Post-Quantum Use In Protocols A. Vaira Internet-Draft H. Brockhaus Intended status: Informational A. Railean Expires: 25 April 2024 Siemens J. Gray M. Ounsworth Entrust 23 October 2023 Post-quantum cryptography use cases draft-vaira-pquip-pqc-use-cases-00 Abstract This document focuses on the critical challenge of migrating long- term security assertions with security requirements spanning over a decade, encompassing X.509 certificates, including those that serve as manufacturer issued certificates (IDevID), signed firmware/ software, and other electronic artifacts. We investigate a range of migration strategies, specifically hybrid cryptography and the feasibility of stateful Hash-Based Signatures (HBS) schemes, including its pros and cons. To offer a comprehensive context, we present a list of use cases centered around long-lived security assertions, categorize them, and evaluate them against the various migration strategies identified. We also aim at listing pros and cons associated with each method. About This Document This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://avaira77.github.io/pq-ietf-usecase/draft-vaira-pquip-pq-use- cases.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-vaira-pquip-pqc-use-cases/. Discussion of this document takes place on the Post-Quantum Use In Protocols Working Group mailing list (mailto:pqc@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/pqc/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/pqc/. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/avaira77/pq-ietf-usecase. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 1] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 April 2024. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Post-quantum Migration Strategies for Signing . . . . . . . . 5 2.1. Stateful Hash-based Signature Schemes . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Stateless Hash-based Signature Schemes . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3. Protocol Revision (Cryptographic Agility) . . . . . . . . 5 2.4. Multiple Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5. Composite Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Use cases collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1. Industrial communication protocols (that rely on IETF RFCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.1. Suitable migration mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 2] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 3.2. Software update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.3. Firmware update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3.1. Suitable migration mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4. Trust Anchor deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4.1. Suitable migration mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.5. Timestamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.5.1. Suitable migration mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.6. CMS (S/MIME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.6.1. Suitable migration mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.7. Additional use cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Appendix A. Appendix 1 - post-quantum migration properties . . . 17 A.1. Active Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 A.2. Passive Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 A.3. Non Agile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Appendix B. Appendix 2 - Composite Signature individual and organization position statements . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.1. BSI - Stavros Kousidis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.2. Google . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.3. Entrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.4. Charter - Robert Hulshof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 B.5. MTG - Falko Strenzke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 B.6. Transmute - Orie Steele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 B.7. CRYSTALS-Dilithium design team . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 B.8. Hybrid Post-Quantum Signatures in Hardware Security Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1. Introduction The purpose of this document is to compile a list of real-world use cases, focusing on long-term security assertions. This document additionally aims at evaluating, for each use case, a set of migration strategies, like hybrid cryptography, including multiple and composite signatures, and the feasibility of using stateful Hash- Based Signature (HBS) schemes, evaluating the pros and cons of each approach. The document is structured into the following sections: "Post-quantum migration strategies", lists possible migration approaches; "Use case collection", describes, at a high level, the use cases at hand, including an analysis of the pros and cons for each of the migration strategies applicable. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 3] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 1.1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. 