IPNG Working Group R.E. Gilligan INTERNET-DRAFT: draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt Cache Flow Obsoletes RFC 2553 S. Thomson Cisco J. Bound Compaq W. R. Stevens November 2001 Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6 Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. This document is a submission by the Internet Protocol IPv6 Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Comments should be submitted to the ipng@sunroof.eng.sun.com mailing list. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract The de facto standard application program interface (API) for TCP/IP applications is the "sockets" interface. Although this API was developed for Unix in the early 1980s it has also been implemented on a wide variety of non-Unix systems. TCP/IP applications written using the sockets API have in the past enjoyed a high degree of portability and we would like the same portability with IPv6 applications. But changes are required to the sockets API to support IPv6 and this memo describes these changes. These include a new socket address structure to carry IPv6 addresses, new address conversion functions, and some new socket options. These extensions are designed to provide access to the basic IPv6 features required by TCP and UDP applications, including multicasting, while introducing a minimum of change into the system and providing complete compatibility for existing IPv4 applications. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 1] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Additional extensions for advanced IPv6 features (raw sockets and access to the IPv6 extension headers) are defined in another document [4]. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 2] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction.................................................4 2. Design Considerations........................................4 2.1 What Needs to be Changed....................................4 2.2 Data Types..................................................6 2.3 Headers.....................................................6 2.4 Structures..................................................6 3. Socket Interface.............................................6 3.1 IPv6 Address Family and Protocol Family.....................6 3.2 IPv6 Address Structure......................................6 3.3 Socket Address Structure for 4.3BSD-Based Systems...........7 3.4 Socket Address Structure for 4.4BSD-Based Systems...........8 3.5 The Socket Functions........................................9 3.6 Compatibility with IPv4 Applications.......................10 3.7 Compatibility with IPv4 Nodes..............................10 3.8 IPv6 Wildcard Address......................................10 3.9 IPv6 Loopback Address......................................11 3.10 Portability Additions.....................................12 4. Interface Identification....................................14 4.1 Name-to-Index..............................................14 4.2 Index-to-Name..............................................14 4.3 Return All Interface Names and Indexes.....................15 4.4 Free Memory................................................15 5. Socket Options..............................................16 5.1 Unicast Hop Limit..........................................16 5.2 Sending and Receiving Multicast Packets....................17 5.3 IPV6_V6ONLY option for AF_INET6 Sockets....................18 6. Library Functions...........................................19 6.1 Protocol-Independent Nodename and Service Name Translation.19 6.2 Socket Address Structure to Nodename and Service Name......24 6.3 Address Conversion Functions...............................26 6.4 Address Testing Macros.....................................27 7. Summary of New Definitions..................................28 8. Security Considerations.....................................29 9. Year 2000 Considerations....................................29 Changes made to rfc2553bis-03 to rfc2553bis-04.................29 Changes made to rfc2553bis-02 to rfc2553bis-03.................30 Changes made to rfc2553bis-01 to rfc2553bis-02.................30 Changes made to rfc2553bis-00 to rfc2553bis-01.................30 Changes made rfc2553 to rfc2553bis-00:.........................30 Acknowledgments................................................31 References.....................................................31 Authors' Addresses.............................................32 draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 3] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 1. Introduction While IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, IPv6 interfaces are identified by 128-bit addresses. The socket interface makes the size of an IP address quite visible to an application; virtually all TCP/IP applications for BSD-based systems have knowledge of the size of an IP address. Those parts of the API that expose the addresses must be changed to accommodate the larger IPv6 address size. IPv6 also introduces new features (e.g., traffic class and flowlabel), some of which must be made visible to applications via the API. This memo defines a set of extensions to the socket interface to support the larger address size and new features of IPv6. 2. Design Considerations There are a number of important considerations in designing changes to this well-worn API: - The API changes should provide both source and binary compatibility for programs written to the original API. That is, existing program binaries should continue to operate when run on a system supporting the new API. In addition, existing applications that are re-compiled and run on a system supporting the new API should continue to operate. Simply put, the API changes for IPv6 should not break existing programs. An additional mechanism for implementations to verify this is to verify the new symbols are protected by Feature Test Macros as described in IEEE Std 1003.1-200x. (Such Feature Test Macros are not defined by this RFC.) - The changes to the API should be as small as possible in order to simplify the task of converting existing IPv4 applications to IPv6. - Where possible, applications should be able to use this API to interoperate with both IPv6 and IPv4 hosts. Applications should not need to know which type of host they are communicating with. - IPv6 addresses carried in data structures should be 64-bit aligned. This is necessary in order to obtain optimum performance on 64-bit machine architectures. Because of the importance of providing IPv4 compatibility in the API, these extensions are explicitly designed to operate on machines that provide complete support for both IPv4 and IPv6. A subset of this API could probably be designed for operation on systems that support only IPv6. However, this is not addressed in this memo. 2.1 What Needs to be Changed The socket interface API consists of a few distinct components: - Core socket functions. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 4] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 - Address data structures. - Name-to-address translation functions. - Address conversion functions. The core socket functions -- those functions that deal with such things as setting up and tearing down TCP connections, and sending and receiving UDP packets -- were designed to be transport independent. Where protocol addresses are passed as function arguments, they are carried via opaque pointers. A protocol-specific address data structure is defined for each protocol that the socket functions support. Applications must cast pointers to these protocol-specific address structures into pointers to the generic "sockaddr" address structure when using the socket functions. These functions need not change for IPv6, but a new IPv6-specific address data structure is needed. The "sockaddr_in" structure is the protocol-specific data structure for IPv4. This data structure actually includes 8-octets of unused space, and it is tempting to try to use this space to adapt the sockaddr_in structure to IPv6. Unfortunately, the sockaddr_in structure is not large enough to hold the 16-octet IPv6 address as well as the other information (address family and port number) that is needed. So a new address data structure must be defined for IPv6. IPv6 addresses are scoped [2] so they could be link-local, site, organization, global, or other scopes at this time undefined. To support applications that want to be able to identify a set of interfaces for a specific scope, the IPv6 sockaddr_in structure must support a field that can be used by an implementation to identify a set of interfaces identifying the scope for an IPv6 address. The name-to-address translation functions in the socket interface are gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr(). These are left as is and new functions are defined to support IPv4 and IPv6. The new API is based on the IEEE Std 1003.1-200x draft [3] and specifies a new nodename-to- address translation function which is protocol independent. This function can also be used with IPv4 and IPv6. The address conversion functions -- inet_ntoa() and inet_addr() -- convert IPv4 addresses between binary and printable form. These functions are quite specific to 32-bit IPv4 addresses. We have designed two analogous functions that convert both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and carry an address type parameter so that they can be extended to other protocol families as well. Finally, a few miscellaneous features are needed to support IPv6. New interfaces are needed to support the IPv6 traffic class, flow label, and hop limit header fields. New socket options are needed to control the sending and receiving of IPv6 multicast packets. The socket interface will be enhanced in the future to provide access to other IPv6 features. These extensions are described in [4]. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 5] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 2.2 Data Types The data types of the structure elements given in this memo are intended to track the relevant standards. uintN_t means an unsigned integer of exactly N bits (e.g., uint16_t). 2.3 Headers When function prototypes and structures are shown we show the headers that must be #included to cause that item to be defined. 2.4 Structures When structures are described the members shown are the ones that must appear in an implementation. Additional, nonstandard members may also be defined by an implementation. As an additional precaution nonstandard members could be verified by Feature Test Macros as described in IEEE Std 1003.1-200x. (Such Feature Test Macros are not defined by this RFC.) The ordering shown for the members of a structure is the recommended ordering, given alignment considerations of multibyte members, but an implementation may order the members differently. 3. Socket Interface This section specifies the socket interface changes for IPv6. 3.1 IPv6 Address Family and Protocol Family A new address family name, AF_INET6, is defined in . The AF_INET6 definition distinguishes between the original sockaddr_in address data structure, and the new sockaddr_in6 data structure. A new protocol family name, PF_INET6, is defined in . Like most of the other protocol family names, this will usually be defined to have the same value as the corresponding address family name: #define PF_INET6 AF_INET6 The PF_INET6 is used in the first argument to the socket() function to indicate that an IPv6 socket is being created. 3.2 IPv6 Address Structure A new in6_addr structure holds a single IPv6 address and is defined as a result of including : draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 6] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 struct in6_addr { uint8_t s6_addr[16]; /* IPv6 address */ }; This data structure contains an array of sixteen 8-bit elements, which make up one 128-bit IPv6 address. The IPv6 address is stored in network byte order. The structure in6_addr above is usually implemented with an embedded union with extra fields that force the desired alignment level in a manner similar to BSD implementations of "struct in_addr". Those additional implementation details are omitted here for simplicity. An example is as follows: struct in6_addr { union { uint8_t _S6_u8[16]; uint32_t _S6_u32[4]; uint64_t _S6_u64[2]; } _S6_un; }; #define s6_addr _S6_un._S6_u8 3.3 Socket Address Structure for 4.3BSD-Based Systems In the socket interface, a different protocol-specific data structure is defined to carry the addresses for each protocol suite. Each protocol- specific data structure is designed so it can be cast into a protocol- independent data structure -- the "sockaddr" structure. Each has a "family" field that overlays the "sa_family" of the sockaddr data structure. This field identifies the type of the data structure. The sockaddr_in structure is the protocol-specific address data structure for IPv4. It is used to pass addresses between applications and the system in the socket functions. The following sockaddr_in6 structure holds IPv6 addresses and is defined as a result of including the header: struct sockaddr_in6 { sa_family_t sin6_family; /* AF_INET6 */ in_port_t sin6_port; /* transport layer port # */ uint32_t sin6_flowinfo; /* IPv6 traffic class & flow info */ struct in6_addr sin6_addr; /* IPv6 address */ uint32_t sin6_scope_id; /* set of interfaces for a scope */ }; This structure is designed to be compatible with the sockaddr data structure used in the 4.3BSD release. The sin6_family field identifies this as a sockaddr_in6 structure. This field overlays the sa_family field when the buffer is cast to a sockaddr data structure. The value of this field must be AF_INET6. The sin6_port field contains the 16-bit UDP or TCP port number. This field is used in the same way as the sin_port field of the sockaddr_in draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 7] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 structure. The port number is stored in network byte order. The sin6_flowinfo field is a 32-bit field that contains two pieces of information: the traffic class and the flow label. The contents and interpretation of this member is specified in [1]. The sin6_flowinfo field SHOULD be set to zero by an implementation prior to using the sockaddr_in6 structure by an application on receive operations. The sin6_addr field is a single in6_addr structure (defined in the previous section). This field holds one 128-bit IPv6 address. The address is stored in network byte order. The ordering of elements in this structure is specifically designed so that when sin6_addr field is aligned on a 64-bit boundary, the start of the structure will also be aligned on a 64-bit boundary. This is done for optimum performance on 64-bit architectures. The sin6_scope_id field is a 32-bit integer that identifies a set of interfaces as appropriate for the scope of the address carried in the sin6_addr field [2][5][6][7]. For a link scope sin6_addr, sin6_scope_id would be an interface index. For a site scope sin6_addr, sin6_scope_id would be a site identifier. The mapping of sin6_scope_id to an interface or set of interfaces is left to implementation and future specifications on the subject of site identifiers. Notice that the sockaddr_in6 structure will normally be larger than the generic sockaddr structure. On many existing implementations the sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) equals sizeof(struct sockaddr), with both being 16 bytes. Any existing code that makes this assumption needs to be examined carefully when converting to IPv6. 3.4 Socket Address Structure for 4.4BSD-Based Systems The 4.4BSD release includes a small, but incompatible change to the socket interface. The "sa_family" field of the sockaddr data structure was changed from a 16-bit value to an 8-bit value, and the space saved used to hold a length field, named "sa_len". The sockaddr_in6 data structure given in the previous section cannot be correctly cast into the newer sockaddr data structure. For this reason, the following alternative IPv6 address data structure is provided to be used on systems based on 4.4BSD. It is defined as a result of including the header. struct sockaddr_in6 { uint8_t sin6_len; /* length of this struct */ sa_family_t sin6_family; /* AF_INET6 */ in_port_t sin6_port; /* transport layer port # */ uint32_t sin6_flowinfo; /* IPv6 flow information */ struct in6_addr sin6_addr; /* IPv6 address */ uint32_t sin6_scope_id; /* set of interfaces for a scope */ }; The only differences between this data structure and the 4.3BSD variant are the inclusion of the length field, and the change of the family field to a 8-bit data type. The definitions of all the other fields are identical to the structure defined in the previous section. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 8] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Systems that provide this version of the sockaddr_in6 data structure must also declare SIN6_LEN as a result of including the header. This macro allows applications to determine whether they are being built on a system that supports the 4.3BSD or 4.4BSD variants of the data structure. 