< draft-wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa-03.txt   draft-wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa-04.txt >
MIP6 Working Group Ryuji Wakikawa MIP6 Working Group Ryuji Wakikawa
INTERNET DRAFT Keisuke Uehara INTERNET DRAFT Keisuke Uehara
Category: Individual Thierry Ernst Category: Individual Thierry Ernst
19 Jun 2004 Keio Univ./WIDE Expire:20 Dec 2005 Keio Univ./WIDE
Kenichi Nagami Kenichi Nagami
INTEC Netcore INTEC Netcore
20 Jun 2005
Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration
draft-wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa-03.txt draft-wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa-04.txt
Status of This Memo Status of This Memo
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract Abstract
According to the current Mobile IPv6 specification, a mobile node According to the current Mobile IPv6 specification, a mobile node
may have several care-of addresses, but only one, termed the primary may have several care-of addresses, but only one, termed the primary
care-of address, can be registered with its home agent and the care-of address, can be registered with its home agent and the
correspondent nodes. However, for matters of cost, bandwidth, delay, correspondent nodes. However, for matters of cost, bandwidth, delay,
etc, it is useful for the mobile node to get Internet access through etc, it is useful for the mobile node to get Internet access through
multiple access media (i.e. interfaces) simultaneously, in which multiple access media simultaneously, in which case multiple active
case multiple active IPv6 care-of addresses would be assigned to IPv6 care-of addresses would be assigned to the mobile node. We thus
the mobile node. We thus propose Mobile IPv6 extensions designed propose Mobile IPv6 extensions designed to register multiple care-of
to register multiple care-of addresses bound to a single home addresses bound to a single home address instead of the sole primary
address instead of the sole primary care-of address. For doing so, care-of address. For doing so, a new identification number must be
a new identification number must be carried in each binding for the carried in each binding for the receiver to distinguish between the
receiver to distinguish between the bindings corresponding to the bindings corresponding to the same home address. Those extensions
same home address. Those extensions are targeted to NEMO (Network are targeted to NEMO (Network Mobility) Basic Support as well as to
Mobility) Basic Support as well as to Mobile IPv6. Mobile IPv6.
Contents Contents
Status of This Memo 1 Status of This Memo 1
Abstract 1 Copyright Notice 1
Abstract 2
1. Introduction 4 1. Introduction 4
2. Terminology 6 2. Terminology 6
3. Protocol Overview 8 3. Protocol Overview 8
3.1. Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1. Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Multiple Bindings Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2. Multiple Bindings Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Returning Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3. Returning Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Mobile IPv6 Extensions 10 4. Mobile IPv6 Extensions 10
4.1. Binding Cache Structure and Management . . . . . . . . . 10 4.1. Binding Cache Structure and Management . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. Binding Update Structure and Management . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2. Binding Update Structure and Management . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Messages Format Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3. Messages Format Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3.1. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option . . . . . . 11 4.3.1. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option . . . . . . 11
4.3.2. Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3.2. Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.3. Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3.3. Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4. Dynamic Home Agent Address Discovery . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4.1. DHAAD Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4.2. DHAAD Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4.3. Home Agent Information Option . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Mobile Node Operation 13 5. Mobile Node Operation 15
5.1. Management of care-of addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.1. Management of care-of addresses and Binding Unique
5.2. Sending Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3. De-registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.2. Sending Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.4. Using Alternate Care-of Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.3. De-registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5. Receiving Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.4. Using Alternate Care-of Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.6. Receiving Binding Refresh Request . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.5. Receiving Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.7. Receiving Binding Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.6. Receiving Binding Refresh Request . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.7. Receiving Binding Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation 17 6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation 19
6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Unique Identification 6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Unique Identification
Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2. Receiving Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.2. Receiving Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3. Sending Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.3. Sending Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.5. Sending Binding Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.5. Sending Binding Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7. Network Mobility Applicability 20 7. Network Mobility Applicability 22
Appendices 21 Appendices 23
A. Example Configurations 21 A. A Scenario: Access both Carrier Packet Network and the Internet 23
Example Configurations 21 B. Example Configurations 24
Acknowledgments 24 C. Changes 27
References 24 References 28
Authors' Addresses 26 Authors' Addresses 29
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
Permanent Internet connectivity is required by some applications Permanent Internet connectivity is required by some applications
while a mobile node moves across several access networks (i.e. while a mobile node moves across several access networks (i.e.
ISPs, hotspots, etc). For example, it is desirable to maintain ISPs, hotspots, etc). For example, it is desirable to maintain
the Internet connectivity while an automobile running on a freeway the Internet connectivity while an automobile running on a freeway
receives voice or video streaming data from different access receives voice or video streaming data from different access
networks. Such motivations for multiple points of attachment, and networks. Such motivations for multiple points of attachment, and
benefits for doing it are discussed at large in [5]. benefits for doing it are discussed at large in [4]. The problem
statement of multihomed mobile node is summarized in [7].
Unfortunately, there is no network interfaces assuring global scale Unfortunately, there is no network interfaces assuring global scale
connectivity. Therefore, a mobile node should use various type of connectivity. Therefore, a mobile node should use various type of
network interfaces to obtain wide area network connectivity [8]. In network interfaces to obtain wide area network connectivity [9]. In
addition, users should select the most appropriate network interface addition, users should select the most appropriate network interface
depending on a visiting network environment, since wireless networks depending on a visiting network environment, since wireless networks
are mutable and less reliable than wired networks and since each are mutable and less reliable than wired networks and since each
network interface has different cost, performance, bandwidth, access network interface has different cost, performance, bandwidth, access
range, and reliability. Users should also be able to select the range, and reliability. Users should also be able to select the
most appropriate interface per communication type. For example, TCP most appropriate interface per communication type. For example, TCP
traffic should be transmitted over the wireless interface, whereas traffic should be transmitted over the wireless interface, whereas
UDP traffic should be transmitted over wired the interface to avoid UDP traffic should be transmitted over the wired interface to avoid
disturbing TCP connections. disturbing TCP connections.
Associating multiple care-of addresses to a single home address would Associating multiple care-of addresses to a single home address would
allow durable Internet connectivity [10] [1] [11]. For example, allow durable Internet connectivity. For example, when a mobile node
when a mobile node loses its Internet connectivity at one of its loses its Internet connectivity at one of its interface, the second
interface, the second interface can be used as a backup interface interface can be used as a backup interface therefrom maintaining
therefrom maintaining Internet connectivity. In addition, the Internet connectivity. In addition, the mobile node can send each
mobile node can send each communication flow to a distinct network communication flow to a distinct network interface. This provides
interface. This provides efficient network bandwidth consumption. A efficient network bandwidth consumption. A user can select the most
user can select the most suitable network interface per application. suitable network interface per application. Correspondent nodes can
Correspondent nodes can also re-select a binding of the mobile node also re-select a binding of the mobile node to recover communication
to recover communication when one of mobile node's bindings becomes when one of mobile node's bindings becomes invalid. To enable a
invalid. To enable a binding selection policy, a mobile node can binding selection policy, a mobile node can use the particular
use the particular binding for specified communication type. If a binding for specified communication type. If a mobile node does
mobile node does not have enough bandwidth for communications, it not have enough bandwidth for communications, it can utilize both
can utilize both bindings to gain network bandwidth. Furthermore, bindings to gain network bandwidth. Furthermore, a mobile node may
a mobile node may bicast packets of a particular flow through all bicast packets of a particular flow through all available network
available network interfaces. interfaces.
IPv6 [2] conceptually allows a node to have several addresses on a IPv6 [1] conceptually allows a node to have several addresses on a
given interface. Consequently, Mobile IPv6 [6] has mechanisms to given interface. Consequently, Mobile IPv6 [5] has mechanisms to
manage multiple ``home addresses'' based on home agent's managed manage multiple ``home addresses'' based on home agent's managed
prefixes such as mobile prefix solicitation and mobile prefix prefixes such as mobile prefix solicitation and mobile prefix
advertisement. But assigning a single home address to a given advertisement. But assigning a single home address to a given
network interface is more advantageous than assigning multiple network interface is more advantageous than assigning multiple
home addresses because applications do not need to be aware of the home addresses because applications do not need to be aware of the
multiplicity of home addresses. Of course, applications should be multiplicity of home addresses. Of course, applications should be
aware of the active home address to be used for communicating. At aware of the active home address to be used for communicating. At
the TCP layer, TCP holds the home address as a source address of the the TCP layer, TCP holds the home address as a source address of
communication for connection management. Thus, applications must be the communication for connection management. Applications must be
restarted to reset the connection information when the mobile node restarted to reset the connection information when the mobile node
changes its active network interface (i.e. change the home address). changes its active network interface (i.e. change the home address).