1.2. Problem Statement The transition to post-quantum cryptography poses a distinctive challenge in the domain of modern digital cryptography. This peculiarity stems from the absence of complete trust in both the outgoing and incoming cryptographic algorithms, crucial for ensuring data security throughout their required lifespans. This is of particular significance in guaranteeing the security of long-lived digital signatures, which are integral to secure software update workflows and manufacturer issued certificates, among other applications. Despite having NIST finalists for post-quantum cryptographic signature algorithms, concerns persist regarding their long-term security. At present, only stateful Hash-Based Signature schemes are considered secure. At the same time, regulatory bodies (TODO: add references) mandate the incorporation of post-quantum cryptographic techniques, and in some cases, hybrid cryptography, as a proactive response to the quantum threat. As of now, the most effective strategies for transitioning to protect long-lasting digital signatures across diverse usage scenarios remain uncertain. 1.3. Scope The scope of this document is to compile a list of real-life use cases characterized by long-term security requirements, which are typically challenging to update, for example no over the air update mechanisms are available. These scenarios necessitate an early implementation of post-quantum cryptography migration strategies. Consequently, mitigation mechanisms must be introduced, given the limited experience with post-quantum cryptography to date. Furthermore, it is essential to consider regional regulations that may mandate the use of hybrid cryptography in specific instances. 1.4. Terminology This document makes use of the terminology defined in [RFC4949], [RFC5280], [RFC9019], [I-D.ietf-pquip-pqc-engineers], [I-D.ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology] and TODO: add ref to composite signature drafts. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 4] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 2. Post-quantum Migration Strategies for Signing People are considering which technological concepts are suitable to solve the problem of a secure migration from classical cryptography to quantum computer safe cryptographic algorithms. A variety of approaches are being discussed. In the following, we would like to briefly introduce the approaches under discussion and refer to the respective relevant documents for further details. For a general introduction, we also refer to [I-D.ietf-pquip-pqc-engineers]. 2.1. Stateful Hash-based Signature Schemes The only algorithms that can be considered safe against attacks with quantum computers with sufficient certainty today are the stateful hash-based signature (HBS) schemes [NIST.SP.800-208] [NIST.FIPS.186-5] XMSS [RFC8391] and LMS [RFC8554]. According to NIST, these stateful HBS algorithms offer better performance than stateless HBS algorithms, and the underlying technology is considered well understood. Moreover stateful HBS algorithms are considered safe against attacks by quantum computers but the lack of standard operating procedures for how to manage state makes adoption harder. Especially for the secure signing of data that can be signed repeatedly over a very long period of time and whose signatures must be able to be securely validated with the same public key, stateful HBS do not appear to be suitable. This is because there are currently insufficient solutions for the replacement of the hardware security modules used and for disaster recovery cases. 2.2. Stateless Hash-based Signature Schemes [NIST.FIPS.205] specifies the ML-SLH (SPHINCS+) algorithm. It is a stateless hash-based signature algorithm and is considered safe against attacks by quantum computers. The advantage of this algorithm is that the state problem is resolved as part of the algorithm. However, the tradeoff is that signature sizes are often an order of magnitude larger than XMSS or LMS. This may make deploying these algorithms on constrained devices infeasible. 2.3. Protocol Revision (Cryptographic Agility) Agility in security protocols and message formats, such as IP Security (IPsec) and Internet Key Exchange (IKE) [RFC6071], Transport Layer Security (TLS)[RFC8446], Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)[RFC8551], is usually understood as the dynamic referencing of the algorithms to be used. A concrete migration strategy that allows the existing and future cryptographic algorithms to be used simultaneously during a transition period is usually not described in the respective standards. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 5] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 An extension of the existing standards would be needed to integrate the required agility into the existing protocols and formats. This is a lot of effort for standardization and implementations if a basic functionality, such as multiple signatures, e.g., in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC5652], is not already available. But even in the case of S/MIME and CMS, a corresponding profiling is still necessary to describe how the multiple signatures are to be used specifically for the migration. 2.4. Multiple Signatures Several signatures have the approach of defining a second alternative signature in addition to the primary signature in the protocol or format, which can be transported in the protocol or format. In addition to the definition of the alternative signature, the associated signing algorithm and, if applicable, the associated public key or a reference to it must also be transferred. For X.509 public key certificates, this is defined in [X.509]. Work is also underway for other protocols and formats. This approach overlaps with the protocol and format extension approach described in Section 2.3. An alternative approach is to encode a second signature in a second certificate and bind it to the first one by a reference. For example, an implementation can decide based on its policy whether only the first certificate or the second or both certificates should be used for authentication. Further descriptions of this approach can be found in A Mechanism for Encoding Differences in Paired Certificates [I-D.bonnell-lamps-chameleon-certs] and Related Certificates for Use in Multiple Authentications within a Protocol [I-D.ietf-lamps-cert-binding-for-multi-auth]. 