Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx January 2023
Gündoğan, et al. Expires 12 July 2023 [Page]
Workgroup:
ICNRG
Internet-Draft:
draft-irtf-icnrg-ccnx-timetlv-02
Published:
Intended Status:
Experimental
Expires:
Authors:
C. Gündoğan
Huawei Technologies
TC. Schmidt
HAW Hamburg
D. Oran
Network Systems Research and Design
M. Waehlisch
FU Berlin

Alternative Delta Time Encoding for CCNx Using Compact Floating-Point Arithmetic

Abstract

CCNx utilizes delta time for a number of functions. When using CCNx in environments with constrained nodes or bandwidth constrained networks, it is valuable to have a compressed representation of delta time. In order to do so, either accuracy or dynamic range has to be sacrificed. Since the current uses of delta time do not require both simultaneously, one can consider a logarithmic encoding such as that specified in [RFC5497] and [IEEE.754.2019]. This document updates CCNx messages in TLV Format [RFC8609] to specify this alternative encoding.

This document is a product of the IRTF Information-Centric Networking Research Group (ICNRG).

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on 12 July 2023.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

CCNx is well suited for Internet of Things (IoT) applications [RFC7927]. LoWPAN adaptation layers (e.g., [RFC9139]) confirm the advantages of a space-efficient packet encoding for low-power and lossy networks. CCNx utilizes absolute and delta time values for a number of functions. When using CCNx in resource-constrained environments, it is valuable to have a compact representation of time values. However, any compact time representation has to sacrifice accuracy or dynamic range. For some time uses this is relatively straightforward to achieve, for other uses, it is not. As a result of experiments in bandwidth-constrained IEEE 802.15.4 deployments [ICNLOWPAN], this document discusses the various cases of time values, and proposes a compact encoding for delta times.

This document has received fruitful reviews by the members of the research group (see the Acknowledgments section). It is the consensus of ICNRG that this document should be published in the IRTF Stream of the RFC series. This document does not constitute an IETF standard.

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

This document uses the terminology of [RFC8569] and [RFC8609] for CCNx entities.

The following terms are used in the document and defined as follows:

byte:
synonym for octet
time value:
a time offset measured in seconds
time code:
an 8-bit encoded time value

3. Usage of Time Values in CCNx

3.1. Relative Time in CCNx

CCNx, as currently specified in [RFC8569], utilizes delta time for only the lifetime of an Interest message (see sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.4.2, 10.3 of [RFC8569]). It is a hop-by-hop header value, and is currently encoded via the T_INTLIFE TLV as a 64-bit integer ([RFC8609] section 3.4.1). While formally an optional TLV, in all but some corner cases every Interest message is expected to carry the Interest Lifetime TLV, and hence having compact encoding is particularly valuable for keeping Interest messages short.

Since the current uses of delta time do not require both accuracy and dynamic range simultaneously, one can consider a logarithmic encoding such as that specified in [IEEE.754.2019] and outlined in Section 4. This document updates CCNx messages in TLV Format [RFC8609] to permit this alternative encoding for selected time values. See Section 6 for the specific actions needed to register this alternative compact representation of Interest Lifetime.

3.2. Absolute Time in CCNx

CCNx, as currently specified in [RFC8569], utilizes absolute time for various important functions. Each of these absolute time usages poses a different challenge for a compact representation. These are discussed in the following subsections.

3.2.1. Signature Time and Expiry Time

Signature Time is the time the signature of a content object was generated (sections 8.2-8.4 [RFC8569]). Expiry Time indicates the expiry time of a content object (section 4 [RFC8569]). Both values are content message TLVs and represent absolute timestamps in milliseconds since the UTC epoch (i.e., an NTP timestamp). They are currently encoded via the T_SIGTIME and T_EXPIRY TLVs as 64-bit unsigned integers (see section 3.6.4.1.4.5 and 3.6.2.2.2 [RFC8609]).

Both time values could be in the past, or in the future, potentially by a large delta. They are also included in the security envelope of the message. Therefore, it seems there is no practical way to define an alternative compact encoding that preserves its semantics and security properties; hence we don't consider it further as a candidate.

Recommended Cache Time (RCT) for a content object (see section 4 [RFC8569]) is a hop-by-hop header stating the expiration time for a cached content object in milliseconds since the UTC epoch (i.e., an NTP timestamp). It is currently encoded via the T_CACHETIME TLV as a 64-bit unsigned integer (see section 3.4.2 [RFC8609]).