However, according to section 11.5.3 of the Mobile IPv6 specification However, according to section 11.5.3 of the Mobile IPv6 specification
[6], a mobile node is not allowed to register multiple care-of [5], a mobile node is not allowed to register multiple care-of
addresses bound to a single home address. If a mobile node sends addresses bound to a single home address. If a mobile node sends
Binding Updates for each care-of address, correspondent nodes would Binding Updates for each care-of address, correspondent nodes would
always overwrite the care-of address recorded in the binding cache always overwrite the care-of address recorded in the binding cache
with the one contained in the latest received binding update. It with the one contained in the latest received binding update. It
is thus impossible for a mobile node to register multiple care-of is thus impossible for a mobile node to register multiple care-of
addresses in the correspondent node's binding cache. addresses in the correspondent node's binding cache.
In this document, we thus propose a new identification number called In this document, we thus propose a new identification number called
Binding Unique Identification number (BID) for each binding cache Binding Unique Identification number (BID) for each binding cache
entry to accommodate multiple bindings registration. We also propose entry to accommodate multiple bindings registration. We also propose
skipping to change at page 6, line 7 skipping to change at page 6, line 7
By using the BID, multiple bindings can then be distinguished. By using the BID, multiple bindings can then be distinguished.
A user of a mobile node may be able to bind some policies to a BID. A user of a mobile node may be able to bind some policies to a BID.
The policy is used to divide flows to multiple network interfaces The policy is used to divide flows to multiple network interfaces
by flow type, port number, or destination address, etc. How to by flow type, port number, or destination address, etc. How to
distribute or configure policies is not within the scope of this distribute or configure policies is not within the scope of this
document. document.
2. Terminology 2. Terminology
Terms used in this draft are defined in [6] and [7]. We define or Terms used in this draft are defined in [5] and [6]. We define or
redefine the following ones: redefine the following ones:
Binding Unique Identification number (BID) Binding Unique Identification number (BID)
The BID is an identification number used to distinguish The BID is an identification number used to distinguish
multiple bindings registered by the mobile node. Assignment of multiple bindings registered by the mobile node. Assignment of
distinct BID allows a mobile node to register multiple binding distinct BID allows a mobile node to register multiple binding
cache entries for a given home address. The BID is generated cache entries for a given home address. The BID is generated
in a way it cannot be duplicated with another BID. The zero to register multiple bindings in the binding cache for a given
value and a negative value MUST NOT be used. After being addess in a way it cannot be duplicated with another BID.
generated, the BID is stored in the Binding Update List and is The zero value and a negative value MUST NOT be used. After
sent by the mobile node by means of a sub-option of a Binding being generated by the mobile node, the BID is stored in the
Update. A mobile node MAY change the value of a BID at any Binding Update List and is sent by the mobile node by means of
time according to its administrative policy, for instance to a sub-option of a Binding Update. A mobile node MAY change
protect its privacy. the value of a BID at any time according to its administrative
policy, for instance to protect its privacy.
The BID can be assigned to either a care-of address or an The BID can be assigned to either a care-of address or an
interface depending on implementations so as to keep using interface depending on implementation choices so as to keep
the same BID for the same binding even when the status of the using the same BID for the same binding even when the status
binding is changed. More details can be found in Section 5.1. of the binding is changed. More details can be found in
Section 5.1.
Primary care-of address Primary care-of address
In [6], the primary care-of address is defined as ``the care-of In [5], the primary care-of address is defined as ``the care-of
address registered with the mobile node's home agent is called address registered with the mobile node's home agent is called
its ``primary'' care-of address''. In this present document, its ``primary'' care-of address''. In this present document,
the term is refined as ``the care-of address which is primarily the term is refined as ``the care-of address which is primarily
associated with a home address''. associated with a home address''.
A mobile node MUST have a primary care-of address all the time. A mobile node MUST have a primary care-of address all the time.
Once the primary care-of address becomes invalid, the mobile Once the primary care-of address becomes invalid, the mobile
node MUST reselect a primary care-of-address from the multiple node MUST reselect a primary care-of-address from the set of
care-of addresses that a mobile node may have at any given other care-of addresses that it may also own at that time.
time.
Primary Interface Primary Interface
The interface on which the primary care-of address is assigned. The interface on which the primary care-of address is assigned.
Once the primary interface becomes invalid due to movements, Once the primary interface becomes invalid, the mobile node
the mobile node MUST re-select a primary interface from the set MUST re-select a primary interface from the set of interfaces
of interfaces installed in the mobile node. installed in the mobile node.
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option Binding Unique Identifier sub-option
The Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is used to carry the The Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is used to carry the
BID. BID.
Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (M flag) Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (B flag)
This flag indicates that a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option This flag indicates that a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option
is included in the Binding Update Mobility Option field. is included in the Binding Update Mobility Option field.
3. Protocol Overview 3. Protocol Overview
We propose a new identification number to distinguish multiple We propose a new identification number to distinguish multiple
bindings pertaining to the same home address. The procedures for bindings pertaining to the same home address. The procedures for
the mobile node to register multiple bindings are described in the the mobile node to register multiple bindings are described in the
paragraphs below. paragraphs below.
3.1. Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 3.1. Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration
Once a mobile node gets several IPv6 global addresses on distinct Once a mobile node gets several IPv6 global addresses on distinct
interfaces, it MUST select a primary care-of address from the active interfaces, it MUST select a primary care-of address from the active
addresses as specified in Section 11.5.3 [6]. After the selection, addresses as specified in Section 11.5.3 [5]. After the selection,
the interface which has the primary care-of address becomes the the interface which has the primary care-of address becomes the
primary interface for the mobile node. primary interface for the mobile node.
After selecting the primary care-of address, the mobile node MUST After selecting the primary care-of address, the mobile node MUST
register it with its home agent (home registration). If the mobile register it with its home agent (home registration). If the mobile
node wants to register multiple bindings to its home agent, it MUST node wants to register multiple bindings to its home agent, it MUST
generate a BID for the primary care-of address and record it into generate a BID for the primary care-of address and record it into
the binding update list entry. The mobile node then registers its the binding update list entry. The mobile node then registers its
primary care-of address by sending a Binding Update with a Binding primary care-of address by sending a Binding Update with a Binding
Unique Identifier sub-option. The M flag MUST be set in the Flag Unique Identifier sub-option. The B flag MUST be set in the Flag
field of the Binding Update and the BID MUST be put in the Binding field of the Binding Update and the BID MUST be put in the Binding
Unique Identifier sub-option. After receiving the Binding Update, Unique Identifier sub-option. After receiving the Binding Update,
the home agent verifies the request and records the binding in its the home agent verifies the request and records the binding in its
binding cache. If the newly defined sub-option is present in the binding cache. If the newly defined sub-option is present in the
Binding Update, the home agent MUST copy the BID from the Binding Binding Update, the home agent MUST copy the BID from the Binding
Update to the corresponding field in the binding entry. Update to the corresponding field in the binding entry.
After this home registration, the mobile node can register the rest After this home registration, the mobile node SHOULD register the
of care-of addresses to its Home Agent. Even if there is already rest of care-of addresses to its Home Agent. Even if there is
an entry for the mobile node, the home agent MUST registers a new already an entry for the mobile node, the home agent MUST registers a
binding entry for the BID stored in the Binding Unique Identifier new binding entry for the BID stored in the Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option. The registration process is the same as for the sub-option. The registration process is the same as for the
registration of the primary care-of address. The mobile node MUST registration of the primary care-of address. The mobile node MUST
register multiple care-of addresses respectively. register multiple care-of addresses independently.
