Internet Draft Ari Singer, NTRU Document: draft-ietf-pkix-pkalgs-supp-01.txt William Whyte, NTRU Expires: September 2002 March 2002 Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026 [RFC2026]. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Abstract This document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding formats for digital signatures and subject public keys, including NTRUSign digital signatures and NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign subject public keys used in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). Digital signatures are used to sign certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs). Certificates include the public key of the named subject. This document is intended to be a companion to draft-ietf-pkix-ipki-pkalgs-05.txt [PKIX-ALGS] and may be merged with that document in future revisions if approved by the PKIX working group. Table of Contents Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 1] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 Status of this Memo................................................1 Conventions used in this document..................................1 Abstract...........................................................1 1. Overview........................................................3 2. Algorithm Support...............................................3 2.1 Signature Algorithms...........................................4 2.1.1 NTRUSign Signature Algorithm.................................4 2.2 Subject Public Key Algorithms..................................6 2.2.1 NTRUEncrypt Keys.............................................6 2.2.2 NTRUSign Keys...............................................12 3. ASN.1 Module...................................................15 4. Security Considerations........................................21 5. Intellectual Property Rights...................................21 6. Acknowledgements...............................................21 7. References.....................................................22 Authors' Addresses................................................23 Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 2] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 1. Overview This document specifies algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding formats for digital signatures and subject public keys used in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This specification supplements RFC 2459 [RFC2459], "Internet Public Key Infrastructure: X.509 Certificate and CRL Profile". Implementations of this specification must also conform to RFC 2459 [RFC2459]. This document is being written concurrently with the PKIX public key algorithms Internet Draft [PKIX-ALGS] (the latest version as of this writing is draft-ietf-pkix-ipki-pkalgs-05.txt). It is intended that when this document is completed and approved by the PKIX working group that it be merged with that document. The format of this document is written to approximately match the format of that Internet Draft. This specification defines the contents of the signatureAlgorithm, signatureValue, signature and subjectPubliKeyInfo fields within Internet X.509 certificates and CRLs. This document does not currently introduce any new one-way hash functions, but it specifies the use of SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512 hash algorithms as defined in the draft of FIPS 180-2 [FIPS180-2] as well as the SHA-1 hash algorithm as defined in FIPS 180-1 [FIPS180- 1] with the NTRUSign signature algorithm. It is anticipated that future revisions will include the algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding of the FIPS 180-2 hash algorithms. This specification describes the encoding of digital signatures generated with the following cryptographic algorithms; * NTRUSign Signature Scheme (NTRUSign). It is anticipated that future revisions of this document will include the extended version of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) [FIPS186-2], which has not yet been published. In addition, it is anticipated that the document will include the algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding of pre-existing algorithms (e.g. RSA) when used in conjunction with the FIPS 180-2 hash algorithms. This document specifies the contents of the subjectPublicKeyInfo field in Internet X.509 certificates. For each algorithm, the appropriate alternatives for the keyUsage extension are provided. This specification describes encoding formats for public keys used with the following cryptographic algorithms: * NTRUEncrypt Encryption Scheme (NTRUEncrypt) * NTRUSign Signature Scheme (NTRUSign) 2. Algorithm Support This section describes cryptographic algorithms that may be used with the Internet X.509 Certificate and CRL Profile. In particular, it describes the NTRUSign digital signature algorithm, which may be used to sign certificates and CRLs. In addition, this section identifies OIDs and ASN.1 encoding for NTRUSign and NTRUEncrypt Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 3] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 public keys contained in a certificate. It is anticipated that additional algorithms, such as the extended version of DSA, will be included in future revisions. Conforming CAs and application are not required to support the algorithms or algorithm identifiers described in this section. However, conforming CAs and applications that use the algorithms identified here MUST support them as specified. 