INTERNET-DRAFT P. Spinosa Intended Status: Informational (ICT consultant) Expires: September 18, 2022 E. Francesconi CNR C. Lupo (ICT consultant) March 22, 2022 A Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace for Sources of Law (LEX) draft-spinosa-urn-lex-15.txt Abstract This document describes a Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace Identification (NID) convention for identifying, naming, assigning, and managing persistent resources in the legal domain. This specification is published to allow adoption of a common convention by multiple jurisdictions to facilitate ease of reference and access to resources in the legal domain. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. 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Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 2] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Table of Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1 The Purpose of Namespace "lex" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Entities Supporting this Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 The Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 General Characteristics of the System . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Linking a LEX Name to a Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 Use of LEX Names in References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.7 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.8 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.9 Syntax Used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 Specifications of Registration Template . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1 Identifier structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2 Conformance with URN Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 Validation Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.4 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4 General Syntax and Features of the LEX Identifier . . . . . . 16 4.1 Allowed and Not Allowed Characters . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.2 Reserved Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.3 Case Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.4 National Characters and Diacritic Signs . . . . . . . . . 17 4.5 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.6 Date Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5 Specific Syntax and Features of the LEX Identifier . . . . . . 18 5.1 Spaces, Connectives and Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . 19 5.2 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.3 Ordinal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6 Creation of the Source of Law LEX Identifier . . . . . . . . . 19 6.1 Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.2 Model of Sources of Law Representation . . . . . . . . . 20 6.3 The Structure of the Local Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.4 Structure of the Document Identifier at Work Level . . . 21 6.5 Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 6.6 Structure of the Document Identifier at Expression Level 23 6.7 Structure of the Document Identifier at Manifestation Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 6.8 Sources of Law References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7 The Procedure of Uniform Names Assignment . . . . . . . . . . 27 7.1 Specifying the Element of the LEX Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 7.2 Jurisdictional Registrar for Names Assignment . . . . . . 27 7.3 Identifier Uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 7.4 Identifier Persistence Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 28 8 Principles of the Resolution Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 8.1 The General Architecture of the System . . . . . . . . . 29 8.2 Catalogues for Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 3] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 8.3 Suggested Resolver Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 9 Namespace Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 10 Community Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 11 IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 11.1 NID Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 11.2 Jurisdiction-code Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 12.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 12.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 13 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 14 Author's Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Attachment A -- Summary of the Syntax of the Uniform Names of the "lex" Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Attachment B -- Specific Syntax of the Identifier at Work Level . 41 B1 The Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 B1.1 Indication of the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 B1.2 Multiple Issuers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 B1.3 Indication of the Issuer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 B1.4 Indication of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 B1.5 Indication of the Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 B1.6 Conventions for the Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 B2 The Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 B2.1 Criteria for the Indication of the Type of Measure . . . 42 B2.2 Further Specification to the Type of Measure . . . . . . 43 B2.3 Aliases for Sources of Law with Different Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 B2.4 Relations between Measure and Authority in the Aliases . 43 B3 The
Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 B3.1 Indication of the Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 B3.2 Multiple Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 B3.3 Unnumbered Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 B3.4 Multiple Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 B4 The Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 B4.1 Formal Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 B4.2 Annexes of Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Attachment C -- Specific Syntax of the Element of the Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 C1 The Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 C1.1 Different Versions of a Legislative Document . . . . . . 47 C1.2 Identification of the Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Attachment D -- Http LEX Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 D1 Http URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 D2 The Http LEX Identifier Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 D3 The Http LEX Identifier at Work Level . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 D4 The Http LEX Identifier at Expression Level . . . . . . . . . 52 D5 The Http LEX Identifier at Manifestation Level . . . . . . . . 53 P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 4] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 1 Introduction 1.1 The Purpose of Namespace "lex" The purpose of the "lex" namespace is to assign an unequivocal identifier, in well-defined format, to documents that are sources of law. To the extent of this namespace, "sources of law" include any legal document within the domain of legislation, case law and administrative acts or regulations; moreover potential "sources of law" (acts under the process of law formation, as bills) are included as well. Therefore "legal doctrine" is explicitly not covered. The identifier is conceived so that its designed construction depends only on the characteristics (details) of the document itself and is, therefore, independent from the document's on-line availability, its physical location, and access mode. The identifier itself is assigned by the jurisdiction that owns the identified document. Even a document that is not available online at all may still have a LEX URN that identifies it. This identifier can be used as a way to represent the references (and more generally, any type of relation) among the various sources of law. In an on-line environment with resources distributed among different Web publishers, uniform resource names allow simplified global interconnection of legal documents by means of automated hypertext linking. LEX URNs are therefore particularly useful when they can be mapped into or associated with locators such as HTTP URLs. 1.2 Entities Supporting this Specification The following entities support the publication of this proposal: - CNR (National Research Council of Italy) - Italy; - Agency for Digital Italy (AgID) - Presidency of the Council of Ministers - Italy; - PRODASEN - IT Department of the Federal Senate - Brazil; - LII (Legal Information Institute), Cornell Law School - USA. 1.3 The Context This specification of an unequivocal identifier for legal documents follows a number of initiatives in the field of legal document management. These specifications for an an unequivocal identifier of legal documents follows a number of initiatives in the field of legal document management. Since 2001 the Italian Government, through the National Center for P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 5] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Information Technology in the Public Administration, the Ministry of Justice and CNR (the National Research Council of Italy) promoted the NormeInRete project. It was aimed at introducing standards for sources of law description and identification using XML and URN techniques. Other national initiatives in Europe introduced standards for the description of legal sources [FRAN]. Such initiatives, based in synergies between government, national research institutes, and universities, have defined national XML standards for legal document management, as well as schemes for legal document identification. Outside Europe, similar initiatives have addressed similar problems [FRAN]. Several of these identifiers are based on a URN schema. In today's information society the processes of political, social and economic integration of European Union member states as well as the increasing integration of the world-wide legal and economic processes are causing a growing interest in exchanging legal information knowledge at national and trans-national levels. The growing desire for improved quality and accessibility of legal information amplifies the need for interoperability among legal information systems across national boundaries. A common well-defined schema used to identify sources of law at international level is an essential prerequisite for interoperability. Interest groups within several countries have already expressed their intention to adopt a shared solution based on a URN technique. The need for an unequivocal identifier of sources of law in different EU Member States, based on open standards and able to provide advanced modalities of document hyper-linking, has been expressed in several conferences (as [LVI]) by representatives of the Publications Office of the European Union (OP), with the aim of promoting interoperability among national and European institution information systems. Similar concerns have been raised by international groups concerned with free access to legal information, and the Permanent Bureau of the Hague Conference on Private International Law [HCPIL] that encourage State Parties to "adopt neutral methods of citation of their legal materials, including methods that are medium-neutral, provider-neutral and internationally consistent.". In a similar direction the CEN Metalex initiative is moving, at European level, towards the definition of a standard interchange format for sources of law, including recommendations for defining naming conventions to them. The need of unequivocal identifiers for sources of law is of particular interest also in the domain of case law. Such need is extremely felt within both common law systems, where cases are the main law sources, and civil law systems, for the importance of P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 6] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 providing an integrated access to cases and legislation, as well as to track the relationships between them. This domain is characterized by a high degree of fragmentation in case law information systems, which usually lack interoperability. In the European Union, the community institutions have stressed the need for citizens, businesses, lawyers, prosecutors and judges to become more aware not only of (directly applicable) EU law, but also of the various national legal systems. The growing importance of national judiciaries for the application of Community law was stressed in the resolution of the European Parliament of 9 July 2008 on the role of the national judge in the European judicial system. Similarly the the Council of the European Union has underlined the importance of cross-border access to national case law, as well as the need for its standardisation, in view of an integrated access in a decentralized architecture. In this view the Working Party on Legal Data Processing (e-Law) of the Council of the European Union formed a task group to study the possibilities for improving cross-border access to national case law. Taking notice of the report of the Working Party's task group the Council of the EU decided in 2009 to elaborate on a uniform, European system for the identification of case law (ECLI: European Case-Law Identifier) and uniform Dublin Core-based set of metadata. The Council of the European Union invited the Member States to introduce in the legal information systems the European Legislation Identifier (ELI), an http-based Semantic Web oriented identification system for European Union and Member States legislation. The LEX identifier (also referred in this text as "LEX name") is conceived to be general enough so as to provide guidance at the core of the standard and sufficient flexibility to cover a wide variety of needs for identifying all the legal documents of different nature, namely legislative, case-law and administrative acts. Moreover, it can be effectively used within a federative environment where different publishers (public and private) can provide their own items of a legal document (that is there is more than one manifestation of the same legal document). However specifications and syntax rules of LEX identifier can be used also for http-based naming convention (Appendix D) to cope with different requirements in legal information management, for example the need of having an identifier compliant with the Linked Open Data principles. This document supplements the required name syntax with a naming convention that interprets all these recommendations into an original solution for sources of law identification. 