3.5 The Socket Functions Applications call the socket() function to create a socket descriptor that represents a communication endpoint. The arguments to the socket() function tell the system which protocol to use, and what format address structure will be used in subsequent functions. For example, to create an IPv4/TCP socket, applications make the call: s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); To create an IPv4/UDP socket, applications make the call: s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); Applications may create IPv6/TCP and IPv6/UDP sockets (which may also handle IPv4 communication as described in section 3.7) by simply using the constant PF_INET6 instead of PF_INET in the first argument. For example, to create an IPv6/TCP socket, applications make the call: s = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, 0); To create an IPv6/UDP socket, applications make the call: s = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); Once the application has created a PF_INET6 socket, it must use the sockaddr_in6 address structure when passing addresses in to the system. The functions that the application uses to pass addresses into the system are: bind() connect() sendmsg() sendto() The system will use the sockaddr_in6 address structure to return addresses to applications that are using PF_INET6 sockets. The functions that return an address from the system to an application are: accept() recvfrom() recvmsg() getpeername() getsockname() No changes to the syntax of the socket functions are needed to support IPv6, since all of the "address carrying" functions use an opaque address pointer, and carry an address length as a function argument. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 9] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 3.6 Compatibility with IPv4 Applications In order to support the large base of applications using the original API, system implementations must provide complete source and binary compatibility with the original API. This means that systems must continue to support PF_INET sockets and the sockaddr_in address structure. Applications must be able to create IPv4/TCP and IPv4/UDP sockets using the PF_INET constant in the socket() function, as described in the previous section. Applications should be able to hold a combination of IPv4/TCP, IPv4/UDP, IPv6/TCP and IPv6/UDP sockets simultaneously within the same process. Applications using the original API should continue to operate as they did on systems supporting only IPv4. That is, they should continue to interoperate with IPv4 nodes. 3.7 Compatibility with IPv4 Nodes The API also provides a different type of compatibility: the ability for IPv6 applications to interoperate with IPv4 applications. This feature uses the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address format defined in the IPv6 addressing architecture specification [2]. This address format allows the IPv4 address of an IPv4 node to be represented as an IPv6 address. The IPv4 address is encoded into the low-order 32 bits of the IPv6 address, and the high-order 96 bits hold the fixed prefix 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF. IPv4- mapped addresses are written as follows: ::FFFF: These addresses can be generated automatically by the getaddrinfo() function, when the specified host has only IPv4 addresses (as described in Section 6.1 and 6.2). Applications may use PF_INET6 sockets to open TCP connections to IPv4 nodes, or send UDP packets to IPv4 nodes, by simply encoding the destination's IPv4 address as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address, and passing that address, within a sockaddr_in6 structure, in the connect() or sendto() call. When applications use PF_INET6 sockets to accept TCP connections from IPv4 nodes, or receive UDP packets from IPv4 nodes, the system returns the peer's address to the application in the accept(), recvfrom(), or getpeername() call using a sockaddr_in6 structure encoded this way. Few applications will likely need to know which type of node they are interoperating with. However, for those applications that do need to know, the IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED() macro, defined in Section 6.7, is provided. 3.8 IPv6 Wildcard Address While the bind() function allows applications to select the source IP address of UDP packets and TCP connections, applications often want the system to select the source address for them. With IPv4, one specifies the address as the symbolic constant INADDR_ANY (called the "wildcard" draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 10] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 address) in the bind() call, or simply omits the bind() entirely. Since the IPv6 address type is a structure (struct in6_addr), a symbolic constant can be used to initialize an IPv6 address variable, but cannot be used in an assignment. Therefore systems provide the IPv6 wildcard address in two forms. The first version is a global variable named "in6addr_any" that is an in6_addr structure. The extern declaration for this variable is defined in : extern const struct in6_addr in6addr_any; Applications use in6addr_any similarly to the way they use INADDR_ANY in IPv4. For example, to bind a socket to port number 23, but let the system select the source address, an application could use the following code: struct sockaddr_in6 sin6; . . . sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6; sin6.sin6_flowinfo = 0; sin6.sin6_port = htons(23); sin6.sin6_addr = in6addr_any; /* structure assignment */ . . . if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *) &sin6, sizeof(sin6)) == -1) . . . The other version is a symbolic constant named IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT and is defined in . This constant can be used to initialize an in6_addr structure: struct in6_addr anyaddr = IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT; Note that this constant can be used ONLY at declaration time. It can not be used to assign a previously declared in6_addr structure. For example, the following code will not work: /* This is the WRONG way to assign an unspecified address */ struct sockaddr_in6 sin6; . . . sin6.sin6_addr = IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT; /* will NOT compile */ Be aware that the IPv4 INADDR_xxx constants are all defined in host byte order but the IPv6 IN6ADDR_xxx constants and the IPv6 in6addr_xxx externals are defined in network byte order. 3.9 IPv6 Loopback Address Applications may need to send UDP packets to, or originate TCP connections to, services residing on the local node. In IPv4, they can do this by using the constant IPv4 address INADDR_LOOPBACK in their connect(), sendto(), or sendmsg() call. IPv6 also provides a loopback address to contact local TCP and UDP services. Like the unspecified address, the IPv6 loopback address is draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 11] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 provided in two forms -- a global variable and a symbolic constant. The global variable is an in6_addr structure named "in6addr_loopback." The extern declaration for this variable is defined in : extern const struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback; Applications use in6addr_loopback as they would use INADDR_LOOPBACK in IPv4 applications (but beware of the byte ordering difference mentioned at the end of the previous section). For example, to open a TCP connection to the local telnet server, an application could use the following code: struct sockaddr_in6 sin6; . . . sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6; sin6.sin6_flowinfo = 0; sin6.sin6_port = htons(23); sin6.sin6_addr = in6addr_loopback; /* structure assignment */ . . . if (connect(s, (struct sockaddr *) &sin6, sizeof(sin6)) == -1) . . . The symbolic constant is named IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT and is defined in . It can be used at declaration time ONLY; for example: struct in6_addr loopbackaddr = IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT; Like IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT, this constant cannot be used in an assignment to a previously declared IPv6 address variable. 3.10 Portability Additions One simple addition to the sockets API that can help application writers is the "struct sockaddr_storage". This data structure can simplify writing portable code across multiple address families and platforms. This data structure is designed with the following goals. - Large enough to accommodate all supported protocol-specific address structures. - Aligned at an appropriate boundary so that pointers to it can be cast as pointers to protocol specific address structures and used to access the fields of those structures without alignment problems. The sockaddr_storage structure contains field ss_family which is of type sa_family_t. When a sockaddr_storage structure is cast to a sockaddr structure, the ss_family field of the sockaddr_storage structure maps onto the sa_family field of the sockaddr structure. When a sockaddr_storage structure is cast as a protocol specific address structure, the ss_family field maps onto a field of that structure that is of type sa_family_t and that identifies the protocol's address family. An example implementation design of such a data structure would be as follows. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 12] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 /* * Desired design of maximum size and alignment */ #define _SS_MAXSIZE 128 /* Implementation specific max size */ #define _SS_ALIGNSIZE (sizeof (int64_t)) /* Implementation specific desired alignment */ /* * Definitions used for sockaddr_storage structure paddings design. */ #define _SS_PAD1SIZE (_SS_ALIGNSIZE - sizeof (sa_family_t)) #define _SS_PAD2SIZE (_SS_MAXSIZE - (sizeof (sa_family_t)+ _SS_PAD1SIZE + _SS_ALIGNSIZE)) struct sockaddr_storage { sa_family_t ss_family; /* address family */ /* Following fields are implementation specific */ char __ss_pad1[_SS_PAD1SIZE]; /* 6 byte pad, this is to make implementation /* specific pad up to alignment field that */ /* follows explicit in the data structure */ int64_t __ss_align; /* field to force desired structure */ /* storage alignment */ char __ss_pad2[_SS_PAD2SIZE]; /* 112 byte pad to achieve desired size, */ /* _SS_MAXSIZE value minus size of ss_family */ /* __ss_pad1, __ss_align fields is 112 */ }; The above example implementation illustrates a data structure which will align on a 64-bit boundary. An implementation-specific field "_ss_align" along "_ss_pad1" is used to force a 64-bit alignment which covers proper alignment good enough for needs of sockaddr_in6 (IPv6), sockaddr_in (IPv4) address data structures. The size of padding fields _ss_pad1 depends on the chosen alignment boundary. The size of padding field _ss_pad2 depends on the value of overall size chosen for the total size of the structure. This size and alignment are represented in the above example by implementation specific (not required) constants _SS_MAXSIZE (chosen value 128) and _SS_ALIGNMENT (with chosen value 8). Constants _SS_PAD1SIZE (derived value 6) and _SS_PAD2SIZE (derived value 112) are also for illustration and not required. The implementation specific definitions and structure field names above start with an underscore to denote implementation private namespace. Portable code is not expected to access or reference those fields or constants. On implementations where sockaddr data structure includes a "sa_len", field this data structure would look like this: /* * Definitions used for sockaddr_storage structure paddings design. */ #define _SS_PAD1SIZE (_SS_ALIGNSIZE - (sizeof (uint8_t) + sizeof (sa_family_t)) #define _SS_PAD2SIZE (_SS_MAXSIZE - (sizeof (sa_family_t)+ _SS_PAD1SIZE + _SS_ALIGNSIZE)) struct sockaddr_storage { uint8_t ss_len; /* address length */ sa_family_t ss_family; /* address family */ /* Following fields are implementation specific */ char __ss_pad1[_SS_PAD1SIZE]; draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 13] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 /* 6 byte pad, this is to make implementation /* specific pad up to alignment field that */ /* follows explicit in the data structure */ int64_t __ss_align; /* field to force desired structure */ /* storage alignment */ char __ss_pad2[_SS_PAD2SIZE]; /* 112 byte pad to achieve desired size, */ /* _SS_MAXSIZE value minus size of ss_len, */ /* __ss_family, __ss_pad1, __ss_align fields is 112 */ }; 4. Interface Identification This API uses an interface index (a small positive integer) to identify the local interface on which a multicast group is joined (Section 5.3). Additionally, the advanced API [4] uses these same interface indexes to identify the interface on which a datagram is received, or to specify the interface on which a datagram is to be sent. Interfaces are normally known by names such as "le0", "sl1", "ppp2", and the like. On Berkeley-derived implementations, when an interface is made known to the system, the kernel assigns a unique positive integer value (called the interface index) to that interface. These are small positive integers that start at 1. (Note that 0 is never used for an interface index.) There may be gaps so that there is no current interface for a particular positive interface index. This API defines two functions that map between an interface name and index, a third function that returns all the interface names and indexes, and a fourth function to return the dynamic memory allocated by the previous function. How these functions are implemented is left up to the implementation. 4.4BSD implementations can implement these functions using the existing sysctl() function with the NET_RT_IFLIST command. Other implementations may wish to use ioctl() for this purpose. 4.1 Name-to-Index The first function maps an interface name into its corresponding index. #include unsigned int if_nametoindex(const char *ifname); If ifname is the name of an interface, the if_nametoindex() function shall return the interface index corresponding to name ifname; otherwise, it shall return zero. No errors are defined. 4.2 Index-to-Name The second function maps an interface index into its corresponding name. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 14] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 #include char *if_indextoname(unsigned int ifindex, char *ifname); When this function is called, the ifname argument shall point to a buffer of at least IF_NAMESIZE bytes. The function shall place in this buffer the name of the interface with index ifindex. (IF_NAMESIZE is also defined in and its value includes a terminating null byte at the end of the interface name.) If ifindex is an interface index, then the function shall return the value supplied in ifname, which points to a buffer now containing the interface name. Otherwise, the function shall return a NULL pointer and set errno to indicate the error. If there is no interface corresponding to the specified index, errno is set to ENXIO. If there was a system error (such as running out of memory), errno would be set to the proper value (e.g., ENOMEM). 4.3 Return All Interface Names and Indexes The if_nameindex structure holds the information about a single interface and is defined as a result of including the header. struct if_nameindex { unsigned int if_index; /* 1, 2, ... */ char *if_name; /* null terminated name: "le0", ... */ }; The final function returns an array of if_nameindex structures, one structure per interface. #include struct if_nameindex *if_nameindex(void); The end of the array of structures is indicated by a structure with an if_index of 0 and an if_name of NULL. The function returns a NULL pointer upon an error, and would set errno to the appropriate value. The memory used for this array of structures along with the interface names pointed to by the if_name members is obtained dynamically. This memory is freed by the next function. 4.4 Free Memory The following function frees the dynamic memory that was allocated by if_nameindex(). #include void if_freenameindex(struct if_nameindex *ptr); The ptr argument shall be a pointer that was returned by if_nameindex(). After if_freenameindex() has been called, the application shall not use the array of which ptr is the address. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 15] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Currently net/if.h doesn't have prototype definitions for functions and it is recommended that these definitions be defined in net/if.h as well as the struct if_nameindex{}. 5. Socket Options A number of new socket options are defined for IPv6. All of these new options are at the IPPROTO_IPV6 level. That is, the "level" parameter in the getsockopt() and setsockopt() calls is IPPROTO_IPV6 when using these options. The constant name prefix IPV6_ is used in all of the new socket options. This serves to clearly identify these options as applying to IPv6. The declaration for IPPROTO_IPV6, the new IPv6 socket options, and related constants defined in this section are obtained by including the header . 5.1 Unicast Hop Limit A new setsockopt() option controls the hop limit used in outgoing unicast IPv6 packets. The name of this option is IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, and it is used at the IPPROTO_IPV6 layer. The following example illustrates how it is used: int hoplimit = 10; if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, (char *) &hoplimit, sizeof(hoplimit)) == -1) perror("setsockopt IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS"); When the IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS option is set with setsockopt(), the option value given is used as the hop limit for all subsequent unicast packets sent via that socket. If the option is not set, the system selects a default value. The integer hop limit value (called x) is interpreted as follows: x < -1: return an error of EINVAL x == -1: use kernel default 0 <= x <= 255: use x x >= 256: return an error of EINVAL The IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS option may be used with getsockopt() to determine the hop limit value that the system will use for subsequent unicast packets sent via that socket. For example: int hoplimit; socklen_t len = sizeof(hoplimit); if (getsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, (char *) &hoplimit, &len) == -1) perror("getsockopt IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS"); else printf("Using %d for hop limit.