INTERNET-DRAFT J. M. Schanck
Intended Status: Experimental Security Innovation & U. Waterloo
Expires: 21 Jan 2016 W. Whyte
Security Innovation
Z. Zhang
Security Innovation
21 July 2015
Quantum-Safe Hybrid (QSH) Ciphersuite
for Transport Layer Security (TLS) version 1.3
draft-whyte-qsh-tls13-00.txt
Abstract
This document describes the Quantum-Safe Hybrid ciphersuite, a new
cipher suite providing modular design for quantum-safe cryptography
to be adopted in the handshake for the Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocol version 1.3. In particular, it specifies the use of the
NTRUEncrypt encryption scheme in a TLS handshake.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 21 Jan, 2016.
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 1]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 2]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Modular design for quantum-safe hybrid handshake . . . . . . . 5
3. Data Structures and Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Data structures for Quantum-safe Crypto Schemes . . . . . 7
3.2. Client Hello Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. HelloRetryRequest Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4. Client Key Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5. Server Key Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Specific information for Quantum Safe Scheme . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1 NTRUEncrypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. LWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3. HFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1. Security, Authenticity and Forward Secrecy . . . . . . . . 15
6.2. Quantum Security and Quantum Forward Secrecy . . . . . . . 15
6.3. Quantum Authenticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Compatibility with TLS 1.2 and earlier version . . . . . . . . 15
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Copyright Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 3]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
1. Introduction
Quantum computers pose a significant threat to modern cryptography.
Two most widely adopted public key cryptosystems, namely, RSA [PKCS1]
and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) [SECG], will be broken by
general purpose quantum computers. RSA is adopted in TLS from
Version 1.0 and to TLS Version 1.3 [RFC2246], [RFC4346], [RFC5246],
[TLS1.3]. ECC is enabled in RFC 4492 [RFC4492] and adopted in TLS
version 1.2 [RFC5246] and version 1.3 [TLS1.3]. On the other hand,
there exist several quantum-safe cryptosystems, such as the
NTRUEncrypt cryptosystem [EESS1], that deliver similar performance,
yet are conjectured to be robust against quantum computers.
This document describes a modular design that allows one or many
quantum-safe cryptosystems to be adopted in the handshake protocol,
applicable to TLS Version 1.3 [TLS1.3]. It uses a hybrid approach
that combines a classical handshake mechanism with key encapsulation
mechanisms instantiated with quantum-safe encryption schemes. The
modular design provides quantum-safe features to TLS 1.3 with an
introduction of only one new cipher suite. Yet, it allows the
flexibility to include new and advanced quantum-safe encryption
schemes at present and in the future.
Extensions to TLS 1.2 [RFC5246] and earlier versions can be found in
[XXXX].
The remainder of this document is organized as follows. Section 2
provides an overview of the modular design of quantum-safe handshake
for TLS 1.3. Section 3 specifies various data structures needed for
a quantum safe handshake, their encoding in TLS messages, and the
processing of those messages. Section 4 defines new TLS_QSH cipher
suites. Section 5 provides specific information for quantum safe
encryption schemes. Section 6 discusses security considerations.
Section 7 discusses compatibility with other versions of TLS.
Section 8 describes IANA considerations for the name spaces created
by this document. Section 9 gives acknowledgements.
This is followed by the lists of normative and informative references
cited in this document, the authors' contact information, and
statements on intellectual property rights and copyrights.
Implementation of this specification requires familiarity with TLS
[RFC2246], [RFC4346], [RFC5246], [TLS1.3], TLS extensions [RFC4366],
and knowledge of the corresponding quantum-safe cryptosystem.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 4]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
Well-known abbreviations and acronyms can be found at RFC Editor
Abbreviations List [REAL].
2. Modular design for quantum-safe hybrid handshake
This document introduces a modular approach to including new quantum-
safe key exchange algorithms within TLS 1.3, while maintaining the
assurance that comes from the use of already established cipher
suites. It allows the TLS premaster secret to be agreed using both
an established classical cipher suite and a quantum-safe key
encapsulation mechanism.
Client Server
ClientHello
ClientKeyShare -------->
<-------- HelloRetryRequest
ClientHello
ClientKeyShare -------->
ServerHello
ServerKeyShare
{EncryptedExtensions*}
{Certificate*}
{CertificateRequest*+}
{CertificateVerify*}
<-------- {Finished}
{Certificate*+}
{CertificateVerify*+}
{Finished} -------->
[Application Data] <-------> [Application Data]
* message is not sent under some conditions
+ message is not sent unless client authentication
is desired
Figure 1: Message flow in a full TLS 1.3 handshake
Figure 1 shows all messages involved in the TLS key establishment
protocol (aka full handshake). The addition of quantum-safe
cryptography has direct impact only on the ClientHello, the
ClientKeyShare, the HelloRetryRequest, and the ServerKeyShare
messages. In the rest of this document, we describe each quantum-
safe key exchange data structure in greater detail in terms of the
content and processing of these messages.
