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Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 INTERNET DRAFT D. Collier-Brown 2 Expires March 1997 Sept 1996 4 On Experimental Top Level Domains 5 Rev 0 6 draft-collier-brown-itld-exper-00.txt 8 Status 10 This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working 11 documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, 12 and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute 13 working documents as Internet-Drafts. 15 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 16 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 17 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference 18 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress". 20 To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the 21 "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet- Drafts Shadow 22 Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), 23 munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or 24 ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). 26 Abstract 28 This memorandum describes a proposed mechanism under which differing 29 schemes for the naming, allocation and management of new 30 international top-level domains may be tried without their 31 interfering with each other. 33 This memorandum discusses the trademrk issues underlying the current 34 debate on International TLDs, and proposes non-interfering 35 simultaneous experiments, following the proposals of 36 [DENNINGER],[HIGGS],[MASEK] and [POSTEL]. 38 This memo is being distributed to the Internet community in order to 39 solicit their opinions of the proposals contained in it. In 40 particular, The IETF, IANA, NEWDOM SHARED-TLD and related mailing 41 lists are invited to read and comment on this material. 43 Index 45 Status 1 46 Abstract 1 47 Index 2 48 Revisions 2 49 Introduction 2 50 Historical Background 3 51 Trademark Issues 4 52 Appreciation of the Situation 4 53 Aim 4 54 Factors 5 55 Courses 6 56 Conclusions 12 57 Reccomendations 12 58 Mechanism 13 59 Appendices 14 60 Appendix A: International Trademark Categories 14 61 Appendix B: Appreciations of the Situation 52 62 References 53 63 Thanks 54 64 Author's Address 54 66 Revisions 68 As a draft, this document may be revised at any time. The revision 69 number of the document in question is displayed at the top of the 70 masthead, and should be referred to when commenting on the proposal 71 contained in this draft. 73 Introduction 75 This paper was written to inform the community, to suggest adapting 76 existing practices of the IETF (two implementations before 77 standardization) to a mixed technical and political problem and to 78 suggest means by which this practice could be carried out. 80 It was once pointed out to the author that it was a serious error to 81 try to deal with a problem indirectly, without explicitly stating the 82 problem and taking account of it in the solutions. 84 This paper therefor directly raises the question of how much the U.S. 85 and world trademark system affects domain names, and particularly 86 domain name in the international top-level domains. Following that 87 it considers what effects particular proposed changes in the 88 available domains might reasonably have on the trademark issues. 89 This is the main body of the paper, and is written in the form of an 90 appreciation of the situation. 92 The paper draws some interim conclusions, and suggests further work 93 before we settling on a final solution or set of solutions. 95 Finally, it points out means by which we can continue the 96 investigation without interference with the proposals of Postel at 97 all. 99 Historical Background 101 Commercial organizations have recently found problems with the 102 availability of particular domain names, since they have generally 103 fallen into the practice of requesting their business names and 104 trademarks as their domain names. 106 Since the current domain naming scheme is a naming scheme, designed 107 to map arbitrary but meaningful names into IP numbers, the business 108 community rapidly fell into difficulties with the fact that domain 109 names are unique. There can only be one ``united'' subdomain in the 110 ``.com'' top-level domain, for example. 112 Alas, ``United Airlines'' and ``United Vanlines'' and presumably 113 ``United Trucklines'' all use the word United as part of their 114 trademark, and might well all desire the ```united.com'' domain. 116 This has caused difficulties and bad feelings, exacerbated by the 117 resolution policies which the operator of the .com registry has tried 118 in order to deal with the problem. 120 The problem is moderately serious, in that it affects major 121 commercial organizations. It does not pose a threat to the operation 122 of the net, but does pose problems in its use by commercial 123 organizations, especially international organizations which wish to 124 register in the international top-level domain ``.com''. 