Internet Draft: Mailing Lists and Internationalized R. Gellens Email Addresses Qualcomm Document: draft-ietf-eai-mailinglist-03.txt E. Chung Expires: August 2008 Afilias February 22, 2008 Mailing Lists and Internationalized Email Addresses Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This document describes considerations for mailing lists with the introduction of internationalized email addresses. This document makes some specific recommendations on how mailing lists should act in various situations. Gellens & Chung [Page 1] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 Table of Contents 1. Conventions Used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Scenarios Involving Mailing Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Capabilities and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. List Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Further Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 12. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Appendix A: Changes from Previous Version . . . . . . . . . . 9 Intellectual Property Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. Conventions Used in this Document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS]. 2. Introduction Mailing lists are an important part of email usage and collaborative communications. The introduction of internationalized email addresses affects mailing lists in three main areas: (1) transport (receiving and sending messages); (2) message headers of received and retransmitted messages; and (3) mailing list operational policies. A mailing list is a mechanism whereby a message may be distributed to multiple recipients by sending to one address. An agent (typically not a human being) at that single address receives the message and then causes the message to be redistributed to a list of recipients. This agent sets the envelope return address of the redistributed message to a different address from that of the original message. Using a different envelope return address (reverse-path) directs error (and other automatically generated) messages to an error handling address associated with the mailing list. (This avoids having error and other automatic messages go to the original sender, who typically doesn't control the list and hence can't do anything about them.) Gellens & Chung [Page 2] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 In most cases, the mailing list agent redistributes a received message to its subscribers as a new message, that is, conceptually it uses message submission [submit] (as did the sender of the original message). The exception, where the mailing list is not a separate agent that receives and redistributes messages in separate transactions, but is instead an expansion step within an SMTP transaction where one local address expands to multiple local or non-local addresses, is out of scope for this document. Some mailing lists alter the message header, while others do not. A number of standardized list-related header fields have been defined, and many lists add one or more of these headers. Separate from these standardized list-specific header fields, and despite a history of interoperability problems from doing so, some lists alter or add header fields in an attempt to control where replies are sent. Such lists typically add or replace the "Reply-To" field and some add or replace the "Sender" field. Poorly-behaved lists may alter or replace other fields, including "From". Among these list-specific header fields are those specified in RFC2369 -- The Use of URLs as Meta-Syntax for Core Mail List Commands and their Transport through Message Header Fields [List-*] and RFC2919 -- List-Id: A Structured Field and Namespace for the Identification of Mailing Lists [List-ID]. For more information, see Section 5. While the mail transport protocol does not differ between regular email recipients and mailing list recipients, lists have special considerations with internationalized email addresses because they retransmit messages composed by other agents to potentially many recipients. There are considerations for internationalized email addresses in the envelope as well as header fields of redistributed messages. In particular, an internationalized message cannot be downgraded unless envelope addresses are in ASCII (which includes use of ALT-ADDRESS). With mailing lists, there are two different types of considerations: first, the purely technical ones involving message handling, error cases, downgrades, and the like, and second, those that arise from the fact that humans use mailing lists to communicate. As an example of the first, mailing lists might choose to reject all messages from internationalized addresses that lack an alt-address, or even all internationalized messages that can not be downgraded. As an example of the second, a user who sends a message to a list often is unaware of the list membership. In particular, the user often doesn't know if the members are i18mail users or not, and often neither the original sender nor the recipients personally know each other. As a consequence of this, remedies that may be readily Gellens & Chung [Page 3] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 available for one-to-one communication might not be appropriate when dealing with mailing lists. For example, if a user sends a message which is undeliverable, normally the telephone, instant messaging, or other forms of communication are available to obtain a working address. With mailing lists, the users may not have any recourse. Of course, with mailing lists, the original sender usually does not know if the message was successfully received by any list members, or if it was undeliverable to some. Conceptually, a mailing list's internationalization can be divided into three capabilities: First, does it have a UTF8 submission or return-path address? Second, does it accept subscriptions to UTF8 addresses? And third, does it accept UTF8SMTP messages? This is explored in Section 4. A brief discussion on a few additional considerations for mailing list operation is in Section 6. 