The authentication is provided by classical cryptography. The
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 5]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
introduction of quantum-safe encryption schemes delivers forward
secrecy against quantum attackers. The additional cryptographic data
exchanged between the client and the server is shown in Figure 2.
Client Server
ClientHelloExtension
(QSHSchemeIDList) -------->
HelloRetryRequest
<-------- (AcceptQSHSchemeIDList)
ClientHello
ClientKeyShare
(QSHPKList) --------> ServerHello
ServerKeyShare
(QSHCipherList)
<-------- {Finished}
{Finished} -------->
ClassicSecret|QSHSecret <-------> ClassicSecret|QSHSecret
Figure 2: Additional cryptographic data in TLS handshake
As usual, the ClientHello message includes the list of classical
cipher suites the client wishes to negotiate (e.g.,
TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA), as well as a new cipher suite
identifier TLS_QSH (short for TLS with Quantum Safe Hybrid
handshake). This new identifier SHOULD appear first in the list of
cipher suites.
The extension field of the first ClientHello message MUST have an
additional field:
o QSHSchemeIDList:
a list of distinct QSHSchemeIDs from the client,
each ID represents a quantum safe encryption
scheme/parameter set supported by the client
The extension field of the HelloRetryRequest message MUST have an
additional field:
o AcceptQSHSchemeIDList:
a list of distinct QSHSchemeIDs from the server,
each ID represents a quantum safe encryption
scheme/parameter set supported/selected by the server
If AcceptQSHSchemeIDList in a received HelloRetryRequest message is
not null, the ClientKeyShare field MUST have an additional fields:
o QSHPKList: a list of client's QSH public keys
[QSHPK1]|[QSHPK2]|..., each corresponding to a
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 6]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
distinct QSHScheme in AcceptQSHSchemeIDList
Additionally, the ClientKeyShare contains the ServerKeyShare material
appropriate to the selected classical cipher suite.
The ServerKeyShare message MUST contain an additional list of
ciphertexts:
o QSHCipherList:
a list of ciphertests
[Encrypt_QSHPK1(QSHS1)]|[Encrypt_QSHPK2(QSHS2)]|...
where the QSH secret keying material is
QSHSecret = QSHS1|QSHS2|..., and QSHPKi is from
QSHPKList.
Additionally, the ServerKeyShare contains an indication of the
classical cipher suite selected, and the ServerKeyShare material
appropriate to that cipher suite.
The final premaster secret negotiated by the client and the server is
the concatenation of the classical premaster secret, QSHSecret,
QSHPK1|QSHPK2|... in that order. A 48 bytes fixed length master
secret is derived from the premaster secret at the end of the
handshake, using a pseudo random function specified by the classical
cipher suite (see Section 8.1. RFC 5246 [RFC5246]).
3. Data Structures and Computations
This section specifies the data structures and computations used by
TLS_QSH cipher suite specified in Sections 2. The presentation
language used here is the same as that used in TLS v1.3 [TLS1.3].
Since this specification extends TLS, these descriptions should be
merged with those in the TLS specification and any others that extend
TLS. This means that enum types may not specify all possible values,
and structures with multiple formats chosen with a select() clause
may not indicate all possible cases.
3.1. Data structures for Quantum-safe Crypto Schemes
enum {
ntru_eess439 (0x0101),
ntru_eess593 (0x0102),
ntru_eess743 (0x0103),
reserved (0x0102..0x01FF),
lwe_XXX (0x0201),
reserved (0x0202..0x02FF),
hfe_XXX (0x0301),
reserved (0x0302..0x03FF),
reserved (0x0400..0xFEFF),
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 7]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
(0xFFFF)
} QSHSchemeID;
ntru_eess439, etc: Indicates parameter set to be used for the
NTRUEncrypt encryption scheme. The name of the parameter sets
defined here are those specified in [EESS1].
lwe_XXX, etc: Indicates parameters for Learning With Error (LWE)
encryption scheme. The name of the parameters defined here are
not specified in this document.
hfe_XXX, etc: Indicates parameters for Hidden Field Equotion (HFE)
encryption scheme. The name of the parameters defined here are
not specified in this document.
The QSHSchemes name space is maintained by IANA [IANA]. See Section
8 for information on how new schemes are added.