If the mobile node wish to register its binding with a correspondent If the mobile node wish to register its binding with a correspondent
node, it MUST starts return routability operations before sending a node, it MUST starts return routability operations before sending a
Binding Update. The mobile node MUST sends CoTI for each care-of Binding Update. The mobile node MUST sends CoTI for each care-of
addresses and MUST receive CoT for each care-of addresses. The addresses and MUST receive CoT for each care-of addresses. The
mobile node also generates a BID for each care-of addresses to mobile node also generates a BID for each care-of addresses to
register them as individual bindings . The registration step register them as individual bindings. The registration step
is the same as for the home registration except for calculating is the same as for the home registration except for calculating
authenticator with Binding Unique Identifier sub-option as well as authenticator by using Binding Unique Identifier sub-option as well
the other sub-options specified in [6]. as the other sub-options specified in [5].
3.2. Multiple Bindings Management 3.2. Multiple Bindings Management
The BID is also used as a search key of the binding cache database as The BID is used as a search key for a corresponding entry in the
well as a home address. When the home agent checks the binding cache binding cache in addition to the home address. When the home agent
database for the mobile node, it searches a corresponding binding checks the binding cache database for the mobile node, it searches
entry with the home address and BID of the desired binding. The a corresponding binding entry with the home address and BID of the
desired binding can be selected with policy and filter information. desired binding. The desired binding can be selected with policy
The capability of searching the desired binding enables load-sharing and filter information. The capability of searching the desired
and QoS with flow separation. But this selection and flow separation binding enables load-sharing and QoS with flow separation. But this
are out of scope in this draft. If there is no desired binding, selection and flow separation are out of scope in this draft. If
it search the binding cache database with the home address as well there is no desired binding, it search the binding cache database
as Mobile IPv6. The first matched binding entry may be found, but with the home address as well as Mobile IPv6. The first matched
which binding entry is returned for the normal search depends on binding entry may be found, but it searches the binding cache with
implementations. the home address as it would for Mobile IPv6
If a node has multiple bindings and its packets meant for the If a node has multiple bindings and its packets meant for the
mobile node are not delivered correctly, the node can change the mobile node are not delivered correctly, the node can change the
binding entry for the mobile node so as to recover the connection binding entry for the mobile node so as to recover the connection
immediately. The node can detect a binding invalidation by packets immediately. The node can detect a binding invalidation by packets
loss or ICMP error messages such as ICMP_UNREACHABLE. This provides loss or ICMP error messages such as ICMP_UNREACHABLE. This provides
redundancy for Mobile IPv6. redundancy for Mobile IPv6.
When one of the care-of addresses is changed, the mobile node sends When one of the care-of addresses is changed, the mobile node sends
a Binding Update with the new care-of address and the corresponding a Binding Update with the new care-of address and the corresponding
BID. The receiver of the Binding Update updates the binding which BID. The receiver of the Binding Update updates the binding which
BID fits the BID contained in the received Binding Unique Identifier BID fits the BID contained in the received Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option. The mobile node can manage each binding independently sub-option. The mobile node can manage each binding independently
owing to BID. owing to BID.
Once the mobile node decides to register only one binding, it just If the mobile node decides to register only one binding, it just
sends a Binding Update without M flag and a Binding Unique Identifier sends a Binding Update without B flag and without a Binding Unique
sub-option (i.e. normal Binding Update). The receiver of the Identifier sub-option (i.e. normal Binding Update). The receiver
Binding Update registers only single binding for the mobile node. of the Binding Update registers only a single binding for the
If the receiver has multiple bindings, one bindings is registered mobile node. If the receiver has multiple bindings, one binding is
without BID and the rest of bindings are deleted. registered without BID and the rest of bindings are deleted.
3.3. Returning Home 3.3. Returning Home
When the mobile node returns home, there are two situations. It is When the mobile node returns home, there are two situations, since
because the home agent defends the mobile node's home address by the home agent defends the mobile node's home address by using
using proxy neighbor advertisement. It is impossible to utilize proxy neighbor advertisement. It is impossible to utilize all the
all the interfaces when one interface is attached to home and the interfaces when one interface is attached to the home link and the
others are attached to foreign link. If proxy Neighbor Advertisement others are attached to foreign link. If proxy Neighbor Advertisement
for the home address is stopped, packets are always routed to the for the home address is stopped, packets are always routed to the
interface attached to the home link. If proxy is not stopped, interface attached to the home link. If proxy is not stopped,
packets are never routed to the interface attached to the home link. packets are never routed to the interface attached to the home link.
The first situation is when the primary interface is attached to the The first situation is when the primary interface is attached to the
home link. In this case, the mobile node MUST de-register all the home link. In this case, the mobile node MUST de-register all the
bindings by sending a Binding Update which lifetime set to zero. The bindings by sending a Binding Update which lifetime set to zero. The
mobile node MAY NOT put any Binding Unique Identifier sub-options mobile node MAY NOT put any Binding Unique Identifier sub-options
in this packet. Then, the receiver deletes all the bindings from in this packet. Then, the receiver deletes all the bindings from
skipping to change at page 11, line 5 skipping to change at page 11, line 5
- BID of the binding cache entry. The BID is notified by the - BID of the binding cache entry. The BID is notified by the
mobile node by means of a Binding Update sub-option. The value mobile node by means of a Binding Update sub-option. The value
MUST be zero if the Binding Update does not contain a BID. MUST be zero if the Binding Update does not contain a BID.
4.2. Binding Update Structure and Management 4.2. Binding Update Structure and Management
Additional items are required for the binding update structure, which Additional items are required for the binding update structure, which
are: are:
- BID: MUST be generated whenever the mobile node decides to - BID: MUST be generated whenever the mobile node registers
register multiple bindings for its home address. multiple bindings for its home address.
- Primary flag: MUST be set if the care-of address is primary. - Primary flag: MUST be set if the care-of address is primary.
4.3. Messages Format Changes 4.3. Messages Format Changes
4.3.1. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option 4.3.1. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option
The Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is included in Binding The Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is included in Binding
Update, Binding Acknowledgment, Binding Refresh Request, Binding Update, Binding Acknowledgment, Binding Refresh Request, Binding
Error if needed. Error if needed.
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length = 4 | | Type = TBD | Length = 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Binding Unique ID (BID) | P| Reserved | | Binding Unique ID (BID) |P| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------------------------+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------------------------+
Type Type
Type value for Binding Unique Identifier will be assigned Type value for Binding Unique Identifier will be assigned
later. later.
Length Length
The value MUST be always 4. The value MUST be always 4.
Binding Unique ID (BID) Binding Unique ID (BID)
skipping to change at page 11, line 48 skipping to change at page 11, line 48
Flag Flag
Stop Proxy Neighbor Advertisement (P) Flag Stop Proxy Neighbor Advertisement (P) Flag
When this flag is set, the home agent MUST stop When this flag is set, the home agent MUST stop
proxy neighbor advertisement for a mobile node. proxy neighbor advertisement for a mobile node.
This flag is checked only when a Binding Update This flag is checked only when a Binding Update
is for de-registration and the destination of a is for de-registration and the destination of a
Binding Update is mobile node's home agent (i.e. Binding Update is mobile node's home agent (i.e.
home de-registration). Otherwise, this flag MUST be home de-registration). Otherwise, this flag MUST be
ignored. ignored
Reserved Reserved
15 bit Reserved field. Reserved field must be set with all 15 bit Reserved field. Reserved field must be set with all
0. 0.
4.3.2. Binding Update 4.3.2. Binding Update
If a mobile node wants to register several care-of addresses which The 'B' flag MUST be set and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option
would be bound to a home address, mobile node MUST set 'M' flag and MUST be included if the mobile node wants to bind multiple care-of
include a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. address to a given home address.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence # | | Sequence # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|A|H|L|K|R|M| Reserved | Lifetime | |A|H|L|K|M|R|B| Reserved | Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | | |
. . . .
. Mobility options . . Mobility options .
. . . .
| | | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Flag (R) Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (B)
This flag is proposed by the NEMO working group [3].
Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (M)
This flag is used for multiple care-of addresses This flag is used for multiple care-of addresses
registration. registration.
Reserved Reserved
Reserved field is reduced to 11 bits. Reserved field is reduced to 9 bits.