2.5. Composite Signatures The goal of composite signatures is to define a signature object to be used with any protocol or format. It contains two signatures in a single atomic container that have been generated using two different cryptographic algorithms. The goal of this approach is to define a signature format which requires both contained signatures to be verified. In this way, the security properties of the classical signature and another signature that is secure when attacked by a quantum computer are used in the protocol or format without having to adapt them. In order for this approach to be applicable in arbitrary protocols and formats, a composite key must be defined in addition to the composite signature. According to the definition of composite signatures, a composite public is a single atomic container composed Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 6] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 of two public keys. The associated composite private key is a single atomic private key that is composed of the two private keys which correspond to the two public keys contained in the composite public key. This concept is described in Composite Signatures For Use In Internet PKI [I-D.ounsworth-pq-composite-sigs] in more detail. 3. Use cases collection EDNOTE9: The collection of use cases requires further edit. This section is the core of this document. For each use case, we present a concise overview of the use case and a list of potential migration strategies. For each migration strategy, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages that stem from considering real-world deployment scenarios. 3.1. Industrial communication protocols (that rely on IETF RFCs) Several industrial communication protocols, traditionally orthogonal to IP network infrastructure, are progressively being updated to make use of standard IP network infrastructure hence rely on standard security mechanisms, like for example TLS 1.3 [RFC8446]. The building automation industry makes use of the data communication protocol 'Building Automation and Control Networks / Secure Connect' (BACnet/SC) [ANSI_ASHRAE.Standard.135-2016]. BACnet was defined before 1995, when the TCP/IP protocol suite was expensive and not available for smaller devices common in building automation. BACnet/ SC proposes a new datalink layer option that makes full use of TLS secured WebSocket connections. This new BACnet/SC datalink layer option uses a virtual hub-and-spoke topology where the spokes are WebSocket connections from the nodes to the hub. The main features of BACnet/SC are: * it makes use of WebSockets secured via TLS 1.3, * it relies on X.509 certificates to authenticate the nodes in the network, * DNS host name resolution and DHCP are supported, * it is agnostic to IP versions (IPv4 or IPv6), * it can be NATted. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 7] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 BACnet/SC's implementation adheres to established industry standards defined in IETF RFCs. Specifically the [Addendum.bj.to.ANSI_ASHRAE.Standard.135-2016] references to [RFC7468], when defining the format in which operational certificates and signing CA should be installed onto the target device at configuration time. The security of the BACnet/SC protocol, as well as of similar industrial protocols, relies on TLS 1.3 [RFC8446], therefore implications of post-quantum cryptography have to be considered in both the TLS handshake and in the X.509 certificates used for the authentication. Furthermore, the regulations applicable to the environment the BACnet/SC-enabled devices is operated in may necessitate the usage of a specific migration strategy, e.g., the use of hybrid cryptography. 3.1.1. Suitable migration mechanisms * Multiple Signatures - These can be used to give the environment resilience to cryptanalysis attacks and technological advancements because should a critical break happen, the secondary signature should allow for addition time for upgrade which will be welcome given the location constraints. This would require cryptographic library updates as well as protocol level changes to support multiple signatures. Additionally, it would require the introduction of security policy to allow to switch the validation from one signature to the other, if needed. These modifications to the protocols, and introduction of additional policies will not be easily attainable due to the interdependencies of protocols and might come at a detriment of interoperability especially cross- vendor interoperability. * Composite Signatures - Similar to multiple signatures but may only require updates to the cryptographic libraries as well as a signature algorithm update in protocols. It is likely composite signatures would be easier to deploy as single key and signature objects are used which is similar to what has historically been used. In the use case at hand, this would be the best fit, because it would require no modifications of industrial protocol, which are usually harder to update. 