\n", hoplimit); draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 16] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 5.2 Sending and Receiving Multicast Packets IPv6 applications may send multicast packets by simply specifying an IPv6 multicast address as the destination address, for example in the destination address argument of the sendto() function. Three socket options at the IPPROTO_IPV6 layer control some of the parameters for sending multicast packets. Setting these options is not required: applications may send multicast packets without using these options. The setsockopt() options for controlling the sending of multicast packets are summarized below. These three options can also be used with getsockopt(). IPV6_MULTICAST_IF Set the interface to use for outgoing multicast packets. The argument is the index of the interface to use. If the interface index is specified as zero, the system selects the interface (for example, by looking up the address in a routing table and using the resulting interface). Argument type: unsigned int IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS Set the hop limit to use for outgoing multicast packets. (Note a separate option - IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS - is provided to set the hop limit to use for outgoing unicast packets.) The interpretation of the argument is the same as for the IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS option: x < -1: return an error of EINVAL x == -1: use kernel default 0 <= x <= 255: use x x >= 256: return an error of EINVAL If IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS is not set, the default is 1 (same as IPv4 today) Argument type: int IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP If a multicast datagram is sent to a group to which the sending host itself belongs (on the outgoing interface), a copy of the datagram is looped back by the IP layer for local delivery if this option is set to 1. If this option is set to 0 a copy is not looped back. Other option values return an error of EINVAL. If IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP is not set, the default is 1 (loopback; same as IPv4 today). Argument type: unsigned int The reception of multicast packets is controlled by the two setsockopt() options summarized below. An error of EOPNOTSUPP is returned if these draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 17] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 two options are used with getsockopt(). IPV6_JOIN_GROUP Join a multicast group on a specified local interface. If the interface index is specified as 0, the kernel chooses the local interface. For example, some kernels look up the multicast group in the normal IPv6 routing table and use the resulting interface. Argument type: struct ipv6_mreq IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP Leave a multicast group on a specified interface. If the interface index is specified as 0, the system may choose a multicast group membership to drop by matching the multicast address only. Argument type: struct ipv6_mreq The argument type of both of these options is the ipv6_mreq structure, defined as a result of including the header; struct ipv6_mreq { struct in6_addr ipv6mr_multiaddr; /* IPv6 multicast addr */ unsigned int ipv6mr_interface; /* interface index */ }; Note that to receive multicast datagrams a process must join the multicast group to which datagrams will be sent. UDP applications must also bind the UDP port to which datagrams will be sent. Some processes also bind the multicast group address to the socket, in addition to the port, to prevent other datagrams destined to that same port from being delivered to the socket. 5.3 IPV6_V6ONLY option for AF_INET6 Sockets This socket option restricts AF_INET6 sockets to IPv6 communications only. As stated in section <3.7 Compatibility with IPv4 Nodes>, AF_INET6 sockets may be used for both IPv4 and IPv6 communications. Some applications may want to restrict their use of an AF_INET6 socket to IPv6 communications only. For these applications the IPV6_V6ONLY socket option is defined. When this option is turned on, the socket can be used to send and receive IPv6 packets only. This is an IPPROTO_IPV6 level option. This option takes an int value. This is a boolean option. By default this option is turned off. Here is an example of setting this option: int on = 1; if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, (char *)&on, sizeof(on)) == -1) perror("setsockopt IPV6_V6ONLY"); else printf("IPV6_V6ONLY set\n"); draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 18] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Note - This option has no effect on the use of IPv4 Mapped addresses which enter a node as a valid IPv6 addresses for IPv6 communications as defined by Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT) [8]. 6. Library Functions New library functions are needed to perform a variety of operations with IPv6 addresses. Functions are needed to lookup IPv6 addresses in the Domain Name System (DNS). Both forward lookup (nodename-to-address translation) and reverse lookup (address-to-nodename translation) need to be supported. Functions are also needed to convert IPv6 addresses between their binary and textual form. We note that the two existing functions, gethostbyname() and gethostbyaddr(), are left as-is. New functions are defined to handle both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. The commonly used function gethostbyname() is inadequate for many applications, first because it provides no way for the caller to specify anything about the types of addresses desired (IPv4 only, IPv6 only, IPv4-mapped IPv6 are OK, etc.), and second because many implementations of this function are not thread safe. RFC 2133 defined a function named gethostbyname2() but this function was also inadequate, first because its use required setting a global option (RES_USE_INET6) when IPv6 addresses were required, and second because a flag argument is needed to provide the caller with additional control over the types of addresses required. 6.1 Protocol-Independent Nodename and Service Name Translation Nodename-to-address translation is done in a protocol-independent fashion using the getaddrinfo() function that is taken from the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IEEE 1003.1-200x (POSIX) draft specification [3]. The official specification for this function will be the final IEEE standard. In addition this specification is not specifying all parameter possibilities for this function, but only the parameters that can be provided to support IPv4 and IPv6 communications to support this specification. This is beyond the scope of this document and additional work on this function will be done by the Austin (IEEE/ISO/TOG) Group. #include #include int getaddrinfo(const char *nodename, const char *servname, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res); void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai); struct addrinfo { draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 19] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 int ai_flags; /* AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST, .. */ int ai_family; /* PF_xxx */ int ai_socktype; /* SOCK_xxx */ int ai_protocol; /* 0 or IPPROTO_xxx for IPv4 and IPv6 */ socklen_t ai_addrlen; /* length of ai_addr */ char *ai_canonname; /* canonical name for nodename */ struct sockaddr *ai_addr; /* binary address */ struct addrinfo *ai_next; /* next structure in linked list */ }; The getaddrinfo() function translates the name of a service location (for example, a host name) and/or a service name and returns a set of socket addresses and associated information to be used in creating a socket with which to address the specified service. The nodename and servname arguments are either null pointers or pointers to null-terminated strings. One or both of these two arguments must be a non-null pointer. The format of a valid name depends on the address family or families. If a specific family is not given and the name could be interpreted as valid within multiple supported families, the implementation will attempt to resolve the name in all supported families and, in absence of errors, one or more results shall be returned. If the nodename argument is not null, it can be a descriptive name or can be an address string. If the specified address family is AF_INET, AF_INET6, or AF_UNSPEC, valid descriptive names include host names. If the specified address family is AF_INET or AF_UNSPEC, address strings using Internet standard dot notation as specified in inet_addr() are valid. If the specified address family is AF_INET6 or AF_UNSPEC, standard IPv6 text forms described in inet_ntop() and [5] are valid. If nodename is not null, the requested service location is named by nodename; otherwise, the requested service location is local to the caller. If servname is null, the call shall return network-level addresses for the specified nodename. If servname is not null, it is a null- terminated character