< draft-ietf-sipcore-event-rate-control-04.txt   draft-ietf-sipcore-event-rate-control-05.txt >
Network Working Group A. Niemi Network Working Group A. Niemi
Internet-Draft K. Kiss Internet-Draft K. Kiss
Intended status: Standards Track Nokia Updates: 3265 (if approved) Nokia
Expires: January 10, 2011 S. Loreto Intended status: Standards Track S. Loreto
Ericsson Expires: April 21, 2011 Ericsson
July 09, 2010 October 18, 2010
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Notification Extension for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Notification Extension for
Notification Rate Control Notification Rate Control
draft-ietf-sipcore-event-rate-control-04 draft-ietf-sipcore-event-rate-control-05
Abstract Abstract
This document specifies mechanisms for adjusting the rate of Session This document specifies mechanisms for adjusting the rate of Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) event notifications. These mechanisms can Initiation Protocol (SIP) event notifications. These mechanisms can
be applied in subscriptions to all SIP event packages. be applied in subscriptions to all SIP event packages.
Status of this Memo Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
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Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on January 10, 2011. This Internet-Draft will expire on April 21, 2011.
Copyright Notice Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved. document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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publication of this document. Please review these documents publication of this document. Please review these documents
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outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English. than English.
Table of Contents Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Definitions and Document Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Definitions and Document Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Use Case for limiting the maximum rate of notifications . 5 3.1. Use Case for Limiting the Maximum Rate of Notifications . 5
3.2. Use Case for setting a minimum rate for notifications . . 6 3.2. Use Case for Setting a Minimum Rate for Notifications . . 6
3.3. Use Case for specifying the average rate of 3.3. Use Case for Specifying an Adaptive Minimum Rate of
notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.4. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5. The maximum rate mechanism for Resource List Server . . . 8 4. Basic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.6. Basic Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1. Subscriber Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Operation of the maximum rate mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.2. Notifier Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Subscriber Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5. Operation of the Maximum Rate Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Notifier Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. Subscriber Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Selecting the maximum rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.2. Notifier Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4. Buffer Policy Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.3. Selecting the Maximum Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4.1. Partial State Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.4. The Maximum Rate Mechanism for Resource List Server . . . 11
4.4.2. Full State Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.5. Buffer Policy Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5. Estimated Bandwidth Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.5.1. Partial State Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Operation of the minimum rate mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.5.2. Full State Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1. Subscriber Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.6. Estimated Bandwidth Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. Notifier Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6. Operation of the Minimum Rate Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Operation of the average rate mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.1. Subscriber Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1. Subscriber Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.2. Notifier Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2. Notifier Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7. Operation of the Adaptive Minimum Rate Mechanism . . . . . . . 16
6.3. Calculating the timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 7.1. Subscriber Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. Usage of "min-interval", "max-interval" and 7.2. Notifier Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
"average-interval" in a combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.3. Calculating the Timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8. Usage of the Maximum Rate, Minimum Rate and Adaptive
8.1. "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval" Minimum Rate Mechanisms in a combination . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Header Field Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9. Protocol Element Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.2. Augmented BNF Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9.1. "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval"
8.3. Event header field usage in responses to the NOTIFY Header Field Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9.2. Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 9.3. Event Header Field Usage in Responses to the NOTIFY
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 12. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
The SIP events framework [RFC3265] defines a generic framework for The SIP events framework [RFC3265] defines a generic framework for
subscriptions to and notifications of events related to SIP systems. subscriptions to and notifications of events related to SIP systems.
This framework defines the methods SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY, and This framework defines the methods SUBSCRIBE and NOTIFY, and
introduces the concept of an event package, which is a concrete introduces the concept of an event package, which is a concrete
application of the SIP events framework to a particular class of application of the SIP events framework to a particular class of
events. events.
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subscription for each resource separately. The event list subscription for each resource separately. The event list
subscription also allows rate limiting, or throttling of subscription also allows rate limiting, or throttling of
notifications, by means of the Resource List Server (RLS) buffering notifications, by means of the Resource List Server (RLS) buffering
notifications of resource state changes, and sending them in batches. notifications of resource state changes, and sending them in batches.
However, the event list mechanism provides no means for the However, the event list mechanism provides no means for the
subscriber to set the interval for the throttling; it is strictly an subscriber to set the interval for the throttling; it is strictly an
implementation decision whether batching of notifications is implementation decision whether batching of notifications is
supported, and by what means. supported, and by what means.
This document defines an extension to the SIP events framework This document defines an extension to the SIP events framework
defining the following three "Event" header field parameters that defining the following three Event header field parameters that allow
allow a subscriber to set a Minimum, a Maximum and an Average rate of a subscriber to set a maximum, a minimum and an adaptive minimum rate
event notifications generated by the notifier: of event notifications generated by the notifier:
min-interval: specifies a minimum notification time period between min-interval: specifies a minimum notification time period (maximum
two notifications, in seconds. rate) between two notifications, in seconds.
max-interval: specifies a maximum notification time period between max-interval: specifies a maximum notification time period (minimum
two notifications, in seconds. rate) between two notifications, in seconds.
average-interval: specifies an average cadence at which average-interval: specifies an average maximum notification time
notifications are desired, in seconds. period (adaptive minimum rate) between two notifications, in
seconds.
The requirements and model are further discussed in Section 3. All The requirements and model are further discussed in Section 3. All
these mechanisms are simply timer values that indicate the minimum, these mechanisms are simply timer values that indicate the minimum,
maximum and average time period allowed between two notifications. maximum and average maximum time period allowed between two
As a result of these mechanisms, a compliant notifier will adjust the notifications. As a result of these mechanisms, a compliant notifier
rate at which it generates notifications. will adjust the rate at which it generates notifications.
These mechanisms are applicable to any event subscription, both These mechanisms are applicable to any event subscription, both
single event subscription and event list subscription. single event subscription and event list subscription.
2. Definitions and Document Conventions 2. Definitions and Document Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119] and document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119] and
indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations. indicate requirement levels for compliant implementations.
Indented passages such as this one are used in this document to Indented passages such as this one are used in this document to
provide additional information and clarifying text. They do not provide additional information and clarifying text. They do not
contain normative protocol behavior. contain normative protocol behavior.
3. Overview 3. Overview
3.1. Use Case for limiting the maximum rate of notifications 3.1. Use Case for Limiting the Maximum Rate of Notifications
A presence client in a mobile device contains a list of 100 buddies A presence client in a mobile device contains a list of 100 buddies
or presentities. In order to decrease the processing and network or presentities. In order to decrease the processing and network
load of watching 100 presentities, the presence client has employed a load of watching 100 presentities, the presence client has employed a
Resource List Server (RLS) with the list of buddies, and therefore Resource List Server (RLS) with the list of buddies, and therefore
only needs a single subscription to the RLS in order to receive only needs a single subscription to the RLS in order to receive
notification of the presence state of the resource list. notification of the presence state of the resource list.
In order to control the buffer policy of the RLS, the presence client In order to control the buffer policy of the RLS, the presence client
sets a maximum rate ("min-interval" parameter), i.e. a minimum time sets a maximum rate ("min-interval" parameter), i.e. a minimum time
interval between two notifications. Alternatively, the presence interval between two notifications. The RLS will buffer
client could set the maximum rate for the resource list via a list notifications that do not comply with the maximum rate and batch all
manipulation interface, e.g., using the XML Configuration Access of the buffered state changes together in a single notification only
Protocol (XCAP) [RFC4825]. when allowed by the maximum rate. The maximum rate applies to the
overall resource list, which means that there is a hard cap imposed
The RLS will buffer notifications that do not comply with the maximum by the maximum rate to the number of notifications the presence
rate and batch all of the buffered state changes together in a single client can expect to receive. For example, with a "min-interval" of
notification only when allowed by the maximum rate. The maximum rate 20 seconds, the presence application can expect to receive a
applies to the overall resource list, which means that there is a notification no more frequently than every 20 seconds.
hard cap imposed by the maximum rate to the number of notifications
the presence client can expect to receive.
For example, with a "min-interval" of 20 seconds, the presence
application can expect to receive a notification at a minimum of
every 20 seconds.