1.4 General Characteristics of the System P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 7] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 The specification contained in this document promote interoperability among legal information systems by the definition of a namespace convention and structure that will create and manage identifiers for legal documents. The identifiers will be: - globally unique - transparent - reversible - persistent - location-independent, and - language-neutral. These qualities will facilitate legal document management as well as providing a mechanism of stable cross-collections and cross-country references. Transparency means that given an act and its relevant metadata (issuing authority, type of measure, etc.) it is possible to create the related urn identifier. Moreover this identifier is able to unequivocally identify the related act. These two properties make the identification system reversible (from an act to its URN and from a URN to the related act). Language-neutrality is an especially important feature that will promote adoption of the standard by organizations that must adhere to official-language requirements. This specification provides useful guidance to both public and private groups that create, promulgate, and publish legal documents. Registrants wish to minimize the potential for creating conflicting proprietary schemes, while preserving sufficient flexibility to allow for diverse document types and to respect the need for local control of collections by an equally diverse assortment of administrative entities. As usual, the problem is to provide the right amount guidance at the core of the specification while providing sufficient flexibility to cover a wide variety of needs. This LEX specification does this by splitting the identifier into parts. The first part uses a pre- existing standard specification ("country/jurisdiction name standard") to indicate the country (or more generally the jurisdiction) of origin for the legal document being identified; the remainder ("local name") is intended for local use in identifying documents issued in that country or jurisdiction. This second part depends only on the system of sources of law identification operating in that nation and it is mainly composed by formalized information related to the enacting authority, the type of measure, the details and possibly the annex. The identification system based on uniform names includes: - a schema for assigning names capable of representing unambiguously any addressed source of law (namely legislation, case law and P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 8] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 administrative acts), issued by any authority (intergovernmental, supranational, national, regional and local) at any time (past, present and future); - a resolution mechanism - in a distributed environment - that ties a uniform name to the on-line location of the corresponding resource(s). This document considers the first of these requirements. It also contains a few references to the architecture of the resolution service and to the corresponding software. 1.5 Linking a LEX Name to a Document The LEX name is linked to the document through meta-information which may be specified: - internally to the document itself through a specific element within an XML schema or by an [HTML] META tag; - externally by means of a Resource Description Framework [RDF] triple, a specific attribute in a database, etc. At least one of these modalities is necessary for enabling automated construction and updating of catalogues (distributed and centralized) and the implementation of resolvers that associate the uniform name of a document with its physical location(s). LEX assumes no particular relationship between the originator of the document, its publisher, and the implementer of catalogues or resolution services. They may be the same entity, or not. 1.6 Use of LEX Names in References LEX names can be used in references as a HREF attribute value of the hypertext link to the referred document. This link can be created in two ways: - by manually inserting, in the referring document, the link with the uniform name: this is a burdensome procedure especially for documents that are already on-line; - by automatically constructing (either permanently or temporarily) the link with the uniform name, through reference parsers of a text: this is a more time-saving procedure even if subject to a certain percentage of errors, since references are not always accurate or complete. This solution could nevertheless be acceptable for already published documents. In any case, whatever the method adopted is, new documents produced in XML format (compliant with the DTD/XMLSchema defined in the related country) should express references through the uniform name of the document referred to. 1.7 Definitions According to this document, the following terms are used in the P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 9] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 following meaning: - Source of Law: is a general concept, and is used to refer to legislation, case law, regulations and administrative acts. In its broadest sense, the source of law is anything that can be conceived of as the originator of 'erga omnes' legal rules. In this document "source of law" refers also to acts during their formation cycle as bills that might or might not become sources of law; - Jurisdictional Registrar: is an organization which shares and defines in any country or jurisdiction the assignment of the main components of the resource identifier through which the identifier uniqueness is guaranteed. This task includes the definition of allowed jurisdiction names and units, as well as the primary elements (issuing authorities and type of legal measures) of LEX URNs according to the characteristics of the jurisdiction or institutions organization. 1.8 Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 1.9 Syntax Used in this Document This document uses the syntax common to many Internet RFCs, which is based on the ABNF (Augmented Backus-Naur Form) [RFC5234] meta- language. 2 Registration Template This section provides the details of the URN registration using the template and guidance found in [RFC8141]. Namespace Identifier: "lex" requested according to [RFC8141]. Version: 1.0 Date: 2021-04-26 Registrant: P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 10] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Via de' Barucci, 20 50127 Florence Italy e-mail: lex@ittig.cnr.it phone: +39 055 43995 contact: Enrico Francesconi e-mail: enrico.francesconi@cnr.it Purpose: The purpose of the "lex" namespace is to assign an unequivocal identifier, in well-defined format, to documents that are sources of law. This specification of an unequivocal identifier for legal documents follows a number of initiatives in the field of legal document management. Those initiatives were aimed at introducing standards for sources of law identification and mark-up using URI and XML techniques, respectively (for more details see Section 1.3). The LEX identifier is conceived to be general enough, so as to provide guidance at the core of the specification and sufficient flexibility to cover a wide variety of needs for identifying all the legal documents of different nature, namely legislative, case-law and administrative acts. Moreover, it can be effectively used within a federative environment where different publishers (public and private) can provide their own items of an act (that is there is more than one manifestation of the same act). The LEX identifier is conceived to be: globally unique, transparent, reversible, persistent, location-independent, and language-neutral. It is organized into parts. The first part uses a predetermined standard to specify the country (or more generally the jurisdiction) of origin for the legal document being identified; the remainder is intended for local use in identifying documents issued in that country or jurisdiction. This second part depends only on the system of sources of law identification operating in that nation and it is mainly composed by formalized information related to the enacting authority, the type of measure, the details and possibly the annex. For more details on the nature of the LEX characteristics and the general internal organization, see Section 1.4. The LEX name is linked to the document through specific meta- information, internally (with a tag) or externally (with a P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 11] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 attribute) (for details on this see Section 1.5) LEX names can be used in references either in (X)HTML document or, more generally, in XML documents format (compliant with the DTD/XMLSchema defined in the related country) (see Section 1.6 for more information). Syntax: The identifier has a hierarchical structure as follows: "urn:lex:" NSS where is the Namespace Specific String composed as follows: NSS = jurisdiction ":" local-name where: is the part providing the identification of the jurisdiction, identifying the scope (state, regional, municipal, supranational or of an organization) where a set of sources of law have validity. It is also possible to represent international organizations (either states or public administrations or private entities); is the uniform name of the source of law in the country or jurisdiction where it is issued; its internal structure is common to the already adopted schemas. It is able to represent all the aspects of an intellectual production, as it is a legal document, from its initial idea, through its evolution during the time, to its realisation by different means (paper, digital, etc.). LEX specifications give information on the internal structure of both and , including specifications about case sensitivity, the use of national characters and diacritics, as well as spaces, connectives, punctuation marks, abbreviations, acronyms, date formats and ordinal numbers. For more details on the internal structure and syntax of the LEX identifier, see Section 3, 4 and 5. The use of r- and q- components, introduced by [RFC8141], with LEX URNs is not defined in this document. However a LEX URNs resolution system can be developed to deal with such components according to the semantics specified in [RFC8141]. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 12] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Assignment: The Jurisdictional Registrar (or those it delegates) of each adhering country or organization is responsible for the definition or acceptance of the uniform name's primary elements (issuing authority and type of legal measure). Any country or jurisdiction, aiming to adopt this schema, identifies a Jurisdictional Registrar, an organization which shares and defines the structure of the optional part of the name, according to the organization of the state or institution. The process of assigning the will be managed by each specific country or jurisdiction under the related element (details on this can be found in Section 7.2). Identifiers in the "lex" namespace are defined through a field assigned to the sources of law of a specific country or organization, and a assigned by the issuing authority. The goal of the LEX schema is to maintain uniqueness and persistence of all resources identified by the assigned URNs. The values of the elements for the LEX identifier within a jurisdiction are defined by the Jurisdictional Registrar. This ensures that the constructed URNs are unique (see Section 7.3 for details on uniqueness). The persistence of identifiers depends on the durability of the institutions that assign and administer them (see Section 7.3 for details on persistence). Security and Privacy: This document introduces no additional security considerations beyond those associated with the use and resolution of URNs in general. Interoperability: As an openly specified naming convention to identify sources of law at international level, LEX is meant to guarantee interoperability among legal information systems across national boundaries. The characteristics of the LEX naming convention facilitate legal document management as well as providing a mechanism of stable cross-collections and cross-country references, thus allowing the distribution of the legal information towards a federated architecture. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 13] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Resolution: The resolution service associates a LEX identifier with a specific document address on the internet. The architecture of the resolution service will be organized in two fundamental components: a chain of information in DNS (Domain Name System) and a series of resolution services from URNs to URLs, each competent within a specific domain of the namespace (see Section 8.1 for more details). To cope with possible incomplete or inaccurate uniform names, the implementation of a catalogue, based on a relational- database, able to associate a URN to related URLs, is suggested, as it will lead to a higher flexibility in the resolution process. A resolver can provide names normalization, completion of inaccurate or incomplete names, and finally their resolution in network locations (see Section 8.2 and 8.3 for characteristics and behaviour of a catalogue for resolution). Documentation: The syntax, semantics and usage details of LEX URNs are given in [this RFC]. Additional Information: See [FRAN] and [SPIN]. Revision Information: None 3 Specifications of Registration 3.1 Identifier Structure The element is composed of two specific fields: jurisdiction = jurisdiction-code *(";" jurisdiction-unit) where: is usually the identification code of the country where the source of law is issued. To facilitate the transparency of the name, the follows usually the rules of identification of other Internet applications, based on Domain Name (for details or special cases see P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 14] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Section 11.2). Where applicable, the ccTLD, or the TLD, or the Domain Name of the country or multinational or international organisation is used. If such information is not available for a particular institution, a specific code will be defined (see Section 11.2). Examples reported in this document are hypothetical and assumed that the corresponding Domain Name is used for the . However, a special register for the is required, the rules of which are defined in section 11.2. are the possible administrative hierarchical sub- structures defined by each country or organisation within their specific legal system. This additional information can be used in case two or more levels of legislative or judicial production exist (e.g., federal, state and municipality level) and the same bodies may be present in each jurisdiction. Therefore acts of the same type issued by similar authorities in different areas differ for the jurisdiction-unit specification. An example can be the following: "br:governo:decreto" (decree of federal government), "br;sao.paulo:governo:decreto" (decree of SU+00E3o Paulo state) and "br;sao.paulo;campinas:governo:decreto" (decree of Campinas municipality). Examples (hypothetical) of sources of law identifiers are: urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2003-09-21;456 (Italian act) urn:lex:fr:etat:loi:2004-12-06;321 (French act) urn:lex:es:estado:ley:2002-07-12;123 (Spanish act) urn:lex:ch;glarus:regiere:erlass:2007-10-15;963 (Glarus Swiss Canton decree) urn:lex:eu:commission:directive:2010-03-09;2010-19-EU (EU Commission Directive) urn:lex:us:supreme.court:decision:1963-03-18;372.us.335 (US SC decision) urn:lex:be:conseil.etat:decision:2008-07-09;185.273 (Decision of the Belgian Council of State) 3.2 Conformance with URN Syntax The "lex" NID syntax conforms to [RFC8141]. However, a series of characters are reserved to identify elements or sub-elements, or for future extensions of the LEX naming convention (see Section 4.2). 3.3 Validation Mechanism The Jurisdictional Registrar (or those it delegates) of each adhering country or organization is responsible for the definition or P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 15] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 acceptance of the uniform name's primary elements (issuing authority and type of legal measure). 3.4 Scope Global interest. In fact each body that enacts sources of law can identify them by this scheme. Furthermore, other bodies (even not enacting sources of law, such as newspaper or magazine publishers, etc.) aiming to refer legal documents, can unequivocally identify them by this scheme. 4 General Syntax and Features of the LEX Identifier This section lists the general features applicable to all jurisdictions. 4.1 Allowed and Not Allowed Characters These characters are defined in accordance with the [RFC8141] "Uniform Resource Names (URNs)". For various reasons, later explained, in the "lex" only a sub-set of characters is allowed. All other characters are either eliminated or converted. For the full syntax of the uniform names in the "lex" space, please see Attachment A. 4.2 Reserved Characters These characters MUST always and uniquely be used for the purpose assigned below. The first category includes those characters bearing a specific meaning in the general creation of the URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)(see Section 2 of [RFC3986]) such as "%", "?", "#" , etc. The following characters instead are reserved in the specific "lex" namespace: However, the following reserved characters are given special meaning in the specific "lex" namespace: - "@" separator of the expression, that contains information on version and language; - "$" separator of the manifestation, that contains information on format, editor, etc.; - ":" separator of the main elements of the name at any entity; - ";" separator of level. It identifies the introduction of an element at a hierarchically lower level, or the introduction of a specification; - "+" separator of the repetitions of an entire main element (e.g., multiple authorities); P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 16] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 - "," separator of the repetitions of individual components in the main elements, each bearing the same level of specificity (e.g., multiple numbers); - "~" separator of the partition identifier in references (e.g., paragraph of an article); - "*" and "!" are reserved for future expansions. To keep backward compatibility with existing applications in some jurisdictions, the "lex" NID syntax does not include the use of the character "/" in this version. This character will be converted into "-" (see Sections 6.7 and B3.4) or into "." (see Section B4.2). 4.3 Case Sensitivity Names belonging to the "lex" namespace are case-insensitive. It is RECOMMENDED that they be created in lower case, but names that differ only in case MUST be considered to be equivalent. (e.g., "Ministry" will be recorded as "ministry"). 4.4 National Characters and Diacritic Signs In order to exploit DNS as a routing tool towards the proper resolution system, to keep editing and communication more simple and to avoid character percent-encoding, it is strongly RECOMMENDED that national characters and diacritic signs are turned into base ASCII characters (e.g., the Italian term "sanitU+00E0" converted into "sanita", the French term "ministU+00E8re" converted into "ministere"), in case by transliteration (e.g. "MU+00FCnchen" converted into "muenchen"). This conversion consists of: - transcription from non-Latin alphabets; - transliteration of some signs (diaeresis, eszett, ...); - preservation of the only basic characters, eliminating the signs placed above (accents, tilde, ...), below (cedilla, little tail, ...) or on (oblique cut, ...). If this conversion is not acceptable by a specific jurisdiction or is not available in a given language, UTF-8 %-encoding [STD63] MUST be used. In this case it should be noted that the generated URN (as some of its parts) can not be used directly for routing through DNS, and therefore the jurisdiction must adopt one of the following strategies: - to convert non-ASCII characters within the DNS into the IDN encoding, using the [RFC5894] punycode translation (ex: mU+00FCnchen in xn--mnchen-3ya), and to develop an interface software that converts the URN before the navigation in DNS, or - to create a routing service relying to a software, out of DNS, addressing a proper resolution service. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 17] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Summarizing, the preference order is the following: - Conversion into base ASCII (RECOMMENDED solution); - Conversion to punycode only for navigation in DNS, via software interface; - Creation of a routing service relying on a software, out of DNS, addressing a proper resolution service. The first solution allows native DNS routing, while the other two require a software development for the interface or the routing. However it is up to the specific jurisdiction to choose the preferred solution. Two examples (Latin and Cyrillic alphabet) relating to the different solutions adopted are here reported: a. a circular adopted by the Municipality of Munich (Rundschreiben der Stadt MU+00FCnchen): - ascii = urn:lex:de:stadt.munchen:rundschreiben:... - utf-8 = urn:lex:de:stadt.mU+00FCnchen:rundschreiben:... - punycode = urn:lex:de:stadt.xn--mnchen-3ya:rundschreiben:... b. a state law of the Russian Federation (latin: gosudarstvo zakon; cyrillic: U+0441U+043EU+0441U+0442U+043EU+044FU+043DU+0438U+0435 U+0437U+0430U+043AU+043EU+043D): - ascii = urn:lex:ru:gosudarstvo:zakon:... - utf-8 = urn:lex:ru:U+0441U+043EU+0441U+0442U+043EU+044FU+043D U+0438U+0435:U+0437U+0430U+043AU+043EU+043D:... - punycode = urn:lex:ru:xn--80aebe3cdmfdkg:xn--80ankme:... assuming that the Russia jurisdiction-code is expressed in ASCII ("ru"), while the Cyrillic version ("U+0440U+0444") has the puny- code "xn--p1ai". 4.5 Abbreviations Abbreviations are often used in law for indicating institutions (e.g. Min.), structures (e.g. Dept.), or legal measures (e.g. Reg.) but not in a uniform way, therefore their expansion is highly RECOMMENDED. (e.g., "Min." is reported as "ministry") 4.6 Date Format Dates are expressed by numbers in the [ISO8601] format: yyyy-mm-dd (e.g., "September 2, 99" will be written as "1999-09-02") 5 Specific Syntax and Features of the LEX Identifier P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 18] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 In this section there are other features related to specific jurisdictions and the implementation of which is RECOMMENDED. 5.1 Spaces, Connectives and Punctuation Marks All the language connectives (e.g., articles, prepositions, etc.), the punctuation marks and all the special characters (as apostrophes, dashes, etc.), when explicitly present, are eliminated (no transformation occurs in cases of languages with declensions or agglutinating languages). The words left are connected to each other by a dot (".") which substitutes the "space". (e.g., "Ministry of Finances, Budget and of Economic Planning" becomes "ministry.finances.budget.economic.planning"; "Ministerstvo Finansov" becomes "ministerstvo.finansov") 5.2 Acronyms The use of acronyms might be confusing and encourage ambiguity in uniform names (the same acronym may indicate two different institutions or structures), therefore their expansion is highly RECOMMENDED. (e.g., "FAO" is expanded as "food.agriculture.organization") 5.3 Ordinal Numbers To even the representation, it is highly RECOMMENDED that any ordinal number included in a component of a document name (e.g., in the description of an institution body) is indicated in Western Arabic numerals, regardless to the original expression: whether in Roman numerals, or with an adjective, or in Arabic numeral with apex, etc. (IV, third, 1U+00B0, 2^, etc.). (e.g., "Department IV" becomes "department.4") 6 Creation of the Source of Law LEX Identifier - Baseline structure 6.1 Basic Principles The uniform name must identify one and only one document (more precisely a "bibliographic resource" [ISBD], see also Section 6.2) and is created in such a way that it is: - self-explanatory ; - identifiable through simple and clear rules; - compatible with the practice commonly used for references; - able to be created from references in the text, automatically (by parser) or manually; - representative of both the formal and the substantive aspects of the document. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 19] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 6.2 Model of Sources of Law Representation According to [FRBR] (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) model developed by IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions), in a source of law, as in any intellectual production, 4 fundamental entities (or aspects) can be specified. The first 2 entities reflect its contents: - work: identifies a distinct intellectual creation; in our case, it identifies a source of law both in its being (as it has been issued or proposed) and in its becoming (as it is modified over time); - expression: identifies a specific intellectual realisation of a work; in our case it identifies every different (original or up-to- date) version of the source of law over time and/or language in which the text is expressed; while the other 2 entities relate to its form: - manifestation: identifies a concrete realisation of an expression; in our case it identifies realizations in different media (printing, digital, etc.), encoding formats (XML, PDF, etc.), or other publishing characteristics; - item: identifies a specific copy of a manifestation; in our case it identifies individual physical copies as they are found in particular physical locations. In this document the [FRBR] model has been interpreted for the specific characteristics of the legal domain. In particular, apart from the language which does produce a specific expression, the discriminative criterion between expression and manifestation is based on the difference of the juridical effects that a variation can provide with respect to the involved actors (citizens, parties, institutions). In this scenario the main characteristic of the expression of an act is represented by its validity over the time, during which it provides the same juridical effects. These effects change for amendments or annulments of other legislative or jurisprudential acts. Therefore notes, summarizations, comments, anonymizations and other editorial activities over the same text do not produce different expressions, but different manifestations. 