Interaction between SIP and HIP

SIP enables a pair of user agents to establish and maintain sessions. The communication typically involves SIP proxies before prior to communication between the end points taking place. As part of the initial exchange, a number of parameters are exchanged. Certain of these parameters are relevant to security. Examples of such parameters are keying material and other cryptographic information that is used in order to establish a security association for the protection of subsequent data traffic. HIP (see and ) propose an architecture with a cryptographic namespace and a layer between the network and the transport layer. This layer is used in order to shield applications from the impact of multi-homing, readdressing and mobility. A protocol, called the Host Identity Protocol, is used in order to establish state at the two end hosts. This state includes the establishment of IPsec SAs.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

In order to provide security between two HIP end hosts beyond opportunistic encryption it is necessary to securely retrieve the Host Identities. A number of mechanisms can be used including directories (such as DNS) or more advanced concepts for example based on Distributed Hash Tables typically used in peer-to-peer networks. This document suggests to exchange the Host Identities (or Host Identity Tags) as part of the initial SIP exchange inside the SDP payload. As such, the Host Identities can also be bound to the user identities - a concept not used in HIP. illustrates the main idea:

|Proxy |<---------->|Proxy |<------+ | |Server X | TLS |Server Y | | | +-----------+ (+auth.id.)+-----------+ | | | | TLS or TLS or | | SIP Digest SIP Digest | | (+auth.id.) | | | v v +-----------+ SIP and HIP +-----------+ |SIP | <---------------------------------> |SIP | |User Agent | RTP |User Agent | |Alice | <=================================> |Bob | +-----------+ +-----------+ Legend: <--->: Signaling Traffic <===>: Data Traffic ]]> The initial SIP signaling messages between Alice and Bob often take place via the proxy servers. This exchange may be protected with TLS (between SIP proxies but also between SIP UAs and SIP proxies) or with SIP digest authentication between SIP UAs and the outbound proxy. Further SIP security mechanisms should be used in combination with this proposal. The security consideration section, see , provides a discussion about the possible approaches to secure the Host Identity Tag and to relate it ongoing session. This allows two hosts to securely exchange keys even if there are only domain-level public and private keys, as well as secure associations within a domain, thus avoiding the need for a global user-level PKI. This initial message exchange is used to exchange Host Identities between the end points within the SDP payload. Subsequently, when both user agents Alice and Bob communicate directly with each other they are able to reuse the Host Identity for the HIP message exchange. If the SIP communication does not involve third parties (i.e., SIP proxies) and is therefore executed directly between the two SIP UAs then it is not useful to exchange Host Identities in the SDP payloads since the HIP exchange already took place before the first SIP message can be exchanged between the two peers. Still HIP might provide some advantages for the end-to-end communication, such as providing security at the lower layer and mobility and multi-homing support. The security of this approach relies on two properties: The signaling messages and the data traffic traverse a different path. Hence, an adversary needs to be located where it is able to see both, the signaling and the the data traffic. The signaling traffic is often protected.

This document proposes to enhance the SDP 'k' or 'a' parameter. The 'k' parameter has the following structure: k=<method>:<encryption key> This document defines two new method fields: k=host-identity:<HIP Host Identity> k=host-identity-tag:<hash of the public key> Alternatively, the 'a' parameter could be used like proposes. An example for MIKEY is given in the reference, which could be reused for HIP. As defined in , the 'a' parameter has the following structure: a=<attribute>:<value> Similar to the MIKEY example in , this document defines two new method fields: a=key-mgmt:host-identity <HIP Host Identity> a=key-mgmt:host-identity-tag <hash of the public key> Both, the Host Identity and the Host Identity Tag are defined in . The Host Identity contains the public key and a number of cryptographic parameters (such as used algorithms and Diffie-Hellmann public parameters). The Host Identity is base64 encoded. FOR DISCUSSION: The usage of the k parameter as defined in is deprecated. is more appropriate but like 'k=', they come with the caveat that they require a secured e2e signaling path (or SDP is S/MIME protected). One alternative is the usage of MIKEY for the exchange as defined in . Furthermore, and probably more important, it is important to said what the Host Identity is supposed to be used with. They may help avoiding re-INVITEs when underlying IP addresses change to update the 'Contact:' address as well as the addresses in the 'c=' lines for the various media. However, multiple devices may take part in the different media sessions (your laptop doing video in parallel to your hardware IP phone). To support these cases, it may be necessary to exchange _several_ HI(T)s within SDP and denote what they shall be used for. Such a mapping could naturally be achieved for each media stream (even using 'k=' attributes); at simple 'a=' attributes (or the mechanisms from / would be preferred. SDP only deals with media streams and does not have a notion of user or main device in the background. Hence, the SIP HI(T) may need to go into SIP signaling (rather than be carried in SDP). Logically, this appears to belong to the 'Contact:' header which may be conveyed protected in an S/MIME body (signed and encrypted).