The presence client can also modify the "min-interval" parameter The presence client can also modify the "min-interval" parameter
during the lifetime of the subscription. For example, if the User during the lifetime of the subscription. For example, if the User
Interface (UI) of the application shows inactivity for a period of Interface (UI) of the application shows inactivity for a period of
time, it can simply pause the notifications by setting the "min- time, it can simply pause the notifications by setting the "min-
interval" parameter to the subscription expiration time, while still interval" parameter to the subscription expiration time, while still
keeping the subscription alive. When the user becomes active again, keeping the subscription alive. When the user becomes active again,
the presence client can resume the stream of notifications by re- the presence client can resume the stream of notifications by re-
subscribing with a "min-interval" parameter set to the earlier used subscribing with a "min-interval" parameter set to the earlier used
value. Application of the mechanism defined by RFC 5839 [RFC5839] value. Application of the mechanism defined by RFC 5839 [RFC5839]
can also eliminate for the presence client to receive a (full-state) can also eliminate the transmission of a (full-state) notification
notification carrying the latest resource state after the carrying the latest resource state to the presence client after a
subscription refresh. subscription refresh.
3.2. Use Case for setting a minimum rate for notifications 3.2. Use Case for Setting a Minimum Rate for Notifications
A location application is monitoring the movement of a target.
In order to decrease the processing and network load, the location A location application is monitoring the movement of a target. In
order to decrease the processing and network load, the location
application has made a subscription with a set of location filters application has made a subscription with a set of location filters
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-loc-filters] that specify trigger criterias, for [I-D.ietf-geopriv-loc-filters] that specify trigger criteria, e.g. to
example, to send an update only when the target has moved at least n send an update only when the target has moved at least n meters.
meters. However, the application is also interested in receiving the However, the application is also interested in receiving the current
current state periodically even if the state of the target has not state periodically even if the state of the target has not changed
changed enough to satisfy any of the trigger criteria, i.e. has not enough to satisfy any of the trigger criteria, e.g. has not moved at
moved at least n meters within the period. least n meters within the period.
In order to control the actual state, the location application sets a In order to control the actual state, the location application sets a
minimum rate ("max-interval" parameter), i.e. a maximum time interval minimum rate ("max-interval" parameter), i.e. a maximum time interval
between two notifications. between two notifications.
The location application can also modify the "max-interval" parameter The location application can also modify the "max-interval" parameter
during the lifetime of the subscription. When the subscription to during the lifetime of the subscription. When the subscription to
the movement of a target is made, the notifier may not have the the movement of a target is made, the notifier may not have the
location information available. Thus, the first notification might location information available. Thus, the first notification might
be empty, or certain values might be absent. An important use case be empty, or certain values might be absent. An important use case
is placing constraints on when complete state should be provided is placing constraints on when complete state should be provided
after creating the subscription. The "max-interval" parameter after creating the subscription. The "max-interval" parameter
indicates the time to the notifier when a complete state information indicates to the notifier the maximum amount of time that should be
should be notified. Once state is acquired and the second allowed to elapse between NOTIFY requests containing complete state
notification is sent, the subscriber updates or changes the "max- information. Once state is acquired and the second notification is
interval" parameter to a more sensible value. This update can be sent, the subscriber updates or changes the "max-interval" parameter
performed in the 200 OK response to the NOTIFY request that contains to a more sensible value. This update can be performed in the 200 OK
the complete state information. response to the NOTIFY request that contains the complete state
information.
3.3. Use Case for specifying the average rate of notifications
The previous mechanisms introduce a static and instantaneous rate
control. However there are some applications that would work better
with an adaptive rate control. This section illustrates the tracking
scenario.
A tracking application is monitoring a target. 3.3. Use Case for Specifying an Adaptive Minimum Rate of Notifications
In order to decrease the processing and network load, the tracking The minimum rate mechanism introduces a static and instantaneous rate
application wants to make a subscription that dynamically increases control without the functionality to increase or decrease the
the interval between notifications if the target has sent out several notification frequency adaptively. However, there are some
notifications recently. applications that would work better with an adaptive minimum rate
control. This section illustrates the tracking scenario.
In order to set an adaptive rate control, the application defines a A tracking application is monitoring the movement of a target. In
average cadence ("average-interval" parameter) at which notifications order to decrease the processing in the application, the tracking
are desired. The "average-interval" parameter value is used by the application wants to make a subscription that dynamically decreases
notifier to dynamically calculate the maximum time allowed between the minimum rate of notifications if the target has sent out several
two notifications. In order to dynamically calculate the maximum, notifications recently. However, if there have have been only few
the Notifier takes into consideration the frequency at which recent notifications by the target, the tracking application wants
notifications have been sent recently. the minimum rate of notifications to increase.
This type of rate control allows the notifier to dynamically increase The application sets an adaptive minimum rate ("average-interval"
or decrease the Notification frequency. parameter), i.e. an average maximum time interval between two
notifications. The "average-interval" parameter value is used by the
notifier to dynamically calculate the actual maximum time ("timeout"
parameter) between two notifications. In order to dynamically
calculate the maximum time, the notifier takes into consideration the
frequency at which notifications have been sent recently. In the
adaptive minimum rate mechanism the notifier can increase or decrease
the notification frequency compared to minimum rate mechanism based
on the recent number of notifications sent out in the last period.
The tracking application can also modify the "average-interval" The tracking application can also modify the "average-interval"
parameter during the lifetime of the subscription. parameter during the lifetime of the subscription.
3.4. Requirements 3.4. Requirements
REQ1: The subscriber must be able to set the minimum time period REQ1: The subscriber must be able to set a maximum rate ("min-
("min-interval" parameter) between two notifications in a interval" parameter) of notifications in a specific
specific subscription. subscription.
REQ2: The subscriber must be able to set the maximum time period REQ2: The subscriber must be able to set a minimum rate ("max-
("max-interval" parameter) between two notifications in a interval" parameter) of notifications in a specific
specific subscription. subscription.
REQ3: The subscriber must be able to set an average cadence REQ3: The subscriber must be able to set an adaptive minimum rate
("average-interval" parameter) at which notifications are ("average-interval" parameter), which adjusts the minimum
desired in a specific subscription. rate of notifications based on a moving average.
REQ4: It must be possible to apply all together, or in any REQ4: It must be possible to apply the maximum rate, the minimum
combination, the "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average- rate and the adaptive minimum rate mechanisms all together,
interval" mechanisms in a specific subscription. or in any combination, in a specific subscription.
REQ5: It must be possible to use of the different rate control REQ5: It must be possible to use any of the different rate control
mechanisms in subscriptions to any events. mechanisms in subscriptions to any events.
REQ6: It must be possible to use the different rate control REQ6: It must be possible to use any of the different rate control
mechanisms together with any other event filtering mechanisms together with any other event filtering
mechanisms. mechanisms.
REQ7: The notifier must be allowed to use a policy in which the REQ7: The notifier must be allowed to use a policy in which the
minimum time period between two notifications is adjusted "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval"
from the value given by the subscriber. paremeters are adjusted from the value given by the
subscriber.
For example, due to congestion reasons, local policy at For example, due to congestion reasons, local policy at
the notifier could temporarily dictate a policy that in the notifier could temporarily dictate a policy that in
effect increases the subscriber-configured minimum time effect increases the subscriber-configured minimum time
period between two notifications. In another example, the period between two notifications. In another example, the
notifier can decrease the proposed minimum time by the notifier can decrease the proposed minimum time by the
subscriber to match it with the remaining expiry time left subscriber to match it with the remaining expiry time left
for the subscription. for the subscription.
REQ8: The different rate control mechanisms must discuss corner REQ8: The different rate control mechanisms must address corner
cases for setting the time periods between two notifications. cases for setting the time periods between two notifications.
At a minimum, the mechanisms must include discussion of the At a minimum, the mechanisms must address the situation when
situation resulting from a minimum, maximum or average time the time between two notifications would exceed the
period which exceeds the subscription duration, and should subscription duration and should provide mechanisms for
provide mechanisms for avoiding this situation. avoiding this situation.
REQ9: The different rate control mechanisms must be possible to be REQ9: The different rate control mechanisms must be possible to be
installed, modified, or removed in the course of an active invoked, modified, or removed in the course of an active
subscription. subscription.