6.3 The Structure of the Local Name The within the "lex" namespace MUST contain all the necessary pieces of information enabling the unequivocal identification of a legal document. If the violates this requirement, the related URN is not a valid one within the "lex" namespace. In the legal domain, at the "work" level, three components are always present: the enacting authority, the type of provision and the P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 20] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 details. A fourth component, the annex, can be added if any. It is often necessary to differentiate various expressions, that is: - the original version and all the amended versions of the same document; - the versions of the text expressed in the different official languages of the state or organization. Finally the uniform name allows a distinction among diverse manifestations, which may be produced by multiple publishers using different means and formats. In every case, the basic identifier of the source of law (work) remains the same, but information is added regarding the specific version under consideration (expression); similarly a suffix is added to the expression for representing the characteristics of the publication (manifestation). Information which forms a source of law uniform name at each level (work, expression, manifestation) is expressed in the official language of the related jurisdiction; in case of multiple official languages (as in Switzerland) or more involved jurisdictions (as in international treaties), more language-dependent names (aliases) are created. Therefore, the more general structure of the local name appears as follows: local-name = work ["@" expression] ["$" manifestation] However, consistent with legislative practice, the uniform name of the main original provision (work) becomes the identifier of an entire class of documents which includes: the original main document, the annexes, and all their versions, languages and formats subsequently generated. 6.4 Structure of the Document Identifier at Work Level The structure of the document identifier is made of the four fundamental elements mentioned above, clearly distinguished one from the other in accordance with an order identifying increasingly narrow domains and competences: work = authority ":" measure ":" details *(":" annex) where: is the issuing or proposing authority of the measure (e.g., State, Ministry, Municipality, Court, etc.); is the type of the measure, both public nature (e.g., constitution, act, treaty, regulation, decree, decision, etc.) as P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 21] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 well as private one (e.g., license, agreement, etc);
are the terms associated to the measure, typically the date (usually the signature date) and the number included in the heading of the act; is the identifier of the annex, if any (e.g., Annex 1). In case of annexes, both the main document and its annexes have their own uniform name so that they can individually be referenced; the identifier of the annex adds a suffix to that of the main document. In similar way the identifier of an annex of an annex adds an ending to that of the annex which it is attached to. The main elements of the work name are generally divided into several elementary components, and, for each, specific rules of representation are established (criteria, modalities, syntax and order). For the details regarding each element, please see the Attachment B. Examples (hypothetical) of identifiers are: urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2006-05-14;22 urn:lex:uk:ministry.justice:decree:1999-10-07;45 urn:lex:ch;glarus:regiere:erlass:2007-10-15;963 urn:lex:es:tribunal.supremo:decision:2001-09-28;68 urn:lex:fr:assemblee.nationale:proposition.loi:13.legislature;1762 urn:lex:br:estado:constituicao:1988-10-05;lex-1 urn:lex:un.org:united.nations;general.assembly:resolution: 1961-11-28;a-res-1661 urn:lex:nl:hoge.raad:besluit:2008-04-01;bc8581 It is worth to note that the type of measure is important to identify case law, as well as legislation, especially within the legal systems where cases, by tradition, are identified only through the year of release and a number. Since the aim of the "urn:lex" schema is to identify specific materials, the type of measure or the full date are able to provide discrimination between materials belonging to a specific case. Here below is an example where the type of measure or the full date are essential for identify specific materials of a case: - 4/59 Judgement of the EEC Court of Justice 04/04/1960, Mannesmann AG and others / ECSC High Authority urn:lex:eec.lex.arpa:court.justice:judgement:1960-04-04;4-59 - 4/59 Order of the EEC Court of Justice 18/05/1960, Mannesmann AG and others / ECSC High Authority urn:lex:eec.lex.arpa:court.justice:order:1960-05-18;4-59 P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 22] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 6.5 Aliases International treaties involve more jurisdictions (the signing ones) so they are represented through more identifiers, each of them related to an involved jurisdiction. For example, a bilateral France and Germany treaty is identified through two URNs (aliases) belonging to either "fr" or "de" jurisdiction (e.g., "urn:lex:fr:etat:traite:..." and "urn:lex:de:staat:vertrag:...") since it pertains to both the French and the German jurisdiction. In the states or organisations that have more than one official language, a document has more identifiers, each of them expressed in a different official language, basically a set of equivalent aliases. This system permits manual or automated construction of the uniform name of the referred source of law in the same language used in the document itself. (e.g., "urn:lex:eu:council:directive:2004-12-07;31", "urn:lex:eu:consiglio:direttiva:2004-12-07;31", etc.) Moreover, a document can be assigned more than one uniform name in order to facilitate its linking from other documents. This option can be used for documents that, although unique, are commonly referenced from different perspectives. For example, the form of a document's promulgation and its specific content (e.g., a Regulation promulgated through a Decree of the President of the Republic). 6.6 Structure of the Document Identifier at Expression Level There may be several expressions of a legal text, connected to specific versions or languages. Each version is characterized by the period of time during which that text is to be considered as the valid text (in force or effective). The lifetime of a version ends with the issuing of the subsequent version. New versions of a text may be brought into existence by: - changes in the text (amendments) due to the issuing of other legal acts and to the subsequent production of updated or consolidated texts; - correction of publication errors (rectification or errata corrige); - entry into or departure from a particular time span, depending on the specific date in which different partitions of a text come into force. Each of such versions may be expressed in more than one language, with each language-version having its own specific identifier. The identifier of a source of law expression adds such information to the work identifier, using the following main structure: P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 23] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 expression = version [":" language] where: is the identifier of the version of the (original or amended) source of law. In general it is expressed by the promulgation date of the amending act; anyway other specific information can be used for particular documents. If necessary, the original version is specified by the string "original", expressed in the language of the act or version (for the details regarding this element, please see the Attachment C); is the identification code of the language in which the document is expressed, according to [BCP47] (it=Italian, fr=French, de=German, etc.). The granularity level of the language (for example the specification of the German language as used in Switzerland rather than the standard German) is left to each specific jurisdiction. The information is not necessary when the text is expressed in the unique official language of the country or jurisdiction. Examples (hypothetical) of document identifiers for expressions are: urn:lex:ch:etat:loi:2006-05-14;22@originel:fr (original version in French) urn:lex:ch:staat:gesetz:2006-05-14;22@original:de (original version in German) urn:lex:ch:etat:loi:2006-05-14;22@2008-03-12:fr (amended version in French) urn:lex:ch:staat:gesetz:2006-05-14;22@2008-03-12:de (amended version in German) urn:lex:be:conseil.etat:decision:2008-07-09;185.273@originel:fr (original version in French of a Belgian decision) 6.7 Structure of the Document Identifier at Manifestation Level To identify a specific manifestation, the uniform name of the expression is followed by a suitable suffix containing the following main elements: - : the digital format (e.g., XML, HTML, PDF, etc.) expressed according to the MIME Content-Type standard [RFC2045], where the "/" character is to be substituted by the "-" sign; - : editorial staff who produced it, expressed according to its Internet domain name. Since publishers' domain names may vary over time, manifestations already assigned by a publisher remain unchanged even if the identified object is no longer accessible. In this case, in order to make its materials accessible, the publisher will have to create for each of them a new manifestation with the P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 24] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 new domain name; - : possible components of the expressions contained in the manifestation. Such components are expressed by language- dependent labels representing the whole document (in English "all") or the main part of the document (in English "body") or the caption label of the component itself (e.g. Table 1, Figure 2, etc.); - : other features of the document (e.g., anonymized decision text). The suffix will thus read: manifestation = editor ":" format [":" component [":" feature]] To indicate possible features or peculiarities, each main element of the manifestation MAY be followed by further specifications (separated by ";"), for example as regards the archive name and the electronic publisher, for the version, etc. Therefore the main elements of the manifestation will assume the forms: editor = publisher *(";" specification) format = mime *(";" specification) component = part *(";" specification) feature = attribute *(";" specification) The syntax details of the element is shown in attachment A, in the related section. (examples (hypothetical): the original version the Italian act 3 April 2000, n. 56 might have the following manifestations with their relative uniform names: - PDF format (vers. 1.7) of the whole act edited by the Italian Parliament: "urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2000-04-03;56$application- pdf;1.7:parlamento.it" - XML format (version 2.2 DTD NIR) of the text of the act and PDF format (version 1.7) of the "Figura 1" (figure 1) contained in the body, edited by the Italian Senate: "urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2000-04-03;56$text-xml;dtd- nir-2.2:senato.it:testo" "urn:lex:it:stato:legge:2000-04-03;56$application- pdf;1.7:senato.it:figura.1" the Spanish URN of the html format of the whole Judgement of the European Court of Justice n. 33/08 of 11/06/2009, in Spanish version, published in the Jurifast data base in anonymized form: "urn:lex:eu:tribunal.justicia:sentencia:2009-06-11;33- P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 25] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 08@original:es$text-html:juradmin.eu;jurifast:todo:anonimo") Furthermore, it is useful to be able to assign a uniform name to a manifestation (or to a part of it) in case non-textual objects are involved. These may be multimedia objects that are non-textual in their own right (e.g. geographic maps, photographs, etc.), or texts recorded in non-textual formats, such as image scans of documents. In these ways, a LEX name permits: - exploitation of all the advantages of an unequivocal identifier that is independent of physical location; - a means to provide choice among different existing manifestations (e.g. XML or PDF formats, resolution degree of an image etc.) of the same expression. 