The server implementation SHOULD support all of the above QSHSchemes,
and client implementation SHALL support at least one of them.
struct {
QSHSchemeID id<1..2^16-1>
} QSHIDList;
The QSHSchemeIDList and AcceptQSHSchemeIDList are two instances of
QSHIDList structure. This structure defines a list of QSHSchemeIDs,
each representing a quantum safe encryption scheme.
struct {
QSHSchemeID id,
opaque pubKey<1..2^16-1>
} QSHPK;
struct {
QSHPK keys<1..2^24-1>
} QSHPKList;
The structure of public keys send from the client to the server,
namely, QSHPK, has two fields: QSHSchemeID specifies the
corresponding quantum safe encryption scheme, and an opaque encodes
the actual public key data following the specification of the
corresponding quantum safe encryption scheme. Any entity that
reserves a new quantum safe encryption scheme identifier MUST specify
how the keys and ciphertexts for that scheme are encoded. See
Section 5 for definitions of the encodings of the schemes specified
in this document.
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 8]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
The QSHPKList is a list of QSHPKs.
struct {
QSHSchemeID id,
opaque encryptedKey<1..2^16-1>
} QSHCipher;
struct {
QSHCipher encryptedKeys<1..2^24-1>
} QSHCipherList;
The structure of ciphertext send from the server to the client,
namely QSHCipher, has two fields: QSHSchemeID specifies the
corresponding quantum safe encryption scheme, and an opaque encodes
the actual ciphertext following the specification of the
corresponding quantum safe encryption scheme.
The QSHCipherList is a list of ciphertexts.
3.2. Client Hello Extensions
This section specifies a TLS extension that can be included with the
ClientHello message as described in RFC 4366 [RFC4366].
When these extensions are sent:
When a client wish to negotiate a handshake using TLS_QSH cipher
suite, the extensions MUST be sent along with the first ClientHello
message. Follow-up ClientHello message do not use these extensions.
Meaning of these extensions:
These extensions allow a client to send a list that enumerates
QSHSchemeIDs for supported quantum safe cryptosystems.
Note: QSHSchemeID MUST be distinct in QSHSchemeIDList.
Structure of the extension:
The general structure of TLS extensions is described in [RFC4366],
and this specification adds a new type to ExtensionType.
enum { quantum-safe-hybrid(0x18)} ExtensionType;
quantum-safe-hybrid (Supported TLS_QSH Extension): Indicates the list
of QSHSchemeIDs supported by the client. For this extension, the
opaque extension_data field MUST contain QSHSchemeIDList and its
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 9]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
field is not NULL.
struct {
select (CipherSuite) {
case TLS_QSH:
QSHSchemeIDList qshSchemeIDList,
} ClientHelloExtension;
Items in qshSchemeIDList are ordered according to the client's
preferences (favorite choice first).
As an example, a client that only supports ntru_eess439 (0x0101) and
ntru_eess593 (0x0102) and prefers to use ntru_eess439 would encode
its qshSchemeIDList as follows:
04 01 01 01 02
An example of an extension field will therefore look as follows:
00 18 | extension length | 00 04 01 01 01 02 | ...
Note: the extension type value appearing in these examples is
tentative.
Actions of the sender:
A client that proposes TLS_QSH cipher suites in its ClientHello
message appends these extensions (along with any others), enumerating
the supported quantum-safe crypto systems that the client wish to use
to negotiate keys with the server.
Actions of the receiver:
A server that receives a ClientHello with a TLS_QSH cipher suite MUST
check the extension field to use the client's enumerated capabilities
to guide its selection of an appropriate cipher suite. The TLS_QSH
cipher suite must be negotiated only if the server can successfully
complete the handshake while using the listed quantum-safe
cryptosystems from the client.
The server will carry out a classic handshake with the client using a
classical cipher suite (other than TLS_QSH) indicated by the client.
The server will also select a (list of) supported QSHScheme(s),
indexed by QSHSchemeID(s). The server will form the
AcceptQSHSchemeIDList with its selected schemes. This list will be
send back to the client via the extension field of HelloRetryRequest.
If a server does not understand the Extension, does not understand
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 10]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
the list of quantum-safe encryption schemes, or is unable to complete
the TLS_QSH handshake while restricting itself to the enumerated
cryptosystems, it MUST NOT negotiate the use of a TLS_QSH cipher
suite. Depending on what other cipher suites are proposed by the
client and supported by the server, this may result in a fatal
handshake failure alert due to the lack of common cipher suites.
3.3. HelloRetryRequest Extensions
This section specifies a TLS extension that can be included with the
HelloRetryRequest message as described in [TLS1.3].