REQ10: The different rate control mechanisms must allow for the REQ10: The different rate control mechanisms must allow for the
application of authentication and integrity protection application of authentication and integrity protection
mechanisms to subscriptions invoking that mechanism. mechanisms to subscriptions invoking that mechanism.
3.5. The maximum rate mechanism for Resource List Server 4. Basic Operations
When applied to a list subscription [RFC4662], the maximum rate
mechanism has some additional considerations. Specifically, the
maximum rate applies to the aggregate notification stream resulting
from the list subscription, rather than explicitly controlling the
notification of each of the implied constituent events. Moreover,
the RLS can use the maximum rate mechanism on its own to control the
rate of the back-end subscriptions to avoid overflowing its buffer.
The notifier is responsible for sending out event notifications upon
state changes of the subscribed resource. We can model the notifier
as consisting of three components: the event state resource(s), the
Resource List Server (RLS) (or any other notifier), a notification
buffer, and finally the subscriber, or watcher of the event state, as
shown in Figure 1.
+--------+
| Event |
+--------+ |Resource| +--------+
| Event | +--------+ | Event |
|Resource| | |Resource|
+---.=---+ | +---=----+
`-.. | _.--'
``-._ | _.--'
+'--'--'-+
|Resource|
| List |
| Server |
+---.----+
|
|
)--+---(
| | .------------.
|Buffer|<======'min-interval|
| | `------------'
)--.---(
|
|
.---+---.
| Event |
|Watcher|
`-------'
Figure 1: Model for the Resource List Server (RLS) Supporting
Throttling
In short, the RLS reads event state changes from the event state
resource, either by creating a back end subscription, or by other
means; it packages them into event notifications, and submits them
into the output buffer. The rate at which this output buffer drains
is controlled by the subscriber via the maximum rate mechanism. When
a set of notifications are batched together, the way in which
overlapping resource state is handled depends on the type of the
resource state:
In theory, there are many buffer policies that the notifier could
implement. However, we only concentrate on two practical buffer
policies in this specification, leaving additional ones for
further study and out of the scope of this work. These two buffer
policies depend on the mode in which the notifier is operating.
Full-state: Last (most recent) full state notification of each
resource is sent out, and all others in the buffer are discarded.
This policy applies to those event packages that carry full-state
notifications.
Partial-state: The state deltas of each buffered partial
notification per resource are merged, and the resulting
notification is sent out. This policy applies to those event
packages that carry partial-state notifications.
3.6. Basic Operation
A subscriber that wants to limit the rate of event notification in a
specific event subscription does so by including a "min-interval"
Event header parameter as part of the SUBSCRIBE request. The "min-
interval" value indicates the minimum time allowed between
transmission of two consecutive notifications in a subscription.
Note that the witnessed time between two consecutive received 4.1. Subscriber Behavior
notifications may not conform to the "min-interval" value for a
number of reasons. For example, network jitter and
retransmissions may result in the subscriber receiving the
notifications with smaller intervals than the "min-interval" value
recommends.
A subscriber that wants to have a maximum notification time period in In general, the way in which a subscriber generates SUBSCRIBE
a specific event subscription does so by including a "max-interval" requests and processes NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265
Event header parameter as part of the SUBSCRIBE request. The "max- [RFC3265].
interval" value indicates the maximum time allowed between
transmission of two consecutive notifications in a subscription.
A subscriber that wants to have an average cadence for the A subscriber that wants to have a maximum, minimum or adaptive
notifications in a specific event subscription does so by including a minimum rate of event notifications in a specific event subscription
"average-interval" Event header parameter as part of the SUBSCRIBE does so by including a "min-interval", "max-interval" or "average-
interval" Event header field parameter(s) as part of the SUBSCRIBE
request. request.
A subscriber that wants to update a previously agreed event rate A subscriber that wants to update a previously agreed event rate
control parameter does so by including the updated "min-interval", control parameter does so by including the updated "min-interval",
"max-interval" or "average-interval" Event header parameter as part "max-interval" or "average-interval" Event header field parameter(s)
of a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a 200-class response to the as part of a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a 2xx response to the
NOTIFY request. NOTIFY request. If the subscriber did not include at least one of
the "min-interval, "max-interval", or "average-interval" header field
parameters in the most recent SUBSCRIBE request in a given dialog, it
MUST NOT include an Event header field with any of those parameters
in a 2xx response to a NOTIFY request in that dialog.
4.2. Notifier Behavior
In general, the way in which a notifier processes SUBSCRIBE requests
and generates NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265 [RFC3265].
A notifier that supports the different rate control mechanisms will A notifier that supports the different rate control mechanisms will
comply with the value given in "min-interval", "max-interval" and comply with the value given in "min-interval", "max-interval" and
"average-interval" parameters and adjust its rate of notification "average-interval" parameters and adjust its rate of notification
accordingly. However, if the notifier needs to lower the accordingly. However, if the notifier needs to lower the
subscription expiration value or a local policy or other subscription expiration value or if a local policy or other
implementation-determined constraint at the notifier can not satisfy implementation-determined constraint at the notifier can not satisfy
the rate control request, then the notifier can adjust (i.e. increase the rate control request, then the notifier can adjust (i.e. increase
or decrease) opportunely the subscriber requested rate control. or decrease) appropriately the subscriber requested rate control.
4. Operation of the maximum rate mechanism
4.1. Subscriber Behavior 5. Operation of the Maximum Rate Mechanism
In general, the way in which a subscriber generates SUBSCRIBE 5.1. Subscriber Behavior
requests and processes NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265
[RFC3265].
A subscriber that wishes to apply a maximum rate to notifications in A subscriber that wishes to apply a maximum rate to notifications in
a subscription MUST construct a SUBSCRIBE request that includes a a subscription MUST construct a SUBSCRIBE request that includes a
minimum time interval between two consecutive notifications included minimum time interval between two consecutive notifications included
in the "min-interval" Event header field parameter. The value of in the "min-interval" Event header field parameter. The value of
this parameter is an integral number of seconds in decimal. this parameter is an integral number of seconds in decimal.
Note that the witnessed time between two consecutive received
notifications may not conform to the "min-interval" value for a
number of reasons. For example, network jitter and
retransmissions may result in the subscriber receiving the
notifications with smaller intervals than the "min-interval" value
recommends.
A subscriber that wishes to update the previously agreed maximum rate A subscriber that wishes to update the previously agreed maximum rate
of notifications MUST include the updated "min-interval" Event header of notifications MUST include the updated "min-interval" Event header
field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a 200-class field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a 2xx response
response to the NOTIFY request. If the Event header field of the to the NOTIFY request.
SUBSCRIBE request did not include the "min-interval" parameter, the
subscriber MUST NOT include an initial value of the "min-interval"
Event header field parameter in a 200-class response to the NOTIFY
request.
A subscriber that wishes to remove the maximum rate control from A subscriber that wishes to remove the maximum rate control from
notifications MUST indicate so by not including a "min-interval" notifications MUST indicate so by not including a "min-interval"
Event header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a Event header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a
200-class response to the NOTIFY request. 2xx response to the NOTIFY request.
There are two main consequences for the subscriber when applying the There are two main consequences for the subscriber when applying the
maximum rate mechanism: state transitions may be lost, and event maximum rate mechanism: state transitions may be lost, and event
notifications may be delayed. If either of these side effects notifications may be delayed. If either of these side effects
constitute a problem to the application that is to utilize event constitute a problem to the application that utilizes the event
notifications, developers are instructed not to use the mechanism. notifications, developers are instructed not to use the mechanism.
4.2. Notifier Behavior 5.2. Notifier Behavior
In general, the way in which a notifier processes SUBSCRIBE requests
and generates NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265 [RFC3265].