This example contains the full details of the example session setup taken from Section 4 of . The message flow is shown in Figure 1 of and resembles the architecture shown in . Note that these flows show the minimum required set of header fields; some other header fields such as Allow and Supported would normally be present. In our example Alice uses the following Host Identity Tag (7214148E0433AFE2FA2D48003D31172E) and Bob uses (44A5C522D7EDEDF962E55A0677DB1346) as the HIT. These HITs correspond to the following Host Identities (for convenience we reuse the XML representation format used by the Boeing implementation).

sip:alice@atlanta.com

D757262C4584C44C211F18BD96E5F061C4F0A423F7FE6B6B85B34CEF72CE14 A0D3A222FE08CECE65BE6C265854889DC1EDBD13EC8B274DA9F75BA26CCB98772 3602787E92BA84421F22C3C89CB9B06FD60FE01941DDD77FE6B12893DA76EEBC1 D128D97F0678D772B5341C8506F358214B16A2FAC4B368950387811C7DA33

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

sip:bob@biloxi.com

F13ACC1693AFD04B9E1E8D2A9DEA6DE8DE4C276BE2BF15B6CFF6E269B0169 378CB0DDDE23D187827015DC67E6768193914B823BDF215D0DAD7A151E434F9E 128DAFB9DEFAE07874621E70D7ED2D34B80A95FA8312B9564E4D118FB525664C 77D

C773218C737EC8EE993B4F2DED30F48EDACE915F 241F32CF48F424B1A75D33B7AE6088E745D9E24E653AE2CAEBE67E4AA1C11 15BA0CC25055A63C139235A95B36EFBC2064AF304C0F8A431D151B2B5854DE61 5168B45B9EAEBF9A88354CA7876E52D169E14E502BEA0CBB98B55AD2AB61620F 498 E481C20D8FBAA84F9C7ED8B5598F60F5A7D03951CA4783841EB8ADDC63D DE11A2F3555C5641F465160AB1E016756D826B0F8CE4FDE33BA17F6FFFA751DA 1389A10E5599802AB1EBE4FD943405819A74FD6F1C9EA2815EE6B651610DF107 5D19F 44A5C522D7EDEDF962E55A0677DB1346 ]]>

atlanta.com proxy INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 Max-Forwards: 70 To: Bob From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=alice 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 pc33.atlanta.com s=Session SDP t=0 0 c=IN IP4 pc33.atlanta.com m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 1 3 99 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 k=host-identity-tag:7214148E0433AFE2FA2D48003D31172E ]]>

Alice SIP/2.0 100 Trying Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Content-Length: 0 ]]>

biloxi.com proxy INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.com SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP bigbox3.site3.atlanta.com ;branch=z9hG4bK77ef4c2312983.1 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 Max-Forwards: 69 To: Bob From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=alice 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 pc33.atlanta.com s=Session SDP t=0 0 c=IN IP4 pc33.atlanta.com m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 1 3 99 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 k=host-identity-tag:7214148E0433AFE2FA2D48003D31172E ]]>

atlanta.com proxy SIP/2.0 100 Trying Via: SIP/2.0/UDP bigbox3.site3.atlanta.com ;branch=z9hG4bK77ef4c2312983.1 ;received=192.0.2.2 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Content-Length: 0 ]]>