126 There is great interest and debate about the problem, however, as it 127 is very topical. Several IETF and ISOC-related conferences have 128 included sessions on the subject and numerous initiatives have 129 commenced: 131 Several proposals [DENNINGER],[HIGGS],[MASEK],[POSTEL] have been 132 made, in the form of internet drafts, to create additional top- 133 level domains. 135 One organization, ALTERNIC, has commenced an initiative to 136 register and serve these additional experimental top-level 137 domains. 139 Numerous organizations have applied to be registries for the new 140 domains when a procedure to do so is standardized. 142 Trademark Issues 144 Trademark is a well-studied and well-understood subject in jurispru- 145 dence and business practice. 147 Trademark law keeps one manufacturer from misrepresenting his goods 148 as someone else's, by protecting the first user of a mark from others 149 who might try to use identical or misleadingly similar marks. 151 Like domain-names, they are established by someone starting to use 152 them. Also like domain names, they are unique. However, because 153 there are only so many words in the english (or any other) language, 154 they have come to be used as "proper adjectives". We say the Allied 155 van lines, Esso gasoline or the Unix timesharing system. The use of 156 a category serves to disambiguate the trademark from other, similar, 157 ones. 159 Similarly, they are often geographically disambiguated: one can have 160 Judy's Cafe in Tucson Arizona and Judy's Cafe in El Paso, Texas. 161 Most jurisdictions allow registry of trademarks within that particu- 162 lar state or country as a part of the use of the legal system to pro- 163 tect them. There are internationally known trademarks, but there are 164 only voluntary means of settling disputes about those. 166 In common usage, a trademark is often used as part of a phrase, such 167 as ``the Unix timesharing system'' or ``Standard Oil of New Jersey''. 168 This is a distinguished name, the thing from which it is dis- 169 tinguished and sometimes a broader category. In domain-name notation 170 these might be stated as ``unix.operatingsystems'' and 171 ``standard.oilrefiners.nj''. 173 As such, several proposals have been made to employ a similar disam- 174 biguation in the allocation of domain names to such companies. 175 Expanding on this is the contents of the next part of the paper, an 176 appreciation (cf Appendix A) of the possible naming schemes which 177 might be employed. 179 Appreciation of the Situation 181 Aim 183 The aim of the appreciation is to provide in brief the material 184 factors and plausible courses of action which a body setting out 185 the form of future top-level domain names will need to consider. 187 The paper is limited to discussing issues centered around the form 188 of domain names and their interaction with trademark and trademark 189 litigation. 191 Criteria for choosing a solution sufficient to meet best current 192 practice standards have been proposed in [AGMON]. 194 It is the intention of the author to advance discussion, not to 195 exclude or propose particular courses. 197 Factors 199 Trademarks 201 The primary factor in this discussion is the issue of trademark 202 on names which organizations wish to use as domain names. 204 There is a rich history of jurisprudence on the subject: for 205 our purposes, a trademark holder which wishes to establish a 206 presence on the internet may wish: 208 A domain name identical to one or more of their trademarks 209 (referred to in the rest of the document as [identical]). 211 Protection against dilution of their trademark from the use 212 of a similar name as a domain name by another party on the 213 net (referred to henceforth as [dilution]). 215 Companies registering domains in the United States have evi- 216 denced such desires, with numerous lawsuits currently underway. 217 This is exacerbated by the conflict resolution mechanisms used 218 by NSI, the U.S. InterNIC operator. However, it should be 219 noted that this problem has not yet become significant in any 220 of the national top-level domains. 222 A further variant is that some trademark holders, notably of 223 very well-known names, have expressed an intention to register 224 their name in all applicable domains, to proactively prevent 225 infringement or dilution in any context. This is especially 226 true of well-known multinational companies, and conflicts in 227 suhc registration is a known problem in the allocation of 800 228 numbers (referred to as [all domains] below). 230 Inferrability 232 A second factor is the desire of the companies registering 233 domain to have their domain names ``guessable'' from their com- 234 pany names (referred to in the following as [guessable]). 236 For example, a company named ``SeaTech'' might wish the domain 237 ``seatech.com''. With a name of this form, persons made aware 238 of it would assume that it was doing business throughout North 239 America (and indeed the world), and that one could send mail to 240 @seatech.com and find their web page at 241 www.seatech.com. 243 If the company does not have a short, unique name, it is to 244 their advantage to have a name which can be found by a domain 245 name system or web search. For example, the American Airlines 246 web page can be found in a few seconds as 247 ``www.americanair.com'' by an Alta Vista search for ``american 248 airlines''. 