6.8 Sources of Law References References to sources of law often refer to specific partitions of the act (article, paragraph, etc.) and not to the entire document. From a legal point of view, a partition is always a text block, that represents a logical subdivision of an act. As regards the digital representation, in a structured format (as XML) perfectly fitting the document logical structure, a partition is represented by an element (a block of text) with its own ID; this ID aims to identify the related element and to locate it. In this case, therefore, it is possible either to extract or to point to a partition. In a mark-up not fitting the logical structure of the text (as HTML), generally only the starting point of the partition, rather than the whole block of text or element, is identified through a label (a tag in Html Markup Language [HTML]). In this case therefore it is not possible to extract a partition but only to point to it. In both cases, having a partition identifier is useful; therefore, for allowing browsers to point to a specific partition, it is necessary that such partition is endowed with an unequivocal label or ID within the including document and its value is the same independently from the document format. For enabling the construction of the partition identifier between different collections of documents, specific construction rules for IDs or labels will be defined and shared, within each country or jurisdiction, for any document type (e.g., for legislation, the paragraph 2 of the article 3 might have as label or ID the value "art3;par2", similarly for case-law, paragraph 22 of the judgement in Case 46/76 Bauhuis v Netherlands, might have as label or ID the value "par22"). P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 26] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Furthermore, it is useful to foresee the compatibility with applications able to manage this information (e.g., returning the proper element); these procedures are particularly useful in the case of rather long acts, such as codes, constitutions, regulations, etc. For this purpose it is necessary that the partition identifier is transmitted to the servers (resolution and application) and therefore it cannot be separated by the typical "#" character of URI fragment, which is not transmitted to the server. According to these requirements, the syntax of a reference is: URN-reference = URN-document ["~" partition-id] (e.g., to refer to the paragraph 3 of the article 15 of the French Act of 15 may 2004, n. 106, the reference can be "urn:lex:fr:etat:loi:2004-05-15;106~art15;par3"). Using a different separator ("~") from the document name, the partition ID is not withheld by the browser but it is transmitted to the resolution process. This enables the resolver to retrieve (for example, out of a database) only the referred partition, if the partition syntax is compatible with the media type used, otherwise to return the whole act. Anyway, to make it effective in a browser pointing to the indicated partition, the resolver SHOULD transform the partition ID of each returned URL in a URI fragment. If this operation cannot be accomplished, the browser is positioned at the beginning of the document. The transformation in URI fragment is obtained appending to the URL the "#" character followed by the partition ID (in the example above, the returned URL will be #art15;par3). Doing this, knowing the granularity of the act markup, the resolver could exploit the hierarchical structure of the ID, eliminating sub- partitions not addressed. If only the article was identified in the act, in the previous example it could return #art15 only. Anyway it is possible to use the general syntax (with "#"); in this case only the URN document component of the reference is transmitted to the resolver, therefore the whole document will be always retrieved. 7 The Procedure of Uniform Names Assignment 7.1 Specifying the Element of the LEX Identifier Under the "lex" namespace, each country or international organization is assigned with a jurisdiction code, which characterizes the URNs of the source of law of that country or jurisdiction. This code is P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 27] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 assigned according to ccTLD (as well as TLDN (Top Level Domain Name) or DN (Domain Name) for the organizations) representation and it is the value of the element, which preserves cross- country uniqueness of the identifiers. 7.2 Jurisdictional Registrar for Names Assignment Any country or jurisdiction, who intends to adopt this schema, MUST identify a Jurisdictional Registrar, an organization which shares and defines the structure of the optional part () of the name, according to the organization of the state or institution (for details see Section 11.2). It must appoint a Jurisdictional Registrar and inform the Designed Experts, together with the registration of a jurisdiction code. For example, in a federal state a corresponding to the name of each member state (e.g. "br;sao.paolo", "br;minas.gerais", etc.) may be defined. The process of assigning the will be managed by each specific country or jurisdiction under the related element. In any country the Jurisdictional Registrar shares and defines the assignment of the primary elements (issuing authority and type of legal measure) of the local names considering the characteristics of its own state or institution organization. Such a Registrar MUST establish, according to the guidelines indicated in the current document, a uniform procedure within the country or organization to define elements, to take decisions upon normalizations and finally to solve and avoid possible name collisions as well as to maintain authoritative registries of various kinds (e.g., for authorities, types of measures, etc.). In particular, accurate point-in-time representations of the structure and naming of government entities are important to semantically-aware applications in this domain. Moreover, the Registrar shares and defines the rules to construct partition IDs for each document type. Finally, the Registrar will develop and publish the rules and the guidelines for the construction as well as the predefined values and codes. The Registrar should also promote the urn:lex identifier for the sources of law of its jurisdiction. Such a set of rules will have to be followed by all institutional bodies adopting the URN LEX identification system in a country or jurisdiction, as well as by private publishers, and each of them will be responsible for assigning names to their domains. 7.3 Identifier Uniqueness Identifiers in the "lex" namespace are defined through a P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 28] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 element assigned to the sources of law of a specific country or organization, and a assigned by the issuing authority, in conformance with the syntax defined in Section 6. The main elements (authority and type of measure) of the are defined by the Jurisdictional Registrar, so that it is ensured that the constructed URNs are unique. The Jurisdictional Registrar MUST provide clear documentation of rules by which names are to be constructed, and MUST update and make accessible its registries. Any issuing authority is responsible to define formal parameters to guarantee local name uniqueness by attributing, if necessary, a conventional internal number, which, combined with the other components (authority, measure and date), builds an unequivocal identifier. Uniqueness is achieved by checking against the catalogue of previously assigned names. 7.4 Identifier Persistence Considerations The persistence of identifiers depends on the durability of the institutions that assign and administer them. The goal of the LEX schema is to maintain uniqueness and persistence of all resources identified by the assigned URNs. In particular, the CNR, as proposer, is responsible of maintaining the uniqueness of the element; given that the is assigned on the basis of the long-held ccTLD representation of the country (or the TLDN or DN of the organization) and that the country or organization associated code is expected to continue indefinitely, the URN also persists indefinitely. The rules for the construction of the name are conceived to delegate the responsibility of their uniqueness to a set of authorities which is identified within each country or organization. Therefore, each authority is responsible for assigning URNs which have a very long life expectancy and can be expected to remain unique for the foreseeable future. Practical and political considerations, as well as diverse local forms of government organization, will result in different methods of assigning responsibility for different levels of the name. Where this cannot be accomplished by the implementation of an authoritative hierarchy, it is highly desirable that it be done by creating consensus around a series of published rules for the creation and administration of names by institutions and bodies that operate by means of collaboration rather than compulsion. Issuing authorities that operate in more localized scopes, ranging from the national down to the very local, MUST equally take P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 29] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 responsibility for the persistence of identifiers within their scope. 8 Recommendations for the Resolution Process 8.1 The General Architecture of the System The task of the resolution service is that of associating a LEX identifier with a specific document address on the network. By contrast with systems that can be constructed around rigorous and enforceable engineering premises, such as DNS, the "lex" namespace resolver will be expected to cope with a wide variety of "dirty" inputs, particularly those created by the automated extraction of references from incomplete or inaccurate texts. In this document, the result is a particular emphasis on a flexible and robust resolver design. The system has a distributed architecture based on two fundamental components: a chain of information in DNS (Domain Name System) and a series of resolution services from URNs to URLs, each competent within a specific domain of the namespace. The client retrieves the document associated with this URN using the procedure described in [RFC3404], which starts with a DNS NAPTR query. A resolution service can delegate the resolution and management of hierarchically-dependent portions of the name. Delegation of this responsibility will not be unreasonably withheld provided that the processes for their resolution and management are robust and are followed. For the "lex" namespace, CNR will maintain in the (see Section 11.1) the root zone of the chain resolution (equivalent to "lex.urn.arpa" (see [RFC3405]) and, in correspondence with the adhesion (see Section 11.2) of a new country (e.g., "br") or organization, will update the DNS information with a new record to delegate the relative resolution. This may be obtained by a regular expression that matches the initial part of the URN (e.g., "urn:lex:br") and redirects towards the proper zone (e.g., "lex.senado.gov.br"). Likewise the institution responsible for the jurisdiction uniform names (e.g., "urn:lex:br") has the task of managing the relative root in the DNS system (e.g., "lex.senado.gov.br" zone) and routing the resolution towards its resolvers on the basis of parts of the uniform names. In similar way it can delegate the resolution of country/organization sub-levels (e.g., "urn:lex:br;sao.paolo") towards the relative zone (e.g., "lex.sao-paolo.gov.br"). P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 30] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Such DNS routing chain does not work for all the URN components containing %-encoded characters. Therefore, when converting a lex:URN in UTF-8 code to a DNS query, clients MUST perform punycode conversion [RFC5891] before sending the query. The resolution service is made up of two elements: a knowledge base (consisting in a catalogue or a set of transformation rules) and a software to query the knowledge base itself. 8.2 Catalogues for Resolution Incompleteness and inaccuracy are rather frequent in legal citations, and incomplete or inaccurate uniform names of the referred document are thus likely to be built from textual references (this is even more frequent if they are created automatically through a specific parser). For this reason, the implementation of a catalogue, based on a relational-database, is suggested, as it will lead to a higher flexibility in the resolution process. In addition the catalogue must manage the aliases, the various versions and languages of the same source of law as well as the related manifestations. It is suggested that each enacting authority implements its own catalogue, assigning a corresponding unambiguous uniform name to each resource. 8.3 Suggested Resolver Behaviour First of all the resolver should separate the part corresponding to the partition ID, through the "~" separator, from the document name. So, the resolution process SHOULD implement a normalization of the uniform name to be resolved. This may involve transforming some components to the canonical form (e.g., filling out the acronyms, expanding the abbreviations, unifying the institution names, standardizing the type of measures, etc.). For this function authorities and types of measure registers are useful. The resolver SHOULD then query the catalogue searching for the URN which corresponds exactly to the given one (normalized if necessary). Since the names coming from the references may be inaccurate or incomplete, an iterative, heuristic approach (based on partial matches) is indicated. It is worth remarking that incomplete references (not including all the elements to create the canonical uniform name) are normal and natural; for a human reader, the reference would be "completed" by contextual understanding of the reference in the document in which it occurs. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 31] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 In this phase, the resolver should use the partition ID information to retrieve, if it is possible, only the referred partition, otherwise to return of the entire document. Lacking more specific indications, the resolver SHOULD select the best (most recent) version of the requested source of law, and provide all the manifestations with their related items. A more specific indication in the uniform name to be resolved will, of course, result in a more selective retrieval, based on any suggested expression and/or manifestations components (e.g. date, language, format, etc.). Finally, the resolver SHOULD append to URLs the "#" character followed by partition ID, transforming it in a URI fragment for browser pointing. 