4.3.3. Binding Acknowledgment 4.3.3. Binding Acknowledgment
The message format of Binding Acknowledgment is not changed, but The message format of Binding Acknowledgment is not changed, but
operations listed below are added in this draft. operations listed below are added in this draft.
A receiver who gets a Binding Update with the 'M' flag set MUST reply A receiver who gets a Binding Update with the 'B' flag set MUST reply
with a Binding Acknowledgment if the 'A' flag is also set or in with a Binding Acknowledgment if the 'A' flag is also set or in
case of a home registration. The receiver MUST also send a Binding case of a home registration. The receiver MUST also send a Binding
Acknowledgment with corresponding error codes if it finds an error Acknowledgment with corresponding error codes if it finds an error
while processing the Binding Update and its sub-option described in while processing the Binding Update and its sub-option described in
section 4.3.2. section 4.3.2.
If a Binding Update has the 'M' flag set and a Binding Unique If a Binding Update has the 'B' flag set and a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option is present, the receiver node MUST reply with a Identifier sub-option is present, the receiver node MUST reply with a
Binding Acknowledgment containing the same Binding Unique Identifier Binding Acknowledgment containing the same Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option. The mobile node can process the Binding Acknowledgment sub-option. The mobile node can process the Binding Acknowledgment
for the particular care-of address identified by the BID set in the for the particular care-of address identified by the BID set in the
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option.
A new number is defined for handling the 'M' flag: A new number is defined for handling the 'B' flag:
140 Conflicting a regular binding and a binding that has BID in - TBD (144)
binding cache. The regular binding indicates the binding that It implies conflicting a regular binding and a binding that has
does not have BID field. The number is TBD. BID in binding cache. The regular binding indicates the binding
that does not have BID field. The status value is TBD.
4.4. Dynamic Home Agent Address Discovery
The Dynamic Home Agent Address Discovery (DHAAD) defined in
RFC3775 [5] is extended so that Mobile Nodes or Mobile Routers only
register multiple care-of addresses with Home Agents that support
multiple care-of addresses registration.
However, we do not provide a solution for Mobile Nodes that would
like to register multiple care-of addresses only with Correspondant
Nodes that support multiple care-of addresses registration.
4.4.1. DHAAD Request
A new 'B' flag is introduced in the DHAAD Request message in order
to discover Home Agents supporting the multiple care-of address
registration.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |R|B| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (B)
This flag is set when the mobile node wants to discover Home
Agents that support multiple care-of addresses registration.
4.4.2. DHAAD Reply
A new 'B' flag is introduced in the DHAAD Reply message. When a Home
Agent receives a DHAAD Request message with the Multiple Care-of
Addresses support Flag set, it MUST reply with a list of Home Agents
supporting the multiple care-of addresses registration. The 'B' flag
MUST be set in the DHAAD Reply.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |R|B| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
. .
. Home Agent Addresses .
. .
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Flag (R)
This flag is proposed by the NEMO working group [2].
Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (B)
This flag is set when the Home Agents listed in this message
support the multiple care-of addresses registration.
4.4.3. Home Agent Information Option
A new 'B' flag is introduced in the Home Agent Information Option.
The home agent SHOULD set the flag if it supports multiple care-of
addresses registration.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |R|B| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Home Agent Preference | Home Agent Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Flag (R)
This flag is proposed by the NEMO working group [2].
Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (B)
This flag is set when the Home Agent supports multiple
care-of addresses registration.
5. Mobile Node Operation 5. Mobile Node Operation
5.1. Management of care-of addresses 5.1. Management of care-of addresses and Binding Unique Identifier
There are two cases when a mobile node has several care-of addresses: There are two cases when a mobile node has several care-of addresses:
- A mobile node uses several physical network interfaces to acquire - A mobile node uses several physical network interfaces and
a care-of address. acquires a care-of address on each of its interfaces.
- A mobile node uses a single physical network interface, but it - A mobile node uses a single physical network interface, but
acquires several addresses from the attached network. Since IPv6 multiple prefixes are announced on the link the interface is
allows to have several addresses on single network interface, attached to. Several global addresses are configured on this
it is possible to get several global address with a network interface for each of the announced prefixes.
interface at the attached network.
The difference between the above two cases is only a number of The difference between the above two cases is only a number of
physical network interfaces and therefore does not matter. The physical network interfaces and therefore does not matter. The
Identification number is used to distinguish multiple bindings so Identification number is used to distinguish multiple bindings so
that the mobile node assigns an identification number for each that the mobile node assigns an identification number for each
care-of addresses. How to assign an identification number is up to care-of addresses. How to assign an identification number is up to
implementors. implementors.
A mobile node assigns a BID to each care-of address when it wants A mobile node assigns a BID to each care-of address when it wants
to simultaneously register with its home address. The value should to simultaneously register with its home address. The value should
skipping to change at page 13, line 49 skipping to change at page 15, line 39
negative value can not be taken as a BID. If a mobile node has only negative value can not be taken as a BID. If a mobile node has only
one care-of address, the assignment of a BID is not needed until it one care-of address, the assignment of a BID is not needed until it
has multiple care-of addresses to register with. has multiple care-of addresses to register with.
5.2. Sending Binding Update 5.2. Sending Binding Update
When a mobile node sends a Binding Update to its home agent (i.e. When a mobile node sends a Binding Update to its home agent (i.e.
home registration) and the Binding Update is aimed to de-register home registration) and the Binding Update is aimed to de-register
the binding, the mobile node MUST check whether the care-of address the binding, the mobile node MUST check whether the care-of address
contained in the Binding Update is primary or not. If the care-of contained in the Binding Update is primary or not. If the care-of
address is primary one, it MUST set the 'P' flag in the Binding address is a primary one, it MUST set the 'P' flag in the Binding
Unique Identifier sub-option. More description about the 'P' flag Unique Identifier sub-option. More description about the 'P' flag
can be found in Section 5.3. can be found in Section 5.3.
When a mobile node sends a Binding Update, it MUST decide whether it When a mobile node sends a Binding Update, it MUST decide whether it
registers multiple care-of addresses or not. However, this decision registers multiple care-of addresses or not. However, this decision
is out-of scope in this document. If a mobile node decides not to is out-of scope in this document. If a mobile node decides not to
register multiple care-of addresses, it completely follows standard register multiple care-of addresses, it completely follows standard
Mobile IPv6 [6]. Mobile IPv6 [5].
On the other hand, if mobile node needs to register multiple care-of On the other hand, if the mobile node needs to register multiple
addresses, the mobile node MUST use BIDs for all care-of addresses care-of addresses, it MUST use BIDs all the time. The mobile node
all the time. The mobile node sets M flag in a Binding Update and sets B flag in a Binding Update and puts a Binding Unique Identifier
puts a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option into the Option field of sub-option into the Option field of the Binding Update. The BID is
the Binding Update. The BID is copied from a Binding Update List copied from a Binding Update List to the Binding Unique Identifier
to the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. If the mobile node sub-option. If the mobile node registers bindings to a correspondent
registers bindings to a correspondent node, it MUST sends multiple node, it MUST sends multiple CoTI for multiple care-of addresses.
CoTI for multiple care-of addresses. After getting CoTs, it sends After getting CoTs, it sends Binding Updates with the 'B' flag set
Binding Updates with the 'M' flag set and a Binding Unique Identifier and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option for all care-of addresses,
sub-option for all care-of addresses, one by one. In any case, one by one. In any case, the mobile node MUST set the 'A' flag in
the mobile node MUST set the 'A' flag in Binding Updates and MUST Binding Updates and MUST wait for a Binding Acknowledgment to confirm
wait for a Binding Acknowledgment to confirm the registration was the registration was successful as described in section 5.5.
successful as described in section 5.5.
Note that there is no optimization such as registering multiple Note that there is no optimization such as registering multiple
care-of addresses by using a single Binding Update, because the care-of addresses by using a single Binding Update, because the
current Mobile IPv6 specification does not allow to send multiple current Mobile IPv6 specification does not allow to send multiple
bindings by means of a single Binding Update. bindings by means of a single Binding Update.
