Network Working Group R. Papneja Internet-Draft Huawei Technologies Intended status: Informational S. Vapiwala Expires: May 28, 2013 J. Karthik Cisco Systems S. Poretsky Allot Communications S. Rao Qwest Communications JL. Le Roux France Telecom November 29, 2012 Methodology for Benchmarking MPLS-TE Fast Reroute Protection draft-ietf-bmwg-protection-meth-14.txt Abstract This draft describes the methodology for benchmarking MPLS Fast Reroute (FRR) protection mechanisms for link and node protection. This document provides test methodologies and testbed setup for measuring failover times of Fast Reroute techniques while considering factors (such as underlying links) that might impact recovery times for real-time applications bound to MPLS traffic engineered (MPLS-TE) tunnels. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on May 9, 2013. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 1] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other than English. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 2] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Document Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Existing Definitions and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. General Reference Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Test Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1. Failover Events [RFC 6414] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.2. Failure Detection [RFC 6414] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3. Use of Data Traffic for MPLS Protection benchmarking . . . 10 5.4. LSP and Route Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.5. Selection of IGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.6. Restoration and Reversion [RFC 6414] . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.7. Offered Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.8. Tester Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.9. Failover Time Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Reference Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6.1. Link Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.1.1. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6.1.2. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.1.3. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 1 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.1.4. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 2 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.2. Node Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.2.1. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.2.2. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6.2.3. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.2.4. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7. Test Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.1. MPLS FRR Forwarding Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance . . . . . . . . . . 20 7.1.2. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance . . . . . . . . . 21 7.2. Headend PLR with Link Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.3. Mid-Point PLR with Link Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.4. Headend PLR with Node Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7.5. Mid-Point PLR with Node Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 8. Reporting Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 3] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 12.1. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 12.2. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendix A. Fast Reroute Scalability Table . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendix B. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 4] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 1. Introduction This document describes the methodology for benchmarking MPLS Fast Reroute (FRR) protection mechanisms. This document uses much of the terminology defined in [RFC 6414]. Protection mechanisms provide recovery of client services from a planned or an unplanned link or node failures. MPLS FRR protection mechanisms are generally deployed in a network infrastructure where MPLS is used for provisioning of point-to-point traffic engineered tunnels (tunnel). MPLS FRR protection mechanisms aim to reduce service disruption period by minimizing recovery time from most common failures. Network elements from different manufacturers behave differently to network failures, which impacts the network's ability and performance for failure recovery. It therefore becomes imperative for service providers to have a common benchmark to understand the performance behaviors of network elements. There are two factors impacting service availability: frequency of failures and duration for which the failures persist. Failures can be classified further into two types: correlated and uncorrelated. Correlated and uncorrelated failures may be planned or unplanned. Planned failures are generally predictable. Network implementations should be able to handle both planned and unplanned failures and recover gracefully within a time frame to maintain service assurance. Hence, failover recovery time is one of the most important benchmark that a service provider considers in choosing the building blocks for their network infrastructure. A correlated failure is a result of the occurrence of two or more failures. A typical example is failure of a logical resource (e.g. layer-2 links) due to a dependency on a common physical resource (e.g. common conduit) that fails. Within the context of MPLS protection mechanisms, failures that arise due to Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLG) [RFC 4202] can be considered as correlated failures. MPLS FRR [RFC 4090] allows for the possibility that the Label Switched Paths can be re-optimized in the minutes following Failover. IP Traffic would be re-routed according to the preferred path for the post-failure topology. Thus, MPLS-FRR may include additional steps following the occurrence of the failure detection [RFC 6414] and failover event [RFC 6414]. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 5] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 (1) Failover Event - Primary Path (Working Path) fails (2) Failure Detection- Failover Event is detected (3) a. Failover - Working Path switched to Backup path b. Re-Optimization of Working Path (possible change from Backup Path) (4) Restoration [RFC 6414] (5) Reversion [RFC 6414] 2. Document Scope This document provides detailed test cases along with different topologies and scenarios that should be considered to effectively benchmark MPLS FRR protection mechanisms and failover times on the Data Plane. Different Failover Events and scaling considerations are also provided in this document. All benchmarking test-cases defined in this document apply to Facility backup [RFC 4090]. The test cases cover set of interesting failure scenarios and the associated procedures benchmark the performance of the Device Under Test (DUT) to recover from failures. Data plane traffic is used to benchmark failover times. Testing scenarios related to MPLS-TE protection mechanisms when applied to MPLS Transport Profile and IP fast reroute applied to MPLS networks were not considered and are out of scope of this document. However, the test setups considered for MPLS based Layer 3 and Layer 2 services consider LDP over MPLS RSVP-TE configurations. Benchmarking of correlated failures is out of scope of this document. Detection using Bi-directional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is outside the scope of this document, but mentioned in discussion sections. The Performance of control plane is outside the scope of this benchmarking. As described above, MPLS-FRR may include a Re-optimization of the Working Path, with possible packet transfer impairments. Characterization of Re-optimization is beyond the scope of this memo. 3. Existing Definitions and Requirements The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 6] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, [RFC 2119]. While [RFC 2119] defines the use of these key words primarily for Standards Track documents however, this Informational track document may use some of uses these keywords. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the commonly used MPLS terminology, some of which is defined in [RFC 4090]. This document uses much of the terminology defined in [RFC 6414]. This document also uses existing terminology defined in other BMWG Work [RFC 1242], [RFC 2285], [RFC 4689]. Appendix B provide abbreviations used in the document 4. General Reference Topology Figure 1 illustrates the basic reference testbed and is applicable to all the test cases defined in this document. The Tester is comprised of a Traffic Generator (TG) & Test Analyzer (TA) and Emulator. A Tester is connected to the test network and depending upon the test case, the DUT could vary. The Tester sends and receives IP traffic to the tunnel ingress and performs signaling protocol emulation to simulate real network scenarios in a lab environment. The Tester may also support MPLS-TE signaling to act as the ingress node to the MPLS tunnel. The lines in figures represent physical connections. +---------------------------+ | +------------|---------------+ | | | | | | | | +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ TG--| R1 |-----| R2 |----| R3 | | R4 | | R5 | | |-----| |----| |----| |---| | +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ | | | | | | | | | | | +--------+ | | TA +---------| R6 |---------+ | | |----------------------+ +--------+ Fig. 1 Fast Reroute Topology Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 7] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 The tester MUST record the number of lost, duplicate, and out-of-order packets. It should further record arrival and departure times so that Failover Time, Additive Latency, and Reversion Time can be measured. The tester may be a single device or a test system emulating all the different roles along a primary or backup path. The label stack is dependent of the following 3 entities: (1) Type of protection (Link Vs Node) (2) # of remaining hops of the primary tunnel from the PLR[RFC 6414] (3) # of remaining hops of the backup tunnel from the PLR Due to this dependency, it is RECOMMENDED that the benchmarking of failover times be performed on all the topologies provided in section 6. 5. Test Considerations This section discusses the fundamentals of MPLS Protection testing: (1) The types of network events that causes failover (section 5.1) (2) Indications for failover (section 5.2) (3) the use of data traffic (section 5.3) (4) LSP Scaling (Section 5.4) (5) IGP Selection (Section 5.5) (6) Reversion of LSP (Section 5.6) (7) Traffic generation (section 5.7) 5.1. Failover Events [RFC 6414] The failover to the backup tunnel is primarily triggered by either link or node failures observed downstream of the Point of Local repair (PLR). The failure events are listed below. Link Failure Events Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 8] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 - Interface Shutdown on PLR side with physical/link Alarm - Interface Shutdown on remote side with physical/link Alarm - Interface Shutdown on PLR side with RSVP hello enabled - Interface Shutdown on remote side with RSVP hello enabled - Interface Shutdown on PLR side with BFD - Interface Shutdown on remote side with BFD - Fiber Pull on the PLR side (Both TX & RX or just the TX) - Fiber Pull on the remote side (Both TX & RX or just the RX) - Online insertion and removal (OIR) on PLR side - OIR on remote side - Sub-interface failure on PLR side (e.g. shutting down of a VLAN) - Sub-interface failure on remote side - Parent interface shutdown on PLR side (an interface bearing multiple sub-interfaces) - Parent interface shutdown on remote side Node Failure Events - A System reload initiated either by a graceful shutdown or by a power failure. - A system crash due to a software failure or an assert. 