Middleboxes changing addresses SHOULD report beside observed value also the ‘translated’ value Translated value means value on other side of middlebox, independent of flow direction Considered middleboxes: 1. NAT 2. NAPT 3. SOCKS gateway 21. Involuntary packet redirection Those middleboxes potentially modify: IP version field IP source and destination address field TCP source and destination port number UDP source and destination port number |