When this extension is sent:
The server will send this message in response to a ClientHello
message where the extension fields contains a QSHSchemeIDList, when
it was able to find an acceptable set of QSHSchemes. If it cannot
find such a match, it will respond with a handshake failure alert.
Meaning of this extension:
This extension allows a server to notify the client the ID(s) for the
quantum-safe encryption scheme(s) it chooses from the
QSHSchemeIDList.
Structure of this extension:
struct {
select (CipherSuite) {
case TLS_QSH:
QSHSchemeIDList acceptQSHSchemeIDList,
} HelloRetryRequestExtension;
Actions of the sender:
The server selects a number of QSHSchemeIDs in response to a
ClientHelloExtension message. The selection is based on client's
preference. The QSHSchemeIDs selected MUST exist in the received
QSHSchemeIDList. The server form the acceptQSHSchemeIDList with the
list of selected QSHSchemeIDs.
Actions of the receiver:
A client that receives a HelloRetryRequest message containing an
extension will extract the agreed QSHSchemeIDs and from the
acceptQSHSchemeIDList. Those QSHSchemeIDs will be used when the
client generates another ClientHello message.
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 11]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
3.4. Client Key Share
When this message is sent:
This message is sent in all key share algorithms.
Meaning of the message:
This message is used to convey ephemeral data relating to the key
exchange belonging to the client (such as its ephemeral ECDH public
key). It is also used to send client's quantum-safe keying material
to the server.
Structure of this message:
The TLS ClientKeyExchange message is extended as follows.
struct {
select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
case QSH:
QSHPKList qshPKList,
ClientKeyShare classical_exchange
} exchange_keys;
} ClientKeyShare;
Actions of the sender:
The client sets classical_exchange to have the contents appropriate
for the indicated classical cipher suite.
For each QSHSchemeID in the acceptQSHSchemeIDList received in the
HelloRetryRequestExtension, the client will generate a pair of
public/private keys, and form the qshPKList with those keys, in the
corrected order.
qshPKList = QSHPK1 | QSHPK2 | ...
Actions of the receiver:
The server processes the ClientKeyShare with KeyExchangeAlgorithm as
in a classical handshake. The server will use the received public
key list during generating ServerKeyShare message.
3.5. Server Key Share
When this message is sent:
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 12]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
This message is sent in all implementations of this cipher suite.
Meaning of this message:
This message is used to send classical key exchange information to
the client. It is also used to send QSH key material (encrypted by
one or many of the client's public keys) to the client.
Structure of this message:
The TLS ServerKeyShare message is extended as follows.
struct {
select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
case TLS_QSH:
QSHCipherList encryptedQSHSecret,
ServerKeyShare classical_exchange,
} exchange_keys;
} ServerKeyShare;
Actions of the sender:
The server sets classical_exchange to have the contents appropriate
for the indicated classical cipher suite.
The server extracts client's public keys QSHPK1, ..., QSHPKn from the
ClientKeyShare message. For each of the public keys QSHPKi,
generates a secret QSHSi. The length in bytes of QSHSi MUST be the
lesser of (a) 48, the length of the classical master secret, and (b)
the maximum plaintext input length for the corresponding encryption
scheme (see Section 5).
The server then encrypts the QSHSi with QSHPKi, and form the
encryptedQSHSecret with those ciphertexts.
The QSH keying material is:
QSHSecret = QSHS1|QSHS2|...|QSHSk
The server will finally form the premaster secret as a concatenation
of the classical premaster secret (negotiated via
classical_exchange), QHSSecret, and QSHPK (the public keys that
encrypts the message). A 48 bytes fixed length master secret is
derived from the premaster secret at the end of the handshake, using
a pseudo random function specified by the classical cipher suite (see
Section 8.1. RFC 5246 [RFC5246]).
Actions of the receiver:
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 13]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
The client processes the ServerKeyShare with classical_exchange as in
a classical handshake. The client decrypts each ciphertext in
encryptedS using the client's secret key and obtains SerS.
The client will finally form the premaster secret as a concatenation
of the classical premaster secret (negotiated via
classical_exchange), QHSSecret, and QSHPK (the public keys that
encrypts the message). A 48 bytes fixed length master secret is
derived from the premaster secret at the end of the handshake, using
a pseudo random function specified by the classical cipher suite (see
Section 8.1. RFC 5246 [RFC5246]).
4. Cipher Suites
CipherSuite TLS_QSH = { 0xD0, 0x01 }
Implementations that support this cipher suite MUST support at least
one classical cipher suite.