string identifying the requested service. This can be either a descriptive name or a numeric representation suitable for use with the address family or families. If the specified address family is AF_INET, AF_INET6 or AF_UNSPEC, the service can be specified as a string specifying a decimal port number. If the argument hints is not null, it refers to a structure containing input values that may direct the operation by providing options and by limiting the returned information to a specific socket type, address family and/or protocol. In this hints structure every member other than ai_flags, ai_family, ai_socktype and ai_protocol shall be set to zero or a null pointer. A value of AF_UNSPEC for ai_family means that the caller shall accept any address family. A value of zero for ai_socktype means that the caller shall accept any socket type. A value of zero for ai_protocol means that the caller shall accept any protocol. If hints is a null pointer, the behavior shall be as if it referred to a structure containing the value zero for the ai_flags, ai_socktype and ai_protocol fields, and AF_UNSPEC draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 20] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 for the ai_family field. Note: 1. If the caller handles only TCP and not UDP, for example, then the ai_protocol member of the hints structure should be set to IPPROTO_TCP when getaddrinfo() is called. 2. If the caller handles only IPv4 and not IPv6, then the ai_family member of the hints structure should be set to AF_INET when getaddrinfo() is called. The ai_flags field to which hints parameter points shall be set to zero or be the bitwise-inclusive OR of one or more of the values AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST, AI_NUMERICSERV, AI_V4MAPPED, AI_ALL, and AI_ADDRCONFIG. If the AI_PASSIVE flag is specified, the returned address information shall be suitable for use in binding a socket for accepting incoming connections for the specified service (i.e. a call to bind()). In this case, if the nodename argument is null, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure shall be set to INADDR_ANY for an IPv4 address or IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for an IPv6 address. If the AI_PASSIVE flag is not specified, the returned address information shall be suitable for a call to connect() (for a connection-mode protocol) or for a call to connect(), sendto() or sendmsg() (for a connectionless protocol). In this case, if the nodename argument is null, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure shall be set to the loopback address. This flag is ignored if the nodename argument is not null. If the AI_CANONNAME flag is specified and the nodename argument is not null, the function shall attempt to determine the canonical name corresponding to nodename (for example, if nodename is an alias or shorthand notation for a complete name). If the AI_NUMERICHOST flag is specified, then a non-null nodename string supplied shall be a numeric host address string. Otherwise, an [EAI_NONAME] error is returned. This flag shall prevent any type of name resolution service (for example, the DNS) from being invoked. If the AI_NUMERICSERV flag is specified, then a non-null servname string supplied shall be a numeric port string. Otherwise, an [EAI_NONAME] error shall be returned. This flag shall prevent any type of name resolution service (for example, NIS+) from being invoked. If the AI_V4MAPPED flag is specified along with an ai_family of AF_INET6, then getaddrinfo() shall return IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses on finding no matching IPv6 addresses (ai_addrlen shall be 16). For example, when using the DNS, if no AAAA or A6 records are found then a query is made for A records and any found are returned as IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses. The AI_V4MAPPED flag shall be ignored unless ai_family equals AF_INET6. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 21] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 If the AI_ALL flag is used with the AI_V4MAPPED flag, then getaddrinfo() shall return all matching IPv6 and IPv4 addresses. For example, when using the DNS, a query is first made for AAAA/A6 records and if successful, those IPv6 addresses are returned. Another query is then made for A records and any IPv4 addresses found are returned as IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses. The AI_ALL flag without the AI_V4MAPPED flag is ignored. Note: When ai_family is not specified (AF_UNSPEC), AI_V4MAPPED and AI_ALL flags will only be used if AF_INET6 is supported. If the AI_ADDRCONFIG flag is specified then a query for AAAA or A6 records should occur only if the node has at least one IPv6 source address configured and a query for A records should occur only if the node has at least one IPv4 source address configured. The loopback address is not considered for this case as valid as a configured sources address. The ai_socktype field to which argument hints points specifies the socket type for the service, as defined for socket(). If a specific socket type is not given (for example, a value of zero) and the service name could be interpreted as valid with multiple supported socket types, the implementation shall attempt to resolve the service name for all supported socket types and, in the absence of errors, all possible results shall be returned. A non-zero socket type value shall limit the returned information to values with the specified socket type. If the ai_family field to which hints points has the value AF_UNSPEC, addresses shall be returned for use with any address family that can be used with the specified nodename and/or servname. Otherwise, addresses shall be returned for use only with the specified address family. If ai_family is not AF_UNSPEC and ai_protocol is not zero, then addresses are returned for use only with the specified address family and protocol; the value of ai_protocol shall be interpreted as in a call to the socket() function with the corresponding values of ai_family and ai_protocol . The freeaddrinfo() function frees one or more addrinfo structures returned by getaddrinfo(), along with any additional storage associated with those structures. If the ai_next field of the structure is not null, the entire list of structures is freed. The freeaddrinfo() function must support the freeing of arbitrary sublists of an addrinfo list originally returned by getaddrinfo(). Functions getaddrinfo() and freeaddrinfo() must be thread-safe. A zero return value for getaddrinfo() indicates successful completion; a non-zero return value indicates failure. The possible values for the failures are listed below under Error Return Values. Upon successful return of getaddrinfo(), the location to which res points shall refer to a linked list of addrinfo structures, each of which shall specify a socket address and information for use in draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 22] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 creating a socket with which to use that socket address. The list shall include at least one addrinfo structure. The ai_next field of each structure contains a pointer to the next structure on the list, or a null pointer if it is the last structure on the list. Each structure on the list shall include values for use with a call to the socket() function, and a socket address for use with the connect() function or, if the AI_PASSIVE flag was specified, for use with the bind() function. The fields ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol shall be usable as the arguments to the socket() function to create a socket suitable for use with the returned address. The fields ai_addr and ai_addrlen are usable as the arguments to the connect() or bind() functions with such a socket, according to the AI_PASSIVE flag. If nodename is not null, and if requested by the AI_CANONNAME flag, the ai_canonname field of the first returned addrinfo structure shall point to a null-terminated string containing the canonical name corresponding to the input nodename; if the canonical name is not available, then ai_canonname shall refer to the nodename argument or a string with the same contents. The contents of the ai_flags field of the returned structures are undefined. All fields in socket address structures returned by getaddrinfo() that are not filled in through an explicit argument (for example, sin6_flowinfo) shall be set to zero. Note: This makes it easier to compare socket address structures. Error Return Values: The getaddrinfo() function shall fail and return the corresponding value if: [EAI_AGAIN] The name could not be resolved at this time. Future attempts may succeed. [EAI_BADFLAGS] The flags parameter had an invalid value. [EAI_FAIL] A non-recoverable error occurred when attempting to resolve the name. [EAI_FAMILY] The address family was not recognized. [EAI_MEMORY] There was a memory allocation failure when trying to allocate storage for the return value. [EAI_NONAME] The name does not resolve for the supplied parameters. Neither nodename nor servname were supplied. At least one of these must be supplied. [EAI_SERVICE] The service passed was not recognized for the specified socket type. [EAI_SOCKTYPE] The intended socket type was not recognized. [EAI_SYSTEM] A system error occurred; the error code can be found in errno. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 23] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 #include const char *gai_strerror(int ecode); The argument is one of the EAI_xxx values defined for the getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() functions. The return value points to a string describing the error. If the argument is not one of the EAI_xxx values, the function still returns a pointer to a string whose contents indicate an unknown error. 6.2 Socket Address Structure to Nodename and Service Name The official specification for this function will be the final Austin Group standard update to getaddrinfo(), and will incorporate this function. In addition this specification is not specifying all parameter possibilities for this function, but only the parameters that can be provided to support IPv4 and IPv6 communications to support this specification. This is beyond the scope of this document and additional work on this function will be done by the Austin group. #include #include int getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t salen, char *host, socklen_t hostlen, char *serv, socklen_t servlen, int flags); The getnameinfo() function shall translate a socket address to a node name and service location, all of which are defined as in getaddrinfo(). The sa argument points to a socket address structure to be translated. If the socket address structure contains an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address or an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address, the implementation shall extract the embedded IPv4 address and lookup the node name for that IPv4 address. Note: The IPv6 unspecified address ("::") and the IPv6 loopback address ("::1") are not IPv4-compatible addresses. If the address is the IPv6 unspecified address ("::"), a lookup is not performed, and the [EAI_NONAME] error is returned. If the node argument is non-NULL and the nodelen argument is nonzero, then the node argument points to a buffer able to contain up to nodelen characters that receives the node name as a null-terminated string. If the node argument is NULL or the nodelen argument is zero, the node name shall not be returned. If the node's name cannot be located, the numeric form of the node's address is returned instead of its name. If the sa argument is an IPv6 address the returned nodename may be in the format as defined in [5]. If the service argument is non-NULL and the servicelen argument is non- zero, then the service argument points to a buffer able to contain up to servicelen bytes that receives the service name as a null-terminated string. If the service argument is NULL or the servicelen argument is zero, the service name shall not be returned. If the service's name draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 24] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 cannot be located, the numeric form of the service address (for example, its port number) shall be returned instead of its name. The arguments node and service cannot both be NULL. The flags argument is a flag that changes the default actions of the function. By default the fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) for the host shall be returned, but: - If the flag bit NI_NOFQDN is set, only the node name portion of the FQDN shall be returned for local hosts. - If the flag bit NI_NUMERICHOST is set, the numeric form of the host's address shall be returned instead of its name, under all circumstances. - If the flag bit NI_NAMEREQD is set, an error shall be returned if the host's name cannot be located. - If the flag bit NI_NUMERICSERV is set, the numeric form of the service address shall be returned (for example, its port number) instead of its name, under all circumstances. - If the flag bit NI_NUMERICSCOPE is set, the numeric form of the scope identifier shall be returned (for example, interface index) instead of its name. This flag is ignored if the sa argument is not an IPv6 address. - If the flag bit NI_DGRAM is set, this indicates that the service is a datagram service (SOCK_DGRAM). The default behavior shall assume that the service is a stream service (SOCK_STREAM). Note: 1. The three NI_NUMERICxxx flags are required to support the "-n" flags that many commands provide. 2. The NI_DGRAM flag is required for the few AF_INET and AF_INET6 port numbers (for example, [512,514]) that represent different services for UDP and TCP. The getnameinfo() function shall be thread safe. A zero return value for getnameinfo() indicates successful completion; a non-zero return value indicates failure. Upon successful completion, getnameinfo() shall return the node and service names, if requested, in the buffers provided. The returned names are always null-terminated strings. Error Return Values: The getnameinfo() function shall fail and return the corresponding value if: [EAI_AGAIN] The name could not be resolved at this time. Future attempts may succeed. [EAI_BADFLAGS] The flags had an invalid value. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 25] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 [EAI_FAIL] A non-recoverable error occurred. [EAI_FAMILY] The address family was not recognized or the address length was invalid for the specified family. [EAI_MEMORY] There was a memory allocation failure. [EAI_NONAME] The name does not resolve for the supplied parameters. NI_NAMEREQD is set and the host's name cannot be located, or both nodename and servname were null. [EAI_OVERFLOW] An argument buffer overflowed. [EAI_SYSTEM] A system error occurred. The error code can be found in errno. 6.3 Address Conversion Functions The two functions inet_addr() and inet_ntoa() convert an IPv4 address between binary and text form. IPv6 applications need similar functions. The following two functions convert both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses: #include int inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst); const char *inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, socklen_t size); The inet_pton() function shall convert an address in its standard text presentation form into its numeric binary form. The af argument shall specify the family of the address. The AF_INET and AF_INET6 address families shall be supported. The src argument points to the string being passed in. The dst argument points to a buffer into which the function stores the numeric address; this shall be large enough to hold the numeric address (32 bits for AF_INET, 128 bits for AF_INET6). The inet_pton() function shall return 1 if the conversion succeeds, with the address pointed to by dst in network byte order. It shall return 0 if the input is not a valid IPv4 dotted-decimal string or a valid IPv6 address string, or -1 with errno set to EAFNOSUPPORT if the af argument is unknown. If the af argument of inet_pton() is AF_INET, the src string shall be in the standard IPv4 dotted-decimal form: ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd where "ddd" is a one to three digit decimal number between 0 and 255. The inet_pton() function does not accept other formats (such as the octal numbers, hexadecimal numbers, and fewer than four numbers that inet_addr() accepts). If the af argument of inet_pton() is AF_INET6, the src string shall be in one of the standard IPv6 text forms defined in Section 2.2 of the addressing architecture specification [2]. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 26] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 The inet_ntop() function shall convert a numeric address into a text string suitable for presentation. The af argument shall specify the family of the address. This can be AF_INET or AF_INET6. The src argument points to a buffer holding an IPv4 address if the af argument is AF_INET, or an IPv6 address if the af argument is AF_INET6; the address must be in network byte order. The dst argument points to a buffer where the function stores the resulting text string; it shall not be NULL. The size argument specifies the size of this buffer, which shall be large enough to hold the text string (INET_ADDRSTRLEN characters for IPv4, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN characters for IPv6). In order to allow applications to easily declare buffers of the proper size to store IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in string form, the following two constants are defined in : #define INET_ADDRSTRLEN 16 #define INET6_ADDRSTRLEN 46 The inet_ntop() function shall return a pointer to the buffer containing the text string if the conversion succeeds, and NULL otherwise. Upon failure, errno is set to EAFNOSUPPORT if the af argument is invalid or ENOSPC if the size of the result buffer is inadequate. 