3. Scenarios Involving Mailing Lists Generally (and exclusively within the scope of this document), an original message is sent to a mailing list as a completely separate and independent transaction from the mailing list agent sending the retransmitted message to one or more list recipients. In both cases, the message might have only one recipient, or might have multiple recipients. That is, the original message might be sent to additional recipients as well as the mailing list agent, and the mailing list might choose to send the retransmitted message to each list recipient in a separate message submission transaction, or might choose to include multiple recipients per transaction. (Often, mailing lists are constructed to work in cooperation with, rather than include the functionality of, a message submission server, and hence the list transmits to a single submission server one copy of the retransmitted message, with all list recipients specified in the SMTP envelope. The submission server then decides which recipients to include in whi ch transaction.) The retransmitted message sent by the mailing list to its subscribers might need to be downgraded [EAI-Downgrade]. In order for a downgrade to be possible, the return path set by the mailing list agent must be an ASCII address or have ALT-ADDRESS specified. In addition, the recipient addresses need to have ASCII addresses available. It may be advisable for mailing list operators to pre-obtain an alt-address for all its internationalized member addresses. Gellens & Chung [Page 4] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 In the case where a member or non-member with an internationalized email address is sending to a mailing list, no alt-address is specified, and a downgrade is required, the message cannot be delivered. To protect against this, a UTF8SMTP-aware mailing list might prefer to reject submissions from internationalized email addresses that lack an alt-address. (Note that the situation is not unique to mailing lists. Mail relays that are UTF8SMTP- aware will potentially encounter the same situation.) Further discussions are included in section 6 of this document. 4. Capabilities and Requirements There are three primary internationalization capabilities of mailing lists: First, does it have a UTF8 submission or return-path address? Second, does it allow subscriptions from UTF8 addresses? And third, does it accept UTF8SMTP messages? In theory, any list can support any combination of these. In practice, only some offer any benefit. For example, neither allowing UTF8 addresses to subscribe, nor accepting UTF8SMTP messages, makes much sense without the other (an all-ASCII address might or might not be capable of receiving UTF8SMTP messages, but a UTF8 address of necessity needs to accept UTF8SMTP messages). Likewise, there is no real benefit to a list in using a UTF8 submission address unless it also accepts UTF8SMTP messages and permits UTF8 addresses to subscribe. However, requirements for lists can be discussed separately for each of the three capabilities. 1. If the list uses a UTF8 submission or return-path address, it SHOULD specify an alt-address for it. Clearly, it needs to sit behind a UTF8SMTP-enabled final-delivery SMTP server and delivery agent. Likewise, if a list uses a UTF8 return-path address, then its MSA needs to support UTF8SMTP. The list's return-path address is usually separate from its submission address (so that delivery reports and other automatically-generated messages are not sent to the submission address). For reliability in receiving delivery status notifications, a list MAY choose to use an all-ASCII return-path even if it uses a UTF8 submission address. If the list does use a UTF8 return path, it MUST specify an alt-address (or else there is a high risk of being unable to receive non-delivery reports). Gellens & Chung [Page 5] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 There are also implications for the List-* headers (see below). 2. If it allows UTF8 addresses to subscribe, it MAY require an alt-address to be specified for each UTF8 subscriber. Naturally, if it permits UTF8 addresses to subscribe, it needs a mechanism to accept subscription requests from such addresses (preferably specified in the form >). Likewise, its MSA needs to support UTF8SMTP. 3. If it accepts UTF8SMTP messages, its MSA needs to support UTF8SMTP. 5. List Header Fields A number of header fields specifically for mailing lists have been introduced in RFC2369 and RFC2919. These include, for example: List-Id: List Header Mailing List List-Help: (List Instructions) List-Unsubscribe: List-Subscribe: List-Post: List-Owner: (Contact Person for Help) List-Archive: As described in RFC2369, "The contents of the list header fields mostly consist of angle-bracket ('<', '>') enclosed URLs, with internal whitespace being ignored." [List-*] Whereas RFC2919 specifies that, "The list identifier will, in most cases, appear like a host name in a domain of the list owner." [List-ID] These mailing list header fields contain URLs. The most common schemes are generally HTTP, HTTPS, mailto, and FTP. The URLs in these fields can use RFC3987 "Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI)" [IRI] encoded