A notifier that supports the maximum rate mechanism MUST extract the A notifier that supports the maximum rate mechanism MUST extract the
value of the "min-interval" Event header parameter from a SUBSCRIBE value of the "min-interval" Event header parameter from a SUBSCRIBE
request or a 200-class response to the NOTIFY request and use it as request or a 2xx response to the NOTIFY request and use it as the
the suggested time allowed between two notifications. This value can suggested minimum time allowed between two notifications. This value
be adjusted by the notifier, as defined in Section 4.3. If the Event can be adjusted by the notifier, as defined in Section 5.3.
header field of the SUBSCRIBE request did not include the "min-
interval" parameter, the notifier MUST ignore an initial value of the
"min-interval" Event header field parameter in a 200-class response
to the NOTIFY request, if present.
A compliant notifier MUST reflect back the possibly adjusted minimum A compliant notifier MUST reflect back the possibly adjusted minimum
time interval in a "min-interval" Subscription-State header field time interval in a "min-interval" Subscription-State header field
parameter of the subsequent NOTIFY requests. The indicated "min- parameter of the subsequent NOTIFY requests. The indicated "min-
interval" value is adopted by the notifier, and the notification rate interval" value is adopted by the notifier, and the notification rate
is adjusted accordingly. is adjusted accordingly.
A notifier that does not understand this extension will not reflect A notifier that does not understand this extension will not reflect
the "min-interval" Subscription-State header field parameter in the the "min-interval" Subscription-State header field parameter in the
NOTIFY requests; the absence of this parameter indicates to the NOTIFY requests; the absence of this parameter indicates to the
subscriber that no rate control is supported by the notifier. subscriber that no rate control is supported by the notifier.
A compliant notifier MUST NOT generate notifications more frequently A compliant notifier MUST NOT generate notifications more frequently
than the maximum rate allows for, except when generating the than the maximum rate allows for, except when generating the
notification either upon receipt of a SUBSCRIBE request (the first notification either upon receipt of a SUBSCRIBE request (the first
notification), when the subscription state is changing from "pending" notification), when the subscription state is changing from "pending"
to "active" state or upon termination of the subscription (the last to "active" state or upon termination of the subscription (the last
notification). Such notifications reset the timer for the next notification). Such notifications reset the timer for the next
notification, even though they do not need to abide by it. notification.
When a local policy dictates a maximum rate for notifications, a When a local policy dictates a maximum rate for notifications, a
notifier will not generate notifications more frequently than the notifier will not generate notifications more frequently than the
local policy maximum rate, even if the subscriber is not asking for local policy maximum rate, even if the subscriber is not asking for
maximum rate control. The notifier MAY inform the subscriber about maximum rate control. The notifier MAY inform the subscriber about
such local policy maximum rate using the "min-interval" Subscription- such local policy maximum rate using the "min-interval" Subscription-
State header field parameter included in the subsequent NOTIFY State header field parameter included in the subsequent NOTIFY
requests. requests.
Retransmissions of NOTIFY requests are not affected by the maximum Retransmissions of NOTIFY requests are not affected by the maximum
rate mechanism, i.e., the maximum rate mechanism only applies to the rate mechanism, i.e., the maximum rate mechanism only applies to the
generation of new transactions. In other words, the maximum rate generation of new transactions. In other words, the maximum rate
mechanism does not in any way break or modify the normal mechanism does not in any way break or modify the normal
retransmission mechanism specified in RFC 3261 [RFC3261]. retransmission mechanism specified in RFC 3261 [RFC3261].
4.3. Selecting the maximum rate 5.3. Selecting the Maximum Rate
Special care needs to be taken when selecting the "min-interval" Special care needs to be taken when selecting the "min-interval"
value. Using the "min-interval" syntax it is possible to insist both value. For example, the maximum rate could potentially set a minimum
very short and very long intervals between notifications. time value between notifications that exceeds the subscription
expiration value. Such a configuration would effectively quench the
For example, the maximum rate could potentially set a minimum time notifier, resulting in exactly two notifications to be generated. If
value between notifications that exceeds the subscription expiration the subscriber requests a "min-interval" value greater than the
value. Such a configuration would effectively quench the notifier,
resulting in exactly two notifications to be generated. If the
subscriber requests a "min-interval" value greater than the
subscription expiration, the notifier MUST lower the "min-interval" subscription expiration, the notifier MUST lower the "min-interval"
value and set it to the expiration time left. According to RFC 3265 value and set it to the expiration time left. According to RFC 3265
[RFC3265] the notifier may also shorten the subscription expiry [RFC3265] the notifier may also shorten the subscription expiry
anytime during an active subscription. If the subscription expiry is anytime during an active subscription. If the subscription expiry is
shortened during an active subscription, the notifier MUST also lower shortened during an active subscription, the notifier MUST also lower
the "min-interval" value and set it to the reduced expiration time. the "min-interval" value and set it to the reduced expiration time.
In some cases it makes sense to pause the notification stream on an In some cases it makes sense to pause the notification stream on an
existing subscription dialog on a temporary basis without terminating existing subscription dialog on a temporary basis without terminating
the subscription, e.g. due to inactivity on the application UI. the subscription, e.g. due to inactivity on the application user
Whenever a subscriber discovers the need to perform the notification interface. Whenever a subscriber discovers the need to perform the
pause operation, it SHOULD set the "min-interval" value to the notification pause operation, it SHOULD set the "min-interval" value
remaining subscription expiration value. This results in receiving to the remaining subscription expiration value. This results in
no further notifications until the subscription expires or the receiving no further notifications until the subscription expires or
subscriber sends a SUBSCRIBE request resuming notifications. the subscriber sends a SUBSCRIBE request resuming notifications.
The notifier MAY decide to increase or decrease the proposed maximum The notifier MAY decide to increase or decrease the proposed maximum
rate value by the subscriber based on its local policy, static rate value by the subscriber based on its local policy, static
configuration or other implementation-determined constraints. The configuration or other implementation-determined constraints. The
notifier MUST include the adjusted "min-interval" value in the notifier MUST include the adjusted "min-interval" value in the
Subscription-State header field's "min-interval" parameter in each of Subscription-State header field's "min-interval" parameter in each of
the NOTIFY requests. In addition, different event packages MAY the NOTIFY requests. In addition, different event packages MAY
define additional constraints to the allowed "min-interval" define additional constraints to the allowed "min-interval"
intervals. Such constraints are out of the scope of this intervals. Such constraints are out of the scope of this
specification. specification.
4.4. Buffer Policy Description 5.4. The Maximum Rate Mechanism for Resource List Server
4.4.1. Partial State Notifications When applied to a list subscription [RFC4662], the maximum rate
mechanism has some additional considerations. Specifically, the
maximum rate applies to the aggregate notification stream resulting
from the list subscription, rather than explicitly controlling the
notification of each of the implied constituent events. Moreover,
the RLS can use the maximum rate mechanism on its own to control the
rate of the back-end subscriptions to avoid overflowing its buffer.
With partial notifications, the notifier will always need to keep The notifier is responsible for sending out event notifications upon
both a copy of the current full state of the resource F, as well as state changes of the subscribed resource. We can model the notifier
the last successfully communicated full state view F' of the resource as consisting of four components: the event state resource(s), the
in a specific subscription. The construction of a partial Resource List Server (RLS) (or any other notifier), a notification
notification then involves creating a difference of the two states, buffer, and finally the subscriber, or watcher of the event state, as
and generating a notification that contains that difference. shown in Figure 1.
+--------+
| Event |
+--------+ |Resource| +--------+
| Event | +--------+ | Event |
|Resource| | |Resource|
+---.=---+ | +---=----+
`-.. | _.--'
``-._ | _.--'
+'--'--'-+
|Resource|
| List |
| Server |
+---.----+
|
|
)--+---(
| | .------------.
|Buffer|<======'min-interval|
| | `------------'
)--.---(
|
|
.---+---.
| Event |
|Watcher|
`-------'
Figure 1: Model for the Resource List Server (RLS) Supporting
Throttling
In short, the RLS reads event state changes from the event state
resource, either by creating a back end subscription, or by other
means; it packages them into event notifications and submits them
into the output buffer. The rate at which this output buffer drains
is controlled by the subscriber via the maximum rate mechanism. When
a set of notifications are batched together, the way in which
overlapping resource state is handled depends on the type of the
resource state:
In theory, there are many buffer policies that the notifier could
implement. However, we only concentrate on two practical buffer
policies in this specification, leaving additional ones for
further study and out of the scope of this specification. These
two buffer policies depend on the mode in which the notifier is
operating.