5.3. De-registration 5.3. De-registration
When a mobile node decides to delete all bindings for its home When a mobile node decides to delete all bindings for its home
address, it sends a regular de-registration Binding Update (i.e. address, it sends a regular de-registration Binding Update (i.e.
unset of 'M' flag and exclusion of a Binding Unique Identifier unset of 'B' flag and exclusion of a Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option). See Section 6.2 for details. sub-option). See Section 6.2 for details.
If a mobile node wants to delete a particular binding from its home If a mobile node wants to delete a particular binding from its home
agent and correspondent nodes, it follows the operations below. agent and correspondent nodes, it follows the operations below.
When a mobile node is attached to its home link by one of its network When a mobile node is attached to its home link by one of its network
interfaces, it MUST de-register an appropriate binding. If a binding interfaces, it MUST de-register an appropriate binding. If a binding
of a primary care-of address becomes invalid in terms of the mobile of a primary care-of address becomes invalid after the mobile node
node's returning home, it MUST set the 'P' flag in a Binding Unique returns home, it MUST set the 'P' flag in a Binding Unique Identifier
Identifier sub-option. Otherwise, the 'P' flag MUST NOT be set. If sub-option. Otherwise, the 'P' flag MUST NOT be set. If the 'P'
the 'P' flag is set, the home agent stop proxy neighbor advertisement flag is set, the home agent stop proxy neighbor advertisement for the
for the mobile node. If the receiver is not the Home Agent but a mobile node. The 'P' flag is ignored if the receiver is not the home
Correspondent Node, it ignores the 'P' flag. agent.
When the mobile node's primary interface gets attached to the home When the mobile node's primary interface gets attached to the home
link by its primary (see Figure 2 and Figure 4 in Appendix A), the link (see Figure 3 and Figure 5 in Appendix B), the Mobile Node MUST
Mobile Node MUST start de-registration processing to its home agent start de-registration processing to its home agent as indicated in
as indicated in Mobile IPv6. The home agent deletes all bindings Mobile IPv6. The home agent deletes all bindings for the mobile node
for the mobile node and stops intercepting packets meant for the and stops intercepting packets meant for the mobile node. Although
mobile node. Although the mobile node MUST deletes the binding at the mobile node MUST deletes the binding at correspondent nodes
correspondent nodes as well, the node can still keep the binding of as well, the node can still keep the binding of the non-primary
the non-primary interface active at the correspondent nodes. In interface active at the correspondent nodes. In such case, the
such case, the mobile node still receives packets at a non-primary mobile node still receives packets at a non-primary interface
interface attached to a foreign link thanks to route optimization. attached to a foreign link thanks to route optimization. The mobile
The mobile node also receives packets at the primary interface node also receives packets at the primary interface attached to the
attached to the home link when correspondent nodes does not use route home link when correspondent nodes does not use route optimization.
optimization.
On the other hand, when the mobile node's non-primary interface gets On the other hand, when the mobile node's non-primary interface
attached back to the home link (see Figure 3 in Appendix A), the gets attached back to the home link (see Figure 4 in Appendix B),
MN MUST delete only the particular binding from its home agent and the mobile node MUST delete only the particular binding from its
correspondent nodes. The home agent does not delete all bindings home agent and correspondent nodes. The home agent does not delete
and does not stop proxy neighbor advertisement for the mobile all bindings and does not stop proxy neighbor advertisement for the
node. Therefore, the mobile node no longer receives packets at the mobile node. Therefore, the mobile node no longer receives packets
non-primary interface attached to the home link. All packets are at the non-primary interface attached to the home link. All packets
routed to other interfaces attached to a foreign link. If the mobile are routed to other interfaces attached to a foreign link. If the
node is eager to receive packets at the non-primary interface at the mobile node is eager to receive packets at the non-primary interface
home link, it MUST re-select the interface as the primary one. at the home link, it MUST re-select the interface as the primary one.
5.4. Using Alternate Care-of Address 5.4. Using Alternate Care-of Address
A mobile node can use an alternate care-of address in the following A mobile node can use an alternate care-of address in the following
situations. situations.
- One care-of address becomes invalid (.e.g because the link where - One care-of address becomes invalid (e.g because the link where
it is attached is no longer available) and MUST be deleted. it is attached is no longer available) and MUST be deleted.
In such case, the mobile node can not sends a Binding Update In such case, the mobile node can not sends a Binding Update
from the care-of address because the interface's link is lost. from the care-of address because the interface's link is lost.
The mobile node needs to de-register the remote binding of the The mobile node needs to de-register the remote binding of the
care-of address through one of its active care-of addresses. care-of address through one of its active care-of addresses.
- A mobile node has multiple interfaces, but it wants to sends - A mobile node has multiple interfaces, but it wants to sends
Binding Updates for all care-of addresses from a specific Binding Updates for all care-of addresses from a specific
interface which has wider bandwidth depending on interface's interface which has wider bandwidth depending on interface's
characteristics. A mobile node does not want to send a lot of characteristics. A mobile node does not want to send a lot of
skipping to change at page 16, line 10 skipping to change at page 17, line 42
Alternate Care-of Address sub-option and Binding Unique Identifier Alternate Care-of Address sub-option and Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option. The processing of Alternate Care-of Address sub-option sub-option. The processing of Alternate Care-of Address sub-option
is described in the Mobile IPv6 specification. If there is an is described in the Mobile IPv6 specification. If there is an
Alternate Care-of Address sub-option, the BID in a Binding Unique Alternate Care-of Address sub-option, the BID in a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option is assigned for the care-of address in the Identifier sub-option is assigned for the care-of address in the
Alternate Care-of Address sub-option. Alternate Care-of Address sub-option.
5.5. Receiving Binding Acknowledgment 5.5. Receiving Binding Acknowledgment
The verification of a Binding Acknowledgment is the same as in Mobile The verification of a Binding Acknowledgment is the same as in Mobile
IPv6 (section 11.7.3 of [6]). The operation for sending a Binding IPv6 (section 11.7.3 of [5]). The operation for sending a Binding
Acknowledgment is described in 6.3. Acknowledgment is described in 6.3.
If a mobile node sends a Binding Update with a Binding Unique If a mobile node sends a Binding Update with a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option, a Binding Acknowledgment MUST have a Identifier sub-option, a Binding Acknowledgment MUST have a Binding
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option in Mobility options field. If Unique Identifier sub-option in the Mobility options field. If
there is no such sub-option, the originator node of this Binding there is no such sub-option, the originator node of this Binding
Acknowledgment might not recognize the Binding Unique Identifier Acknowledgment might not recognize the Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option. The mobile node SHOULD stop registering multiple care-of sub-option. The mobile node SHOULD stop registering multiple care-of
addresses by using a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. addresses by using a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. If the
originator is the Home Agent, the mobile node MAY perform DHAAD to
discover a new Home Agent supporting the multiple care-of address
registration.
If a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present, the mobile node If a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present, the mobile
checks the Status field of the Binding Acknowledgment. If the status node checks the Status field of the Binding Acknowledgment. If
code indicates successful registration (1), the originator registers the status code indicates successful registration (below 128), the
a binding information and BID for the mobile node successfully. originator registers a binding information and BID for the mobile
node successfully.
If the status code is not zero regardless of Binding Unique If the status code is not zero regardless of Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option availability in BA, the mobile node proceeds an Identifier sub-option availability in BA, the mobile node proceeds an
appropriate operations according to the status code. relevant operations according to the status code.
If the status code is 140, the mobile node has already registered a If the status code is 144, the mobile node has already registered a
regular binding before sending a Binding Update with a Binding Unique regular binding before sending a Binding Update with a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option. In such case, the mobile node SHOULD stop Identifier sub-option. In such case, the mobile node SHOULD stop
sending Binding Updates without BID. sending Binding Updates without BID.
5.6. Receiving Binding Refresh Request 5.6. Receiving Binding Refresh Request
The verification of a Binding Refresh Request is the same as in The verification of a Binding Refresh Request is the same as in
Mobile IPv6 (section 11.7.4 of [6]). The operation of sending a Mobile IPv6 (section 11.7.4 of [5]). The operation of sending a
Binding Refresh Request is described in section 6.4. Binding Refresh Request is described in section 6.4.