5.2. Failure Detection [RFC 6414] Link failure detection time depends on the link type and failure detection protocols running. For SONET/SDH, the alarm type (such as LOS, AIS, or RDI) can be used. Other link types have layer-two alarms, but they may not provide a short enough failure detection time. Ethernet based links enabled with MPLS/IP do not have layer 2 failure indicators, and therefore relies on layer 3 signaling for failure detection. However for directly connected devices, remote fault indication in the ethernet auto-negotiation scheme could be considered as a type of layer 2 link failure indicator. MPLS has different failure detection techniques such as BFD, or use of RSVP hellos. These methods can be used for the layer 3 failure indicators required by Ethernet based links, or for some other non- Ethernet based links to help improve failure detection time. However, these fast failure detection mechanisms are out of scope. The test procedures in this document can be used for a local failure or remote failure scenarios for comprehensive benchmarking and to evaluate failover performance independent of the failure detection techniques. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 9] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 5.3. Use of Data Traffic for MPLS Protection benchmarking Currently end customers use packet loss as a key metric for Failover Time [RFC 6414]. Failover Packet Loss [RFC 6414] is an externally observable event and has direct impact on application performance. MPLS protection is expected to minimize the packet loss in the event of a failure. For this reason it is important to develop a standard router benchmarking methodology for measuring MPLS protection that uses packet loss as a metric. At a known rate of forwarding, packet loss can be measured and the failover time can be determined. Measurement of control plane signaling to establish backup paths is not enough to verify failover. Failover is best determined when packets are actually traversing the backup path. An additional benefit of using packet loss for calculation of failover time is that it allows use of a black-box test environment. Data traffic is offered at line-rate to the device under test (DUT) an emulated network failure event is forced to occur, and packet loss is externally measured to calculate the convergence time. This setup is independent of the DUT architecture. In addition, this methodology considers the packets in error and duplicate packets [RFC 4689] that could have been generated during the failover process. The methodologies consider lost, out-of-order [RFC 4689] and duplicate packets to be impaired packets that contribute to the Failover Time. 5.4. LSP and Route Scaling Failover time performance may vary with the number of established primary and backup tunnel label switched paths (LSP) and installed routes. However the procedure outlined here should be used for any number of LSPs (L) and number of routes protected by PLR(R). The amount of L and R must be recorded. 5.5. Selection of IGP The underlying IGP could be ISIS-TE or OSPF-TE for the methodology proposed here. See [RFC 6412] for IGP options to consider and report. 5.6. Restoration and Reversion [RFC 6414] Path restoration provides a method to restore an alternate primary LSP upon failure and to switch traffic from the Backup Path to the restored Primary Path (Reversion). In MPLS-FRR, Reversion can be implemented as Global Reversion or Local Reversion. It is important to include Restoration and Reversion as a step in each test case to Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 10] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 measure the amount of packet loss, out of order packets, or duplicate packets that is produced. Note: In addition to restoration and reversion, re-optimization can take place while the failure is still not recovered but it depends on the user configuration, and re-optimization timers. 5.7. Offered Load It is suggested that there be three or more traffic streams as long as there is a steady and constant rate of flow for all the streams. In order to monitor the DUT performance for recovery times, a set of route prefixes should be advertised before traffic is sent. The traffic should be configured towards these routes. Prefix-dependency behaviors are key in IP and tests with route-specific flows spread across the routing table will reveal this dependency. Generating traffic to all of the prefixes reachable by the protected tunnel (probably in a Round-Robin fashion, where the traffic is destined to all the prefixes but one prefix at a time in a cyclic manner) is not recommended. Round-Robin traffic generation is not recommended to all prefixes, as time to hit all the prefixes may be higher than the failover time. This phenomenon will reduce the granularity of the measured results and the results observed may not be accurate. 5.8. Tester Capabilities It is RECOMMENDED that the Tester used to execute each test case have the following capabilities: 1.Ability to establish MPLS-TE tunnels and push/pop labels. 2.Ability to produce Failover Event [RFC 6414]. 3.Ability to insert a timestamp in each data packet's IP payload. 