Full-state: Last (most recent) full state notification of each
resource is sent out, and all others in the buffer are discarded.
This policy applies to those event packages that carry full-state
notifications.
Partial-state: The state deltas of each buffered partial
notification per resource are merged, and the resulting
notification is sent out. This policy applies to those event
packages that carry partial-state notifications.
5.5. Buffer Policy Description
5.5.1. Partial State Notifications
With partial notifications, the notifier needs to maintain a separate
buffer for each subscriber since each subscriber may have a different
value for the maximum rate of notifications. The notifier will
always need to keep both a copy of the current full state of the
resource F, as well as the last successfully communicated full state
view F' of the resource in a specific subscription. The construction
of a partial notification then involves creating a difference of the
two states, and generating a notification that contains that
difference.
When the maximum rate mechanism is applied to the subscription, it is When the maximum rate mechanism is applied to the subscription, it is
important that F' is replaced with F only when the difference of F important that F' is replaced with F only when the difference of F
and F' was already included in a partial state notification to the and F' was already included in a partial state notification to the
subscriber allowed by the maximum rate mechanism. Additionally, the subscriber allowed by the maximum rate mechanism. Additionally, the
notifier implementation SHOULD check to see that the size of an notifier implementation SHOULD check to see that the size of an
accumulated partial state notification is smaller than the full accumulated partial state notification is smaller than the full
state, and if not, the notifier SHOULD send the full state state, and if not, the notifier SHOULD send the full state
notification instead. notification instead.
4.4.2. Full State Notifications 5.5.2. Full State Notifications
With full state notifications, the notifier only needs to keep the With full state notifications, the notifier only needs to keep the
full state of the resource, and when that changes, send the resulting full state of the resource, and when that changes, send the resulting
notification over to the subscriber. notification over to the subscriber.
When the maximum rate mechanism is applied to the subscription, the When the maximum rate mechanism is applied to the subscription, the
notifier receives the state changes of the resource, and generates a notifier receives the state changes of the resource, and generates a
notification. If there is a pending notification, the notifier notification. If there is a pending notification, the notifier
simply replaces that notification with the new notification, simply replaces that notification with the new notification,
discarding the older state. discarding the older state.
4.5. Estimated Bandwidth Savings 5.6. Estimated Bandwidth Savings
It is difficult to estimate the total bandwidth savings accrued by It is difficult to estimate the total bandwidth savings accrued by
using the maximum rate mechanism over a subscription, since such using the maximum rate mechanism over a subscription, since such
estimates will vary depending on the usage scenarios. However, it is estimates will vary depending on the usage scenarios. However, it is
easy to see that given a subscription where several full state easy to see that given a subscription where several full state
notifications would have normally been sent in any given interval set notifications would have normally been sent in any given interval set
by the "min-interval" parameter, only a single notification is sent by the "min-interval" parameter, only a single notification is sent
during the same interval when using the maximum rate mechanism, during the same interval when using the maximum rate mechanism
yielding bandwidth savings of several times the notification size. yielding bandwidth savings of several times the notification size.
With partial-state notifications, drawing estimates is further With partial-state notifications, drawing estimates is further
complicated by the fact that the states of consecutive updates may or complicated by the fact that the states of consecutive updates may or
may not overlap. However, even in the worst case scenario, where may not overlap. However, even in the worst case scenario, where
each partial update is to a different part of the full state, a rate each partial update is to a different part of the full state, a rate
controlled notification merging all of these n partial states controlled notification merging all of these n partial states
together should at a maximum be the size of a full-state update. In together should at a maximum be the size of a full-state update. In
this case, the bandwidth savings are approximately n times the size this case, the bandwidth savings are approximately n times the size
of the header fields of the NOTIFY request. of the header fields of the NOTIFY request.
It is also true that there are several compression schemes available It is also true that there are several compression schemes available
that have been designed to save bandwidth in SIP, e.g., SigComp that have been designed to save bandwidth in SIP, e.g., SigComp
[RFC3320] and TLS compression [RFC3943]. However, such compression [RFC3320] and TLS compression [RFC3943]. However, such compression
schemes are complementary rather than competing mechanisms to the schemes are complementary rather than competing mechanisms to the
maximum rate mechanism. After all, they can both be applied maximum rate mechanism. After all, they can both be applied
simultaneously, and in such a way that the compound savings are as simultaneously.
good as the sum of applying each one alone.
5. Operation of the minimum rate mechanism 6. Operation of the Minimum Rate Mechanism
5.1. Subscriber Behavior
In general, the way in which a subscriber generates SUBSCRIBE 6.1. Subscriber Behavior
requests and processes NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265
[RFC3265].
A subscriber that wishes to apply a minimum rate to notifications in A subscriber that wishes to apply a minimum rate to notifications in
a subscription MUST construct a SUBSCRIBE request that includes a a subscription MUST construct a SUBSCRIBE request that includes a
maximum time interval between two consecutive notifications included maximum time interval between two consecutive notifications included
in the "max-interval" Event header field parameter. The value of in the "max-interval" Event header field parameter. The value of
this parameter is an integral number of seconds in decimal. this parameter is an integral number of seconds in decimal.
A subscriber that wishes to update the previously agreed minimum rate A subscriber that wishes to update the previously agreed minimum rate
of notifications MUST include the updated "max-interval" Event header of notifications MUST include the updated "max-interval" Event header
field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a 200-class field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a 2xx response
response to the NOTIFY request. If the Event header field of the to the NOTIFY request.
SUBSCRIBE request did not include the "max-interval" parameter, the
subscriber MUST NOT include an initial value of the "max-interval"
Event header field parameter in a 200-class response to the NOTIFY
request.
A subscriber that wishes to remove the minimum rate control from A subscriber that wishes to remove the minimum rate control from
notifications MUST indicate so by not including a "max-interval" notifications MUST indicate so by not including a "max-interval"
Event header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a Event header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a
200-class response to the NOTIFY request. 2xx response to the NOTIFY request.
The main consequence for the subscriber when applying the minimum The main consequence for the subscriber when applying the minimum
rate mechanism is that it can receive a notification even if nothing rate mechanism is that it can receive a notification even if nothing
has changed in the current state of the notifier. However, RFC 5839 has changed in the current state of the notifier. However, RFC 5839
[RFC5839] defines a mechanism that allows sending only an etag [RFC5839] defines a mechanism that allows sending only an etag
instead of the full resource state in a notification if the state has instead of the full resource state in a notification if the state has
not changed. not changed.
5.2. Notifier Behavior 6.2. Notifier Behavior
In general, the way in which a notifier processes SUBSCRIBE requests
and generates NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265 [RFC3265].
A notifier that supports the minimum rate mechanism MUST extract the A notifier that supports the minimum rate mechanism MUST extract the
value of the "max-interval" Event header parameter from a SUBSCRIBE value of the "max-interval" Event header field parameter from a
request or a 200-class response to the NOTIFY request and use it as SUBSCRIBE request or a 2xx response to the NOTIFY request and use it
the suggested maximum time allowed between two notifications. If the as the suggested maximum time allowed between two notifications.
Event header field of the SUBSCRIBE request did not include the "max-
interval" parameter, the notifier MUST ignore an initial value of the
"max-interval" Event header field parameter in a 200-class response
to the NOTIFY request, if present.
The notifier MAY decide to increase or decrease the proposed minimum The notifier MAY decide to increase or decrease the proposed minimum
rate value based on its local policy, static configuration or other rate value based on its local policy, static configuration or other
implementation-determined constraints. A compliant notifier MUST implementation-determined constraints. A compliant notifier MUST
reflect back the possibly adjusted maximum time interval in a "max- reflect back the possibly adjusted maximum time interval in a "max-
interval" Subscription-State header field parameter of the subsequent interval" Subscription-State header field parameter of the subsequent
NOTIFY requests. The indicated "max-interval" value is adopted by NOTIFY requests. The indicated "max-interval" value is adopted by
the notifier, and the notification rate is adjusted accordingly. the notifier, and the notification rate is adjusted accordingly.