If a mobile node receives a Binding Refresh Request with a Binding If a mobile node receives a Binding Refresh Request with a Binding
Unique Identifier sub-option, this Binding Refresh Request requests Unique Identifier sub-option, this Binding Refresh Request requests
a binding indicated by the BID. The mobile node SHOULD update only a binding indicated by the BID. The mobile node SHOULD update only
the respective binding. The mobile node MUST put a Binding Unique the respective binding. The mobile node MUST put a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option into a Binding Update. Identifier sub-option into a Binding Update.
If no Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present in a Binding If no Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present in a Binding
Refresh Request, the mobile node sends a Binding Update according Refresh Request, the mobile node sends a Binding Update according
skipping to change at page 17, line 13 skipping to change at page 18, line 49
hand, if the mobile node does not have any Binding Update List entry hand, if the mobile node does not have any Binding Update List entry
for the requesting node, the mobile node needs to register either for the requesting node, the mobile node needs to register either
a single binding or multiple bindings depending on its binding a single binding or multiple bindings depending on its binding
management policy. management policy.
5.7. Receiving Binding Error 5.7. Receiving Binding Error
When a mobile node receives a Binding Error with a Binding Unique When a mobile node receives a Binding Error with a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option, the message is for a binding indicated by the Identifier sub-option, the message is for a binding indicated by the
BID in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. Further operations BID in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. Further operations
except for the text below are identical as in [6]. The operation for except for the text below are identical as in [5]. The operation for
sending BE is described in the section 6.5. sending BE is described in the section 6.5.
When a mobile node receives a Binding Error with Status field set When a mobile node receives a Binding Error with Status field set
to 2 (unrecognized MH Type value) , it MAY stop trying to register to 2 (unrecognized MH Type value) , it MAY stop trying to register
multiple care-of addresses and registers only primary care-of address multiple care-of addresses and registers only primary care-of address
as performed in Mobile IPv6. as performed in Mobile IPv6.
6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation 6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation
6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Unique Identification 6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Unique Identification
skipping to change at page 17, line 46 skipping to change at page 19, line 35
If a correspondent node searches the binding with the home address If a correspondent node searches the binding with the home address
and BID2, it gets binding2 for this mobile node. and BID2, it gets binding2 for this mobile node.
binding1 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding1 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1]
binding2 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding2 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2]
binding3 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] binding3 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3]
A correspondent node basically learns the BID when it receives a A correspondent node basically learns the BID when it receives a
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. At the time, the correspondent Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. At the time, the correspondent
node MUST look up its binding cache database with the home address node MUST look up its binding cache database with the home address
and the BID retrieved from Binding Update. If the correspondent node and the BID retrieved from Binding Update. If the correspondent
does not know the BID, it searches a binding with only a home address node does not know the BID, it searches a binding with only a home
as performed in Mobile IPv6. In such case, the first matched binding address as performed in Mobile IPv6. In such case, the first matched
MAY be found. But which binding entry is returned for the normal binding is found. But which binding entry is returned for the normal
search depends on implementations. If the correspondent node does search depends on implementations. If the correspondent node does
not desire to use multiple bindings for a mobile node, it can simply not desire to use multiple bindings for a mobile node, it can simply
ignore the BID. ignore the BID.
6.2. Receiving Binding Update 6.2. Receiving Binding Update
If a Binding Update has neither 'M' flag set nor a Binding Unique If a Binding Update has neither 'B' flag set nor a Binding Unique
Identifier, the processing of the regular Binding Update is the same Identifier, the processing of the regular Binding Update is the same
as in [6]. But if the receiver already has multiple bindings for the as in [5]. But if the receiver already has multiple bindings for the
home address, it MUST overwrite existing bindings for the mobile node home address, it MUST overwrite all existing bindings for the mobile
with the received binding. As the result, the receiver node MUST node with the received binding. As a result, the receiver node MUST
have only a binding for the mobile node. If the Binding Update is have only a binding for the mobile node. If the Binding Update is
for de-registration, the receiver MUST delete all existing bindings for de-registration, the receiver MUST delete all existing bindings
for the mobile node. for the mobile node.
On the other hand, if a Binding Update contains a Binding Unique On the other hand, if a Binding Update contains a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option or the 'M' flag is set, a receiver node MUST Identifier sub-option or the 'B' flag is set, a receiver node MUST
operate additional validations as follows: operate additional validations as follows:
- A receiver node MUST validate the Binding Update according to - A receiver node MUST validate the Binding Update according to
section 9.5.1 of [6]. section 9.5.1 of [5].
- If the Binding Update has the 'M' flag set at the Flag field, a - If the Binding Update has the 'B' flag set at the Flag field, a
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option MUST be present in Mobility Binding Unique Identifier sub-option MUST be present in Mobility
options field of the Binding Update. options field of the Binding Update.
- If there is no Binding Unique Identifier sub-option with the - If there is no Binding Unique Identifier sub-option with the
'M' flag set, the receiver node MUST silently drop the Binding 'B' flag set, the receiver node MUST silently drop the Binding
Update. Update.
- If the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present, the - If the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present, the
receiver node MUST process the Binding Update. receiver node MUST process the Binding Update.
- If the Lifetime field is not zero, the receiver node registers a - If the Lifetime field is not zero, the receiver node registers a
binding that includes the BID as a mobile node's binding. binding that includes the BID as a mobile node's binding.
* If the receiver does not have any binding for the mobile * If the receiver does not have any binding for the mobile
node, it registers a binding which includes BID field. node, it registers a binding which includes BID field.
* If the receiver has a regular binding which does not have * If the receiver has a regular binding which does not have
BID for the mobile node, it de-registers the regular binding BID for the mobile node, it de-registers the regular binding
and registers a new binding including BID according to the and registers a new binding including BID according to the
Binding Update. In this case, the receiver MUST send Binding Binding Update. In this case, the receiver MUST send Binding
Acknowledgment with status code set to 140. Acknowledgment with status code set to 144.
* If the receiver node has already registered the binding which * If the receiver node has already registered the binding which
BID is matched with requesting BID , then it MUST update BID is matched with requesting BID , then it MUST update
the binding up-to-date with the Binding Update. Meanwhile, the binding up-to-date with the Binding Update. Meanwhile,
if the receiver does not have a binding entry which BID is if the receiver does not have a binding entry which BID is
matched with the requesting BID, it registers a new binding matched with the requesting BID, it registers a new binding
for the BID. for the BID.
- If Lifetime field is zero, the receiver node deletes the - If Lifetime field is zero, the receiver node deletes the
registering binding entry which BID is same as BID sent by the registering binding entry which BID is same as BID sent by the
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. If the receiver node Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. If the receiver node
does not have appropriate binding which BID is matched with the does not have appropriate binding which BID is matched with the
Binding Update, it ignores the Binding Update. Binding Update, it MUST reject this de-registration Binding
Update. If the receiver is a Home Agent, it SHOULD also return a
Binding Acknowledgement to the mobile node, in which the Status
field is set to 133 (not home agent for this mobile node).
Note if the mobile node sends multiple Binding Updates with a Note if the mobile node sends multiple Binding Updates with a
different BID but for same care-of address (i.e. same home address, different BID but for same care-of address (i.e. same home address,
same care-of address, and different BID) , the receiver SHOULD same care-of address, and different BID) , the receiver SHOULD
register both bindings into its binding cache. register both bindings into its binding cache.
6.3. Sending Binding Acknowledgment 6.3. Sending Binding Acknowledgment
If a Binding Update does not contain a Binding Unique Identifier If a Binding Update does not contain a Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option, the receiver, either a correspondent node or a home sub-option, the receiver, either a correspondent node or a home
agent, MUST reply with a Binding Acknowledgment according to section agent, MUST reply with a Binding Acknowledgment according to section
9.5.4 of [6]. Otherwise, whenever the BID sub-option, the receiver 9.5.4 of [5]. Otherwise, whenever the BID sub-option is present, the
MUST follow the additional procedure below. The receiver MUST reply receiver MUST follow the additional procedure below. The receiver
with a Binding Acknowledgment whether the 'A' flag is set or not in MUST reply with a Binding Acknowledgment whether the 'A' flag is set
Binding Update. or not in the Binding Update.