5. Specific information for Quantum Safe Scheme
5.1 NTRUEncrypt
NTRUEncrypt parameter sets are identified by the values ntru_eess439
(0x0101), ntru_eess593 (0x0102), ntru_eess743 (0x0103) assigned in
this document.
For each of these parameter sets, the public key and ciphertext are
Ring Elements as defined in [EESS1]. The encoded public key and
ciphertext are the result of encoding the relevant Ring Element with
RE2BSP as defined in [EESS1].
For each parameter set the the maximum plaintext input length in
bytes is as follows. This is used when determining the length of the
client/server-generated secrets CliSi and SerSi as specified in
sections 3.4 and 3.5.
eess439 65
eess593 86
eess743 106
5.2. LWE
Encoding not defined in this document.
5.3. HFE
Encoding not defined in this document.
6. Security Considerations
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 14]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
6.1. Security, Authenticity and Forward Secrecy
Security, authenticity and forward secrecy against classical
computers are inherent from classical handshake mechanism.
6.2. Quantum Security and Quantum Forward Secrecy
The proposed handshake mechanism provides quantum security and
quantum forward secrecy.
Quantum resistant feature of QSHSchemes ensures a quantum attacker
will not learn QSH keying material S. A quantum attacker may learn
classic handshake information. Given an input X, the leftover hash
lemma [LHL] ensures that one can extract Y bits that are almost
uniformly distributed, where Y is asymptotic to the min-entropy of X.
An adversary who has some partial knowledge about X, will have almost
no knowledge about Y. This guarantees the attacker will not learn
the final premaster secret so long as S has enough entropy and
remains secret. This also guarantees the premaster secret is secure
even if the client's and/or the server's long term keys are
compromised.
6.3. Quantum Authenticity
The proposed approach relies on the classical cipher suite for
authenticity. Thus, an attacker with quantum computing capability
will be able to break the authenticity.
7. Compatibility with TLS 1.2 and earlier version
8. IANA Considerations
This document describes a new name spaces for use with the TLS
protocol:
o QSHSchemeID
Any additional assignments require IETF Consensus action [RFC2434].
Process for determining whether a public key algorithm is in fact
quantum-safe, and therefore entitled to a QSHSchemeId, is not
specified in this document and may be established by the TLS working
group as it sees fit. For example, TLS WG may require that
algorithms are vetted in some sense by CFRG or have been published in
a standard by a recognized international standards body such as IEEE
or ANSI X9.
9. Acknowledgements
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 15]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
Administrative Support Activity (IASA).
We wish to thank Douglas Stebila, [[[names]]] for helpful
discussions.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[EESS1] Consortium for Efficient Embedded Security, "Efficient
Embedded Security standards (EESS) #1", March 2015,
.
[FIPS180] NIST, "Secure Hash Standard", FIPS 180-2, 2002.
[FIPS186] NIST, "Digital Signature Standard", FIPS 186-2, 2000.
[LHL] Impagliazzo, R., Levin, L., and Luby, M., "Pseudo-random
generation from one-way functions", 1989.
[PKCS1] RSA Laboratories, "PKCS#1: RSA Encryption Standard version
1.5", PKCS 1, November 1993
[REAL] "RFC Editor Abbreviations List", September 2013,
.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
RFC 2246, January 1999.
[RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", RFC 2434, October
1998.
[RFC4346] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.
[RFC4366] Blake-Wilson, S., Nysrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.,
and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Extensions", RFC 4366, April 2006.
[RFC4492] Blake-Wilson, S., Bolyard, N., Gupta, V., Hawk, C., and B.
Moeller, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 16]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4492, May 2006.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.
[TLS1.3] E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-05, March 2015.
10.2. Informative References
[RFC5990] Randall, J., Kaliski, B., Brainard, J. and Turner S., "Use
of the RSA-KEM Key Transport Algorithm in the
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", RFC 5990, September
2010.
[RFC5859] Krawczyk, H., Eronen, P., "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5859, May 2010.
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 17]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
Authors' Addresses
John M. Schanck
Security Innovation, US
and
University of Waterloo, Canada
jschanck@securityinnovation.com
William Whyte
Security Innovation, US
wwhyte@securityinnovation.com
Zhenfei Zhang
Security Innovation, US
zzhang@securityinnovation.com
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 18]
INTERNET DRAFT Quantum-safe handshake for TLS 1.3 21 July 2015
Copyright Notice
IETF Trust Legal Provisions of 28-dec-2009, Section 6.b(i), paragraph
2: Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
IETF Trust Legal Provisions of 28-dec-2009, Section 6.b(ii),
paragraph 3: This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's
Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Schanck et al. Expires 21 Jan 2016 [Page 19]