6.4 Address Testing Macros The following macros can be used to test for special IPv6 addresses. #include int IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_NODELOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_LINKLOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_SITELOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_ORGLOCAL (const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_GLOBAL (const struct in6_addr *); The first seven macros return true if the address is of the specified type, or false otherwise. The last five test the scope of a multicast address and return true if the address is a multicast address of the specified scope or false if the address is either not a multicast address or not of the specified scope. Note that IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL and IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL return true only for the two types of local- use IPv6 unicast addresses (Link-Local and Site-Local) defined in [2], and that by this definition, the IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL macro returns false for the IPv6 loopback address (::1). These two macros do not return true for IPv6 multicast addresses of either link-local scope or site-local scope. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 27] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 7. Summary of New Definitions The following list summarizes the constants, structure, and extern definitions discussed in this memo, sorted by header. IF_NAMESIZE struct if_nameindex{}; AI_ADDRCONFIG AI_ALL AI_CANONNAME AI_NUMERICHOST AI_NUMERICSERV AI_PASSIVE AI_V4MAPPED EAI_AGAIN EAI_BADFLAGS EAI_FAIL EAI_FAMILY EAI_MEMORY EAI_NONAME EAI_OVERFLOW EAI_SERVICE EAI_SOCKTYPE EAI_SYSTEM NI_DGRAM NI_NAMEREQD NI_NOFQDN NI_NUMERICHOST NI_NUMERICSERV struct addrinfo{}; IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT INET6_ADDRSTRLEN INET_ADDRSTRLEN IPPROTO_IPV6 IPV6_JOIN_GROUP IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS IPV6_MULTICAST_IF IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS IPV6_V6ONLY SIN6_LEN extern const struct in6_addr in6addr_any; extern const struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback; struct in6_addr{}; struct ipv6_mreq{}; struct sockaddr_in6{}; AF_INET6 PF_INET6 struct sockaddr_storage; The following list summarizes the function and macro prototypes discussed in this memo, sorted by header. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 28] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 int inet_pton(int, const char *, void *); const char *inet_ntop(int, const void *, char *, socklen_t); char *if_indextoname(unsigned int, char *); unsigned int if_nametoindex(const char *); void if_freenameindex(struct if_nameindex *); struct if_nameindex *if_nameindex(void); int getaddrinfo(const char *, const char *, const struct addrinfo *, struct addrinfo **); int getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, char *, socklen_t, char *, socklen_t, int); void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *); const char *gai_strerror(int); int IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_GLOBAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_LINKLOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_NODELOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_ORGLOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_SITELOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT(const struct in6_addr *); int IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(const struct in6_addr *); 8. Security Considerations IPv6 provides a number of new security mechanisms, many of which need to be accessible to applications. Companion memos detailing the extensions to the socket interfaces to support IPv6 security are being written. 9. Year 2000 Considerations There are no issues for this draft concerning the Year 2000 issue regarding the use of dates. Changes made to rfc2553bis-03 to rfc2553bis-04 1. Alignments with [3]. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 29] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Changes made to rfc2553bis-02 to rfc2553bis-03 1. Edits only. Changes made to rfc2553bis-01 to rfc2553bis-02 1. Updated all references to comply with latest IEEEE work on socket APIs and changed all remaining size_t to socklen_t. 2. Edits caught. Changes made to rfc2553bis-00 to rfc2553bis-01 1. Removed all references to getipnodebyname() and getipnodebyaddr(). 2. Added IPV6_V6ONLY Socket IP level option to permit nodes to not process IPv4 packets as IPv4 Mapped addresses in implementations. 3. Added note to getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() that final specification of parameter associations for these functions will be done by Austin. 4. Added SIIT to references and added new contributors. Changes made rfc2553 to rfc2553bis-00: 1. Updated Portability Section 3.10 to conform to XNS 5.2. 2. Updated getaddrinfo(), getnameinfo(), to conform to XNS 5.2. 3. Added references to Scope Architecture, Scope Routing, and Extension Format for Scoped Addresses work in progress. 4. Added NI_NUMERICSCOPE flag to getnameinfo(). 5. Added qualification to getipnodebyname/addr() functions that they will not work as is with scope identifiers with IPv6, and getaddrinfo/getnameinfo should be used. 6. Added DNS A6 record notation to AAAA and added ip6.arpa as new PTR record domain. draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 30] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Acknowledgments This specification's evolution and completeness were significantly influenced by the efforts of Richard Stevens, who has passed on. Rich's wisdom and talent made the specification what it is today. The co- authors will long think of Richard with great respect. Thanks to the many people who made suggestions and provided feedback to this document, including: Werner Almesberger, Ran Atkinson, Fred Baker, Dave Borman, Andrew Cherenson, Alex Conta, Alan Cox, Steve Deering, Richard Draves, Francis Dupont, Robert Elz, Brian Haberman, Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino, Marc Hasson, Tom Herbert, Bob Hinden, Wan-Yen Hsu, Christian Huitema, Koji Imada, Markus Jork, Ron Lee, Alan Lloyd, Charles Lynn, Dan McDonald, Dave Mitton, Thomas Narten, Josh Osborne, Craig Partridge, Jean-Luc Richier, Bill Sommerfield, Erik Scoredos, Keith Sklower, JINMEI Tatuya, Dave Thaler, Matt Thomas, Harvey Thompson, Dean D. Throop, Karen Tracey, Glenn Trewitt, Paul Vixie, David Waitzman, Carl Williams, Kazu Yamamoto, Vlad Yasevich, Stig Venaas, and Brian Zill The getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() functions are taken from an earlier Internet Draft by Keith Sklower. As noted in that draft, William Durst, Steven Wise, Michael Karels, and Eric Allman provided many useful discussions on the subject of protocol-independent name-to-address translation, and reviewed early versions of Keith Sklower's original proposal. Eric Allman implemented the first prototype of getaddrinfo(). The observation that specifying the pair of name and service would suffice for connecting to a service independent of protocol details was made by Marshall Rose in a proposal to X/Open for a "Uniform Network Interface". Craig Metz, Jack McCann, Erik Nordmark, Tim Hartrick, and Mukesh Kacker made many contributions to this document. Ramesh Govindan made a number of contributions and co-authored an earlier version of this memo. References [1] S. Deering, R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460 Draft Standard. [2] R. Hinden, S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998 Draft Standard. [3] IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) DRAFT 7, June 2001 [4] W. Stevens, M. Thomas, "Advanced Sockets API for IPv6", RFC 2292, February 1998. [5] T. Jinmei, A. Onoe, "An Extension of Format for IPv6 Scoped Addresses", Work-in-Progress. [6] S. Deering, B. Haberman, B. Zill "IP Version 6 Scoped Address Architecture", Work-in-Progress. [7] B. Haberman " Routing of Scoped Addresses in the Internet Protocol draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 31] INTERNET-DRAFT draft-ietf-ipngwg-rfc2553bis-04.txt November 2001 Version 6 (IPv6)", Work-in-Progress. [8] E. Nordmark "Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT)" RFC 2765, February 2000. Authors' Addresses Bob Gilligan Cacheflow, Inc. 650 Almanor Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Telephone: 408-220-2084 (voice) 408-220-2250 (fax) Email: gilligan@cacheflow.com Susan Thomson Cisco Systems 499 Thornall Street, 8th floor Edison, NJ 08837 Telephone: 732-635-3086 Email: sethomso@cisco.com Jim Bound Compaq Computer Corporation 110 Spitbrook Road ZKO3-3/W20 Nashua, NH 03062 Telephone: 603-884-0062 Email: Jim.Bound@compaq.com draft-ietf-ipngwg-2553bis-04.txt Expires May 2002 [Page 32]