2.1 Signature Algorithms Certificates and CRLs conforming to RFC 2459 [RFC2459] may be signed with any public key signature algorithm. The certificate or CRL indicates the algorithm through an algorithm identifier, which appears in the signatureAlgorithm field within the Certificate or CertificateList. An algorithm identifier consists of an OID and (optionally) associated parameters. This section describes OIDs and parameter encoding for NTRUSign. Signature algorithms are always used in conjunction with a one-way hash function. The data to be signed (e.g. the one-way hash function output value) is formatted for the signature algorithm to be used. Then, a private key operation (e.g. NTRUSign signature primitive) is performed to generate the signature value. This signature value is then ASN.1 encoded as a BIT STRING and included in the Certificate or CertificateList in the signature field. 2.1.1 NTRUSign Signature Algorithm The NTRUSign signature algorithm was invented by Hoffstein, Howgrave-Graham, Pipher, Silverman and Whyte. It is defined in Efficient Embedded Security Standard (EESS) #1 [EESS#1]. This profile defines a single signature algorithm, the NTRUSign signature algorithm with the SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 or SHA-512 one-way hash function. The signature algorithm is implemented using the padding and encoding conventions described in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The message digest is computed using the SHA-1 Hash Algorithm [FIPS180-1] or any of the SHA-2 algorithms [FIPS180-2] and the message digest is encoded using the MGF1 mask generation function as specified in Std IEEE 1363-2000 [IEEE1363]. Unlike previously defined public-key signature algorithms, the object identifier for the NTRUSign signature algorithm does not specify the hash function. Rather, the parameter field in the AlgorithmIdentifier contains an indication of the hash function as well as the encoding methods that are to be used. The ASN.1 object identifier used to identify this signature algorithm is named id-ntru-EESS1v1-NTRUSign and is given by the following ASN.1: Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 4] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 ntru OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) private(4) enterprises(1) ntruCryptosystems (8342) } id-eess1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {ntru eess(1) 1} id-eess1-algs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1 1} id-ntru-EESS1v1-NTRUSign OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-algs 3} When this OID appears in the signatureAlgorithm field or the signature field of an X.509 certificate, the encoding SHALL omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier shall be a SEQUENCE of one component: the OBJECT IDENTIFIER id-ntru-EESS1v1- SVSSA. The NTRUSign parameters in the subjectPublicKeyInfo field of the certificate of the issuer shall apply to the verification of the signature. When signing, the NTRUSign algorithm generates a signature polynomial. This polynomial SHALL be encoded as an OCTET STRING as described in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The signature SHALL be ASN.1 encoded using the following ASN.1 structure: NTRUSignSignedData ::= NTRUPublicVector NTRUPublicVector ::= CHOICE { modQVector [0] IMPLICIT ModQVector, packedModQVector [1] IMPLICIT PackedModQVector, ...} ModQVector ::= OCTET STRING PackedModQVector ::= OCTET STRING The field choices of type NTRUPublicVector have the following meanings: modQVector is the representation of the NTRUPublicVector in unpacked form. For a polynomial of degree N-1 with coefficients reduced mod q, each of the N bytes of the OCTET STRING represent integers x in the range 0 <= x < q corresponding to the coefficient values of the polynomial from lowest degree to highest. packedModQVector is the representation of the NTRUPublicVector in packed form. For a polynomial of degree N-1 with coefficients reduced mod q, each log_2(q) bits of the OCTET STRING represent integers x in the range 0 <= x < q corresponding to the coefficient values of the polynomial from lowest degree to highest. The values are concatenated bitwise, Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 5] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 without any intermediate padding, and irrespective of the byte boundaries. If necessary, zero bits are appended to the packed data in order to make the length a multiple of 8 bits. Implementations that sign certificates using NTRUSign SHOULD encode the signature as a ModQVector. 