9 Namespace Considerations In collaboration with the legislative XML community, registrants carried out a preliminary study [SART] of the URI alternatives to satisfy the key requirements. The options analysed were: a private URI scheme, URL, PURL and URN. URN was considered the most appropriate URI given the requirements analysis. Advantages we would emphasize are: - greater flexibility in building the identifier; - the capacity to represent name components that are not strictly hierarchical; - the potential for clear division of the identifier into macro parts, main elements and components, using different separators; - ease of managing optional parts of a name. 10 Community Considerations The use of the "lex" namespace facilitates the interoperability of information systems used in the Public Administration at the national and international level. Moreover it allows the distribution of the legal information towards a federated architecture. In such an architecture, documents are directly managed by the issuing authorities, with resulting benefits in information authenticity, quality and currency. A shared identification mechanism of resources guarantees that a distributed system will be as efficient and effective as a comparable centralized system. Creators of Internet content that references legal materials - including publishers operating well outside the traditional arenas of legal publishing - benefit by the registration of the namespace because it facilitates the linking of legal documents, whether by P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 32] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 manual or automated means, and reduces the cost of maintaining documents that contain such references. Any citizen or organisation with Internet web browser capability will have the possibility to use the namespace and its associated application, registers, and resolution services, to facilitate document access (if available). 11 IANA Considerations 11.1 NID Registration IANA is requested to make an assignment from the "Uniform Resource Names (URN)" registry described by [RFC8141] to register "lex" according to the registration request set out in Section 2. The assignment should be made from the "Formal URN Namespaces" registry. In addition, to activate a distributed resolution system, the one-off registration of the following NAPTR records is required: in the URN.ARPA domain: IN NAPTR 1 0 "" "" "!^urn:lex:!_lex!i" . _lex IN NAPTR 10 10 "" "" "" . in the URN.URI.ARPA domain: IN NAPTR 1 0 "" "" "!^urn:lex:!_lex!i" . _lex IN NAPTR 10 10 "" "" "" . where indicates the server of the organization that is responsible for the resolution of the "lex" namespace and will be communicated by the applicant when the application is approved. 11.2 Jurisdiction-code Registration It is requested to create a new registry for , with the following format: - : the identifier code of jurisdiction, assigned to the country or organisation; - : the official denomination of the jurisdiction, country or organisation; - : essential information to identify the organization that requested the registration of the code. Such organization will be responsible for its DNS zone and for the attribution of sub-zone delegations, and so on. It is desirable that each jurisdiction creates a register of all delegated levels so that the organization responsible of each sub-zone can easily be identified; - : a reference to the defining document (if any). P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 33] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 The table is initially empty. Possible example entries are: "br"; "Brazil"; "Prodasen, Federal Senate,
, "; [reference] "eu"; "European Union"; "DG Digit, European Commission,
, "; [reference] "un.org"; "United Nations"; "DPI, United Nations,
, "; [reference] CNR will take care to create and maintain the registry for and the root of the resolution routing. A new Jurisdictional Registrar will contact CNR or the Designated Expert(s) according to the established rules of governance (published in the CNR website dedicated to the LEX governance). The application will be evaluated according to the Jurisdictional Registrar authoritativeness and the offered guarantees. The Designated Expert(s) will evaluate such applications, with a similar approach as of the DNS. Typically such applications should come from public administrations, as authorities enacting sources of law. The adopted registration policy is compliant with the "Expert Review" as specified in [RFC8126]. Designated Expert(s) will assign jurisdiction codes based on the following principles: - if a request comes from a jurisdiction that corresponds to a country and the jurisdiction code is the same as a top level ccTLD, which is not yet registered, then the top level ccTLD should be used as the jurisdiction code; - if a request comes from a jurisdiction that corresponds to a multi- national (e.g., European Union) or international (e.g., United Nations, World Trade Organization) organizations the Top Level Domain Name (e.g., "eu") or the Domain Name (e.g., "un.org", "wto.org") of the organization should be used as the jurisdiction code; - in case when such multi-national or international organization does not have a registered domain, Designated Expert(s) should assign something like .lex.arpa, where will be the English acronym of the organization name. For example, the jurisdiction code of the European Economic Community could be "eec.lex.arpa". Jurisdiction codes can't be renamed, because allowing for renames would violate rules that URN assignments are persistent. Jurisdiction codes can never be deleted. They can only be marked as "obsolete", i.e. closed for new assignments within the jurisdiction. Requests to obsolete a jurisdiction code are also processed by Designated Expert. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 34] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Designated Expert(s) can unilaterally initiate allocation or obsolescence of a jurisdiction code. Request for new jurisdiction code assignment must include Organization or Country requesting it and Contact information (email) of who requested the assignment. 12 References 12.1 Normative References [BCP47] A. Phillips, M. Davis, "Tags for Identifying Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, September 2009 [STD63] F. Yergeau, "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003. [RFC2045] N. Freed, N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. [RFC2119] S. Bradner, Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3404] M. Mealling, Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS), Part Four: The Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) Resolution Application, RFC 3404, October 2002. [RFC3405] M. Mealling, Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS), Part Five: URI.ARPA Assignment Procedures, RFC 3405, October 2002. [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC5234] D. Crocker Ed., P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008 [RFC5891] J. Klensin, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol, RFC 5891, August 2010. [RFC5894] J. Klensin, "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Background, Explanation, and Rationale", RFC 5894, August 2010 [RFC7231] R. Fielding, J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231, June 2014 P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 35] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 [RFC8126] M. Cotton, B. Leiba, T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC 8126, June 2017 [RFC8141] P. Saint-Andre, J.C. Klensin, "Uniform Resource Names (URNs)", RFC 8141, April 2017 [RFC8174] B. Leiba, "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, May 2017. [RFC8288] M. Nottingham, "Web Linking", RFC 8288, October 2017 [ISO8601] ISO 8601, "Data elements and interchange formats", ISO 8601:2004 [HTML] W3C, HyperText Markup Language, https://www.w3.org/html/ 12.2 Informative References [FRAN] E. Francesconi, "Technologies for European Integration. Standards-based Interoperability of Legal Information Systems", ISBN 978-88-8398-050-3, European Press Academic Publishing, 2007. [FRBR] Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr/ frbr_2008.pdf [HCPIL] The Hague Conference on Private International Law "Access to Foreign Law in Civil and Commercial Matters. Conclusions and Recommendations" (https://assets.hcch.net/docs/ b093f152-a4b3-4530-949e-65c1bfc9cda1.pdf) [ISBD] ISBD: International Standard Bibliographic Description - Consolidated Edition. Edited by the Standing Committee of the IFLA Cataloguing Section Berlin/Munich: De Gruyter Saur, 2011 ISBN 978-3-11-026379-4 (IFLA Series on Bibliographic Control; Nr 44) [LVI] Ginevra Peruginelli, Mario Ragona (eds.), "Law via the Internet. Free Access, Quality of Information, Effectiveness of Rights", European Press Academic Publishing, 2008, ISBN 9788883980589. [RDF] W3C, RDF Schema 1.1, February 2014, https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 36] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 [SART] G. Sartor, M. Palmirani, E. Francesconi, M. Biasiotti (Eds.), Legislative XML for the Semantic Web. Principles, Models, Standards for Document Management, Law, Governance and Technology Series, Springer, 2011, ISBN 978-94-007-1886-9. [SPIN] P.L. Spinosa, "The Assignment of Uniform Names to Italian Legal Documents", URN-NIR 1.4, June, 2010, ITTIG Technical Report n. 8/2010. 13 Acknowledgements The authors of this document wish to thank all the supporters for giving suggestions and comments. They are also grateful to the Legislative XML community for the interesting discussions on this topic and to the Working Group "Identification of the legal resources through URNs" of Italian NormeInRete project for the provided guidance [SPIN]. The authors owe a debt of gratitude to Tom Bruce, director of the Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University Law School, for his contribution in revising this document and sharing fruitful discussions which greatly improved the final draft. The authors wish to specially thank Marc van Opijnen (Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice) for his valuable comments on LEX specifications which contributed to improve the final result, as well as for the common work aimed to harmonize ECLI and LEX specifications. Thanks also to Joao Alberto de Oliveira Lima, legislative system analyst of the Brazilian Federal Senate, and to Attila Torcsvari, information management consultant, for their detailed comments on the first drafts of this document, which provided significant hints to the final version of the standard, and to Robert Richards of the Legal Information Institute (Cornell University Law School), promoter and maintainer of the Legal Informatics Research social network, as well as to the members of this network, for their valuable comments on this proposal. Finally, many thanks go to Loriana Serrotti who significantly contributed to the first drafting of this document. 14 Author's Addresses PierLuigi Spinosa (ICT consultant) Via Zanardelli, 15 50136 Firenze Italy Telephone: +39 339 5614056 e-mail: pierluigi.spinosa@gmail.com P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 37] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Enrico Francesconi Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Via de' Barucci, 20 50127 Firenze Italy Telephone: +39 055 43995 e-mail: enrico.francesconi@cnr.it Caterina Lupo (ICT consultant) Via San Fabiano, 25 00165 Roma Italy Telephone: +39 3382632348 e-mail: caterina.lupo@gmail.com P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 38] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Attachment A -- Summary of the Syntax of the Uniform Names of the "lex" Namespace ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of a Uniform Resource Name (URN) of the "lex" namespace ; NID-lex = namespace ; NSS-lex = specific name ;------------------------------------------------------------------- URN-lex = "urn:" NID-lex ":" NSS-lex NID-lex = "lex" ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of a "lex" specific name ;------------------------------------------------------------------- NSS-lex = jurisdiction ":" local-name ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- jurisdiction = jurisdiction-code *(";" jurisdiction-unit) jurisdiction-code = 2*alf-dot jurisdiction-unit = alf-dot ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- local-name = work ["@" expression] ["$" manifestation] ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- work = authority ":" measure ":" details *(":" annex) ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- authority = issuer *("+" issuer) issuer = (institution *(";" body-function)) / office institution = alf-dot body-function = alf-dot P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 39] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 office = alf-dot ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- measure = measure-type *(";" specification) measure-type = alf-dot specification = alf-dot ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the