250 Courses of Action 252 Course 0: Do Nothing. 254 We could, of course, do nothing. This would leave us with a 255 problem in the .com domain, and place the responsibility for 256 solving it on the NIC operator. 258 Based on their lack of success to date, this is probably 259 inadvisable. 261 (Course 0 is always ``do nothing'', and is conventionally 262 included to ensure that all reasonable courses of action are 263 considered. This includes a failure to make a decision, which 264 is implicitly an unintentional decision to do nothing.) 266 Course 1: Revert to First-Come, First Served 268 We could revert to allocating domain names in .com and the 269 other existing domains to the first person requesting them, 270 without other conditions. This would not directly address 271 either of the above problems, but would remove the NIC operator 272 from the center of the debate, as they could merely disclaim 273 responsibility for trademark problems, require the parties to 274 go to court, and agree to abide by the result. 276 In the case of either identical or very similar names, the 277 trademark holders would have to ``fight it out'' in court. 278 [identical][dilution] 280 As there would only be a single international .com domain (and 281 some similar national domains), the ability of a company which 282 holds a trademark in the airline business to distinguish itself 283 from one which holds the same trademark in the trucking busi- 284 ness would be limited. 286 Litigation would presumably continue in the international 287 domain and to a lesser degree in national domains. 289 Companies desiring a presence in all domains would need only to 290 establish a single international domain, in .com, and might 291 attempt to establish domains in national domains, .edu and/or 292 .org [all domains] 294 Company's domain names would be in one sense hard to guess, as 295 there is no rule about which trademark holder would get the 296 domain in .com. In another sense, they would be easy to guess, 297 so long as you wanted the site of the winner of the race to 298 register. 300 Other trademark holders might elect to add distinguishing words 301 to their domain names, such as ``americanair'' or ``allied- 302 vanlines''.[guessable] 304 There would be little or no effect on domains looked up via 305 search services. 307 Course 2: Synonyms 309 We could establish more domains in parallel to .com, such as 310 .biz, an existing experimental top-level domain. 312 Companies desiring the ``same'' name as another could simply 313 register in .biz as opposed to .com, so that allied.biz would 314 be united vanlines and united.com would be united 315 airlines.[identical] 317 This would not address the dilution problem, however: there 318 would be ``two'' uniteds, with nothing to distinguish between 319 them in the mind of the customer save which synonym for ``busi- 320 ness'' they were registered under. It is likely that at least 321 one allied would be displeased with this lack of differentia- 322 tion and ask for relief on the basis of dilution of their 323 trademark.[dilution] 324 Companies inclined to defend their trademarks strongly would 325 attempt to register the same domain in all synonymous domains. 326 This would be a brand-new point of contention between trademark 327 holders in different businesses.[all domains] 329 Company names would be hard to guess, as there would be a com- 330 ponent of the domain name which would not be predictable (which 331 synonym) and which would have to be memorized or looked up by 332 the customer.[guessable] 334 There would be little effect on domains looked up via search 335 services, and more people would find it necessary to use such 336 services. 338 Course 3: Meaningless Names 340 We could establish domains whose names were meaningless: for 341 example, we could have .AAA, .AAB, .AAC and so on, and allow or 342 coerce companies to register in randomly-chose ones. 344 If we allowed companies to register in the one of their choice, 345 many companies would choose domains meaningful to them, with 346 many desiring to be in the first, last or most meaningful 347 domain. 349 Companies desiring the ``same'' name as another could simply 350 register in a different domain, so that allied.aaa might be 351 united vanlines and united.bbb might be united 352 airlines.[identical] 354 This would not address the dilution problem, however: there 355 would be ``two'' uniteds, with nothing to distinguish between 356 them in the mind of the customer save a random string. It is 357 likely that companies would be displeased with this lack of 358 differentiation and ask for relief on the basis of dilution of 359 their trademark by someone in another domain.[dilution] 361 Companies inclined to defend their trademarks strongly would 362 attempt to register the same domain in all random domains. 363 This would be (like .biz/.com) a new point of contention 364 between trademark holders in different businesses.