4.An internal time clock to control timestamping, time measurements, and time calculations. 5.Ability to disable or tune specific Layer-2 and Layer-3 protocol functions on any interface(s). Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 11] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 6.Ability to react upon the receipt of path error from the PLR The Tester MAY be capable to make non-data plane convergence observations and use those observations for measurements. 5.9. Failover Time Measurement Methods Failover Time is calculated using one of the following three methods 1. Packet-Loss Based method (PLBM): (Number of packets dropped/ packets per second * 1000) milliseconds. This method could also be referred as Loss-Derived method. 2. Time-Based Loss Method (TBLM): This method relies on the ability of the Traffic generators to provide statistics which reveal the duration of failure in milliseconds based on when the packet loss occurred (interval between non-zero packet loss and zero loss). 3. Timestamp Based Method (TBM): This method of failover calculation is based on the timestamp that gets transmitted as payload in the packets originated by the generator. The Traffic Analyzer records the timestamp of the last packet received before the failover event and the first packet after the failover and derives the time based on the difference between these 2 timestamps. Note: The payload could also contain sequence numbers for out-of-order packet calculation and duplicate packets. The timestamp based method method would be able to detect Reversion impairments beyond loss, thus it is RECOMMENDED method as a Failover Time method. 6. Reference Test Setup In addition to the general reference topology shown in figure 1, this section provides detailed insight into various proposed test setups that should be considered for comprehensively benchmarking the failover time in different roles along the primary tunnel This section proposes a set of topologies that covers all the scenarios for local protection. All of these topologies can be mapped to the reference topology shown in Figure 1. Topologies provided in this section refer to the testbed required to benchmark failover time when the DUT is configured as a PLR in either Headend or midpoint role. Provided with each topology below is the label stack at the PLR. Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) MAY be used and must be reported when used. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 12] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 Figures 2 thru 9 use the following convention and are subset of figure 1: a) HE is Headend b) TE is Tail-End c) MID is Mid point d) MP is Merge Point e) PLR is Point of Local Repair f) PRI is Primary Path g) BKP denotes Backup Path and Nodes h) UR is Upstream Router 6.1. Link Protection 6.1.1. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE tunnels +-------+ +--------+ +--------+ | R1 | | R2 | PRI| R3 | | UR/HE |--| HE/MID |----| MP/TE | | | | PLR |----| | +-------+ +--------+ BKP+--------+ Figure 2. Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 0 0 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 1 1 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 2 2 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 1 1 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 2 2 Mid-point LSPs 0 0 Note: Please note the following: a) For P-P case, R2 and R3 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R3 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2 and R3 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 13] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 6.1.2. Link Protection - 1 hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE tunnels +-------+ +--------+ +--------+ | R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | UR/HE | | HE/MID |PRI | MP/TE | | |----| PLR |----| | +-------+ +--------+ +--------+ |BKP | | +--------+ | | | R6 | | |----| BKP |----| | MID | +--------+ Figure 3. Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 0 1 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 1 2 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 2 3 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 1 2 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 2 3 Mid-point LSPs 0 1 Note: Please note the following: a) For P-P case, R2 and R3 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R3 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2 and R3 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively 6.1.3. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 1 hop backup TE tunnels Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 14] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ | R1 | | R2 |PRI | R3 |PRI | R4 | | UR/HE |----| HE/MID |----| MP/MID |------| TE | | | | PLR |----| | | | +--------+ +--------+ BKP+--------+ +--------+ Figure 4. Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 1 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 2 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 3 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 2 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 3 Mid-point LSPs 1 1 Note: Please note the following: a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R4 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively 6.1.4. Link Protection - 2+ hop (from PLR) primary and 2 hop backup TE tunnels Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 15] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 +--------+ +--------+PRI +--------+ PRI +--------+ | R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 | | UR/HE |----| HE/MID |----| MP/MID|------| TE | | | | PLR | | | | | +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ BKP| | | +--------+ | | | R6 | | +---| BKP |- | MID | +--------+ Figure 5. Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 2 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 3 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 4 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 3 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 4 Mid-point LSPs 1 2 Note: Please note the following: a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R4 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R3 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively 6.2. Node Protection 6.2.1. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE tunnels Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 16] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ | R1 | | R2 |PRI | R3 | PRI | R4 | | UR/HE |----| HE/MID |----| MID |------| MP/TE | | | | PLR | | | | | +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ |BKP | ----------------------------- Figure 6. Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 0 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 1 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 2 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 1 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 2 Mid-point LSPs 1 0 Note: Please note the following: a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R3 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively 6.2.2. Node Protection - 2 hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE tunnels +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ | R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 | | UR/HE | | HE/MID |PRI | MID |PRI | MP/TE | | |----| PLR |----| |----| | +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ | | BKP| +--------+ | | | R6 | | ---------| BKP |--------- | MID | +--------+ Figure 7. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 17] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 1 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 2 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 3 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 2 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 3 Mid-point LSPs 1 1 Note: Please note the following: a) For P-P case, R2, R3 and R4 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R4 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3 and R4 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively 6.2.3. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 1 hop backup TE tunnels +--------+ +--------+PRI+--------+PRI+--------+PRI+--------+ | R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 | | R5 | | UR/HE |--| HE/MID |---| MID |---| MP |---| TE | | | | PLR | | | | | | | +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ BKP| | -------------------------- Figure 8. Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 1 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 2 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 3 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 2 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 3 Mid-point LSPs 1 1 Note: Please note the following: Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 18] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 a) For P-P case, R2, R3, R4 and R5 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R5 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively 6.2.4. Node Protection - 3+ hop primary (from PLR) and 2 hop backup TE tunnels +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ | R1 | | R2 | | R3 | | R4 | | R5 | | UR/HE | | HE/MID |PRI| MID |PRI| MP |PRI| TE | | |-- | PLR |---| |---| |---| | +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ BKP| | | +--------+ | | | R6 | | ---------| BKP |------- | MID | +--------+ Figure 9. Traffic Num of Labels Num of labels before failure after failure IP TRAFFIC (P-P) 1 2 Layer3 VPN (PE-PE) 2 3 Layer3 VPN (PE-P) 3 4 Layer2 VC (PE-PE) 2 3 Layer2 VC (PE-P) 3 4 Mid-point LSPs 1 2 Note: Please note the following: a) For P-P case, R2, R3, R4 and R5 acts as P routers b) For PE-PE case,R2 acts as PE and R5 acts as a remote PE c) For PE-P case,R2 acts as a PE router, R4 acts as a P router and R5 acts as remote PE router (Please refer to figure 1 for complete setup) d) For Mid-point case, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 act as shown in above figure HE, Midpoint/PLR and TE respectively Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 19] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 7. Test Methodology The procedure described in this section can be applied to all the 8 base test cases and the associated topologies. The backup as well as the primary tunnels are configured to be alike in terms of bandwidth usage. In order to benchmark failover with all possible label stack depth applicable as seen with current deployments, it is RECOMMENDED to perform all of the test cases provided in this section. The forwarding performance test cases in section 7.1 MUST be performed prior to performing the failover test cases. The considerations of Section 4 of [RFC 2544] are applicable when evaluating the results obtained using these methodologies as well. 7.1. MPLS FRR Forwarding Performance Benchmarking Failover Time [RFC 6414] for MPLS protection first requires baseline measurement of the forwarding performance of the test topology including the DUT. Forwarding performance is benchmarked by the Throughput as defined in [RFC 5695] and measured in units pps. This section provides two test cases to benchmark forwarding performance. These are with the DUT configured as a Headend PLR, Mid-Point PLR, and Egress PLR. 7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance Objective: To benchmark the maximum rate (pps) on the PLR (as headend) over primary LSP and backup LSP. Test Setup: A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6. B. Select or enable IP, Layer 3 VPN or Layer 2 VPN services with DUT as Headend PLR. C. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic Generator/analyzer. (If the node downstream of the PLR is not a simulated node, then the Ingress of the tunnel should have one link connected to the traffic generator and the node downstream to the PLR or the egress of the tunnel should have a link connected to the traffic analyzer). Procedure: Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 20] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 1. Establish the primary LSP on R2 required by the topology selected. 2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected topology. 3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is protected. 4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready. 5. Setup traffic streams as described in section 5.7. 6. Send MPLS traffic over the primary LSP at the Throughput supported by the DUT (section 6, RFC 2544). 7. Record the Throughput over the primary LSP. 8. Trigger a link failure as described in section 5.1. 9. Verify that the offered load gets mapped to the backup tunnel and measure the Additive Backup Delay (RFC 6414). 10. 30 seconds after Failover, stop the offered load and measure the Throughput, Packet Loss, Out-of-Order Packets, and Duplicate Packets over the Backup LSP. 11. Adjust the offered load and repeat steps 6 through 10 until the Throughput values for the primary and backup LSPs are equal. 12. Record the final Throughput, which corresponds to the offered load that will be used for the Headend PLR failover test cases. 7.1.2. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance Objective: To benchmark the maximum rate (pps) on the PLR (as mid-point) over primary LSP and backup LSP. Test Setup: Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 21] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6. B. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic generator. Procedure: 1. Establish the primary LSP on R1 required by the topology selected. 2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected topology. 3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is protected. 4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready. 5. Setup traffic streams as described in section 5.7. 6. Send MPLS traffic over the primary LSP at the Throughput supported by the DUT (section 6, RFC 2544). 7. Record the Throughput over the primary LSP. 8. Trigger a link failure as described in section 5.1. 9. Verify that the offered load gets mapped to the backup tunnel and measure the Additive Backup Delay (RFC 6414). 10. 30 seconds after Failover, stop the offered load and measure the Throughput, Packet Loss, Out-of-Order Packets, and Duplicate Packets over the Backup LSP. 11. Adjust the offered load and repeat steps 6 through 10 until the Throughput values for the primary and backup LSPs are equal. 12. Record the final Throughput which corresponds to the offered load that will be used for the Mid-Point PLR failover test cases. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 22] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 7.2. Headend PLR with Link Failure Objective: To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to link failure events described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the Headend PLR. Test Setup: A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6. B. Select or enable IP, Layer 3 VPN or Layer 2 VPN services with DUT as Headend PLR. C. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic Generator/analyzer. (If the node downstream of the PLR is not a simulated node, then the Ingress of the tunnel should have one link connected to the traffic generator and the node downstream to the PLR or the egress of the tunnel should have a link connected to the traffic analyzer). Test Configuration: 1. Configure the number of primaries on R2 and the backups on R2 as required by the topology selected. 2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion. 3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in Appendix A) by the tail end. Procedure: Test Case "7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered load. 1. Establish the primary LSP on R2 required by the topology selected. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 23] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected topology. 3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is protected. 4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready. 5. Setup traffic streams for the offered load as described in section 5.7. 6. Provide the offered load from the tester at the Throughput [RFC 1242] level obtained from test case 7.1.1. 7. Verify traffic is switched over Primary LSP without packet loss. 8. Trigger a link failure as described in section 5.1. 9. Verify that the offered load gets mapped to the backup tunnel and measure the Additive Backup Delay. 10. 30 seconds after Failover [RFC 6414], stop the offered load and measure the total Failover Packet Loss [RFC 6414]. 11. Calculate the Failover Time [RFC 6414] benchmark using the selected Failover Time Calculation Method (TBLM, PLBM, or TBM) [RFC 6414]. 12. Restart the offered load and restore the primary LSP to verify Reversion [RFC 6414] occurs and measure the Reversion Packet Loss [RFC 6414]. 13. Calculate the Reversion Time [RFC 6414] benchmark using the selected Failover Time Calculation Method (TBLM, PLBM, or TBM) [RFC 6414]. 14. Verify Headend signals new LSP and protection should be in place again. IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the link failure triggers defined in section 5.1. 