Bob INVITE sip:bob@192.0.2.4 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP server10.biloxi.com;branch=z9hG4bK4b43c2ff8.1 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP bigbox3.site3.atlanta.com ;branch=z9hG4bK77ef4c2312983.1 ;received=192.0.2.2 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 Max-Forwards: 68 To: Bob From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=alice 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 pc33.atlanta.com s=Session SDP t=0 0 c=IN IP4 pc33.atlanta.com m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 1 3 99 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 k=host-identity-tag:7214148E0433AFE2FA2D48003D31172E ]]>

biloxi.com proxy SIP/2.0 180 Ringing Via: SIP/2.0/UDP server10.biloxi.com;branch=z9hG4bK4b43c2ff8.1 ;received=192.0.2.3 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP bigbox3.site3.atlanta.com ;branch=z9hG4bK77ef4c2312983.1 ;received=192.0.2.2 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob ;tag=a6c85cf From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 Contact: CSeq: 314159 INVITE Content-Length: 0 ]]>

atlanta.com proxy SIP/2.0 180 Ringing Via: SIP/2.0/UDP bigbox3.site3.atlanta.com ;branch=z9hG4bK77ef4c2312983.1 ;received=192.0.2.2 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob ;tag=a6c85cf From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 Contact: CSeq: 314159 INVITE Content-Length: 0 ]]>

Alice SIP/2.0 180 Ringing Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob ;tag=a6c85cf From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 Contact: CSeq: 314159 INVITE Content-Length: 0 ]]>

biloxi.com proxy SIP/2.0 200 OK Via: SIP/2.0/UDP server10.biloxi.com;branch=z9hG4bK4b43c2ff8.1 ;received=192.0.2.3 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP bigbox3.site3.atlanta.com ;branch=z9hG4bK77ef4c2312983.1 ;received=192.0.2.2 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob ;tag=a6c85cf From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=bob 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 192.0.2.4 s=Session SDP c=IN IP4 192.0.2.4 t=3034423619 0 m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 k=host-identity-tag:44A5C522D7EDEDF962E55A0677DB1346 ]]>

atlanta.com proxy SIP/2.0 200 OK Via: SIP/2.0/UDP bigbox3.site3.atlanta.com ;branch=z9hG4bK77ef4c2312983.1 ;received=192.0.2.2 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob ;tag=a6c85cf From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=bob 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 192.0.2.4 s=Session SDP c=IN IP4 192.0.2.4 t=3034423619 0 m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 k=host-identity-tag:44A5C522D7EDEDF962E55A0677DB1346 ]]>

Alice SIP/2.0 200 OK Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8 ;received=192.0.2.1 To: Bob ;tag=a6c85cf From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 INVITE Contact: Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=bob 2890844527 2890844527 IN IP4 192.0.2.4 s=Session SDP c=IN IP4 192.0.2.4 t=3034423619 0 m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 k=host-identity-tag:44A5C522D7EDEDF962E55A0677DB1346 ]]>

Bob ACK sip:bob@192.0.2.4 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP pc33.atlanta.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds9 Max-Forwards: 70 To: Bob ;tag=a6c85cf From: Alice ;tag=1928301774 Call-ID: a84b4c76e66710 CSeq: 314159 ACK Content-Length: 0 ]]> The media session between Alice and Bob is now established. The exchanged HITs are now placed in the pool of known HITs at both end hosts. As such there is also a binding established between URI and HIT at this point. Next a regular HIP base exchange between Alice and Bob is started. As part of the exchange the two end hosts inspect their known-HITs pool and find the previously exchanged parameters.

Bob: I1: Trigger exchange Alice <- Bob: R1: {Puzzle, D-H(R), HI(R), ESP Transform, HIP Transform }SIG Alice -> Bob: I2: {Solution, LSI(I), SPI(I), D-H(I), ESP Transform, HIP Transform, {H(I)}SK }SIG Alice <- Bob: R2: {LSI(R), SPI(R), HMAC}SIG ]]> As a result of this exchange, two IPsec SAs (one for each direction) is established. RTP media traffic can be exchanged between the two end hosts, Alice and Bob, protected by IPsec. If end host mobility takes place then a HIP readdressing exchange takes place which is not detected at the upper layer by UDP/RTP or SIP.