A notifier that does not understand this extension, will not reflect A notifier that does not understand this extension, will not reflect
the "max-interval" Subscription-State header field parameter in the the "max-interval" Subscription-State header field parameter in the
NOTIFY requests; the absence of this parameter indicates to the NOTIFY requests; the absence of this parameter indicates to the
subscriber that no rate control is supported by the notifier. subscriber that no rate control is supported by the notifier.
A compliant notifier MUST generate notifications whenever the time A compliant notifier MUST generate notifications when state changes
since the most recent notification exceeds the value in the "max- occur or when the time since the most recent notification exceeds the
interval" parameter. Depending on the event package and subscriber value in the "max-interval" parameter. Depending on the event
preferences indicated in the SUBSCRIBE request, the NOTIFY request package and subscriber preferences indicated in the SUBSCRIBE
sent as a result of a max-interval expiration MUST contain either the request, the NOTIFY request sent as a result of a max-interval
current full state or the partial state showing the difference expiration MUST contain either the current full state or the partial
between the current state and the last successfully communicated state showing the difference between the current state and the last
state. successfully communicated state.
Retransmissions of NOTIFY requests are not affected by the minimum Retransmissions of NOTIFY requests are not affected by the minimum
rate mechanism, i.e., the minimum rate mechanism only applies to the rate mechanism, i.e., the minimum rate mechanism only applies to the
generation of new transactions. In other words, the minimum rate generation of new transactions. In other words, the minimum rate
mechanism does not in any way break or modify the normal mechanism does not in any way break or modify the normal
retransmission mechanism. retransmission mechanism.
6. Operation of the average rate mechanism 7. Operation of the Adaptive Minimum Rate Mechanism
6.1. Subscriber Behavior
In general, the way in which a subscriber generates SUBSCRIBE
requests and processes NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265
[RFC3265].
A subscriber that wishes to apply an average rate to notifications in 7.1. Subscriber Behavior
a subscription MUST construct a SUBSCRIBE request that includes a
proposed average time interval between two consecutive notifications
included in a "average-interval" Event header field parameter. The
value of this parameter is an integral number of seconds in decimal.
A subscriber that wishes to update the previously agreed average rate A subscriber that wishes to apply an adaptive minimum rate to
of notifications MUST include the updated "average-interval" Event notifications in a subscription MUST construct a SUBSCRIBE request
header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a 200- that includes an average maximum time interval between two
class response to the NOTIFY request. If the Event header field of consecutive notifications included in a "average-interval" Event
the SUBSCRIBE request did not include the "average-interval" header field parameter. The value of this parameter is an integral
parameter, the subscriber MUST NOT include an initial value of the number of seconds in decimal.
"average-interval" Event header field parameter in a 200-class
response to the NOTIFY request.
A subscriber that wishes to remove the average rate control from A subscriber that wishes to update the previously agreed adaptive
notifications MUST indicate so by not including a "average-interval" minimum rate of notifications MUST include the updated "average-
Event header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE request or a interval" Event header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE
200-class response to the NOTIFY request. request or a 2xx response to the NOTIFY request.
The main consequence for the subscriber when applying the average A subscriber that wishes to remove the adaptive minimum rate control
rate mechanism is that it can receive a notification even if nothing from notifications MUST indicate so by not including a "average-
has changed in the current state of the notifier. However, RFC 5839 interval" Event header field parameter in a subsequent SUBSCRIBE
[RFC5839] defines a mechanism that allows sending only an etag request or a 2xx response to the NOTIFY request.
instead of the full resource state in a notification if the state has
not changed.
6.2. Notifier Behavior The main consequence for the subscriber when applying the adative
minimum rate mechanism is that it can receive a notification even if
nothing has changed in the current state of the notifier. However,
RFC 5839 [RFC5839] defines a mechanism that allows sending only an
etag instead of the full resource state in a notification if the
state has not changed.
In general, the way in which a notifier processes SUBSCRIBE requests 7.2. Notifier Behavior
and generates NOTIFY requests is according to RFC 3265 [RFC3265].
A notifier that supports the average rate mechanism MUST extract the A notifier that supports the adaptive minimum rate mechanism MUST
value of the "average-interval" Event header parameter from a extract the value of the "average-interval" Event header parameter
SUBSCRIBE request or a 200-class response to the NOTIFY request and from a SUBSCRIBE request or a 2xx response to the NOTIFY request and
use it to calculate the maximum time allowed between two transactions use it to calculate the actual maximum time between two notifications
as defined in Section 6.3. If the Event header field of the as defined in Section 7.3.
SUBSCRIBE request did not include the "average-interval" parameter,
the notifier MUST ignore an initial value of the "average-interval"
Event header field parameter in a 200-class response to the NOTIFY
request, if present.
The notifier MAY decide to increase or decrease the proposed average The notifier MAY decide to increase or decrease the proposed
time interval based on its local policy, static configuration or "average-interval" based on its local policy, static configuration or
other implementation-determined constraints. A compliant notifier other implementation-determined constraints. A compliant notifier
MUST reflect back the possibly adjusted average time interval in an MUST reflect back the possibly adjusted time interval in an "average-
"average-interval" Subscription-State header field parameter of the interval" Subscription-State header field parameter of the subsequent
subsequent NOTIFY requests. The indicated "average-interval" value NOTIFY requests. The indicated "average-interval" value is adopted
is adopted by the notifier, and the notification rate is adjusted by the notifier, and the notification rate is adjusted accordingly.
accordingly.
A notifier that does not understand this extension will not reflect A notifier that does not understand this extension will not reflect
the "average-interval" Subscription-State header parameter in the the "average-interval" Subscription-State header parameter in the
NOTIFY requests; the absence of this parameter indicates to the NOTIFY requests; the absence of this parameter indicates to the
subscriber that no rate control is supported by the notifier. subscriber that no rate control is supported by the notifier.
A compliant notifier SHOULD generate notifications whenever the time A compliant notifier SHOULD generate notifications when state changes
since the most recent notification exceeds the value calculated using occur or when the time since the most recent notification exceeds the
the formula defined in Section 6.3. value calculated using the formula defined in Section 7.3.
The average rate mechanism is implemented as follows: The adaptive minimum rate mechanism is implemented as follows:
1) When a subscription is first created, the notifier creates a 1) When a subscription is first created, the notifier creates a
record that keeps track of the number of notifications that have record that keeps track of the number of notifications that have
been sent in the "period". This record is initialized to contain been sent in the "period". This record is initialized to contain
a history of having sent one message every "average-interval" a history of having sent one message every "average-interval"
seconds for the "period". seconds for the "period".
2) The "timeout" value is calculated according to the equation given 2) The "timeout" value is calculated according to the equation given
in Section 6.3. in Section 7.3.
3) If the timeout period passes without a NOTIFY request being sent 3) If the timeout period passes without a NOTIFY request being sent
in the subscription, then the current resource state is sent in the subscription, then the current resource state is sent
(subject to any filtering associated with the subscription). (subject to any filtering associated with the subscription).
4) Whenever a NOTIFY request is sent (regardless of whether due to a 4) Whenever a NOTIFY request is sent (regardless of whether due to a
timeout or a state change), the notifier updates the notification timeout or a state change), the notifier updates the notification
history record, recalculates the value of "timeout," and returns history record, recalculates the value of "timeout," and returns
to step 3. to step 3.
Retransmissions of NOTIFY requests are not affected by the timeout, Retransmissions of NOTIFY requests are not affected by the timeout,
i.e., the timeout only applies to the generation of new transactions. i.e., the timeout only applies to the generation of new transactions.
In other words, the timeout does not in any way break or modify the In other words, the timeout does not in any way break or modify the
normal retransmission mechanism specified in RFC 3261 [RFC3261]. normal retransmission mechanism specified in RFC 3261 [RFC3261].