If the receiver successfully registers a binding for the BID stored If the receiver successfully registers a binding for the BID stored
in a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, it returns a Binding in a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, it returns a Binding
Acknowledgment with Status field set to '0' (Successful registration) Acknowledgment with Status field set to successful value (0 to 128)
and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option copied from the received and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option copied from the received
Binding Update. If the receiver deletes the existing binding which Binding Update. If the receiver deletes the existing binding which
does not have a BID and registers a new binding for the BID, it MUST does not have a BID and registers a new binding for the BID, it MUST
return a Binding Acknowledgment with Status field set to '140'. On return a Binding Acknowledgment with Status field set to '144'. On
the other hand, if the node encounters an error during the processing the other hand, if the node encounters an error during the processing
of a Binding Update, it must return a Binding Acknowledgment with an of a Binding Update, it must return a Binding Acknowledgment with an
appropriate error number as described in [6]. The node SHOULD put a appropriate error number as described in [5]. The node SHOULD put a
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option if the BID is available for the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option if the BID is available for the
Binding Acknowledgment. Binding Acknowledgment.
6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request 6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request
When either a correspondent node or Home Agent notices that When either a correspondent node or Home Agent notices that
a registered binding will be expired soon, it SHOULD send a a registered binding will be expired soon, it SHOULD send a
Binding Refresh Request. If the registered binding has BID, the Binding Refresh Request. If the registered binding has BID, the
correspondent node SHOULD contain a Binding Unique Identifier correspondent node SHOULD contain a Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option in the Binding Refresh Request. Then, the correspondent sub-option in the Binding Refresh Request. Then, the correspondent
node can receive a Binding Update with a Binding Unique Identifier node can receive a Binding Update with a Binding Unique Identifier
sub-option and can update only the particular binding. If the sub-option and can update only the particular binding. If the
registered binding does not have BID, then the correspondent node registered binding does not have BID, then the correspondent node
sends a Binding Refresh Request without the sub-option. sends a Binding Refresh Request without the sub-option.
6.5. Sending Binding Error 6.5. Sending Binding Error
When a correspondent node sends a Binding Error with Status field When a correspondent node sends a Binding Error with Status field
set to 1 (Unrecognized MH Type value), it MAY put a Binding Unique set to 2 (Unrecognized MH Type value), it MAY put a Binding Unique
Identifier sub-option into Mobility Options field if BID is available Identifier sub-option into Mobility Options field if BID is available
in a received binding message. in a received binding message.
When a correspondent node receives data packets with a home address When a correspondent node receives data packets with a home address
destination option, it verifies the IPv6 source address field. If destination option, it verifies the IPv6 source address field. If
the source address is not registered in the correspondent node's the source address is not registered in the correspondent node's
binding cache, the correspondent node MUST return a Binding Error binding cache, the correspondent node MUST return a Binding Error
to the sender with the status set to zero (Unknown binding for Home to the sender with the status set to zero (Unknown binding for Home
Address destination option). The correspondent node can not put a Address destination option). The correspondent node can not put a
Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, because there is no binding Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, because there is no binding
cache entry for the source address. cache entry for the source address.
7. Network Mobility Applicability 7. Network Mobility Applicability
Support of multihomed mobile routers is advocated in the NEMO working Support of multihomed mobile routers is advocated in the NEMO working
group (see R12 ``The solution MUST function for multihomed MR and group (see R12 ``The solution MUST function for multihomed MR and
multihomed mobile networks'' in [4]). multihomed mobile networks'' in [3]).
Issues regarding mobile routers with multiple interfaces and other
multihoming configurations are documented in [8].
Since the binding management mechanisms are the same for a mobile Since the binding management mechanisms are the same for a mobile
host operating Mobile IPv6 and for a mobile router operating NEMO host operating Mobile IPv6 and for a mobile router operating NEMO
Basic Support [3], our extensions can also be used to deal with Basic Support [2], our extensions can also be used to deal with
multiple care-of addresses registration sent from a multihomed mobile multiple care-of addresses registration sent from a multihomed mobile
router. router.
A mobile router MUST NOT use the 'P' flag when its home agent does A mobile router MUST NOT use the 'P' flag when its home agent does
not use proxy neighbor advertisement to intercept packets destined to not use proxy neighbor advertisement to intercept packets destined
the mobile router. This situation is occurred when the home link is to the mobile router. This situation occurrs when the home link
configured as a virtual home link in terms of extended home address is configured as a virtual home link as detailed in extended home
described in [9]. address described in [10].
A. Example Configurations A. A Scenario: Access both Carrier Packet Network and the Internet
In this section, we describes typical scenarios when a mobile This scheme can be applied to many scenarios such as described
node has multiple network interfaces and acquires multiple care-of in [4]. Additionally, there is a specific scenario where this scheme
addresses bound to a home address. is specially required.
A carrier often provides an independent networks from the Internet.
For example, a Japanese carrier, NTT, provides a Flet's network
for ADSL and FTTH users. The Flet's network is isolated from the
Internet and is independent from the ISP, but can be accessed only
from the NTT's ADSL and the FTTH physical lines.
Similar services are well expected to mobile wireless services. When
a mobile node has a W-CDMA and a 802.11b interfaces with the network
topology described in Figure 1, application servers limit connection
only from the W-CDMA celluler network.
In such case, even if a mobile node is armed with Mobile IPv6, the
application servers will reject the connection from 802.11b. If the
mobile node intelligently selects the W-CDMA for the application
servers, the mobile node can use 802.11b for other traffic. The
mobile node simply uses this scheme.
+-------------------------+
| +-------------+ |
| |appl. servers| |
| +------+------+ |
+----+ | | |
| CN | | service networks |
+--+-+ | ---------------- |
| | | |
+---+------+ | +--+-+ |
+------+ Internet |--+---+---+ HA +--+ |
802.11b| +----------+ | | +----+ | |
CoA2| | | Home Link |
+--+--+ | + ---+------ |
| MN +=============Access Servers |
+-----+ CoA1 | |
W-CDMA +-------------------------+
W-CDMA Packet Network
Figure 1: Service operated by a combination of a Packet
Network and the Internet.
B. Example Configurations
In this section, we describe typical scenarios when a mobile node has
multiple network interfaces and acquires multiple care-of addresses
bound to a home address.
The home address of the mobile node (MN in figures) is a:b:c:d::EUI. The home address of the mobile node (MN in figures) is a:b:c:d::EUI.
MN has 3 different interfaces and possibly acquires care-of addresses MN has 3 different interfaces and possibly acquires care-of addresses
1-3 (CoA1, CoA2, CoA3). The MN assigns BID1, BID2 and BID3 to each 1-3 (CoA1, CoA2, CoA3). The MN assigns BID1, BID2 and BID3 to each
care-of addresses. care-of addresses.
Figure 1 depicts the scenario where all interfaces of the mobile node Figure 2 depicts the scenario where all interfaces of the mobile node
are attached to foreign links. After binding registrations, the home are attached to foreign links. After binding registrations, the home
agent (HA) and the correspondent node (CN) have the binding entries agent (HA) and the correspondent node (CN) have the binding entries
listed in Figure 1 in their binding cache database. The mobile node listed in Figure 2 in their binding cache database. The mobile node
can utilize all the interfaces. can utilize all the interfaces.
+----+ +----+
| CN | | CN |
+--+-+ +--+-+
| |
+---+------+ +----+ +---+------+ +----+
+------+ Internet |----------+ HA | +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
| +----+---+-+ +--+-+ | +----+---+-+ +--+-+
CoA2| | | | Home Link CoA2| | | | Home Link
skipping to change at page 21, line 46 skipping to change at page 24, line 46
Binding Cache Database: Binding Cache Database:
Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is active) Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is active)
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1]
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2]
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3]
Correspondent Node's binding Correspondent Node's binding
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1]
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2]
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3]
Figure 1: Multiple Interfaces are attached to Foreign Link Figure 2: Multiple Interfaces are attached to Foreign Link
Figure 2 depicts the scenario where the primary interface of MN is Figure 3 depicts the scenario where the primary interface of MN is
attached to the home link. attached to the home link.