[all domains] 366 Company names would be hard to guess, as there would be a com- 367 ponent of the domain name which would be random and which would 368 have to be memorized or looked up by the customer.[guessable] 370 As before, there would be little effect on domains looked up 371 via search services, and more people would find it necessary to 372 use such services. 374 Course 4: Meaningful Names 376 We could establish domains whose names were meaningful business 377 categories drawn from existing trademark categories established 378 by national bodies or international agreement. For example, we 379 could have .soap, and names like lever-brothers.soap for the 380 cleaner-related branches of Lever Brothers. 382 This is also called a controlled vocabulary, and is commonly 383 used in library searching and categorization (eg, the U.S. 384 Library of Congress system). 386 Companies wishing to have identical domain names, if in dif- 387 ferent categories, would simply register their desired name. 388 We could have american.buslines and american.airlines without 389 difficulty. If the categories are over-broad, we would have 390 problems with clashes, such as if bus-, truck- and air-lines 391 were all grouped together under the .transport 392 domain.[identical] 394 Companies fearing dilution would suffer directly only if the 395 categories were over-broad. They could suffer dilution if the 396 general public was inclined to assume that the same ``united'' 397 operated united.vanlines, united.airlines and united.buslines. 398 This is possible, but appears far-fetched.[dilution] 400 Companies desiring to protect their trademark by defending it 401 broadly would find it difficult and expensive to justify regis- 402 tration in a very large number of arguably inappropriate 403 domains. If the bozotron company wished to proactively defend 404 its good name by registering bozotron.soap, while not manufac- 405 turing soap, there would be room for litigation if a soap com- 406 pany with bozotron as a trademark desired the bozotron.soap 407 domain. [all domains] (This might be a solved problem in trade- 408 mark law: comments are invited from the reader.) 410 Domain names would be relatively guessable, given a small 411 enough set of categories and some experience with the system by 412 the customer. Persons unsure of the business categories would 413 need to look those up with a search service. Persons who do 414 not know the business's category, only its name, would have to 415 use search services, as above.[guessable] 417 Course 5: Obfuscated Meaningful Names 419 We could establish domains whose names were meaningful business 420 categories, but refer to them by the category number, thus giv- 421 ing us C10, C02 and so forth. 423 This has a result indistinguishable from random names, save the 424 names will not chance to match meaningful short words. If the 425 obfuscation were progressively less effective, such that 426 categories could be inferred to increasing degrees from the 427 names, it would come more and more to resemble meaningful 428 names. 430 Course 6: Unconstrained Names 432 We could establish domains with unconstrained names: any organ- 433 ization could propose a name and have it made a top-level 434 domain. 436 This is in fact the former case within .com, with the limita- 437 tion that only nominally commercial entities can be registered. 438 Films are seemingly businesses, however, so the limitation is 439 not absolute. 441 This has a result indistinguishable from reverting to first- 442 come first-served in com, save that the load on the root name 443 servers would be remarkable, as most enquiries would have to go 444 to them. 446 Course 7: Partially Unconstrained Names 448 We could allow names to be drawn from a vocabulary which is 449 constrained only in that it distinguishes different kinds of 450 business. This might start with the existing categories and 451 subcategories established in international trademark law, and 452 be expanded by reference to the literature of trademark with 453 more and more precise terms. For example, transportation might 454 be an initial category, from which companies might well ask 455 that trucklines, buslines and airlines be added, sufficient to 456 distinguish their businesses. Companies doing business in 457 several specific subcategories would have the option of regis- 458 tering in each (x.trucklines and x.railways) or in the parent 459 category (x.transport). 461 Companys seeking to distinguish themselves would ask for regis- 462 tration in the category that most accurately describes their 463 business, to avoid being mistaken for another, like-named 464 business.[identical] 465 Companies concerned with dilution might choose more specific 466 names, to avoid anyone mistaking them for someone else. In 467 effect, the category they choose would become closely associ- 468 ated with their names (eg, the Unix[tm] Timesharing System) and 469 would appear to the customer to be part of the name.