2.2 Subject Public Key Algorithms Certificates conforming to RFC 2459 [RFC2459] may convey a public key for any public key algorithm. The certificate indicates the algorithm through an algorithm identifier. This algorithm identifier consists of an OID and optionally associated parameters. This section identifies preferred OIDs and parameters for the NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign algorithms. Conforming CAs MUST use the identified OIDs when issuing certificates containing public keys for these algorithms. Conforming applications supporting any of these algorithms MUST, at a minimum, recognize the OIDs identified in this section. 2.2.1 NTRUEncrypt Keys This section identifies the preferred OID and parameter encoding for the inclusion of an NTRUEncrypt public key in a certificate. The NTRUEncrypt encryption algorithm is defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The OID id-ntru-EESS1v1-SVES identifies NTRUEncrypt public keys. id-ntru-EESS1v1-SVES OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-algs 1} The id-ntru-EESS1v1-SVES OID is intended to be used in the algorithm field of a value of type AlgorithmIdentifier. NTRUEncrypt requires use of certain parameters with the public key. The parameters may be implied by context, implicitly included through reference of a degree, implicitly included through reference of a standard parameter set or explicitly included in the certificate. The parameters associated with id-ntru-EESS1v1-SVES are EESS1v1-SVES- Parameters. EESS1v1-SVES-Parameters ::= CHOICE { degree Degree, standardNTRUParameters StandardNTRUParameters, explicitNTRUParameters ExplicitNTRUParameters, externalParameters NULL } When the parameters are implied by context, the parameters field SHALL contain externalParameters, which is a value of the ASN.1 type NULL. When the parameters are specified by degree, the values are restricted to 251, 347 and 503. For the three permitted choices, the parameters are defined to be ees251ep1, ees347ep1 and ees503ep1 Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 6] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 respectively as defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. Specifying the degree is the preferred way for transmitting parameter information for the scheme when the parameters are not implied by context. Degree ::= INTEGER (251 | 347 | 503, ...) When the parameters are specified by reference of a standard, the parameters shall consist of an OID chosen from the list NTRUParameters. The current list of NTRUParameters OIDs is: StandardNTRUParameters ::= OIDS.&id({NTRUParameters}) NTRUParameters OIDS ::= { { OID id-ees251ep1 }| { OID id-ees347ep1 }| { OID id-ees503ep1 }, ...} The above object identifiers are specified by: id-eess1-params OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1 2} id-ees251ep1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 1} id-ees347ep1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 2} id-ees503ep1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 3} When the parameters are explicitly included, they SHALL be encoded in the ASN.1 structure ExplicitNTRUParameters: ExplicitNTRUParameters ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, degree INTEGER, bigModulus INTEGER, smallModulus SmallModulus, mrgm NTRUMRGMAlgorithmIdentifier, db INTEGER, bvgm NTRUBVGMAlgorithmIdentifier, ...} Version ::= INTEGER { v0(0) } (v0, ...) SmallModulus ::= CHOICE { integerValue INTEGER, polynomialValue NTRUGeneralPolynomial } NTRUGeneralPolynomial ::= SEQUENCE { numberOfEntries INTEGER, modulus INTEGER, coefficients GeneralVector } GeneralVector ::= OCTET STRING Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 7] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 The fields of type NTRUGeneralPolynomial have the following meanings: numberOfEntries is the number of coefficients used to represent the polynomial - this number is equal to the degree of the polynomial plus 1. modulus is an upper bound on the value of the coefficients. coefficients is the list of numberOfEntries coefficients, represented in order from lowest degree to highest degree. If modulus < 257, each coefficient is stored in a single byte. If modulus > 256 and modulus < 2^16, each coefficient is stored in two bytes. The fields of type SmallModulus have the following meanings: integerValue is the value of p if p is an