element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- details = (dates / period) ";" numbers dates = date *("," date) period = alf-dot numbers = (document-id *("," document-id)) / number-lex document-id = alf-dot-oth number-lex = "lex-" 1*DIGIT ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- annex = annex-id *(";" specification) annex-id = alf-dot ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- expression = version [":" language] ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- version = (amendment-date / specification) *(";" (event-date / event)) amendment-date = date event-date = date P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 40] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 event = alf-dot ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- language = 2*3alfa *["-" extlang] / 4*8alfa extlang = 3alfa *2("-" 3alfa) ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the element ;------------------------------------------------------------------- manifestation = format ":" editor [":" component [":" feature]] format = mime *(";" specification) mime = alf-dot-hyp editor = publisher *(";" specification) publisher = alf-dot-hyp component = part *(";" specification) part = alf-dot-hyp feature = attribute *(";" specification) attribute = alf-dot-hyp ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Structure of the date ;------------------------------------------------------------------- date = year "-" month "-" day year = 4DIGIT month = 2DIGIT day = 2DIGIT ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Allowed, reserved and future characters ;------------------------------------------------------------------- ; allowed = alfadot / other / reserved ; reserved = ":" / "@" / "$" / "+" / ";" / "," / "~" ; future = "*" / "!" alf-dot = alfanum *alfadot P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 41] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 alf-dot-hyp = alfanum *(alfadot / "-") alf-dot-oth = alfanum *(alfadot / other) alfadot = alfanum / "." alfa = lowercase / uppercase alfanum = alfa / DIGIT / encoded lowercase = %x61-7A ; lower-case ASCII letters (a-z) uppercase = %x41-5A ; upper-case ASCII letters (A-Z) DIGIT = %x30-39 ; decimal digits (0-9) encoded = "%" 2HEXDIG HEXDIG = DIGIT / %x41-46 / %x61-66 ; hex digits (0-9,A-F,a-f) other = "-" / "_" / "'" / "=" / "(" / ")" P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 42] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Attachment B -- Specific Syntax of the Identifier at Work Level B1 The Element B1.1 Indication of the Authority The element of a uniform name may indicate, in the various cases: - the actual authority issuing the legal provision. More specifically, the authority adopting the provision or enacting it; - the institution where the provision is registered, known and referenced to, even if produced by others (e.g., the bills identified through the reference to the Chamber where they are presented); - the institution regulated (and referred to in citations) by the legal provision even when this is issued by another authority (e.g., the statute of a Body); - the entity that proposed the legal material not yet included in the institutional process (e.g. a proposed bill written by a a political party). B1.2 Multiple Issuers Some sources of law are enacted by a number of issuing parties (e.g., inter-ministerial decrees, agreements, etc.). In this case, the element contains all the issuing parties (properly separated), as follows: authority = issuer *("+" issuer) (e.g., "ministry.justice+ministry.finances") B1.3 Indication of the Issuer Each issuing authority is essentially represented by either an institutional office (e.g., Prime Minister) or an institution (e.g., Ministry); in the last case, the authority is indicated in accordance with the institution's hierarchical structure, from the more general to more specific (Council, Department, etc.), ending with the relative office (President, Director, etc.). Therefore, the structure of the issuer is as follows: issuer = (institution *(";" body-function)) / office (e.g., "ministry.finances;department.revenues;manager") B1.4 Indication of the Body P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 43] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Depending on the kind of measure, the body within the issuing authority is unambiguously determined (e.g., the Council for Regional Acts) and normally it is not indicated in the references. Just like in practice, the indication of the enacting authority is limited to the minimum in relation to the type of measure. (e.g., "region.tuscany:act" and not "region.tuscany;council:act") B1.5 Indication of the Function Generally, the function is indicated, sometimes instead of the body itself: - in case of political, representative or elective offices (e.g., "university.oxford;rector:decree" instead of "university.oxford;rectorship:decree"); - when it refers to a top officer in the institution (e.g., general manager, general secretary, etc.) which is not always possible to associate a specific internal institutional structure to (e.g., "national.council.research;general.manager"). It is not indicated when it clearly corresponds to the person in charge of an institution (typically, a general director); in this case, only the structure and not the person in charge is indicated (e.g., "ministry.justice;department.penitentiary.administration"). The function MUST be indicated when: - it is not the same of the director or the person in charge of the structure (for example, in case of an undersecretary, a deputy director, etc.); - the type of measure may be both monocratic or collegial: the indication of the office eliminates the ambiguity. B1.6 Conventions for the Authority Acts and measures bearing the same relevance as an act, issued or enacted since the foundation of the State, have conventionally indicated "state" (expressed in each country official language) as authority; the same convention is used for constitutions, codes (civil, criminal, civil procedure, criminal procedure, etc) and international treaties. B2 The Element B2.1 Criteria for the Indication of the Type of Measure In uniform names the issuing authority of a document is mandatory. This makes unnecessary to indicate any further qualification of the measure (e.g., ministerial decree, directorial ordinance, etc.), even if it is widely used. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 44] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 When the authority-measure combination clearly identifies a specific document, the type of measure is not defined through attributes referring to the enacting authority. (e.g., "region.tuscany:act" and not "region.tuscany:regional.act") B2.2 Further Specification to the Type of Measure In the element, it is usually sufficient to indicate the type of a measure. As usual, references to sources of law, rather than through the formal details (date and number), may be made through some of their characteristics such as the subject-matter covered (e.g., accounting regulations), nicknames referring to the promoter (e.g., Bassanini Act) or to the topic of the act (e.g., Bankruptcy Law), etc.. In these cases, the type of measure MAY be followed by further specifications useful in referencing even if the details are lacking: measure = measure-type *(";" specification) (e.g., "regulations;accounting" or "act;bankruptcy") B2.3 Aliases for Sources of Law with Different Normative References There are legislative measures that, although unique, are usually cited in different ways, for example through the legislative act introducing them into the legal order (President's decree, legislative decree, etc.) or through their legislative category (regulations, consolidation, etc.). In order to ensure, in all the cases, the validity of the references, an alias (additional URN LEX identifier), that takes into account the measure category, is added to what represents the legislative form of the same act. (e.g., "state:decree.legislative:1992-07-24;358" and "state:consolidation;public.contracts:1992-07-24;358"). B2.4 Relations between Measure and Authority in the Aliases The sources of law including different normative references are usually introduced in legislation through the adoption or the issuing of an act, which they are either included or attached to. It is, therefore, necessary to create an alias linking the two aspects of the same document. Specifically, the different measures can be: - adopted/issued by an authority different from the one regulated by the provision (e.g., the statute of a Body); in this case, the correlation is established between two uniform names each featuring a completely different element (e.g., "italian.society.authors.publishers:statute" and "ministry.cultural.activities+ministry.finances.budget.economic. P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 45] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 planning:decree"); - issued by the institution itself either because it has issuing authority or by virtue of a proxy (e.g., a provision that refers to the functioning of the Body itself); in this case, the two aliases share the first part of the authority; (e.g., "municipality.firenze:statute" and "municipality.firenze;council:deliberation"); - issued by the same Body to regulate a particular sector of its own competence; in this case the element is the same (e.g., "ministry.justice:regulation;use.information.tools. telematic.process" and "ministry.justice:decree"). B3 The
Element B3.1 Indication of the Details The details of a source of law usually include the date of the enactment and the identification number (inclusion in the body of laws, register, protocol, etc.). Some measures can have multiple dates; there are also cases in which the number of the measure does not exist (unnumbered measures) or a measure has multiple numbers (e.g., unified cases). For these reasons, the set up of both elements (date and number) includes multiple values. Some institutions (e.g., the Parliaments) usually identify documents through their period of reference (e.g., the legislature number) rather than through a date, which would be much less meaningful and never used in references (e.g., Senate bill S.2544 of the XIV legislature). In these cases, the component is used in substitution of the component . Usually details of a measure are not reported according to a specific sequence; in accordance with the global structure of the uniform name, which goes from the general to the specific, the sequence date- number has the following form: details = (dates / period) ";" numbers (e.g., "2000-12-06;126", "14.legislature;s.2544") B3.2 Multiple Dates Some sources of law, even if unique, are identified by more than one date; in this case, in the field all the given dates are to be reported and indicated as follows: dates = date *("," date) P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 46] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 (e.g., the measure of the Data Protection Authority of December 30, 1999- January 13, 2000, No. 1/P/2000 has the following uniform name: "personal.data.protection.authority:measure:1999-12-30,2000-01-13; 1-p-2000"). B3.3 Unnumbered Measures Measures not officially numbered in the publications may have a non- unequivolcal identifier, because several measures of the same type can exist, issued on the same day by the same authority. To ensure that the uniform name is unambiguous, the field MUST, in any case, contain a discriminating element, which can be any identifier used internally, and not published, by the authority (e.g., protocol). If the authority does not have its own identifier, one identifier MUST be created for the name system. In order to easily differentiate it, such number is preceded by the string "lex-": number-lex = "lex-" 1*DIGIT (e.g., "ministry.finances:decree:1999-12-20;lex-3") It is responsibility of the authority issuing a document to assign a discriminating specification to it; in case of multiple authorities, only one of them is responsible for the assignment of the number to the document (e.g., the proponent). The unnumbered measures published on an official publication (e.g., the Official Gazette), instead of by a progressive number are recognized by the univocal identifying label printed on the paper. Such an identifier, even if unofficial but assigned to a document in an official publication, is to be preferred because it has the clear advantage to be public and therefore easier to be found. B3.4 Multiple Numbers Some legal documents (e.g., bills), even if unique, are identified by a set of numbers (e.g., the unification of cases or bills). In this case, in the field, all the identifiers are reported, according to the following structure: numbers = document-id *("," document-id) (e.g., "2000-06-12;c-10-97,c-11-97,c-12-97") The characters which are not allowed (e.g., "/") or reserved (e.g., ":"), including the comma, cannot exist inside the , and therefore MUST be turned into "-". Where special characters contained in the number of the act are distinctive of the act itself (e.g. bill n. 123-bis (removal of 123) P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 47] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 and n. 123/bis (return of 123)) and would disappear with the conversion to "-", a further ending must be added, allowing to distinguish the acts (e.g. bill n.123-bis-removal and 123-bis- return). B4 The Element B4.1 Formal Annexes Although annexes are an integral part of the legal document, they may be referred to and undergo amendments separately from the act to which they are annexed. It is, therefore, necessary that both the main document as well as each formal individual annex is unequivocally identified. Formal annexes may be registered as separate parts or together with a legal provision; they may also be autonomous in nature or not. In any case, they MUST be given a uniform name, which includes the uniform name of the source of law to which they are attached, and a suffix which identifies the annex itself. The suffix of formal annexes includes the official heading of the annex and, possibly, further specifications (e.g., the title) which will facilitate the retrieval of the annex in case the identifier is missing: annex = annex-id *(";" specification) (e.g., "region.sicily;council:deliberation:1998-02-12;14:annex.a; borders.park") The characters which are not allowed (e.g. "/") or which are reserved (e.g. ":") must not be featured in the and therefore MUST be turned into ".". B4.2 Annexes of Annexes When there are annexes to an annex, their corresponding identifiers are created by adding to the identifier of the original annex those of the annexes that are connected with it (that is, attached to it). (e.g., Table 1 attached to Attachment A of the preceding legal act has the following uniform name: "region.sicily;council:deliberation:1998-02-12;14:annex.a; borders.park:table.1;municipality.territories"). P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 48] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Attachment C -- Specific Syntax of the Element of the Expression C1 The Element C1.1 Different Versions of a Legislative Document The creation of an updated text of a document may have one of the following forms: - "multi-version": when specific mark-ups