A recommended cache time could be far in the future, but cannot be in the past and is likely to be a reasonably short offset from the current time. Therefore, this document allows the recommended cache time to be interpreted as a relative time value rather than an absolute time, since the semantics associated with an absolute time value do not seem to be critical to the utility of this value. This document therefore updates the recommended cache time with the following rule set:

4. A Compact Time Representation with Logarithmic Range

This document uses the compact time representation of ICNLoWPAN (see section 7 of [RFC9139]) that is inspired by [RFC5497] and [IEEE.754.2019]. Its logarithmic encoding supports a representation ranging from milliseconds to years. Figure 1 depicts the logarithmic nature of this time representation.

|| |  |   |    |     |      |       |        |         |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
milliseconds                                                  years
Figure 1: A logarithmic range representation allows for higher precision in the smaller time ranges and still supports large time deltas.

Time codes encode exponent and mantissa values in a single byte, but in contrast to the representation in [IEEE.754.2019], time codes only encode positive numbers and hence do not include an extra sign bit. Figure 2 shows the configuration of a time code: an exponent width of 5 bits, and a mantissa width of 3 bits.

<---          one byte wide          --->
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|      exponent (b)      | mantissa (a) |
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7
Figure 2: A time code with exponent and mantissa to encode a logarithmic range time representation.

The base unit for time values are seconds. A time value is calculated using the following formula (adopted from [RFC5497] and [RFC9139]), where (a) represents the mantissa, (b) the exponent, and (C) a constant factor set to C := 1/32.

Subnormal (b == 0):
(0 + a/8) * 2 * C
Normalized (b > 0):
(1 + a/8) * 2^b * C

The subnormal form provides a gradual underflow between zero and the smallest normalized number. Eight time values exist in the subnormal range [0s,~0.054688s] with a step size of ~0.007812s between each time value. This configuration also encodes the following convenient numbers in seconds: [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ...]. Appendix A further includes test vectors to illustrate the logarithmic range.

An example algorithm to encode a time value into the corresponding exponent and mantissa is given as pseudo code in Figure 3. Not all time values can be represented by a time code. For these instances, the closest time code is chosen that is smaller than the value to encode.

 input: float v    // time value
output:   int a, b // mantissa, exponent of time code

(a, b) encode (v):

    if (v == 0)
        return (0, 0)

    if (v < 2 * C)                              // subnormal
        a = floor (v * 4 / C)                   // round down
        return (a, 0)
    else                                        // normalized
        if (v > (1 + 7/8) * 2^31 * C)           // check bounds
            return (7, 31)                      // return maximum
        else
            b = floor (log2(v / C))             // round down
            a = floor ((v / (2^b * C) - 1) * 8) // round down
            return (a, b)
Figure 3: Algorithm in pseudo code.

As an example: No specific time code for 0.063 exists, but this algorithm maps to the closest valid time code that is smaller, i.e., exponent 1 and mantissa 0 (the same as for time value 0.0625).

5. Protocol Integration of the Compact Time Representation

A straightforward way to accommodate the compact time approach is to use a 1-byte length field to indicate this alternative encoding while retaining the existing TLV registry entries. This approach has backward compatibility problems, but is still considered for the following reasons:

5.1. Interest Lifetime

The Interest Lifetime definition in [RFC8609] allows for a variable-length lifetime representation, where a length of 1 encodes the linear range [0,255] in milliseconds. This document changes the definition to always encode 1-byte Interest lifetime values in the compact time value representation (Figure 4).

                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
|           T_INTLIFE           |           Length = 1          |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| COMPACT_TIME  |
+---------------+
                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
|           T_INTLIFE           |           Length > 1          |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
/                                                               /
/                      Lifetime (Length octets)                 /
/                                                               /
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
Figure 4: Changes to the definition of the Interest Lifetime TLV.

A note on legacy forwarders: A forwarder that does not support this compact time representation will interpret the time value as an Interest lifetime between 0 and 255 milliseconds. This may lead to a degradation of network performance, since Pending Interest Table (PIT) entries timeout quicker than expected.

The Recommended Cache Time definition in [RFC8609] specifies an absolute time representation that is of a length fixed to 8 bytes. This document changes the definition to always encode 1-byte Recommended Cache Time values in the compact relative time value representation (Figure 5).