integer. polynomialValue is the value of p if p is a polynomial. The fields of type ExplicitNTRUParameters have the following meanings: version is the version number, for compatibility with future revisions of this document. It SHALL be 0 for this version of the document. degree is the value N. bigModulus is the value q. q will be 256 or less. smallModulus is the value p. It SHALL be represented with the SmallModulus type. mrgm identifies the message representative generation method using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. db is the size of the random component. bvgm identifies the blinding value generation method using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. The ASN.1 for the mrgm used in ExplicitNTRUParameters is specified below. NTRUMRGMAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1MRGMs}} NTRUEESS1v1MRGMs ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-mrgm-ntru-1 PARMS NTRUMRGM1-params}, ...} id-eess1-encodingMethods OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1 3} Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 8] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 id-mrgm-ntru-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 1} NTRUMRGM1-params ::= NTRUHashAlgorithmIdentifier NTRUHashAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1Hashes}} The identifier id-mrgm-ntru-1 identifies the message representative generation method MRGM-NTRU1, defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The parameters identify the hashing mechanism using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. NTRUEESS1v1Hashes ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-sha1 PARMS NULL}| {OID id-sha256 PARMS NULL }| {OID id-sha384 PARMS NULL }| {OID id-sha512 PARMS NULL }, ...} These identifiers identify the one-way hash algorithms SHA-1 [FIPS180-1] and SHA-2 [TBD]. The ASN.1 for the bvgm used in ExplicitNTRUParameters is specified below. NTRUBVGMAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1BVGMs}} NTRUEESS1v1BVGMs ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-bvgm-ntru-1 PARMS NTRUBVGM1-params}| {OID id-bvgm-ntru-2 PARMS NTRUBVGM2-params}, ...} id-bvgm-ntru-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 2} NTRUBVGM1-params ::= SEQUENCE { c INTEGER, prng NTRUPRNGAlgorithmIdentifier, dr INTEGER } id-bvgm-ntru-2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 3} NTRUBVGM2-params ::= SEQUENCE { c INTEGER, prng NTRUPRNGAlgorithmIdentifier, dr1 INTEGER, dr2 INTEGER, dr3 INTEGER } Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 9] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 The identifier id-bvgm-ntru-1 identifies blinding value generation method BVGM-NTRU1, defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The identifier id- bvgm-ntru-2 identifies blinding value generation method BVGM-NTRU2, defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The fields of type NTRUBVGM1-params have the following meanings: c is the random polynomial generation constant used to select the polynomial r. prng identifies the pseudo-random number generation algorithm using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. dr is the number of 1s in the blinding value r. The fields of type NTRUBVGM2-params have the following meanings: c is the random polynomial generation constant used to select the polynomial r. prng identifies the pseudo-random number generation algorithm using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. dr1 is the number of 1s in the blinding value component r1. dr2 is the number of 1s in the blinding value component r2. dr3 is the number of 1s in the blinding value component r3. The allowed pseudo-random number generation algorithms are defined by: NTRUPRNGAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1PRNGs}} NTRUEESS1v1PRNGs ALGORITHM ::= { NTRUMGFAlgorithms, ...} This identifies the pseudo-random number generation algorithm to be used when generating blinding values. The only allowed algorithms are MGF1 (see [IEEE 1363]) using SHA-1 [FIPS180-1] or SHA-2 [FIPS180-2]. NTRUMGFAlgorithms ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-mgf1 PARMS MGF1Parameters}, ...} pkcs-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) 1} Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 10] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 id-mgf1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-1 8} MGF1Parameters ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1Hashes}} The NTRUEncrypt public key MUST be encoded using the ASN.1 type NTRUPublicKey. NTRUPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE { publicKeyVector NTRUPublicVector, -- h ntruKeyExtensions NTRUKeyExtensions OPTIONAL } NTRUKeyExtensions ::= SEQUENCE SIZE(1..MAX) OF NTRUKeyExtension NTRUKeyExtension ::= CHOICE { keyID [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER, ...