[dilution] 471 Companies wishing to defend their trademarks strongly could 472 regard the above as sufficient. If not, they would have the 473 option of trying to register their name in all domains where 474 they believed there was a chance some-one might use the same 475 name. This would be expensive and time-consuming, though: the 476 International Olympic Committee might well find itself faced 477 with registering olympic.restaurant.brampton.on.ca in one known 478 extreme case. [all domains] 480 Names would be guessable, but less so than with a more con- 481 trolled vocabulary. A search service with a knowledge of the 482 requisite synonyms would be straightforward to provide, 483 however.[guessable] 485 Course 9: Retire the International Domains 487 We could cease registering domains in the international top- 488 level domains. 490 The problem would immediately be relocated to the registries 491 and courts of individual countries. This would be very similar 492 to reverting to first-come, first-served in .com, save it would 493 now be in (eg) .com.us and presumably in .com.az.us. 495 In the case of either identical or very similar names, the 496 trademark holders would have to ``fight it out'' in court, but 497 would have a clear indication of what court system to use. 498 [identical][dilution] 500 Companies which were in different jurisdictions such as Judy's 501 Cafe in Tucson AZ and Judy's Cafe in El Paso, Texas, would be 502 able to easily distinguish themselves from one another. Com- 503 panies in the same jurisdiction would still suffer from the 504 inability to distinguish airlines from the like-named companies 505 in the trucking business. Litigation would presumably continue 506 over these issues. 508 Companies desiring a presence in all domains would need to 509 establish themselves in all possible national domains. [all 510 domains] 512 Company's domain names would be substantially easier to guess: 514 one would have to have an idea of how wide an area they do 515 business in in order to know whether to look in .com.us or 516 .com.tucson.az.us. This has not proved a problem un the .ca 517 domain, where a similar scheme is employed.[guessable] 519 Course 9: Restrict the .com Domain to Multinationals 521 This would separate the problem into two: one relocatable, as 522 in the previous example, and one in correspondingly less chance 523 of clashes. As multinationals tend to avoid name-clashes in 524 any case, this might significantly reduce the size of the prob- 525 lem. [identical][dilution] 527 Multinationals also are among the main companies who desire to 528 protect their trademarks strongly and proactively. [all 529 domains] 531 Otherwise, the analysis is the same as the last case. 533 Course 10: Combinations 535 Finally, we might elect to try combinations of courses based on 536 their relative strengths and weaknesses. 538 It is plausible to have constrained or partially constrained 539 names with a special category for companies who are both 540 inclined to protect their trademarks strongly and who are 541 internationally known. If Ortel found it necessary to defend 542 its name against all similar names (eg, Nortel), then it might 543 ask for a higher-level domain than all other companies. In the 544 root if necessary, in .com if all the categories were to exist 545 within .com. 547 It is also plausible to have combinations of geography in sub- 548 national domains, and categories in national and international 549 domains. 551 Conclusions 553 Contrary to the author's previous opinion, it appears that some 554 combination of courses might meet the needs of copyright holders 555 as set out in the factors section above, and the public policy 556 recommendations of [AGMON]. 558 Nevertheless, it is not apparent at this time what the correct 559 combination might be. 561 Recommendations 563 The author recommends further study. 565 Allow the experiment to continue: this would allow allow multiple 566 different streams of development, inclusing those of Postel, Higgs, 567 Denninger, and similar experiments by autonomous national domains 568 (eg, .ca) 570 This is a direct parallell to the normal practice of requiring multi- 571 ple working implementations before proceeding to standardization. 572 The difference here is that at least two working instances of a 573 viable (if imperfect) solution might be asked for, rather than two 574 examples of working code. 576 Set groundrules so there would be no ``pollution'' of one experiment 577 by another: keep the experiments orthogonal to one another, so suc- 578 cess in a particular aspect could be clearly identified. 580 The author suggests commercial vs non-commercial registries (done), 581 shared versus singular-registry domains, synonym domains vs 582 categories (using unshared registries) and shared registries (using 583 any domain or domains). 585 Run the experiment for no less that one year nor more than two. 587 Mechanism 589 IANA shall seperate the namespaces. 