                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
|          T_CACHETIME          |           Length = 1          |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| COMPACT_TIME  |
+---------------+
                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
|          T_CACHETIME          |           Length = 8          |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
/                                                               /
/                    Recommended Cache Time                     /
/                                                               /
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
Figure 5: Changes to the definition of the Recommended Cache Time TLV.

The packet processing is adapted to calculate an absolute time from the relative time code based on the absolute reception time. On transmission, a new relative time code is calculated based on the current system time.

A note on legacy forwarders: A forwarder that does not support this compact time representation is expected to consider a Recommended Cache Time with length 1 as a structural or syntactical error and discard the packet. Otherwise, a forwarder interprets the compact 1-byte time value as an absolute time far in the past, which impacts cache utilization.

6. IANA Considerations

The protocol integration of the compact time encoding defined in Section 5.1 and Section 5.2 uses the following types registered in the CCNx Hop-by-Hop Types registry and assigned by IANA [RFC8609].

Table 1: Registered CCNx Hop-by-Hop Types
Type Name
0x0001 T_INTLIFE
0x0002 T_CACHETIME

7. Security Considerations

This document makes no semantic changes to [RFC8569], nor to any of the security properties of the message encodings of [RFC8609], and hence has the same security considerations as those two existing documents.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

[RFC2119]
Bradner, S. and RFC Publisher, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8569]
Mosko, M., Solis, I., Wood, C., and RFC Publisher, "Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) Semantics", RFC 8569, DOI 10.17487/RFC8569, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8569>.
[RFC8609]
Mosko, M., Solis, I., Wood, C., and RFC Publisher, "Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) Messages in TLV Format", RFC 8609, DOI 10.17487/RFC8609, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8609>.

8.2. Informative References

[ICNLOWPAN]
Gündoğan, C., Kietzmann, P., Schmidt, T., and M. Wählisch, "Designing a LoWPAN convergence layer for the Information Centric Internet of Things", Computer Communications, Vol. 164, No. 1, p. 114–123, Elsevier, , <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.10.002>.
[IEEE.754.2019]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, C/MSC - Microprocessor Standards Committee, "Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic", , <https://standards.ieee.org/content/ieee-standards/en/standard/754-2019.html>.
[RFC5497]
Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and RFC Publisher, "Representing Multi-Value Time in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 5497, DOI 10.17487/RFC5497, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5497>.
[RFC7927]
Kutscher, D., Ed., Eum, S., Pentikousis, K., Psaras, I., Corujo, D., Saucez, D., Schmidt, T., Waehlisch, M., and RFC Publisher, "Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Research Challenges", RFC 7927, DOI 10.17487/RFC7927, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7927>.
[RFC9139]
Gündoğan, C., Schmidt, T., Wählisch, M., Scherb, C., Marxer, C., Tschudin, C., and RFC Publisher, "Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Adaptation to Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs)", RFC 9139, DOI 10.17487/RFC9139, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9139>.

Appendix A. Test Vectors

The test vectors in Table 2 show sample time codes and their corresponding time values according to the algorithm outlined in Section 4.

Table 2: Test Vectors
Time Code Time Value (seconds)
0x00 0.000000
0x01 0.007812
0x04 0.031250
0x08 0.062500
0x15 0.203125
0x28 1.000000
0x30 2.000000
0xF8 67108864.000000
0xFF 125829120.000000

Appendix B. Efficient Time Value Approximation

A forwarder frequently converts compact time into milliseconds to compare Interest lifetimes and the duration of cache entries. On many architectures, multiplication and division perform slower than addition, subtraction, and bit shifts. The following equations approximate the formulas in Section 4, and scale from seconds into the milliseconds range by applying a factor of 2^10 instead of 10^3. This results in an error of 2.4%.

b == 0:
2^10 * a * 2^-3 * 2^1 * 2^-5
= a << 3
b > 0:
(2^10 + a * 2^-3 * 2^10) * 2^b * 2^-5
= (1 << 5 + a << 2) << b

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the active members of the ICNRG research group for constructive thoughts. In particular, we thank Marc Mosko and Ken Calvert for their valuable feedback on the encoding scheme and the protocol integration.

Authors' Addresses

Cenk Gündoğan
Huawei Technologies
Riesstrasse 25
D-80992 Munich
Germany
Thomas C. Schmidt
HAW Hamburg
Berliner Tor 7
D-20099 Hamburg
Germany
Dave Oran
Network Systems Research and Design
4 Shady Hill Square
Cambridge, MA 02138
United States of America
Matthias Waehlisch
Freie Universität Berlin
Takustrasse 9
D-14195 Berlin
Germany