} The fields of the type NTRUPublicKey have the following meanings: publicKeyVector is the polynomial h. If the NTRUPublicVector is a ModQVector, each coefficient will be represented by one byte starting with the lowest degree and going to the highest. If the NTRUPublicVector is a PackedModQVector, this is the OCTET STRING representing h obtained using RE2BSP and then BS2OSP as defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. All coefficients up to X^(N-1) SHALL be explicitly included in publicKeyVector. Representing the NTRUEncrypt public key as a ModQVector is the preferred method. ntruKeyExtensions is provided for future extensibility. Only one extension is currently defined. The fields of the type NTRUKeyExtension have the following meanings: keyID can be used to associate a unique key identifier with the key. If the keyUsage extension is present in an end entity certificate that conveys an NTRUEncrypt public key, any combination of the following values MAY be present: keyEncipherment; dataEncipherment; If the keyUsage extension is present in a CA certificate that conveys an NTRUEncrypt public key, any combination of the following values MAY be present: keyEncipherment; and dataEncipherment. Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 11] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 2.2.2 NTRUSign Keys This section identifies the preferred OID and parameter encoding for the inclusion of an NTRUSign public key in a certificate. The NTRUSign signature algorithm is defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The OID id-ntru-EESS1v1-SVSSA identifies NTRUSign public keys. id-ntru-EESS1v1-NTRUSign OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-algs 3} The id-ntru-EESS1v1-NTRUSign OID is intended to be used in the algorithm field of a value of type AlgorithmIdentifier. NTRUSign requires use of certain parameters with the public key. The parameters may be implied by context (e.g. they may be inherited from the issuer), implicitly included through reference of a degree, implicitly included through reference of a standard parameter set or explicitly included in the certificate. The parameters associated with id-ntru-EESS1v1-NTRUSign are EESS1v1-NTRUSign-Parameters. EESS1v1-NTRUSign-Parameters ::= CHOICE { degree Degree, standardNTRUSignParameters StandardNTRUSignParameters, explicitNTRUSignParameters ExplicitNTRUSignParameters, externalParameters NULL } When the parameters are implied by context, the parameters field SHALL contain externalParameters, which is the ASN.1 value NULL. When the parameters are specified by degree, the value is restricted to 251. For the permitted choice, the parameters are defined to be ees251sp2 as defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. Specifying the degree is the preferred way for transmitting parameter information for the scheme when the parameters are not implied by context. When the parameters are specified by reference of a standard, the parameters shall consist of an OID chosen from the list NTRUSignParameters. The current list of NTRUSignParameters OIDs is: StandardNTRUSignParameters ::= OIDS.&id({NTRUSignParameters}) NTRUSignParameters OIDS ::= { { OID id-ees251sp2 }, ...} The above object identifier is specified by: id-ees251sp2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 7} When the parameters are explicitly included, they SHALL be encoded in the ASN.1 structure ExplicitNTRUSignParameters: Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 12] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 ExplicitNTRUSignParameters ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, degree INTEGER, bigModulus INTEGER, normBound INTEGER, messageRandLength INTEGER, hash NTRUSignHashAlgIdentifier, mrgm NTRUSignMRGMAlgIdentifier, ...} The fields of type ExplicitNTRUSignParameters have the following meanings: version is the version number, for compatibility with future revisions of this document. It SHALL be 0 for this version of the document. degree is the value N. bigModulus is the value q. q will be 256 or less. normBound is the maximum norm of the signature messageRandLength is the length of the randomization padding appended to the message digest before generating the message representative hash identifies the hash algorithm used using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. mrgm identifies the message representative generation method using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. The AlgorithmIdentifiers for the field hash of ExplicitNTRUSignParameters are chosen from the set NTRUEESS1v1Hashes, which is defined in section 2.2.1. NTRUSignHashAlgIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1Hashes}} The AlgorithmIdentifiers for the field mrgm of ExplicitNTRUSignParameters are specified below. NTRUSignMRGMAlgIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUSignEESS1v1MRGMs}} NTRUSignEESS1v1MRGMs ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-mrgm-ntrusign-1 PARMS NTRUSignMRGM1-params}| {OID id-mrgm-ntrusign-2 PARMS NTRUSignMRGM2-params}, ...