation 2010-11-04T12:28:04Z --boundary1-- 6. Geopriv Privacy Considerations Location information is considered by most to be highly sensitive information, requiring protection from eavesdropping and altering in transit. [RFC3693] originally articulated rules to be followed by any protocol wishing to be considered a "Using Protocol", specifying how a transport protocol meets those rules. [ID-GEO-ARCH] updates the guidance in RFC3693 to include subsequently-introduced entities and concepts in the geolocation architecture. Implementations of this SIP location conveyance mechanism MUST adhere to the guidance given in RFC3693 and its updates and/or successors, including (but not limited to) the handling of rules for retention and retransmission. 7. Security Considerations Conveyance of physical location of a UA raises privacy concerns, and depending on use, there probably will be authentication and integrity concerns. This document calls for conveyance to be accomplished through secure mechanisms, like S/MIME encrypting message bodies (although this is not widely deployed), TLS protecting the overall signaling or conveyance location by-reference and requiring all entities that dereference location to authenticate themselves. In location-based routing cases, encrypting the Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 21] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 location payload with an end-to-end mechanism such as S/MIME is problematic, because one or more proxies on the path need the ability to read the location information to retarget the message to the appropriate new destination UAS. Data can only be encrypted to a particular, anticipated target, and thus if multiple recipients need to inspect a piece of data, and those recipients cannot be predicted by the sender of data, encryption is not a very feasible choice. Securing the location hop-by-hop, using TLS, protects the message from eavesdropping and modification in transit, but exposes the information to all proxies on the path as well as the endpoint. In most cases, the UA has no trust relationship with the proxy or proxies providing location-based routing services, so such end-to-middle solutions might not be appropriate either. When location information is conveyed by reference, however, one can properly authenticate and authorize each entity that wishes to inspect location information. This does not require that the sender of data anticipate who will receive data, and it does permit multiple entities to receive it securely, but it does not however obviate the need for pre-association between the sender of data and any prospective recipients. Obviously, in some contexts this pre-association cannot be presumed; when it is not, effectively unauthenticated access to location information must be permitted. In this case, choosing pseudo-random URIs for location by-reference, coupled with path encryption like SIPS, can help to ensure that only entities on the SIP signaling path learn the URI, and thus restores rough parity with sending location by-value. Location information is especially sensitive when the identity of its Target is obvious. Note that there is the ability, according to [RFC3693] to have an anonymous identity for the Target's location. This is accomplished by use of an unlinkable pseudonym in the "entity=" attribute of the element [RFC4479]. Though, this can be problematic for routing messages based on location (covered in the document above). Moreover, anyone fishing for information would correlate the identity at the SIP layer with that of the location information referenced by SIP signaling. When a UA inserts location, the UA sets the policy on whether to reveal its location along the signaling path - as discussed in Section 4, as well as flags in the PIDF-LO [RFC4119]. UAC implementations MUST make such capabilities conditional on explicit user permission, and MUST alert the user that location is being conveyed. This SIP extension offers the default ability to require permission to view location while the SIP request is in transit. The default for this is set to "no". There is an error explicitly describing how an intermediary asks for permission to view the Target's location, plus a rule stating the user has to be made aware of this permission request. Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 22] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 There is no end-to-end integrity on any locationValue or locationErrorValue header field parameter (or middle-to-end if the value was inserted by a intermediary), so recipients of either header field need to implicitly trust the header field contents, and take whatever precautions each entity deems appropriate given this situation. 8. IANA Considerations The following are the IANA considerations made by this SIP extension. Modifications and additions to all these registrations require a standards track RFC (Standards Action). [Editor's Note: RFC-Editor - within the IANA section, please replace "this doc" with the assigned RFC number, if this document reaches publication.] 