7.3. Mid-Point PLR with Link Failure Objective: Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 24] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to link failure events described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the Mid- Point PLR. Test Setup: A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6. B. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic generator. Test Configuration: 1. Configure the number of primaries on R1 and the backups on R2 as required by the topology selected. 2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion. 3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in Appendix A) by the tail end. Procedure: Test Case "7.1.2. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered load. 1. Establish the primary LSP on R1 required by the topology selected. 2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected topology. 3. Perform steps 3 through 14 from section 7.2 Headend PLR with Link Failure. IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the link failure triggers defined in section 5.1. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 25] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 7.4. Headend PLR with Node Failure Objective: To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to Node failure events described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the Headend PLR. Test Setup: A. Select any one topology out of the 8 from section 6. B. Select or enable IP, Layer 3 VPN or Layer 2 VPN services with DUT as Headend PLR. C. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic generator/analyzer. Test Configuration: 1. Configure the number of primaries on R2 and the backups on R2 as required by the topology selected. 2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion. 3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in Appendix A) by the tail end. Procedure: Test Case "7.1.1. Headend PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered load. 1. Establish the primary LSP on R2 required by the topology selected. 2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected topology. 3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is protected. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 26] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready. 5. Setup traffic streams for the offered load as described in section 5.7. 6. Provide the offered load from the tester at the Throughput [RFC 1242] level obtained from test case 7.1.1. 7. Verify traffic is switched over Primary LSP without packet loss. 8. Trigger a node failure as described in section 5.1. 9. Perform steps 9 through 14 in 7.2 Headend PLR with Link Failure. IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the node failure triggers defined in section 5.1. 7.5. Mid-Point PLR with Node Failure Objective: To benchmark the MPLS failover time due to Node failure events described in section 5.1 experienced by the DUT which is the Mid- Point PLR. Test Setup: A. Select any one topology from section 6.1 to 6.2. B. The DUT will also have 2 interfaces connected to the traffic generator. Test Configuration: 1. Configure the number of primaries on R1 and the backups on R2 as required by the topology selected. 2. Configure the test setup to support Reversion. 3. Advertise prefixes (as per FRR Scalability Table described in Appendix A) by the tail end. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 27] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 Procedure: Test Case "7.1.1. Mid-Point PLR Forwarding Performance" MUST be completed first to obtain the Throughput to use as the offered load. 1. Establish the primary LSP on R1 required by the topology selected. 2. Establish the backup LSP on R2 required by the selected topology. 3. Verify primary and backup LSPs are up and that primary is protected. 4. Verify Fast Reroute protection is enabled and ready. 5. Setup traffic streams for the offered load as described in section 5.7. 6. Provide the offered load from the tester at the Throughput [RFC 1242] level obtained from test case 7.1.1. 7. Verify traffic is switched over Primary LSP without packet loss. 8. Trigger a node failure as described in section 5.1. 9. Perform steps 9 through 14 in 7.2 Headend PLR with Link Failure. IT is RECOMMENDED that this procedure be repeated for each of the node failure triggers defined in section 5.1. 8. Reporting Format For each test, it is RECOMMENDED that the results be reported in the following format. Parameter Units IGP used for the test ISIS-TE/ OSPF-TE Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 28] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 Interface types Gige,POS,ATM,VLAN etc. Packet Sizes offered to the DUT Bytes (at layer 3) Offered Load (Throughput) packets per second IGP routes advertised Number of IGP routes Penultimate Hop Popping Used/Not Used RSVP hello timers Milliseconds Number of Protected tunnels Number of tunnels Number of VPN routes installed Number of VPN routes on the Headend Number of VC tunnels Number of VC tunnels Number of mid-point tunnels Number of tunnels Number of Prefixes protected by Number of LSPs Primary Topology being used Section number, and figure reference Failover Event Event type Re-optimization Yes/No Benchmarks (to be recorded for each test case): Failover- Failover Time seconds Failover Packet Loss packets Additive Backup Delay seconds Out-of-Order Packets packets Duplicate Packets packets Failover Time Calculation Method Method Used Reversion- Reversion Time seconds Reversion Packet Loss packets Additive Backup Delay seconds Out-of-Order Packets packets Duplicate Packets packets Failover Time Calculation Method Method