} id-mrgm-ntrusign-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 13] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 {id-eess1-encodingMethods 6} NTRUSignMRGM1-params ::= NTRUSignPRNGAlgIdentifier id-mrgm-ntrusign-2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 7} NTRUSignMRGM2-params ::= SEQUENCE { c INTEGER, numGroups INTEGER, numElements INTEGER, prng NTRUSignPRNGAlgIdentifier } NTRUSignPRNGAlgIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1PRNGs}} The identifier id-mrgm-ntrusign-2 identifies the message representative generation method MRGM-NTRUSign1, defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The identifier id-mrgm-ntrusign-2 identifies the message representative generation method MRGM-NTRUSign2, defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. The fields of type NTRUSignMRGM1-params have the following meanings: NTRUSignPRNGAlgIdentifier is the pseudo-random number generation method using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier The fields of type NTRUSignMRGM2-params have the following meanings: c is the random polynomial generation constant used to select the message representative. numGroups is the number of factors combined to form the message representative. numElements is the number of non-zero coefficients in each factor of the message representative prng identifies the pseudo-random number generation method using an allowed AlgorithmIdentifier. The allowed pseudo-random number generation algorithms are chosen from the set NTRUEESS1v1PRNGs, which is defined in section 2.2.1. The NTRUSign public key MUST be encoded using the ASN.1 type NTRUSignPublicKey. NTRUSignPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE { publicKeyVector NTRUPublicVector, -- h ntruSignKeyExtensions NTRUSignKeyExtensions OPTIONAL } NTRUSignKeyExtensions ::= Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 14] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 SEQUENCE SIZE(1..MAX) OF NTRUSignKeyExtension NTRUSignKeyExtension ::= CHOICE { keyID [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER, ...} The fields of the type NTRUSignPublicKey have the following meanings: publicKeyVector is the polynomial h. If the NTRUPublicVector is a ModQVector, each coefficient will be represented by one byte starting with the lowest degree and going to the highest. If the NTRUPublicVector is a PackedModQVector, this is the OCTET STRING representing h obtained using RE2BSP and then BS2OSP as defined in EESS #1 [EESS#1]. All coefficients up to X^(N-1) SHALL be explicitly included in publicKeyVector. Representing the NTRUSign public key as a ModQVector is the preferred method. ntruSignKeyExternsions is provided for future extensibility. Only one extension is currently defined. The fields of the type NTRUSignKeyExtension have the following meanings: keyID can be used to associate a unique key identifier with the key. If the keyUsage extension is present in an end entity certificate that conveys an NTRUSign public key, any combination of the following values MAY be present: digitalSignature; nonRepudiation; If the keyUsage extension is present in a CA certificate that conveys an NTRUSign public key, any combination of the following values MAY be present: digitalSignature; nonRepudiation; keyCertSign; and cRLSign. 3. ASN.1 Module PKIXAlgorithmOIDTBD -- {TBD} -- DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN -- EXPORTS ALL; -- -- IMPORTS None; -- Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 15] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 -- Supporting definitions AlgorithmIdentifier { ALGORITHM: IOSet } ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm ALGORITHM.&id({IOSet}), parameters ALGORITHM.&Type({IOSet}{@algorithm}) OPTIONAL } ALGORITHM ::= CLASS { &id OBJECT IDENTIFIER UNIQUE, &Type OPTIONAL } WITH SYNTAX { OID &id [PARMS &Type] } OIDS ::= ALGORITHM -- Informational object identifiers pkcs-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) 1} id-mgf1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {pkcs-1 8} id-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) identified-organization(3) oiw(14) secsig(3) algorithms(2) 26} id-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 1} id-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 2} id-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3) nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 3} -- NTRU Object Identifiers ntru OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) private(4) enterprises(1) ntruCryptosystems (8342) } id-eess1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {ntru