591 The IANA shall reserve names from the U.S. and International Trade- 592 mark Classes for use by category-based top-level domains. It shall 593 authorize the creation of top-level domains with names which appear 594 on the World Intellectual Property Organizations' list, or in the 595 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's ``Trademark Acceptable Identifica- 596 tion of Goods and Services Manual'' only for experiments in categori- 597 cal naming. Suitable forms of the main categories will be acccepted 598 by the IANA for such categorical domains, and at their sole discre- 599 tion, names of sub-categories may be made available if in IANA's 600 opinion the category is over-broad. IANA shall refrain from author- 601 izing any top-level domains synonymous with those names. These names 602 are enumerated in Appendix B below, and forms suitable for use as 603 domain names are partially enumerated in [HIGGS]. 605 IANA shall expressly permit creation of new top-level domains 606 synonymous to others, including existing domains, so long as they are 607 not synonymous with these categories. 609 Finally, IANA shall permit at its discretion the creation of other 610 top-level domains, with naming schemes not discussed here, so long as 611 they are not synonymous with either of the above. 613 Within these new top-level domains, IANA shall reserve all second- 614 level names which match existing top-level domains categories and 615 sub-categories, to avoid the inadvertent creation of ambigous, redun- 616 dant or non-meaningfull domains such as oil.oil. 618 IANA may elect to authorize multi-level categorizations like 619 lubricants.oil if, after initial experimentation, it is their opinion 620 that such are desirable in place of or in addition to narrowly 621 defined top-level domains. 623 Appendices 625 Appendix A: International and U.S. Trademark Categories 627 From the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) list, 628 as established by the Nice Treaty and the U.S. Patent and Trade- 629 mark Office[USPTO] 630 Goods: 631 Class 001 Chemicals 632 Agar 633 Alum 634 Antifreeze 635 Compost 636 Desiccants 637 Humus 638 Loam 639 Manure 640 Saccharin 641 Additives (Concrete) 642 Admixtures (Concrete) 643 Agricultural lime 644 Artificial sweeteners 645 Blueprint paper 646 Brake fluid 647 Ceramic glazings 648 Chemicals (Chromatography) 649 Chemicals (Lithographic) 650 Chemicals (Photographic) 651 Chromatography chemicals 652 Concrete additives 653 Concrete admixtures 654 Distilled water 655 Dry ice 656 Fermentation extrat 657 Flower preservative 658 Flush (Radiator) 659 Flux (Soldering) 660 Food (Plant) 661 Glazings (Ceramic) 662 Ice (Dry) 663 Lime (Agricultural) 664 Lithographic chemicals 665 Litmus paper 666 Paper (Blueprint) 667 Paper (Litmus) 668 Paper (Photosensitive) 669 Paste (Wallpaper) 670 Peat (fertilizer) 671 Photographic chemicals 673 Class 002 Paints 674 Varnish 675 Bactericidal paints 676 Color pigments 677 Enamels (Pottery) 678 Engraving ink 679 Gum turpentine 680 House paint 681 Ink (Printers') 682 Paint (Exterior) 683 Paint (House) 684 Paint (Interior) 685 Paint primer 686 Paint sealers 687 Paint thinner 688 Pigments (Color) 689 Pottery enamel 690 Preservatives (Wood) 691 Primers (Paint) 692 Printers' ink 693 Putty (Glaziers') 694 Sealers (Paint) 695 Size (Wall) 696 Stains (Leather) 697 Stains (Wood) 698 Toner cartridges 699 Turpentine (Gum) 700 Wall size 701 Watercolor paints 702 Wood preservatives 703 Agglutinates for paints 704 Anti-rust greases 705 Anti-rust oils 706 Glazes (paints, lacquers) 707 Greases (Anti-rust) 708 Oil (Anti-rust) 709 Paint for artists 710 Photocopier toner 711 Size for walls 712 Toner for copiers 713 Wallpaper removing preparations 715 Class 003 Cosmetics and cleaning preparations 716 Antiperspirants 717 Blusher 718 Cologne 719 Dentifrices 720 Eyeliners 721 Incense 722 Lipstick 723 Makeup 724 Mascara 725 Mouthwash 726 Perfume 727 Potpourri 728 Rouge 729 Sachets 730 Sandpaper 731 Artificial eyelashes 732 Artificial fingernails 733 Baby oil 734 Baby powder 735 Baby shampoo 736 Baby wipes 737 Balm (Shaving) 738 Bath gel 739 Bath oil 740 Bath powder 741 Beauty masks 742 Bleach (Laundry) 743 Blush 744 Body cream 745 Body oil 746 Body powder 747 Breath freshener 748 Bubble bath 749 Chrome polish 750 Cobblers' wax 751 Cold cream 752 Conditioners (Hair) 753 Cosmetic pencils 754 Cream (Body) 755 Cream (Cold) 757 Class 004 Lubricants and fuels 758 Anthracite 759 Candles 760 Firewood 761 Gasoline 762 Kerosene 763 Kindling 764 Naphtha 765 Paraffin 766 Tallow 767 Tapers 768 Automobile lubricants 769 Automotive greases 770 Automotive lubricants 771 Belt dressings 772 Briquettes (Charcoal) 773 Carnauba wax 774 Charcoal briquettes 775 Diesel fuel 776 Fireplace logs 777 Fuel oil 778 Fuels (Diesel) 779 Greases (Automotive) 780 Industrial lubricants 781 Industrial oils 782 Lamp oil 783 Lighter fluid 784 Logs (Fireplace) 785 Lubricants (Automobile) 786 Lubricants (Graphite) 787 Lubricants (Industrial) 788 Motor oil 789 Oil (Crude) 790 Oil (Fuel) 791 Oil (Industrial) 792 Oil (Lamp) 793 Oil (Motor) 794 Scented candles 795 Transmission fluid 796 Wax (Carnauba) 797 Charcoal lighter fluid 799 Class 005 Pharmaceuticals 800 Analgesics 801 Antacids 802 Anthelmintics 803 Antiarrhythmics 804 Antibiotics 805 Anticoagulants 806 