Used Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 29] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 9. Security Considerations Benchmarking activities as described in this memo are limited to technology characterization using controlled stimuli in a laboratory environment, with dedicated address space and the constraints specified in the sections above. The benchmarking network topology will be an independent test setup and MUST NOT be connected to devices that may forward the test traffic into a production network, or misroute traffic to the test management network. Further, benchmarking is performed on a "black-box" basis, relying solely on measurements observable external to the DUT/SUT. Special capabilities SHOULD NOT exist in the DUT/SUT specifically for benchmarking purposes. Any implications for network security arising from the DUT/SUT SHOULD be identical in the lab and in production networks. 10. IANA Considerations This draft does not require any new allocations by IANA. 11. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Jean Philip Vasseur for his invaluable input to the document, Curtis Villamizar for his contribution in suggesting text on definition and need for benchmarking Correlated failures and Bhavani Parise for his textual input and review. Additionally we would like to thank Al Morton, Arun Gandhi, Amrit Hanspal, Karu Ratnam, Raveesh Janardan, Andrey Kiselev, and Mohan Nanduri for their formal reviews of this document. 12. References 12.1. Informative References [RFC 2285] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching Devices", RFC 2285, February 1998. [RFC 4689] Poretsky, S., Perser, J., Erramilli, S., and S. Khurana, "Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic Control Mechanisms", RFC 4689, October 2006. [RFC 4202] Kompella, K., Rekhter, Y., "Routing Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)", RFC 4202, October 2005. 12.2. Normative References [RFC 1242] Bradner, S., "Benchmarking terminology for network interconnection devices", RFC 1242, July 1991. [RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 30] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 [RFC 4090] Pan, P., Swallow, G., and A. Atlas, "Fast Reroute Extensions to RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels", RFC 4090, May 2005. [RFC 5695] Akhter, A., Asati, R., and C. Pignataro, "MPLS Forwarding Benchmarking Methodology for IP Flows", RFC 5695, November 2009. [RFC 6414] Poretsky, S., Papneja, R., Karthik, J., and S. Vapiwala, "Benchmarking Terminology for Protection Performance", RFC 6414, November 2011. [RFC 2544] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999. [RFC 6412] Poretsky, S., Imhoff, B., and K. Michielsen, "Terminology for Benchmarking Link-State IGP Data-Plane Route Convergence", RFC 6412, November 2011. Appendix A. Fast Reroute Scalability Table This section provides the recommended numbers for evaluating the scalability of fast reroute implementations. It also recommends the typical numbers for IGP/VPNv4 Prefixes, LSP Tunnels and VC entries. Based on the features supported by the device under test (DUT), appropriate scaling limits can be used for the test bed. A1. FRR IGP Table No. of Headend TE Tunnels IGP Prefixes 1 100 1 500 1 1000 1 2000 1 5000 2 (Load Balance) 100 2 (Load Balance) 500 2 (Load Balance) 1000 2 (Load Balance) 2000 2 (Load Balance) 5000 100 100 500 500 1000 1000 2000 2000 Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 31] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 A2. FRR VPN Table No. of Headend TE Tunnels VPNv4 Prefixes 1 100 1 500 1 1000 1 2000 1 5000 1 10000 1 20000 1 Max 2 (Load Balance) 100 2 (Load Balance) 500 2 (Load Balance) 1000 2 (Load Balance) 2000 2 (Load Balance) 5000 2 (Load Balance) 10000 2 (Load Balance) 20000 2 (Load Balance) Max A3. FRR Mid-Point LSP Table No of Mid-point TE LSPs could be configured at recommended levels - 100, 500, 1000, 2000, or max supported number. A2. FRR VC Table Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 32] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 No. of Headend TE Tunnels VC entries 1 100 1 500 1 1000 1 2000 1 Max 100 100 500 500 1000 1000 2000 2000 Appendix B. Abbreviations AIS - Alarm Indication Signal BFD - Bidirectional Fault Detection BGP - Border Gateway protocol CE - Customer Edge DUT - Device Under Test FRR - Fast Reroute IGP - Interior Gateway Protocol IP - Internet Protocol LOS - Loss of Signal LSP - Label Switched Path MP - Merge Point MPLS - Multi Protocol Label Switching N-Nhop - Next - Next Hop Nhop - Next Hop OIR - Online Insertion and Removal P - Provider PE - Provider Edge PHP - Penultimate Hop Popping PLR - Point of Local Repair RSVP - Resource reSerVation Protocol SRLG - Shared Risk Link Group TA - Traffic Analyzer TE - Traffic Engineering TG - Traffic Generator VC - Virtual Circuit VPN - Virtual Private Network Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 33] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 Authors' Addresses Rajiv Papneja Huawei Technologies 2330 Central Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 USA Email: rajiv.papneja@huawei.com Samir Vapiwala Cisco Systems 300 Beaver Brook Road Boxborough, MA 01719 USA Email: svapiwal@cisco.com Jay Karthik Cisco Systems 300 Beaver Brook Road Boxborough, MA 01719 USA Email: jkarthik@cisco.com Scott Poretsky Allot Communications USA Email: sporetsky@allot.com Shankar Rao Qwest Communications 950 17th Street Suite 1900 Denver, CO 80210 USA Email: shankar.rao@du.edu Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 34] Internet-Draft MPLS Protection Mechanisms November 2012 JL. Le Roux France Telecom 2 av Pierre Marzin 22300 Lannion France Email: jeanlouis.leroux@orange.com Papneja, et al. Expires May 9, 2013 [Page 35]