as URLs. Separately, these header fields can be extended to directly support IRIs, but such work is not currently anticipated, other than a separate effort for mailto, in [mailto-bis]. Even without these header fields being extended to support UTF8, some special provisions may be helpful when downgrading. In particular, when a List-* header contains a UTF8 mailto (encoded in ASCII or not) followed by an ASCII mailto, it may be advisable to copy and preserve the original header as usual, but also edit the header to remove the UTF8 address. Otherwise, a non-UTF8-aware client might run into trouble if the decoded mailto results in a non-ASCII address. [[[EDITOR'S NOTE: This needs to be vetted by the Gellens & Chung [Page 6] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 eai list, and if agreed, the eai-downgrade document adjusted, and if not, deleted from here.]]] For mailto URIs, a separate consideration is how to include an alternate ASCII address (alt-address) for a UTF8 address. Note that the existing ability to specify multiple URLs within each List-* header field provides one solution. [List-*] says: A list of multiple, alternate, URLs MAY be specified by a comma- separated list of angle-bracket enclosed URLs. The URLs have order of preference from left to right. The client application should use the left most protocol that it supports, or knows how to access by a separate application. When a UTF8 mailto is used in a List-* header field, an alt-address, if available, SHOULD immediately follow it. 6. Further Discussion While mailing lists do not create a significant additional burden to the deployment of internationalized email address functionalities, there are some specific areas that need to be considered when the operator of a mailing list or of a final delivery MTA that serves a mailing list upgrades to internationalized mail. Mailing lists face additional complexity since they redistribute messages composed by other agents. Hence, they may be asked to accept a message with non-ASCII headers composed by a UTF8SMTP-aware user agent, and redistribute it to i18mail and non-i18mail users via systems that are not UTF8SMTP-aware. 1. Obtaining Downgrade Information -- for a mailing list, or mail relay server for that matter, that is UTF8SMTP-aware, receiving mail from an internationalized email address, the alt-address is not required from the sending MTA for the transport to be complete. Thereupon when the mailing list retransmits the message to its subscribers, it may encounter paths where a downgrade is called for. In order to mitigate this situation, the mailing list might perhaps decide to reject all incoming mail from an internationalized email address that lacks an alt-address. However, note that in general, downgrades are not expected to be the normal case. 2. Downgrading Considerations for mailto URLs -- UTF8 addresses in mailto links in List-* headers will be easier to downgrade if they contain an alt-address. Gellens & Chung [Page 7] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 7. IANA Considerations None. 8. Security Considerations Security considerations are discussed in the Framework document [EAI-Framework]. No further security considerations are raised by this document. 9. Acknowledgments Thanks to Harald Alvestrand for his comments. 10. Normative References [EAI-Framework] J. Klensin and Y. Ko, "Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email", RFC 4952, July 2007. [EAI-Downgrade] Y. YONEYA and K. Fujiwara, "Downgrading mechanism for Internationalized eMail Address (IMA)", draft-ietf-eai-downgrade-06.txt (work in progress). [KEYWORDS] "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", S. Bradner, RFC 2119, BCP 14, March 1997. 11. Informative References [mailto-bis] M. Duerst and L. Masinter, "The mailto URI scheme", draft-duerst-mailto-bis-xx (work in progress). [List-*] G. Neufeld and J. Baer, "The Use of URLs as Meta-Syntax for Core Mail List Commands and their Transport through Message Header Fields", July 1998 [List-ID] R. Chandhok and G. Wenger, "List-Id: A Structured Field and Namespace for the Identification of Mailing Lists", March 2001 [IRI] M. Duerst and M. Suignard,"Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs)", January 2005 Gellens & Chung [Page 8] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 12. Authors' Addresses Randall Gellens QUALCOMM Incorporated 5775 Morehouse Drive San Diego, CA 92121 rg+ietf@qualcomm.com Edmon Chung Afilias Suite 204, 4141 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M2P 2A8 edmon@afilias.info Appendix A: Changes from Previous Version THIS SECTION TO BE REMOVED PRIOR TO PUBLICATION. Changes made from version -02 to -03: o Deleted Section 6. o Restored missing text in third paragraph from the end of Section 3.1. o Deleted broken suggestion in Section 5. o Additional text fixes. o Reworked text on List-* header fields. o Removed most Editor's Notes, including deletion of all text that had been followed by an Editor's Note asking if it was useful. o Modified Abstract. o Edited Sections 3, 4, and 5. Changes made from version -01 to -02: o Significant changes throughout the document. Sorry. Changes made from version -00 to -01: o Fixed SMTP envelope versus message header confusion. o Fixed erroneous mailing list operation text. o Removed references to ATOMIC. o Removed unneeded scenarios. o Added discussion of human considerations which arise with lists. o Fixed some typos. Gellens & Chung [Page 9] Expires August 2008 Internet Draft Mailing Lists and i18mail Addresses February 2008 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Gellens & Chung [Page 10] Expires August 2008