After bindings registration, HA and CN have the binding entries After the successful registration of the binding, HA and CN have the
listed in Figure 2 in their binding cache database. MN can binding entries listed in Figure 3 in their binding cache database.
communicate with the HA through only the primary interface attached MN can communicate with the HA through only the primary interface
to the home link. On the other hand, the mobile node can communicate attached to the home link. On the other hand, the mobile node can
with CN by using route optimization. Even when MN is attached to the communicate with CN by using route optimization. Even when MN is
home link, it can still send Binding Updates for other active care-of attached to the home link, it can still send Binding Updates for
addresses (CoA2 and CoA3). If CN has bindings, packets are routed other active care-of addresses (CoA2 and CoA3). If CN has bindings,
to each care-of addresses directly. Any packets arrived at HA are packets are routed to each care-of addresses directly. Any packet
routed to the primary interface. arrived at HA are routed to the primary interface.
+----+ +----+
| CN | | CN |
+--+-+ +--+-+
| |
+---+------+ +----+ +---+------+ +----+
+------+ Internet |----------+ HA | +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
| +--------+-+ +--+-+ | +--------+-+ +--+-+
CoA2| | | Home Link CoA2| | | Home Link
+--+--+ | --+---+------ +--+--+ | --+---+------
skipping to change at page 22, line 36 skipping to change at page 25, line 36
CoA3| +---|-----------+ CoA3| +---|-----------+
+---------------+ +---------------+
Binding Cache Database: Binding Cache Database:
Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is inactive) Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is inactive)
none none
Correspondent Node's binding Correspondent Node's binding
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2]
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3]
Figure 2: Primary Interface is attached to Home Link Figure 3: Primary Interface is attached to Home Link
Figure 3 depicts the scenario where a non-primary interface of a MN Figure 4 depicts the scenario where a non-primary interface of a MN
is attached to the home link. is attached to the home link.
The HA and the CN have the binding entries listed in Figure 3 in The HA and the CN have the binding entries listed in Figure 4 in
their binding cache database. MN can not utilize the non-primary their binding cache database. MN can not utilize the non-primary
interface attached to the home link, because the HA still defends the interface attached to the home link, because the HA still defends the
home address of the MN by proxy neighbor advertisements. All packets home address of the MN by proxy neighbor advertisements. All packets
routed to the home link are intercepted by the HA and tunneled to routed to the home link are intercepted by the HA and tunneled to
the other interfaces attached to the foreign link according to the the other interfaces attached to the foreign link according to the
binding entries. binding entries.
Figure 4 depicts the scenario where primary and a non-primary Figure 5 depicts the scenario where primary and a non-primary
interface of MN are attached to the home link. The HA and the CN interface of MN are attached to the home link. The HA and the CN
+----+ +----+
| CN | | CN |
+--+-+ +--+-+
| |
+---+------+ +----+ +---+------+ +----+
+------+ Internet |----------+ HA | +------+ Internet |----------+ HA |
| +----+-----+ +--+-+ | +----+-----+ +--+-+
CoA2| | | Home Link CoA2| | | Home Link
+--+--+ | --+---+------ +--+--+ | --+---+------
skipping to change at page 23, line 26 skipping to change at page 26, line 26
+---------------------------+ +---------------------------+
Binding Cache Database: Binding Cache Database:
Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is active) Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is active)
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1]
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2]
Correspondent Node's binding Correspondent Node's binding
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1]
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2]
Figure 3: One of Non-Primary Interfaces is attached to Home Link Figure 4: One of Non-Primary Interfaces is attached to Home Link
have the binding entries listed in Figure 4 in their binding cache have the binding entries listed in Figure 5 in their binding cache
database. The MN can not use the non-primary interface attached to a database. The MN can not use the non-primary interface attached to a
foreign link unless a CN has a binding for the non-primary interface. foreign link unless a CN has a binding for the non-primary interface.
All packets which arrive at the HA are routed to one of interfaces All packets which arrive at the HA are routed to one of interfaces
attached to the MN. The HA decides an interface anyway, for example, attached to the MN. The HA decides an interface anyway, for example,
by using policy and filters. by using policy and filters.
+----+ +----+
| CN | | CN |
+--+-+ +--+-+
| |
skipping to change at page 24, line 25 skipping to change at page 27, line 25
+--+--+ | +--+--+ |
| | | |
+---------------------------+ +---------------------------+
Binding Cache Database: Binding Cache Database:
Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is inactive) Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is inactive)
none none
Correspondent Node's binding Correspondent Node's binding
binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2]
Figure 4: Primary and Non-Primary Interfaces are Figure 5: Primary and Non-Primary Interfaces are
attached to Home Link attached to Home Link
C. Changes
- Updating packet formats. M flag is re-named to B flag as
suggested by [11].
- Adding extended operations for DHAAD packets in terms of finding
Home Agent supporting multiple CoAs registration.
Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Julien Charbon, Susumu Koshiba, The authors would like to thank Julien Charbon, Susumu Koshiba,
Hiroki Matutani, Koshiro Mitsuya, Nicolas Montavont, Koji Okada, Hiroki Matutani, Koshiro Mitsuya, Nicolas Montavont, Koji Okada,
Masafumi Watari (in alphabetical order), the nacm group at KEIO Masafumi Watari (in alphabetical order), the Jun Murai Lab. at KEIO
University, and WIDE project for their contributions. University, and WIDE project for their contributions.
References The authors acknowledge Romain Kuntz from Keio University and WIDE
for providing the texts of the DHAAD operation and reviewing this
draft.
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Specification. Request for Comments (Draft Standard) 2460, Specification. Request for Comments (Draft Standard) 2460,
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[4] T. Ernst. Nemo Mobility Support Goals and Requirements (work in [3] T. Ernst. Network Mobility Support Goals and Requirements (work
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in IPv6. Request For Comments 3775, Internet Engineering Task IPv6. Request for Comments (Standards Track) 3775, Internet
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[6] J. Manner and M. Kojo. Mobility Related Terminology. Request
for Comments (Informational) 3753, Internet Engineering Task
Force, June 2004. Force, June 2004.
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For Comments RFC3753, Internet Engineering Task Force, June Problem Statement for multihomed Mobile Nodes (work in progress,
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Internet Draft, Internet Engineering Task Force, January 2005.
[8] M. Stemm and R. H. Katz. Vertical handoffs in wireless overlay [8] C. Ng, E. Paik, and T. Ernst. Analysis of Multihoming
in Network Mobility Support (work in progress,
draft-ietf-nemo-multihoming-issues-xx.txt). Internet
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[9] M. Stemm and R. H. Katz. Vertical handoffs in wireless overlay
networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 3(4):335--350, networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 3(4):335--350,
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Network models (work in progress). Internet Draft Network models (work in progress). Internet Draft
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Engineering Task Force, May 2003. Engineering Task Force, March 2005.
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Interfaces Support by Policy-Based Routing on Mobile IPv6.
In The 2002 International Conference on Wireless Networks,
ICWN2002, Jul. 2002.
[11] X. Zhao, C. Castelluccia, and M. Baker. Flexible network [11] P. Valitalo. Multihoming of (1,1,*) configured
support for mobility. In The Second Annual International networks in Network Mobility Support (work in progress,
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Authors' Addresses Authors' Addresses
Ryuji Wakikawa Thierry Ernst Ryuji Wakikawa Thierry Ernst
Keio University and WIDE Keio University and WIDE Keio University and WIDE Keio University and WIDE
5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa 5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa 5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa 5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa
252 JAPAN 252 JAPAN 252 JAPAN 252 JAPAN
Phone: +81-466-49-1394 Phone: +81-466-49-1394 Phone: +81-466-49-1394 Phone: +81-466-49-1394
EMail: ryuji@sfc.wide.ad.jp EMail: ernst@sfc.wide.ad.jp EMail: ryuji@sfc.wide.ad.jp EMail: ernst@sfc.wide.ad.jp
Fax: +81-466-49-1395 Fax: +81-466-49-1395 Fax: +81-466-49-1395 Fax: +81-466-49-1395
skipping to change at page 27, line 13 skipping to change at page 30, line 13
Fax: +81-466-49-1395 FAX : +81-3-5665-5094 Fax: +81-466-49-1395 FAX : +81-3-5665-5094
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