Anticonvulsants 807 Antidepressants 808 Antiemetics 809 Antiflatulants 810 Antihistamines 811 Antihypertensives 812 Antiparasitics 813 Antiseptics 814 Antivirals 815 Aspirin 816 Bronchodilators 817 Decongestants 818 Dermatologicals 819 Douches 820 Electrolytes 821 Expectorants 822 Gargles 823 Gauze 824 Hemoglobin 825 Hormones 826 Hydrocortisone 827 Hypnotics 828 Insulin 829 Iodine 830 Laxatives 831 Liniments 832 Merthiolate 833 Mildewstats 834 Poultices 835 Psychotropics 836 Rodenticides 837 Sedatives 838 Steroids 839 Suppositories 841 Class 006 Metal goods 842 Andirons 843 Anvils 844 Handcuffs 845 Nails 846 Spurs 847 Wire 848 Aluminum foil 849 Anchors (Marine) 850 Barbed wire 851 Barrels (Metal) 852 Beams (Metal) 853 Bells (Metal) 854 Bins (Metal) 855 Bolts (Metal) 856 Boxes (Metal) 857 Brads (Metal) 858 Brazing rods 859 Buoys (Metal) 860 Cabinet stops 861 Casks (Metal) 862 Casters (Metal) 863 Casting alloys 864 Castings (Metal) 865 Chains (Metal) 866 Chests (Metal) 867 Chimneys (Metal) 868 Clamps (Metal) 869 Cornices (Metal) 870 Doorknobs (Metal) 871 Doorknockers (Metal) 872 Doors (Metal) 873 Eye bolts 874 Figurines (Pewter) 875 Flooring (Metal) 876 Floors (Metal) 877 Foil (Aluminum) 878 Foil (Metal) 879 Gate stops 880 Gates (Metal) 881 Gold solder 882 Andirons 883 Anvils 884 Handcuffs 885 Nails 886 Spurs 887 Wire 888 Aluminum foil 889 Anchors (Marine) 890 Barbed wire 891 Barrels (Metal) 892 Beams (Metal) 893 Bells (Metal) 894 Bins (Metal) 895 Bolts (Metal) 896 Boxes (Metal) 897 Brads (Metal) 898 Brazing rods 899 Buoys (Metal) 900 Cabinet stops 901 Casks (Metal) 902 Casters (Metal) 903 Casting alloys 904 Castings (Metal) 905 Chains (Metal) 906 Chests (Metal) 907 Chimneys (Metal) 908 Clamps (Metal) 909 Cornices (Metal) 910 Doorknobs (Metal) 911 Doorknockers (Metal) 912 Doors (Metal) 913 Eye bolts 914 Figurines (Pewter) 915 Flooring (Metal) 916 Floors (Metal) 917 Foil (Aluminum) 918 Foil (Metal) 919 Gate stops 920 Gates (Metal) 921 Gold solder 922 Andirons 923 Anvils 924 Handcuffs 925 Nails 926 Spurs 927 Wire 928 Aluminum foil 929 Anchors (Marine) 930 Barbed wire 931 Barrels (Metal) 932 Beams (Metal) 933 Bells (Metal) 934 Bins (Metal) 935 Bolts (Metal) 936 Boxes (Metal) 937 Brads (Metal) 938 Brazing rods 939 Buoys (Metal) 940 Cabinet stops 941 Casks (Metal) 942 Casters (Metal) 943 Casting alloys 944 Castings (Metal) 945 Chains (Metal) 946 Chests (Metal) 947 Chimneys (Metal) 948 Clamps (Metal) 949 Cornices (Metal) 950 Doorknobs (Metal) 951 Doorknockers (Metal) 952 Doors (Metal) 953 Eye bolts 954 Figurines (Pewter) 955 Flooring (Metal) 956 Floors (Metal) 957 Foil (Aluminum) 958 Foil (Metal) 959 Gate stops 960 Gates (Metal) 961 Gold solder 963 Class 007 Machinery 964 Bulldozers 965 Centrifuges 966 Conveyors 967 Cranes 968 Cyclones 969 Derricks 970 Dynamos 971 Elevators 972 Escalators 973 Hoists 974 Lathes 975 Plows 976 Snowblowers 977 Turbogenerators 978 Winches 979 Air compressors 980 Aircraft engines 981 Airplane motors 982 Aquarium pumps 983 Augers (Earth) 984 Bellows (Forge) 985 Boat engines 986 Boat motors 987 Boring machines 988 Brushes (Dynamo) 989 Cartoning machines 990 Centrifugal pumps 991 Compactors (Trash) 992 Compressors (Air) 993 Compressors (Refrigerator) 994 Concrete mixers 995 Cranes (Mobile) 996 Cyclone separators 997 Disposals (Garbage) 998 Dredging machines 999 Drivers (Pile) 1000 Dynamo brushes 1001 Earth augers 1002 Egg incubators 1003 Electric generators 1005 Class 008 Hand tools 1006 Axes 1007 Bayonets 1008 Chopsticks 1009 Cleavers 1010 Forks 1011 Gimlets 1012 Hoes 1013 Machetes 1014 Mallets 1015 Mattocks 1016 Nightsticks 1017 Penknives 1018 Pickaxes 1019 Pliers 1020 Rakes 1021 Razors 1022 Sabres 1023 Scissors 1024 Scythes 1025 Shovels 1026 Sickles 1027 Sledgehammers 1028 Spades 1029 Spears 1030 Spoons 1031 Swords 1032 Trowels 1033 Tweezers 1034 Whetstones 1035 Aprons (Tool) 1036 Belts (Tool) 1037 Billy clubs 1038 Blades (Planing) 1039 Blades (Razor) 1040 Branding irons 1041 Buffers (Nail) 1042 Butcher knives 1043 Carpenter's clamps 1044 Cases (Razor) 1045 Caulking guns 1047 Class 009 Electrical and scientific apparatus 1048 Actinometers 1049 Aerometers 1050 Altimeters 1051 Ammeters 1052 Anemometers 1053 Antennas 1054 Barometers 1055 Batteries 1056 Binoculars 1057 Calculators 1058 Capacitors 1059 Clinometer 1060 Computers 1061 Condensers 1062 Converters 1063 Cyclotrons 1064 Dosimeters 1065 Dynamometers 1066 Epidiascopes 1067 Eyeglasses 1068 Galvanometers 1069 Gasometers 1070 Headphones 1071 Hydrometers 1072 Hygrometers 1073 Kaleidoscopes 1074 Loudspeakers 1075 Megaphones 1076 Metronomes 1077 Microcomputers 1078 Microfiche 1079 Micrometers 1080 Microphones 1081 Microscopes 1082 Minicomputers 1083 Modems 1084 Multiplexers 1085 Odometers 1086 Ohmmeters 1087 Oscilloscopes 1089 Class 010 Medical apparatus 1090 Cannulae 1091 Condoms 1092 Crutches 1093 Defibrillators 1094 Dentures 1095 Electrocardiographs 1096 Gastroscopes 1097 Lancets 1098 Laryngoscopes 1099 Ophthalmometers 1100 Ophthalmoscopes 1101 Otoscopes 1102 Resuscitators 1103 Retinoscopes 1104 Scalpels 1105 Sphygmomanometers 1106 Stethoscopes 1107 Sutures 1108 Trusses 1109 