6.3. Calculating the timeout 7.3. Calculating the Timeout
The formula used to vary the absolute pacing in a way that will meet The formula used to vary the absolute pacing in a way that will meet
the average rate requested over the period is given in equation (1): the adaptive minimum rate requested over the period is given in
equation (1):
timeout = (average-interval ^ 2) * count / period (1) timeout = (average-interval ^ 2) * count / period (1)
The output of the formula, "timeout", is the time to the next The output of the formula, "timeout", is the time to the next
notification, expressed in seconds. The formula has three inputs: notification, expressed in seconds. The formula has three inputs:
average-interval: The value of the "average-interval" parameter average-interval: The value of the "average-interval" parameter
conveyed in the Subscription-State header field, in seconds. conveyed in the Subscription-State header field, in seconds.
period: The rolling average period, in seconds. The value of the period: The rolling average period, in seconds. The value of the
"period" parameter MUST be greater than the value of the "average- "period" parameter is chosen by the notifier, however the notifier
interval" parameter. MUST choose a value greater than the value of the "average-
interval" parameter. The granularity of the values for the
"period" parameter is set by local policy at the notifier. It is
an implementation decision whether the notifier uses the same
value of the "period" parameter for all subscriptions or
individual values for each subscription.
count: The number of notifications that have been sent during the count: The number of notifications that have been sent during the
last "period" of seconds not including any retransmissions of last "period" of seconds not including any retransmissions of
requests. requests.
In case both the maximum rate and the average rate mechanisms are In case both the maximum rate and the adaptive minimum rate
used in the same subscription the formula used to dynamically mechanisms are used in the same subscription the formula used to
calculate the timeout is given in equation (2): dynamically calculate the timeout is given in equation (2):
timeout = MAX[min-interval, (average-interval ^ 2) * count / period] (2) timeout = MAX[min-interval, (average-interval ^ 2) * count / period] (2)
min-interval: The value of the "min-interval" parameter conveyed in min-interval: The value of the "min-interval" parameter conveyed in
the Event header field, in seconds. the Subscription-State header field, in seconds.
The formula in (2) makes sure that for all the possible values of the The formula in (2) makes sure that for all the possible values of the
"min-interval" and "average-interval" parameters, with "average- "min-interval" and "average-interval" parameters, with "average-
interval" > "min-interval", the timeout never results in a lower interval" > "min-interval", the timeout never results in a lower
value than the value of the "min-interval" parameter. value than the value of the "min-interval" parameter.
In some situation it may be beneficial for the Notifier to achieve an In some situation it may be beneficial for the notifier to achieve an
average rate in a different way than the algorithm detailed in this adaptive minimum rate in a different way than the algorithm detailed
document allows. However, the Notifier MUST comply with any "min- in this document allows. However, the notifier MUST comply with any
interval" or "max-interval" parameters that have been negotiated. "min-interval" or "max-interval" parameters that have been
negotiated.
7. Usage of "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval" in a 8. Usage of the Maximum Rate, Minimum Rate and Adaptive Minimum Rate
combination Mechanisms in a combination
Applications can subscribe to an event package using all the rate Applications can subscribe to an event package using all the rate
control mechanisms individually, or in combination; in fact there is control mechanisms individually, or in combination; in fact there is
no technical incompatibility among them. However there are some no technical incompatibility among them. However there are some
combinations of the different rate control mechanisms that make combinations of the different rate control mechanisms that make
little sense to be used together. This section lists all the little sense to be used together. This section lists all the
combinations that are possible to insert in a subscription; the combinations that are possible to insert in a subscription; the
utility to use each combination in a subscription is also analyzed. utility to use each combination in a subscription is also analyzed.
min-interval and max-interval: this combination allows to reduce the maximum rate and minimum rate: This combination allows to reduce the
notification frequency rate, but at the same time assures the notification frequency rate, but at the same time assures the
reception of a notification every time the most recent reception of a notification every time the most recent
notification exceeds a specified interval. notification exceeds a specified interval.
A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" value higher than the A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" value higher than the
"min-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST adjust the "min-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST adjust the
subscriber provided "max-interval" value to a value equivalent or subscriber provided "max-interval" value to a value equal to or
higher than the "min-interval" value. higher than the "min-interval" value.
min-interval and average-interval: it works in a similar way as the maximum rate and adaptive minimum rate: It works in a similar way as
combination above, but with the difference that the interval at the combination above, but with the difference that the interval
which notifications are assured changes dynamically. at which notifications are assured changes dynamically.
A subscriber SHOULD choose a "average-interval" value higher than A subscriber SHOULD choose a "average-interval" value higher than
the "min-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST adjust the the "min-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST adjust the
subscriber provided "average-interval" value to a value equivalent subscriber provided "average-interval" value to a value equal to
or higher than the "min-interval" value. or higher than the "min-interval" value.
max-interval and average-interval: as both the parameters are minimum rate and adaptive minimum rate: When using the adaptive
designed as minimum rate mechanisms, this combination makes sense minimum rate mechanism, frequent state changes in a short period
only in some corner cases. can result in no notifications for a longer period following the
short period. The addition of the minimum rate mechanism ensures
the subscriber always receives notifications after a specified
interval.
A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" value higher than the A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" value higher than the
"average-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST NOT consider "average-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST NOT consider
the "max-interval" value. the "max-interval" value.
min-interval, max-interval and average-interval: this combination maximum rate, minimum rate and adaptive minimum rate: This
makes little sense to be used although not forbidden. combination makes little sense to be used although not forbidden.
A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" and "average-interval" A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" and "average-interval"
values higher than the "min-interval" value, otherwise the values higher than the "min-interval" value, otherwise the
notifier MUST adjust the subscriber provided "max-interval" and notifier MUST adjust the subscriber provided "max-interval" and
"average-interval" values to a value equivalent or higher than the "average-interval" values to a value equal to or higher than the
"min-interval" value. "min-interval" value.
A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" value higher than the A subscriber SHOULD choose a "max-interval" value higher than the
"average-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST NOT consider "average-interval" value, otherwise the notifier MUST NOT consider
the "max-interval" value. the "max-interval" value.
8. Syntax 9. Protocol Element Definitions
This section describes the syntax extensions required for the This section describes the protocol extensions required for the
different rate control mechanisms. different rate control mechanisms.
8.1. "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval" Header Field 9.1. "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval" Header Field
Parameters Parameters
The "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval" parameters The "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-interval" parameters
are added to the rule definitions of the Event header field and the are added to the rule definitions of the Event header field and the
Subscription-State header field in RFC 3265 [RFC3265] grammar. Usage Subscription-State header field in RFC 3265 [RFC3265] grammar. Usage
of this parameter is described in Section 4, Section 5 and Section 6. of this parameter is described in Section 5, Section 6 and Section 7.
8.2. Augmented BNF Definitions 9.2. Grammar
This section describes the Augmented BNF [RFC5234] definitions for This section describes the Augmented BNF [RFC5234] definitions for
the new syntax elements. Note that we derive here from the ruleset the new header field parameters. Note that we derive here from the
present in RFC 3265 [RFC3265], adding additional alternatives to the ruleset present in RFC 3265 [RFC3265], adding additional alternatives
alternative sets of "event-param" and "subexp-params" defined to the alternative sets of "event-param" and "subexp-params" defined
therein. therein.
event-param =/ min-interval-param event-param =/ min-interval-param
subexp-params =/ min-interval-param subexp-params =/ min-interval-param
min-interval-param = "min-interval" EQUAL delta-seconds min-interval-param = "min-interval" EQUAL delta-seconds
event-param =/ max-interval-param event-param =/ max-interval-param
subexp-params =/ max-interval-param subexp-params =/ max-interval-param
max-interval-param = "max-interval" EQUAL delta-seconds max-interval-param = "max-interval" EQUAL delta-seconds
event-param =/ average-interval-param event-param =/ average-interval-param
subexp-params =/ average-interval-param subexp-params =/ average-interval-param
average-interval-param = "average-interval" EQUAL delta-seconds average-interval-param = "average-interval" EQUAL delta-seconds
8.3. Event header field usage in responses to the NOTIFY request 9.3. Event Header Field Usage in Responses to the NOTIFY request
This table expands the table described in Section 7.2 of RFC 3265 This table expands the table described in Section 7.2 of RFC 3265
[RFC3265] allowing the Event header field to appear in a 200-class [RFC3265] allowing the Event header field to appear in a 2xx response
response to a NOTIFY request. A UA that wishes to update the value to a NOTIFY request. The use of the Event header field in responses
for minimum, maximum or average rate of notifications can do so by other than 2xx to NOTIFY requests is undefined and out of scope of
including all desired values for the rate control parameters in an this specification.