which identify the modified parts of a document (added, substituted or deleted parts) and their related periods of effectiveness are indicated inside one single object (e.g., an xml file). Such a document will be able, in a dynamic way, to appear in different forms according to the requested date of effectiveness. In this document type, usually a set of metadata contains the lifecycle of the document (from the original to the last modification), including the validity time interval of each version and of each related text portion; - "single-version": when, on the contrary, a new and distinct object is created for each amendment to the text at a given time. Each object is, therefore, characterized by its own period of validity. In any case all the versions SHOULD be linked one another and immediately navigable. In a "multi-version" document each time interval should have a link to the related in-force document version which can be therefore displayed. In a "single-version" document, the metadata should contain links to the all the previous modifications and a link only to the following version, if any. [RFC8288] can be used as reference to establish links between different document versions, either in the "multi-version" or in the "single-version" document. According to [RFC8288] the following relations are useful: - current (or last or last-version): in-force version - self: this version - next: next version - previous: previous version - first: original version It is RECOMMENDED that these relations are inserted in the header of each version (if "single-version") or associated to each entry containing a single URN (if "multi-version"). C1.2 Identification of the Version P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 49] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 In order to identify the different time versions of the same act, to the uniform name of the original document has to be added a specific suffix. Such a suffix identifies each version of a legal provision and includes, first and foremost, one of the following elements: - the issuing date of the last amending measure taken into account; - the date in which the communication of the rectification or of the errata corrige, is published; - a specification which must identify the reason concerning the amendment (e.g., the specific phase of the legislative process), for the cases in which the date is not usually used (e.g., bills). Anyway it is possible to add further specifications that will distinguish each of the different versions of the text to guarantee identifier unequivocalness. For example with regard to changes of the in-force or effectiveness of any partition or portion of the text itself (e.g., when the amendments introduced by an act are applied at different times) or different events occurring in the same date. version = (amendment-date / specification) *(";" (event-date / event)) where: - contains the issuing date of the last considered amendment or of the last communication of amendment. In case the original text introduces differentiated periods in which an act is effective and the information system produces one version for each of them, such element contains the string "original" expressed in the language of the act or version; - any information useful to identify unambiguously and univocally the version; - contains the date in which a version is put into force, is effective or is published; - is a name assigned to the event producing a further version (e.g., amendment, decision, etc.). The issuing date of an amending act was chosen as identifier of a version because it can be obtained from the heading (formal data). (e.g., the name "state:royal.decree:1941-01-30;12@1998-02-19" identifies the updated text of the "Royal Decree of 30/1/1941, No. 12" with the amendments introduced by the "Law Decree of 19/2/1998, No. 51", without any indication of its actual entry into force. The same uniform name with the additional ending ";1999-01-01" indicates the in-force or effective version starting in a different date (from 1/1/99). For a full compatibility, every updating of a text or of the P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 50] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 effectiveness of a "multi-version" document implies the creation of a new uniform name, even if the object remains only one, containing the identifier of the virtually generated version, exactly as in the case of a "single-version" document. A specific meta-data will associate every uniform name with the period of time during which such a name together with its corresponding text is to be considered valid. (e.g., the multi-version document containing the "R.D. of 01/30/1941, no. 12", updated by the amendments introduced by the "D.Lgs. of 02/19/1998, no. 51", contains the name of the original "state:royal.decree:1941-01-30;12" as well as the name of the updated version "state:royal.decree:1941-01-30;12@1998-02-19"). Please note that in case of attachments or annexes, the creation of a new version (even in the case of only one component) would imply the creation of a new uniform name for all the connected objects in order to guarantee their alignment (i.e., the main document, the attachments and annexes). P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 51] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Attachment D -- Http LEX Identifier D1 Http URI Http URIs have been promoted [RFC3986] as stable and location- independent identifiers. According to this syntax, at all levels, resource IDs belong to the http scheme and are normally resolved using mechanisms widely available in browsers and web servers. Such kind of identifiers have been suggested also within the set of principles and technologies, known as "Linked Data" as a basic infrastructure of the semantic web to enable data sharing and reuse on a massive scale. Such principles, introduced by Tim Berners-Lee in his Web architecture note "Linked Data" (http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html), are synthetically: - Use URIs as names for things; - Use HTTP URIs, so that people can look up those names; - When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL); - Include links to other URIs, so that they can discover more things. The second principle is the one more affecting a discussion about the scheme to be used for legal resources identification; in particular to the aim of guaranteeing the access to the resources, http identifiers are suggested. This property is addressed as "dereferenceability", meaning a resource retrieval mechanism using any of the Internet protocols, e.g. HTTP, so that HTTP clients, for instance, can look up the URI using the HTTP protocol and retrieve a description of the resource that is identified by the URI. Such property is available for http identifiers either with or without a resolver allowing a 1-to-1 association with the "best copy" of the resource; in the legal domain it is related to the unique act manifestation of a specific publisher and format. The same property holds for URN identifiers, as long as a resolver is properly set-up, allowing 1-to-N association with more manifestations of a resource (act). Therefore an http identifier, stable and independent from the resource location, can be effectively used when a single publisher provides a specific item of this resource (1-to-1 mapping between an identifier and manifestation of an act). The independence from the resource location is managed by a "303 See Other" status code (see [RFC7231]) which may require a resolver able to access the physical location of the resource (e.g., through submitting a query to a P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 52] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 database). A URN identifier, stable and independent form the resource location, can be effectively used within a federative environment where different publishers can provide different items of the same act (1-to-N mapping between an identifier and different manifestations of an act). In order to comply with the Linked Data principles and to build http identifiers using the LEX namespace specifications, the LEX schema and metadata set can be serialized according to an http URI syntax. It is worthwhile to mention that URN focuses on acts identification, while Linked Data principles focus on identifying a resource on the Web. In the following sections the http serialization of the urn LEX schema is reported. D2 The Http LEX Identifier Structure The http hierarchical structure of the LEX identifier is the following: "http://" host-name "/lex/" jurisdiction "/" local-name where: - represents the name of the organization server publishing the resource; - "lex" is the equivalent of the URN namespace ID and provides the reference to the naming convention adopted; - and share meaning and syntax of the corresponding components in the LEX specifications. The element follows the syntax rules of the corresponding element in the URN specification, therefore it has the following structure: jurisdiction = jurisdiction-code *(";" jurisdiction-unit) The character ";" still separates the identification code of the country or jurisdiction where the source of law is issued () from any possible administrative hierarchical sub-structures defined by each country or organisation according to its own legal system. The follows the [FRBR] model as implemented by the LEX specifications, therefore its http structure is the following: local-name = work "/@/" expression "/$/" manifestation P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 53] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 The content of URN:LEX identifier elements is directly transferred to the corresponding elements of its http version, except for characters outside the ASCII set: such characters have to be converted into a valid ASCII format using the typical URL percent encoding rules. D3 The Http LEX Identifier at Work Level According to the corresponding level of the URN version, the http LEX identifier structure at work level is the following: work = authority "/" measure "/" details *("/" annex) The elements , and follow the same syntax rules of the corresponding elements in the URN specification. Examples of http identifiers at level, corresponding to the urn examples in Section 6.4, are the following: http:///lex/it/stato/legge/2006-05-14;22 http:///lex/uk/ministry.justice/decree/1999-10-07;45 http:///lex/ch;glarus/regiere/erlass/2007-10-15;963 http:///lex/es/tribunal.supremo/decision/2001-09-28;68 http:///lex/fr/assemblee.nationale/proposition.loi/ 13.legislature;1762 http:///lex/br/estado/constituicao/1988-10-05;lex-1 http:///lex/nl/hoge.raad/besluit/2008-04-01;bc8581 ,br http:///lex/un.org/united.nations;general.assembly/ resolution/1961-11-28;a-res-1661 D4 The Http LEX Identifier at Expression Level According to the corresponding level of the URN version, the http LEX structure at expression level is the following: expression = version ["/" language] The elements and follow the same syntax rules of the corresponding elements in the URN specification. Examples of http identifiers at expression level, corresponding to the urn examples in Section 6.6, are the following: http:///lex/ch/etat/loi/2006-05-14;22/@/originel/fr (original version in French) http:///lex/ch/staat/gesetz/2006-05-14;22/@/original/de (original version in German) http:///lex/ch/etat/loi/2006-05-14;22/@/2008-03-12/fr (amended version in French) P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 54] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 http:///lex/ch/staat/gesetz/2006-05-14;22/@/2008-03-12/de (amended version in German) http:///lex/be/conseil.etat/decision/2008-07-09;185.273 /@/originel/fr (original version in French of a Belgian decision) D5 The Http LEX Identifier at Manifestation Level Information provided in the URN version at manifestation level is differently accommodated in the corresponding level of the http LEX identifier. The element, reported at manifestation level in the urn LEX version, is an information already contained in the of the http LEX identifier, therefore it is omitted in the elements. Similarly the element is omitted since it loses its meaning which would derived from the comparison between different manifestations. The element is reported as unique extension of the data format in which the manifestation is drafted. The value is compliant with the registered file extensions, thus it can be "pdf" for PDF, "doc" for MS Word, "xml" for XML documents, "tif" for tiff image format, etc. Therefore the http LEX structure at manifestation level is the following: manifestation = [ component *(";" specification)] "." format The element follows the same syntax rules of the corresponding element in the URN specification. Examples of http identifiers at manifestation level, corresponding to the urn examples in Section 6.7 are the following: http://www.senato.it/lex/it/stato/legge/2000-04-03;56/$/testo.xml (body of the Italian law 3 April 2000, n. 56, published by the Italian Senate in xml format) http://www.senato.it/lex/it/stato/legge/2000-04-03;56/$/figura.1.pdf (Figure 1 in PDF format of the Italian law 3 April 2000, n. 56, published by the Italian Senate) http://www.juradmin.eu/jurifast/lex/eu/tibunal.justicia/sentencia/ 2009-06-11;33-08/@/original/es/$/todo.html (the Spanish http LEX identifier of the html format of the whole Judgement of the European Court of Justice n. 33/08 of 11/06/2009, in Spanish version, published by the Juriadmin site in the P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 55] INTERNET DRAFT URN LEX Namespace for Sources of Law March 2022 Jurifast data base) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lex/eu/commission/directive/ 2010-03-09;2010-19-EU/$/body.xml (body of the EU Directive n. 2010-19-EU, dated 2010-03-09, in its XML format published by Eur-Lex) P. Spinosa Expires September 18, 2022 [Page 56]