8.1 IANA Registration for the SIP Geolocation Header Field The SIP Geolocation Header Field is created by this document, with its definition and rules in Section 4.1 of this document, and should be added to the IANA sip-parameters registry with the following actions 1. Update the Header Fields registry with Registry: Header Name compact Reference ----------------- ------- --------- Geolocation [this doc] 8.2 IANA Registration for the SIP Geolocation-Routing Header Field The SIP Geolocation-Routing Header Field is created by this document, with its definition and rules in Section 4.2 of this document, and should be added to the IANA sip-parameters registry with the following action 1. Update the Header Fields registry with Registry: Header Name compact Reference ----------------- ------- --------- Geolocation-Routing [this doc] 8.3 IANA Registration for Location Profiles This document defines two new SIP option tags: "geolocation-sip" and "geolocation-http." with the definition and rule in Section 4.6 of Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 23] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 this document, to be added to the IANA sip-parameters Options Tags registry. Name Valid Scheme(S) Reference geolocation-sip See 4.6 [this doc] geolocation-http See 4.6 [this doc] The names of profiles are SIP option-tags, and the guidance in this document does not supersede the option-tag assignment guidance in [RFC3261] (which requires a Standards Action for the assignment of a new option tag). This document does however stipulate that option-tags included to convey the name of a location profile per this definition MUST begin with the string "geolocation" followed by a dash. All such option tags should describe protocols used to acquire location by reference: these tags have no relevance to location carried in SIP requests by value, which use standard MIME typing and negotiation. 8.4 IANA Registration for 424 Response Code In the SIP Response Codes registry, the following is added Reference: RFC-XXXX (i.e., this document) Response code: 424 (recommended number to assign) Default reason phrase: Bad Location Information Registry: Response Code Reference ------------------------------------------ --------- Request Failure 4xx 424 Bad Location Information [this doc] This SIP Response code is defined in section 4.3 of this document. 8.5 IANA Registration of New Geolocation-Error Header Field The SIP Geolocation-error header field is created by this document, with its definition and rules in Section 4.4 of this document, to be added to the IANA sip-parameters registry with two actions 1. Update the Header Fields registry with Registry: Header Name compact Reference ----------------- ------- --------- Geolocation-Error [this doc] 2. In the portion titled "Header Field Parameters and Parameter Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 24] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 Values", add Predefined Header Field Parameter Name Values Reference ----------------- ------------------- ---------- --------- Geolocation-Error code= yes [this doc] 8.6 IANA Registration for the SIP Geolocation-Error Codes New location specific Geolocation-Error codes are created by this document, and registered in a new table in the IANA sip-parameters registry. Details of these error codes are in Section 4.4 of this document. Geolocation-Error codes ----------------------- Geolocation-Error codes provide reason for the error discovered by Location Recipients, categorized by action to be taken by error recipient. Code Default Reason Phrase Reference ---- --------------------------------------------------- --------- 100 "Cannot Process Location" [this doc] 200 "Permission To Use Location Information" [this doc] 201 "Permission To Retransmit Location Information to a Third Party" [this doc] 202 "Permission to Route based on Location Information" [this doc] 300 "Dereference Failure" [this doc] 9. Acknowledgements To Dave Oran for helping to shape this idea. To Dean Willis for guidance of the effort. To Allison Mankin, Dick Knight, Hannes Tschofenig, Henning Schulzrinne, James Winterbottom, Jeroen van Bemmel, Jean-Francois Mule, Jonathan Rosenberg, Keith Drage, Marc Linsner, Martin Thomson, Mike Hammer, Ted Hardie, Shida Shubert, Umesh Sharma, Richard Barnes, Dan Wing, Matt Lepinski, John Elwell, Thomas Stach and Jacqueline Lee for constructive feedback and nits checking. Special thanks to Paul Kyzivat for his help with the ABNF in this document and to Robert Sparks for many helpful comments and the proper construction of the Geolocation-Error header field. Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 25] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 And finally, to Spencer Dawkins for giving this doc a good scrubbing to make it more readable. 10. References 10.1 Normative References [RFC3261] J. Rosenberg, H. Schulzrinne, G. Camarillo, A. Johnston, J. Peterson, R. Sparks, M. Handley, and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, May 2002. [RFC4119] J. Peterson, "A Presence-based GEOPRIV Location Object Format", RFC 4119, December 2005 [RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997 [RFC2392] E. Levinson, "Content-ID and Message-ID Uniform Resource Locators", RFC 2392, August 1998 [RFC3856] J. Rosenberg, "A Presence Event Package for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3856, August 2004 [RFC3859] J. Peterson, "Common Profile for Presence (CPP)", RFC 3859, August 2004 [RFC3428] B. Campbell, Ed., J. Rosenberg, H. Schulzrinne, C. Huitema, D. Gurle, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Instant Messaging" , RFC 3428, December 2002 [RFC3311] J. Rosenberg, "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) UPDATE Method", RFC 3311, October 2002 [RFC3265] Roach, A, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event Notification", RFC 3265, June 2002. [RFC6086] C. Holmberg, E. Burger, H. Kaplan, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) INFO Method and Package Framework", RFC 6086, January 2011 [RFC3515] R. Sparks, "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Refer Method", RFC 3515, April 2003 [RFC3903] Niemi, A, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Event State Publication", RFC 3903, October 2004. [RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. [RFC4479] J. Rosenberg, "A Data Model for Presence", RFC 4479, July 2006 Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 26] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 [RFC4483] E. Berger, "A Mechanism for Content Indirection in SIP", RFC 4483, May 2006 [RFC5491] J. Winterbottom, M. Thomson, H. Tschofenig, "GEOPRIV