The standard HIP strategy for authenticating the communicating parties is to give the Initiator and the Responder a Host Identity and to assure the authenticity of the Host Identity via external mechanisms, such as DNSSEC (if the Host Identities are stored in the DNS). The Initiator then verifies the Host Identity and checks its validity. The complexity of ensuring that the Host Identity has not been tampered with is pushed to DNS (and DNSSEC), as the only mechanism specified for ensuring that the public key is genuine. The infrastructure provided for SIP can provide a similar, but more deployment friendly, functionality when combined with already available SIP security mechanisms. The design described in this document is intended to leverage the authenticity of the signaling channel (while not requiring confidentiality). As long as each side of the connection can verify the integrity of the SDP INVITE then the HIP base exchange handshake cannot be hijacked via a man-in-the-middle attack. This integrity protection is easily provided by the caller to the callee via the SIP Identity mechanism. However, it is less straightforward for the responder. Ideally Alice would want to know that Bob's SDP had not been tampered with and who it was from so that Alice's User Agent could indicate to Alice that there was a secure phone call to Bob. This is known as the SIP Response Identity problem and is still a topic of ongoing work in the SIP community. When a solution to the SIP Response Identity problem is finalized, it SHOULD be used here. In the meantime there are several approaches that can be used to mitigate this problem: Use UPDATE, Use SIPS, Use S/MIME, and do nothing. Each one is discussed here followed by the security implications of that approach.

In this approach, Bob sends an answer, then immediately follows up with an UPDATE that includes the Host Identity Tag and uses the SIP Identity mechanism to assert that the message is from Bob's. The downside of this approach is that it requires the extra round trip of the UPDATE. However, it is simple and secure even when the proxies are not trusted.

In this approach, the signaling is protected by TLS from hop to hop. As long as all proxies are trusted, this provides integrity for the Host Identity Tag. It does not provide a strong assertion of who Alice is communicating with. However, as much as the target domain can be trusted to correctly populate the From header field value, Alice can use that. The security issue with this approach is that if one of the Proxies wished to mount a man-in-the-middle attack, it could convince Alice that she was talking to Bob when really the media was flowing through a man in the middle media relay. However, this attack could not convince Bob that he was taking to Alice.

RFC 3261 defines a S/MIME security mechanism for SIP that could be used to sign that the fingerprint was from Bob. This would be secure. However, so far there have been no deployments of S/MIME for SIP.

In this approach, no integrity is provided for the fingerprint from Bob to Alice. In this approach, an attacker that was on the signaling path could tamper with the fingerprint and insert themselves as a man-in-the-middle on the media. Alice would know that she had a secure call with someone but would not know if it was with Bob or a man-in-the-middle. Bob would know that an attack was happening. The fact that one side can detect this attack means that in most cases where Alice and Bob both wish the communications to be encrypted there is not a problem. Keep in mind that in any of the possible approaches Bob could always reveal the media that was received to anyone. We are making the assumption that Bob also wants secure communications. In this do nothing case, Bob knows the media has not been tampered with or intercepted by a third party and that it is from Alice. Alice knows that she is talking to someone and that whoever that is has probably checked that the media is not being intercepted or tampered with. This approach is certainly less than ideal but very usable for many situations. An alternative available to Alice and Bob is to use human speech to verified each others' identity then verify each others' Host Identity Tags also using human speech. Assuming that it is difficult to impersonate another's speech and seamlessly modify the audio contents of a call, this approach is relatively safe. On the other hand, SIP is not only used for voice communication.

Note that this proposal is closely aligned towards the usage of the 'k' parameter in SDP . As a difference, an asymmetric key is exchanged unlike the proposals illustrated in Section 6 of . Section 5.12 of is relevant for this discussion. Please note that this approach is in a certain sense a re-instantiation of the Purpose-Built-Key (PBK) idea (see ). With PBK a hash of a public key is sent from node A to node B. If there was no adversary between A and B at that time to modify the transmitted hash value then subsequent communication interactions which use the public key are secure. This proposal reuses the same idea but focuses on the interworking between different protocols. In fact it would be possible to use the same approach to exchange the hash of an S/MIME certificate which can later be used in subsequent SIP signaling message exchanges.

[Editor's Note: A future version of this document will provide a discussion about IANA considerations.]

We would like to thank Vesa Torvinen for his contributions to the initial version of this document.

The authors would like to thank Steffen Fries, Aarthi Nagarajan, Murugaraj Shanmugam, Franz Muenz, Jochen Grimminger and Joachim Kross for their feedback. The content of the security consideration section is based on DTLS-SIP.