3.2. Software update TBD Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 8] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 3.3. Firmware update EDNOTE3: The firmware update use case, and the software update one, have to be further defined and its differences have to be made more clear. Firmware, defined in [RFC4949], refers to computer programs and data stored in hardware, typically in read-only memory (ROM) or programmable read-only memory (PROM). These programs and data are non-modifiable during execution, offering low-level hardware control. Secure firmware updates are crucial for ensuring device security and long-term operation, especially in industrial, and critical infrastructure fields, where devices can stay active for decades. Such updates encompass tasks like introducing new trust anchors and upgrading cryptographic algorithm capabilities. However, upgrading every device's security capabilities isn't always feasible due to resource, accessibility, and cost constraints. Some "simple" devices may not support secure firmware updates at all. Firmware updates are typically authenticated by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) by means of a digital signing process. At a high level, a usual process involves, a firmware build server, which requests a signature from a signing service. The signing service, often safeguarding the signing private key in secure environments like Hardware Security Modules (HSMs), returns the signature after authenticating the request. Subsequently, the firmware is distributed to target devices, which in turn must validate the firmware signature against a Trust Anchor (TA). The TA can be an X.509 certificate, a public key, or a hash of a combination of both, depending on the OEM's security measures. These devices are typically deployed in highly regulated environments, in remote or physically constrained locations where performing upgrades is challenging, or in cases where the cost of upgrading is prohibitively high. The immutability of these devices can also be viewed as a security feature, as it restricts potential attack vectors associated with over-the-air updates. These devices are designed with a long operational lifespan in mind, often spanning several decades. Notable examples of such devices encompass: * Vehicles - scale of deployment or vehicle recall difficulties * Satellites - no 'on-site' service reasonably possible * Servers and network devices - air-gapped, locked-down DCs, geographically distributed Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 9] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 * Government infrastructure - power grids, nuclear power station equipment, etc. * Smart meters - device owned by the utility company, deployed in private homes. * Smart cards – used for authenticating to workstations and buildings, or electronic document signing. * Security Tokens – such as FIDO2, cheap devices that users will typically not patch. 3.3.1. Suitable migration mechanisms Given the long term requirements of the signatures and physically contrained locations, a signature used in these environments must be able to withstand future crytanalysis attacks as well as technological advancements. Therefore the following migration mechanisms should be considerd for these enviornments: * Multiple Signatures - These can be used to give the environment resilience to crytanalysis attacks and technological advancements because should a critical break happen, the secondary signature should allow for addition time for upgrade which will be welcome given the location constraints. This would require cryptographic library updates as well as protocol level changes to support multiple signatures. * Composite Signatures - Similar to multiple signatures but may only require updates to the cryptographic libraries as well as a signature algorithm update in protocols. It is likely composite signatures would be easier to deploy as single key and signature objects are used which is similar to what has historically be used. * Stateless hash based signatures - In constrained locations where larger signature sizes are acceptable, direct upgrade to a stateless hash based signature may be sufficient. 3.4. Trust Anchor deployment Trust Anchors, such as X.509 Root CA certificates and raw public keys, must be made accessible before they can be used for signature validation. In scenarios like remote software updates, a Trust Anchor X.509 certificate, for instance, must be installed on a target device to enable the validation of certificate chains. While deployment of Trust Anchors may be relatively straightforward for "corporate IT" and "public web" applications, it can still be a time- Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 10] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 consuming process to ensure that a new Trust Anchor X.509 certificate is propagated throughout the entire ecosystem. Additionally, when dealing with post-quantum Trust Anchors, an extra layer of complexity arises as the desired underlying cryptography may not yet be supported by the target device or software. Two common variations of this use case are: * injection within a factory: in industrial contexts, Trust Anchors are typically injected into target devices during the manufacturing phase. Devices leaving the assembly line do not possess any credentials or Trusted Anchors initially. To bootstrap a Trust Anchor, the device is placed in a physically secure environment accessible only to trustworthy personnel. This injection can occur during manufacturing or when a device is being resold, but it's critical to note that not all scenarios support this method, potentially requiring the return of the device to the OEM for post-quantum Trust Anchor injection or it may be even not supported at all. * injection via software and firmware updates: for devices where the Trust Anchor is not burned onto the device, for example in less constrained devices and IT equipment, post-quantum Trust Anchors can be injected through software or firmware update mechanisms. The deployment of these Trust Anchors may leverage existing update mechanisms and traditional cryptography to minimize effort. However, this approach necessitates the distribution of the new Trust Anchors well in advance of any suspicion that traditional cryptography may become vulnerable. Given the lead time required to ensure widespread distribution, the time window where this mechanism is suitable is further reduced. 