eess(1) 1} id-eess1-algs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1 1} id-eess1-params OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1 2} id-eess1-encodingMethods OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1 3} -- OID for NTRUSign Algorithm and Public Key Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 16] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 id-ntru-EESS1v1-NTRUSign OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-algs 3} -- OID for NTRUSign Parameter Set id-ees251sp2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 7} -- OIDs for NTRUSign Encoding Methods id-mrgm-ntrusign-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 6} id-mrgm-ntrusign-2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 7} -- OID for NTRUEncrypt Algorithm and Public Key id-ntru-EESS1v1-SVES OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-algs 1} -- OIDs for NTRUEncrypt Parameter Sets id-ees251ep1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 1} id-ees347ep1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 2} id-ees503ep1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-params 3} -- OIDs for NTRUEncrypt Encoding Methods id-mrgm-ntru-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 1} id-bvgm-ntru-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 2} id-bvgm-ntru-2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-eess1-encodingMethods 3} -- General Types NTRUPublicVector ::= CHOICE { modQVector [0] IMPLICIT ModQVector, packedModQVector [1] IMPLICIT PackedModQVector, ...} ModQVector ::= OCTET STRING PackedModQVector ::= OCTET STRING NTRUGeneralPolynomial ::= SEQUENCE { numberOfEntries INTEGER, modulus INTEGER, coefficients GeneralVector } Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 17] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 GeneralVector ::= OCTET STRING SmallModulus ::= CHOICE { integerValue INTEGER, polynomialValue NTRUGeneralPolynomial } Degree ::= INTEGER (251 | 347 | 503, ...) Version ::= INTEGER { v0(0) } (v0, ...) NTRUEESS1v1Hashes ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-sha1 PARMS NULL}| {OID id-sha256 PARMS NULL }| {OID id-sha384 PARMS NULL }| {OID id-sha512 PARMS NULL }, ...} NTRUEESS1v1PRNGs ALGORITHM ::= { NTRUMGFAlgorithms, ...} NTRUMGFAlgorithms ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-mgf1 PARMS MGF1Parameters}, ...} MGF1Parameters ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1Hashes}} -- Encoding for NTRUSign Signatures NTRUSignSignedData ::= NTRUPublicVector -- Encoding for NTRUSign Public Keys NTRUSignPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE { publicKeyVector NTRUPublicVector, -- h ntruSignKeyExtensions NTRUSignKeyExtensions OPTIONAL } NTRUSignKeyExtensions ::= SEQUENCE SIZE(1..MAX) OF NTRUSignKeyExtension NTRUSignKeyExtension ::= CHOICE { keyID [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER, ...} EESS1v1-NTRUSign-Parameters ::= CHOICE { degree Degree, standardNTRUSignParameters StandardNTRUSignParameters, explicitNTRUSignParameters ExplicitNTRUSignParameters, externalParameters NULL Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 18] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 } StandardNTRUSignParameters ::= OIDS.&id({NTRUSignParameters}) NTRUSignParameters OIDS ::= { { OID id-ees251sp2 }, ...} ExplicitNTRUSignParameters ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, degree INTEGER, bigModulus INTEGER, normBound INTEGER, messageRandLength INTEGER, hash NTRUSignHashAlgIdentifier, mrgm NTRUSignMRGMAlgIdentifier, ...} NTRUSignHashAlgIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1Hashes}} NTRUSignMRGMAlgIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUSignEESS1v1MRGMs}} NTRUSignEESS1v1MRGMs ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-mrgm-ntrusign-1 PARMS NTRUSignMRGM1-params}| {OID id-mrgm-ntrusign-2 PARMS NTRUSignMRGM2-params}, ...} NTRUSignMRGM1-params ::= NTRUSignPRNGAlgIdentifier NTRUSignMRGM2-params ::= SEQUENCE { c INTEGER, numGroups INTEGER, numElements INTEGER, prng NTRUSignPRNGAlgIdentifier } NTRUSignPRNGAlgIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1PRNGs}} -- Encoding for NTRUEncrypt Public Keys NTRUPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE { publicKeyVector NTRUPublicVector, -- h ntruKeyExtensions NTRUKeyExtensions OPTIONAL } NTRUKeyExtensions ::= SEQUENCE SIZE(1..MAX) OF NTRUKeyExtension NTRUKeyExtension ::= CHOICE { keyID [0] IMPLICIT INTEGER, ...} Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 19] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 EESS1v1-SVES-Parameters ::= CHOICE { degree Degree, standardNTRUParameters StandardNTRUParameters, explicitNTRUParameters ExplicitNTRUParameters, externalParameters NULL } StandardNTRUParameters ::= OIDS.&id({NTRUParameters}) NTRUParameters OIDS ::= { { OID id-ees251ep1 }| { OID id-ees347ep1 }| { OID id-ees503ep1 }, ...