PIDF-LO Usage Clarification, Considerations, and Recommendations ", RFC 5491, March 2009 [RFC5870] A. Mayrhofer, C. Spanring, "A Uniform Resource Identifier for Geographic Locations ('geo' URI)", RFC 5870, June 2010 [RFC5606] J. Peterson, T. Hardie, J. Morris, "Implications of 'retransmission-allowed' for SIP Location Conveyance", RFC5606, Oct 2008 [RFC2616] R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J., Mogul, H. Frystyk, L., Masinter, P. Leach, T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999 10.2 Informative References [RFC3693] J. Cuellar, J. Morris, D. Mulligan, J. Peterson. J. Polk, "Geopriv Requirements", RFC 3693, February 2004 [RFC2818] E. Rescorla, "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000 [ID-GEO-FILTERS] R. Mahy, B. Rosen, H. Tschofenig, "Filtering Location Notifications in SIP", draft-ietf-geopriv-loc-filters, "work in progress", March 2010 [ID-HELD-DEREF] J. Winterbottom, H. Tschofenig, H. Schulzrinne, M. Thomson, M. Dawson, "A Location Dereferencing Protocol Using HELD", "work in progress", December 2010 [ID-GEO-ARCH] R. Barnes, M. Lepinski, A. Cooper, J, Morris, H. Tschofenig, H. Schulzrinne, "An Architecture for Location and Location Privacy in Internet Applications", draft-ietf-geopriv-arch, "work in progress", October 2010 Authors' Addresses James Polk Cisco Systems 3913 Treemont Circle Colleyville, Texas 76034 33.00111N 96.68142W Phone: +1-817-271-3552 Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 27] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 Email: jmpolk@cisco.com Brian Rosen NeuStar, Inc. 470 Conrad Dr. Mars, PA 16046 40.70497N 80.01252W Phone: +1 724 382 1051 Email: br@brianrosen.net Jon Peterson NeuStar, Inc. Email: jon.peterson@neustar.biz Appendix A. Requirements for SIP Location Conveyance The following subsections address the requirements placed on the UAC, the UAS, as well as SIP proxies when conveying location. If a requirement is not obvious in intent, a motivational statement is included below it. A.1 Requirements for a UAC Conveying Location UAC-1 The SIP INVITE Method [RFC3261] must support location conveyance. UAC-2 The SIP MESSAGE method [RFC3428] must support location conveyance. UAC-3 SIP Requests within a dialog should support location conveyance. UAC-4 Other SIP Requests may support location conveyance. UAC-5 There must be one, mandatory to implement means of transmitting location confidentially. Motivation: to guarantee interoperability. UAC-6 It must be possible for a UAC to update location conveyed at any time in a dialog, including during dialog establishment. Motivation: if a UAC has moved prior to the establishment of a dialog between UAs, the UAC must be able to send location information. If location has been conveyed, and the UA Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 28] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 moves, the UAC must be able to update the location previously conveyed to other parties. UAC-7 The privacy and security rules established within [RFC3693] that would categorize SIP as a 'Using Protocol' must be met. UAC-8 The PIDF-LO [RFC4119] is a mandatory to implement format for location conveyance within SIP. Motivation: interoperability with other IETF location protocols and Mechanisms. UAC-9 There must be a mechanism for the UAC to request the UAS send its location. UAC-9 has been DEPRECATED by the SIP WG, due to the many problems this requirement would have caused if implemented. The solution is for the above UAS to send a new request to the original UAC with the UAS's location. UAC-10 There must be a mechanism to differentiate the ability of the UAC to convey location from the UACs lack of knowledge of its location Motivation: Failure to receive location when it is expected can happen because the UAC does not implement this extension, or because the UAC implements the extension, but does not know where the Target is. This may be, for example, due to the failure of the access network to provide a location acquisition mechanism the UAC supports. These cases must be differentiated. UAC-11 It must be possible to convey location to proxy servers along the path. Motivation: Location-based routing. A.2 Requirements for a UAS Receiving Location The following are the requirements for location conveyance by a UAS: UAS-1 SIP Responses must support location conveyance. The SIPCORE WG reached consensus that this be allowed, but not to communicate the UAS's location; rather for a SIP intermediary to inform the UAC which location to include in its next SIP request (as a matter of correcting what was originally sent by the UAC). UAS-2 There must be a unique 4XX response informing the UAC it did Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 29] Internet Draft Location Conveyance in SIP May 2011 not provide applicable location information. In addition, requirements UAC-5, 6, 7 and 8 also apply to the UAS. A.3 Requirements for SIP Proxies and Intermediaries The following are the requirements for location conveyance by a SIP proxies and intermediaries: Proxy-1 Proxy servers must be capable of adding a Location header field during processing of SIP requests. Motivation: Provide network assertion of location when UACs are unable to do so, or when network assertion is more reliable than UAC assertion of location Note: Because UACs connected to SIP signaling networks can have widely varying access network arrangements, including VPN tunnels and roaming mechanisms, it can be difficult for a network to reliably know the location of the endpoint. Proxies SHOULD NOT assert location of an endpoint unless the SIP signaling network has reliable knowledge of the actual location of the Targets. Proxy-2 There must be a unique 4XX response informing the UAC it did not provide applicable location information. Polk, et al. Expires Nov 4, 2011 [Page 30]