Event header field of the 200-class response to a NOTIFY request.
Header field where proxy ACK BYE CAN INV OPT REG PRA SUB NOT Header field where proxy ACK BYE CAN INV OPT REG PRA SUB NOT
----------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
Event 2xx - - - - - - - - o Event 2xx - - - - - - - - o
9. IANA Considerations A subscriber that wishes to update the value for maximum, minimum or
adaptive minimum rate of notifications can do so by including all
desired values for the "min-interval", "max-interval" and "average-
interval" parameters in an Event header field of the 2xx response to
a NOTIFY request. Any of the other header field parameters currently
defined for the Event header field by other specifications do not
have a meaning if the Event header field is included in the 2xx
response to the NOTIFY request. These header field parameters MUST
be ignored by the notifier, if present.
The event type listed in the Event header field of the 2xx response
to the NOTIFY request MUST match the event type of the Event header
field in the corresponding NOTIFY request.
10. IANA Considerations
This specification registers three new SIP header field parameters, This specification registers three new SIP header field parameters,
defined by the following information which is to be added to the defined by the following information which is to be added to the
Header Field Parameters and Parameter Values sub-registry under Header Field Parameters and Parameter Values sub-registry under
http://www.iana.org/assignments/sip-parameters. http://www.iana.org/assignments/sip-parameters.
Predefined Predefined
Header Field Parameter Name Values Reference Header Field Parameter Name Values Reference
-------------------- --------------- ---------- --------- -------------------- --------------- ---------- ---------
Event min-interval No [RFCxxxx] Event min-interval No [RFCxxxx]
Subscription-State min-interval No [RFCxxxx] Subscription-State min-interval No [RFCxxxx]
Event max-interval No [RFCxxxx] Event max-interval No [RFCxxxx]
Subscription-State max-interval No [RFCxxxx] Subscription-State max-interval No [RFCxxxx]
Event average-interval No [RFCxxxx] Event average-interval No [RFCxxxx]
Subscription-State average-interval No [RFCxxxx] Subscription-State average-interval No [RFCxxxx]
(Note to the RFC Editor: please replace "xxxx" with the RFC number of (Note to the RFC Editor: please replace "xxxx" with the RFC number of
this specification, when assigned.) this specification, when assigned.)
10. Security Considerations This specification also updates the reference defining the Event
header field in the Header Fields sub-registry under
http://www.iana.org/assignments/sip-parameters.
Header Name compact Reference
----------- ------- ---------
Event o [RFC3265][RFCxxxx]
(Note to the RFC Editor: please replace "xxxx" with the RFC number of
this specification, when assigned.)
11. Security Considerations
Naturally, the security considerations listed in RFC 3265 [RFC3265], Naturally, the security considerations listed in RFC 3265 [RFC3265],
which the rate control mechanisms described in this document extends, which the rate control mechanisms described in this document extends,
apply in entirety. In particular, authentication and message apply in entirety. In particular, authentication and message
integrity SHOULD be applied to subscriptions with this extension. integrity SHOULD be applied to subscriptions with this extension.
RFC 3265 [RFC3265] recommends the integrity protection of the Event RFC 3265 [RFC3265] recommends the integrity protection of the Event
header field of SUBSCRIBE requests. Implementations of this header field of SUBSCRIBE requests. Implementations of this
extension SHOULD also provide integrity protection for the Event extension SHOULD also provide integrity protection for the Event
header field included in the 200-class response to the NOTIFY header field included in the 2xx response to the NOTIFY request.
request.
Without integrity protection an eavesdropper could see and modify the
Event header field; or it could also manipulate the transmission of a
200 (OK) response to the NOTIFY request in order to suppress or flood
notifications without the subscriber seeing what caused the problem.
When the maximum rate mechanism involves partial state notifications, When the maximum rate mechanism involves partial state notifications,
the security considerations listed in RFC 5263 [RFC5263] apply in the security considerations listed in RFC 5263 [RFC5263] apply in
entirety. entirety.
11. Acknowledgments 12. Acknowledgments
Thanks to Pekka Pessi, Dean Willis, Eric Burger, Alex Audu, Alexander Thanks to Pekka Pessi, Dean Willis, Eric Burger, Alex Audu, Alexander
Milinski, Jonathan Rosenberg, Cullen Jennings, Adam Roach, Hisham Milinski, Jonathan Rosenberg, Cullen Jennings, Adam Roach, Hisham
Khartabil, Dale Worley, Martin Thomson, Byron Campen, Alan Johnston, Khartabil, Dale Worley, Martin Thomson, Byron Campen, Alan Johnston,
Michael Procter and Janet Gunn for support and/or review of this Michael Procter and Janet Gunn for support and/or review of this
work. work.
Thanks to Brian Rosen for the idea of the minimum and average rate Thanks to Brian Rosen for the idea of the minimum and adaptive
mechanisms, and Adam Roach for the work on the averaging algorithm minimum rate mechanisms, and Adam Roach for the work on the algorithm
and other feedback. for the adaptive minimum rate mechanism and other feedback.
12. References 13. References
12.1. Normative References 13.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, [RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002. June 2002.
[RFC3265] Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific [RFC3265] Roach, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific
skipping to change at page 23, line 14 skipping to change at page 23, line 6
Resource Lists", RFC 4662, August 2006. Resource Lists", RFC 4662, August 2006.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax [RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008. Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
[RFC5263] Lonnfors, M., Costa-Requena, J., Leppanen, E., and H. [RFC5263] Lonnfors, M., Costa-Requena, J., Leppanen, E., and H.
Khartabil, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension Khartabil, "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension
for Partial Notification of Presence Information", for Partial Notification of Presence Information",
RFC 5263, September 2008. RFC 5263, September 2008.
12.2. Informative References 13.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-geopriv-loc-filters] [I-D.ietf-geopriv-loc-filters]
Mahy, R., Rosen, B., and H. Tschofenig, "Filtering Mahy, R., Rosen, B., and H. Tschofenig, "Filtering
Location Notifications in the Session Initiation Protocol Location Notifications in the Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP)", draft-ietf-geopriv-loc-filters-11 (work in (SIP)", draft-ietf-geopriv-loc-filters-11 (work in
progress), March 2010. progress), March 2010.
[RFC3320] Price, R., Bormann, C., Christoffersson, J., Hannu, H., [RFC3320] Price, R., Bormann, C., Christoffersson, J., Hannu, H.,
Liu, Z., and J. Rosenberg, "Signaling Compression Liu, Z., and J. Rosenberg, "Signaling Compression
(SigComp)", RFC 3320, January 2003. (SigComp)", RFC 3320, January 2003.
skipping to change at page 23, line 44 skipping to change at page 23, line 36
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3856, August 2004. Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3856, August 2004.
[RFC3857] Rosenberg, J., "A Watcher Information Event Template- [RFC3857] Rosenberg, J., "A Watcher Information Event Template-
Package for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", Package for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
RFC 3857, August 2004. RFC 3857, August 2004.
[RFC3943] Friend, R., "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol [RFC3943] Friend, R., "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Compression Using Lempel-Ziv-Stac (LZS)", RFC 3943, Compression Using Lempel-Ziv-Stac (LZS)", RFC 3943,
November 2004. November 2004.
[RFC4825] Rosenberg, J., "The Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP)", RFC 4825, May 2007.
[RFC5839] Niemi, A. and D. Willis, "An Extension to Session [RFC5839] Niemi, A. and D. Willis, "An Extension to Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) Events for Conditional Event Initiation Protocol (SIP) Events for Conditional Event
Notification", RFC 5839, May 2010. Notification", RFC 5839, May 2010.
Authors' Addresses Authors' Addresses
Aki Niemi Aki Niemi
Nokia Nokia
P.O. Box 407 P.O. Box 407
NOKIA GROUP, FIN 00045 NOKIA GROUP, FIN 00045
 End of changes. 108 change blocks. 
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