} ExplicitNTRUParameters ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, degree INTEGER, bigModulus INTEGER, smallModulus SmallModulus, mrgm NTRUMRGMAlgorithmIdentifier, db INTEGER, bvgm NTRUBVGMAlgorithmIdentifier, ...} NTRUMRGMAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1MRGMs}} NTRUBVGMAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1BVGMs}} NTRUEESS1v1MRGMs ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-mrgm-ntru-1 PARMS NTRUMRGM1-params}, ...} NTRUMRGM1-params ::= NTRUHashAlgorithmIdentifier NTRUHashAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1Hashes}} NTRUEESS1v1BVGMs ALGORITHM ::= { {OID id-bvgm-ntru-1 PARMS NTRUBVGM1-params}| {OID id-bvgm-ntru-2 PARMS NTRUBVGM2-params}, ...} NTRUBVGM1-params ::= SEQUENCE { c INTEGER, prng NTRUPRNGAlgorithmIdentifier, dr INTEGER } NTRUBVGM2-params ::= SEQUENCE { c INTEGER, Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 20] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 prng NTRUPRNGAlgorithmIdentifier, dr1 INTEGER, dr2 INTEGER, dr3 INTEGER } NTRUPRNGAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier {{NTRUEESS1v1PRNGs}} END -- PKIXAlgorithmOIDTBD -- 4. Security Considerations This document is entirely concerned with security mechanisms. It is based on the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile [RFC 2459], IEEE P1363.1 [P1363.1] and EESS #1 [EESS#1] and the appropriate security considerations from those documents apply. 5. Intellectual Property Rights NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc. has been granted U.S. Patent No. 6,081,597, which covers aspects of the NTRUEncrypt public-key encryption scheme, and has applied for a patent (or patents) that covers the NTRUSign public-key signature scheme. In addition, NTRU Cryptosystems may have applied for additional patent coverage on implementation techniques related to the use of NTRUEncrypt or NTRUSign. This and any additional patent information will be sent to the IETF. The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights, which may cover technology that may be required to implement the techniques in this document. Please address the information to the IETF Executive Director. 6. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Phil Griffin for his considerable aid in the formulation of the ASN.1 structures for this document. Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 21] Supplemental Algorithms and Identifiers March 2002 7. References [EESS#1] Efficient Embedded Security Standards (EESS) #1: Implementation Aspects of NTRU and NTRUSign, Draft Version 4, March 2002, Consortium for Efficient Embedded Security Standards, Available at http://www.ceesstandards.org. [FIPS180-1] FIPS PUB 180-1, Secure Hash Standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 180-1, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, April 17, 1995 (supersedes FIPS PUB 180). Available at http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/pubs/fip180-1.htm. [FIPS180-2] Draft FIPS PUB 180-2, Secure Hash Standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 180-2, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, May 30, 2001 (draft available at http://csrc.nist.gov/encryption/shs/dfips-180- 2.pdf) [FIPS186-2] FIPS PUB 186-2, Digital Signature Standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 186-2, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 2000. Available at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186- 2/fips186-2.pdf [IEEE1363] IEEE Std 1363-2000: IEEE Standard Specifications for Public-Key Cryptography, IEEE Computer Society, New York, NY, August 2000, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [P1363.1] IEEE Draft Standard P1363.1 D2: IEEE Standard Specifications for Public-Key Cryptographic Techniques Based on Hard Problems over Lattices, Draft 2, May 2001, Available at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1363. [PKIX-ALGS] L. Bassham, R. Housley, W. Polk, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile", draft-ietf-pkix-pkalgs-05.txt, October 2001 [RFC2026] S. Bradner, "The Internet Standards Process", IETF RFC 2026, October 1996 [RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", IETF RFC 2119, March 1997 [RFC2459] R. Housley, W. Ford, W. Polk and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and CRL Profile", IETF RFC 2459, January 1999 Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires September 2002 [Page 22] NTRU Algorithms and Identifiers February 2002 Authors' Addresses Ari Singer NTRU 5 Burlington Woods Phone: 1-781-418-2500 Burlington, MA 01803, USA Email: asinger@ntru.com William Whyte NTRU 5 Burlington Woods Phone: 1-781-418-2500 Burlington, MA 01803, USA Email: wwhyte@ntru.com Singer INTERNET DRAFT - Expires January 2002 [Page 23]