3.4.1. Suitable migration mechanisms Trust anchors that have limited to no ability to be upgraded but which must be able to be trusted for a long time will require the use of signatures which must be able to withstand future crytanalysis attacks as well as technological advancements. The following migration mechanisms should be considered for these environments: * Multiple Signatures - These can be used to give the environment resilience to crytanalysis attacks and technological advancements because should a critical break happen, the secondary signature should allow for addition time for upgrade which will be welcome given the location constraints. This would require cryptographic library updates as well as protocol level changes to support multiple signatures. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 11] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 * Composite Signatures - Similar to multiple signatures but may only require updates to the cryptographic libraries as well as a signature algorithm update in protocols. It is likely composite signatures would be easier to deploy as single key and signature objects are used which is similar to what has historically be used. * Stateless hash based signatures - In constrained locations where larger signature sizes are acceptable, direct upgrade to a stateless hash based signature may be sufficient. 3.5. Timestamping EDNOTE5: RFC 4998 - we could study this to understand how to re-sign old timestamp messages. Question: does re-signing give protection against a full break of the original algorithm. AV: an example is provided by "ETSI EN 319 142-1" (and "ETSI EN 319 142-2"), the standards define PDF advanced electronic signatures which have legal value EU. I assume that this concept may be extended to similar use cases, i.e., wherever long term validation is required new time- stamps may be added using post-quantum cryptography 3.5.1. Suitable migration mechanisms TBD 3.6. CMS (S/MIME) EDNOTE6: You can do infinite nesting in CMS. EDNOTE7: The difficulty here will be non-uniform adoption: there are many many many email clients in the world at varying levels of maturity and maintenance. It is expected that some email clients will support PQ algorithms quickly while others may take more time or never adopt them fully. Suggestion to IETF: Study be put into RFC5652 the Cryptographic Message Syntax into signing messages with multiple signatures in a way that unsupported signatures will be ignored (likely this already "just works"). Email encryption probably requires either a flag day (you simply cannot encrypt a message for a recipient if you do not understand their PQ certificate) 3.6.1. Suitable migration mechanisms TBD Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 12] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 3.7. Additional use cases EDNOTE8: TO-DOs: * add additional post-quantum relevant use cases which cover aspects not covered so far, this could also include use cases that are not common in our line of work (e.g., FAA airworthiness certifications, medical records, etc.), maybe contributed by other participants, * any party that would be interested in contributing in this work may add additional post-quantum relevant use cases that are closer to her experience/field, * the goal is to cover as much ground as possible in terms of use cases and to be able to define categories of use cases, 4. IANA Considerations This memo includes no request to IANA. 5. Security Considerations This document should not affect the security of the Internet. 6. References 6.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . 6.2. Informative References [IEEE.802.1AR-2018] "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Secure Device Identity", IEEE, DOI 10.1109/ieeestd.2018.8423794, ISBN ["9781504450195"], July 2018, . Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 13] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 [RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007, . [RFC4998] Gondrom, T., Brandner, R., and U. Pordesch, "Evidence Record Syntax (ERS)", RFC 4998, DOI 10.17487/RFC4998, August 2007, . [RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008, . [RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70, RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009, . [RFC6421] Nelson, D., Ed., "Crypto-Agility Requirements for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 6421, DOI 10.17487/RFC6421, November 2011, . [RFC7468] Josefsson, S. and S. Leonard, "Textual Encodings of PKIX, PKCS, and CMS Structures", RFC 7468, DOI 10.17487/RFC7468, April 2015, . [RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018, . [RFC9019] Moran, B., Tschofenig, H., Brown, D., and M. Meriac, "A Firmware Update Architecture for Internet of Things", RFC 9019, DOI 10.17487/RFC9019, April 2021, . [I-D.ietf-pquip-pqc-engineers] Banerjee, A., Reddy.K, T., Schoinianakis, D., and T. Hollebeek, "Post-Quantum Cryptography for Engineers", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-pquip-pqc- engineers-02, 20 October 2023, . Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 14] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 [I-D.ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology] D, F., "Terminology for Post-Quantum Traditional Hybrid Schemes", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf- pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology-01, 20 October 2023, . [NIST.SP.800-208] Cooper, D. A., Apon, D. C., Dang, Q. H., Davidson, M. S., Dworkin, M. J., Miller, C. A., and NIST, "Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes", NIST Special Publications (General) 800-208, DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-208, 29 October 2020, . [NIST.FIPS.186-5] Moody, D. and National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", NIST Federal Information Processing Standards Publications 186-5, DOI 10.6028/NIST.FIPS.186-5, 2023, . [RFC8391] Huelsing, A., Butin, D., Gazdag, S., Rijneveld, J., and A. Mohaisen, "XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme", RFC 8391, DOI 10.17487/RFC8391, May 2018, . [RFC8554] McGrew, D., Curcio, M., and S. Fluhrer, "Leighton-Micali Hash-Based Signatures", RFC 8554, DOI 10.17487/RFC8554, April 2019, . [RFC6071] Frankel, S. and S. Krishnan, "IP Security (IPsec) and Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Document Roadmap", RFC 6071, DOI 10.17487/RFC6071, February 2011, . [RFC8551] Schaad, J., Ramsdell, B., and S. Turner, "Secure/ Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 4.0 Message Specification", RFC 8551, DOI 10.17487/RFC8551, April 2019, . Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 15] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 [I-D.ounsworth-pq-composite-sigs] Ounsworth, M., Gray, J., and M. Pala, "Composite Signatures For Use In Internet PKI", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ounsworth-pq-composite-sigs-09, 29 May 2023, . [I-D.bonnell-lamps-chameleon-certs] Bonnell, C., Gray, J., Hook, D., Okubo, T., and M. Ounsworth, "A Mechanism for Encoding Differences in Paired Certificates", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft- bonnell-lamps-chameleon-certs-02, 21 September 2023, . [I-D.ietf-lamps-cert-binding-for-multi-auth] Becker, A., Guthrie, R., and M. J. Jenkins, "Related Certificates for Use in Multiple Authentications within a Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf- lamps-cert-binding-for-multi-auth-01, 26 June 2023, . [NIST.FIPS.205] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard", NIST FIPS 205 (Initial Public Draft), 2023, . [X.509] International Telecommunications Union, "Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks", ITU-T Recommendation X.509, 2019. [ANSI_ASHRAE.Standard.135-2016] American National Standards Institute (ANSI), "BACnetTM A Data Communication Protocol For Building Automation And Control Network", ANSI Standard 135-2016, 2016, . Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 16] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 [Addendum.bj.to.ANSI_ASHRAE.Standard.135-2016] American National Standards Institute (ANSI), "Addendum bj to BACnetTM A Data Communication Protocol For Building Automation And Control Network", ANSI Addendum bj to Standard 135-2016, 2016, . Appendix A. Appendix 1 - post-quantum migration properties The purpose of this section is to define a set of properties that can be used to classify each of the use-cases listed in a consistent way Section 3. The goal is to make the document a resource to help classify use cases which are not covered herein because, for example, implementors could classify their own use-case and then find one in this document with the same properties / classification. A.1. Active Negotiation TBD Protocols with existing mechanisms for real-time cryptographic negotiation such as TLS and IKE already contain mechanisms for upgraded clients to downgrade the cryptography in a given session in order to communicate with a legacy peer. These protocols provide the easiest migration path as these mechanisms should be used to bridge across traditional and post-quantum cryptography. A.2. Passive Negotiation TBD Protocols with existing mechanisms for non-real-time or asynchronous cryptographic negotiation. For example a PKI end entity who publishes multiple encryption certificates for themselves, each containing a public key for a different algorithm, or code signing object carrying multiple signatures on different algorithms. A.3. Non Agile TBD Non-agile or flag day implies no graceful migration is possible; the community decides that as of a certain date legacy clients will no longer be able to interoperate with upgraded clients. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 17] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 Appendix B. Appendix 2 - Composite Signature individual and organization position statements B.1. BSI - Stavros Kousidis "from a strategic point of view we don’t want to replace our current RSA algorithm with standalone Dilithium since: If Dilithium does not withstand cryptanalysis in the future then all our efforts are for nothing. With a composite signature Dilithium+ECDSA in AND-mode we can buy ourselves some time in case the Dilithium security guarantees do not withstand future cryptanalysis." B.2. Google Relying on a hybrid signature is critical as the security of Dilithium and other recently standardized quantum resistant algorithms haven’t yet stood the test of time and recent attacks on Rainbow (another quantum resilient algorithm) demonstrate the need for caution. This cautiousness is particularly warranted for security keys as most can’t be upgraded – although we are working toward it for OpenSK. The hybrid approach is also used in other post-quantum efforts like Chrome’s support for TLS. TODO: How to reference this page: https://security.googleblog.com/2023/08/toward- quantum-resilient-security-keys.html?m=1 B.3. Entrust During the transition to post-quantum cryptography, there will be uncertainty as to the strength of cryptographic algorithms; we will no longer fully trust traditional cryptography such as RSA, Diffie- Hellman, DSA and their elliptic curve variants, but we will also not fully trust their post-quantum replacements until they have had sufficient scrutiny and time to discover and fix implementation bugs. Unlike previous cryptographic algorithm migrations, the choice of when to migrate and which algorithms to migrate to, is not so clear. Even after the migration period, it may be advantageous for an entity's cryptographic identity to be composed of multiple public-key algorithms. Entrust will support composite signatures in PKI infrastructure. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 18] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 B.4. Charter - Robert Hulshof "The rationale behind combined keys is that I can see an important use-case for very sensitive data (government, financial or other high value data) to combine multiple (PQ) key algorithms, and that this migration to PQ is a good time to start supporting that by default in the crypto libraries. Trying to estimate the probability that a NIST standardized Crypto algorithm gets broken in the next 5-10 years is very difficult. However I assume that everybody agrees that this probability is definitely not zero. Personally I would put that probability somewhere in the range of 0.1% – 1%. If I were the government/bank etc. I would not like to have a 1% risk that all my secrets get exposed. Adding one or two more PQ algorithms would reduce that probability to 1 in a million or 1 in a Billion would be much more acceptable." B.5. MTG - Falko Strenzke "Without hybrid signatures, a decision to move away from traditional signatures to Dilithium (or other non-hash-based signatures) has a certain risk to make things worse and I think many decision makers will not be ready to take the responsibility for it until the quantum computer threat becomes imminent. - If composite signature is not standardised, non-composite hybrids would be left. This implies protocol changes which will: * need more discussion, * need more changes to existing applications, * and thus be more bug prone. * Not having hybrid signatures at all will likely cause many decision makers to - use hash-based schemes where possible / affordable - and elsewhere stick to traditional schemes as long as possible, thus effectively delaying the migration to PQC." B.6. Transmute - Orie Steele TODO but something about this: There are use cases for long lived verifiable credentials, and attribute cert like stuff we work on in supply chain, with DHS / CBP. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 19] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 B.7. CRYSTALS-Dilithium design team * https://pq-crystals.org/dilithium/ (accessed: 2023-08-21): “For users who are interested in using Dilithium, we recommend the following: * Use Dilithium in a so-called hybrid mode in combination with an established "pre-quantum" signature scheme.” B.8. Hybrid Post-Quantum Signatures in Hardware Security Keys https://storage.googleapis.com/pub-tools-public-publication-data/ pdf/8becef5ac3da51c3b2e36d2dbcd18a4bd3d220d9.pdf “A hybrid signature scheme combines a classical signature algorithm with a post-quantum secure signature algorithm. Before discussing the design of our hybrid scheme, we explain why such an approach is relevant instead of simply replacing classically secure schemes with post-quantum secure schemes. We present the assumptions below: 1. Cryptographically-Relevant Quantum Computers (i.e. with enough qubits to break ECDSA) are not available yet. 2. Classical signature algorithms withstands attacks from classical computers. 3. The post-quantum secure signature algorithm might be breakable by classical computers due to design or implementation bugs. If any of these assumptions fails, using a hybrid approach instead of replacing classical schemes with post-quantum schemes indeed does not add any security. We believe that all of these assumptions are currently correct. The third assumption is motivated by a newly discovered attack against Rainbow, one of the NIST standardization finalists. We can now discuss the informal requirements a hybrid scheme H should satisfy: 1. If a quantum computer becomes available, and hence H’s underlying classical scheme is broken, H should maintain the security of its underlying post-quantum scheme. 2. If a classical attack for H’s underlying post-quantum secure scheme is discovered, H should maintain the security of its underlying classical scheme." Acknowledgements This draft would not be possible without the support of a great number of contributors. We thank Stavros Kousidis, Robert Hulshof, Falko Strenzke and Orie Steele for allowing us to use their statements regarding composite signatures. TBD. Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 20] Internet-Draft PQC use cases October 2023 Authors' Addresses Antonio Vaira Siemens Werner-von-Siemens-Strasse 1 80333 Munich Germany Email: antonio.vaira@siemens.com URI: https://www.siemens.com Hendrik Brockhaus Siemens Werner-von-Siemens-Strasse 1 80333 Munich Germany Email: hendrik.brockhaus@siemens.com URI: https://www.siemens.com Alexander Railean Siemens Werner-von-Siemens-Strasse 1 80333 Munich Germany Email: alexander.railean@siemens.com URI: https://www.siemens.com John Gray Entrust 1187 Park Place Minneapolis, MN 55379 United States of America Email: john.gray@entrust.com URI: https://www.entrust.com Mike Ounsworth Entrust 1187 Park Place Minneapolis, MN 55379 United States of America Email: mike.ounsworth@entrust.com URI: https://www.entrust.com Vaira, et al. Expires 25 April 2024 [Page 21]