Abdominal belts 1110 Abdominal corsets 1111 Abdominal pads 1112 Acupuncture needles 1113 Anesthetic masks 1114 Articulators (dental) 1115 Artificial limbs 1116 Artificial teeth 1117 Baby bottles 1118 Baby nursers 1119 Bandages (Compression) 1120 Bandages (Elastic) 1121 Bed pans 1122 Bed vibrators 1123 Belts (Abdominal) 1124 Belts (Orthopedic) 1125 Birthing chairs 1126 Blades (Surgical) 1127 Blood filters 1128 Bone implants 1129 Bone screws 1131 Class 011 Environmental control apparatus 1132 Autoclaves 1133 Bathtubs 1134 Bidets 1135 Chandeliers 1136 Dehumidifiers 1137 Faucets 1138 Fireplaces 1139 Flares 1140 Flashlights 1141 Freezers 1142 Furnaces 1143 Humidifiers 1144 Hydrants 1145 Incinerators 1146 Kilns 1147 Lamps 1148 Lavatories 1149 Refrigerators 1150 Saunas 1151 Searchlights 1152 Showers 1153 Sinks 1154 Toilets 1155 Whirlpools 1156 Acetylene burners 1157 Acetylene flares 1158 Air conditioners 1159 Aquarium heaters 1160 Aquarium lights 1161 Barbecue grills 1162 Baths (Whirlpool) 1163 Bathtub enclosures 1164 Bicycle lights 1165 Boilers (Furnace) 1166 Burners (Acetylene) 1167 Candelabras (Electric) 1168 Ceiling fans 1169 Clean rooms 1170 Clothes dryers 1171 Combustion chambers 1173 Class 012 Vehicles 1174 Airplanes 1175 Ambulances 1176 Automobiles 1177 Barges 1178 Bicycles 1179 Boats 1180 Buses 1181 Canoes 1182 Cars 1183 Gliders 1184 Gycopters 1185 Helicopters 1186 Hovercraft 1187 Hydroplanes 1188 Kayaks 1189 Locomotives 1190 Mopeds 1191 Motorcycles 1192 Oars 1193 Parachutes 1194 Rafts 1195 Railcars 1196 Sailboats 1197 Sailplanes 1198 Sculls 1199 Seaplanes 1200 Ships 1201 Tires 1202 Tractors 1203 Tricycles 1204 Trolleys 1205 Trucks 1206 Vans 1207 Wagons 1208 Wheelchairs 1209 Yachts 1210 Amphibious airplanes 1211 Automobile bodies 1212 Automobile bumpers 1213 Automobile chassis 1215 Class 013 Firearms 1216 Ammunition 1217 Bombs 1218 Caissons 1219 Cannons 1220 Detonators 1221 Dynamite 1222 Explosives 1223 Firearms 1224 Firecrackers 1225 Fuse 1226 Grenades 1227 Gunpowder 1228 Guns 1229 Holsters 1230 Munitions 1231 Muskets 1232 Rifles 1233 Squibs 1234 Torpedoes 1235 Air rifles 1236 Ammunition bags 1237 Ammunition wagons 1238 Armored turrets 1239 Artillery guns 1240 Automatic carbines 1241 Automatic guns 1242 Automatic pistols 1243 Automatic revolvers 1244 Automatic rifles 1245 Bags (Ammunition) 1246 Barrels (Gun) 1247 Barrels (Rifle) 1248 Belts (Cartridge) 1249 Belts (Shell) 1250 Belts (Shot) 1251 Blank cartridges 1252 Blasting caps 1253 Blasting compounds 1254 Blasting explosives 1255 Blasting gelatin 1257 Class 014 Jewelry 1258 Brooches 1259 Charms 1260 Chronometers 1261 Clocks 1262 Diamonds 1263 Earrings 1264 Emeralds 1265 Jewelry 1266 Medallions 1267 Necklaces 1268 Pearls 1269 Pendants 1270 Watches 1271 Wristwatches 1272 Alarm clocks 1273 Ankle bracelets 1274 Bands (Watch) 1275 Bands (Wedding) 1276 Bracelets (Ankle) 1277 Bracelets (jewelry) 1278 Cases (Watch) 1279 Chains (Jewelry) 1280 Chains (Watch) 1281 Clips (Ear) 1282 Clips (Tie) 1283 Clocks (Alarm) 1284 Clocks (Wall) 1285 Costume jewelry 1286 Cuff-links 1287 Ear clips 1288 Fasteners (Necktie) 1289 Fasteners (Tie) 1290 Findings (Jewelry) 1291 Fobs (Watch) 1292 Gemstones (Precious) 1293 Gemstones (Semi 1294 Jewelry (Costume) 1295 Jewelry findings 1296 Movements (Watch) 1297 Necktie fasteners 1299 Class 015 Musical instruments 1300 Accordions 1301 Bagpipes 1302 Banjos 1303 Bugles 1304 Castanets 1305 Clarinets 1306 Drumheads 1307 Drums 1308 Drumsticks 1309 Flutes 1310 Guitars 1311 Handbells 1312 Harmonicas 1313 Harps 1314 Lyres 1315 Mandolins 1316 Organs 1317 Pianos 1318 Saxophones 1319 Tambourines 1320 Trombones 1321 Ukeleles 1322 Xylophones 1323 Zithers 1324 Acoustic guitars 1325 Batons (Conductor's) 1326 Boxes (Music) 1327 Conductor's batons 1328 Guitar picks 1329 Guitar strings 1330 Guitars (Acoustic) 1331 Guitars (Electric) 1332 Harmoniums 1333 Music boxes 1334 Music synthesizers 1335 Picks (Guitar) 1336 Player pianos 1337 Strings (Guitar) 1338 Synthesizers (Music) 1339 Keyboards (Electronic musical) 1341 Class 016 Paper goods and printed matter 1342 Almanacs 1343 Aquariums 1344 Atlases 1345 Bibles 1346 Binders 1347 Blackboards 1348 Blotters 1349 Blueprints 1350 Bookbindings 1351 Bookends 1352 Bookmarks 1353 Calendars 1354 Cardboard 1355 Caricatures 1356 Chalk 1357 Collages 1358 Confetti 1359 Copy 1360 Copyholders 1361 Coupons 1362 Crayons 1363 Decalcomanias 1364 Decals 1365 Diaries 1366 Dictionaries 1367 Easels 1368 Electrotypes 1369 Engravings 1370 Envelopes 1371 Etchings 1372 Gazetteers 1373 Globes 1374 Hectographs 1375 Illustrations 1376 Lithographs 1377 Maps 1378 Markers 1379 Monographs 1380 Murals 1381 Oleographs 1383 Class 017 Rubber goods 1384 Caulking 1385 Air hoses 1386 Building insulation 1387 Caulking compounds 1388 Clutch linings 1389 Duct tape 1390 Electrical tape 1391 Fire hoses 1392 Garden hoses 1393 Gaskets (Pipe) 1394 Hoses (Air) 1395 Hoses (Fire) 1396 Hoses (Garden) 1397 Hoses (Lawn) 1398 Hoses (Watering) 1399 Insulation (Building) 1400 Lawn hoses 1401 Linings (Clutch) 1402 Masking tape 1403 Strapping tape 1404 Tape (Duct) 1405 Tape (Electrical) 1406 Tape (Masking) 1407 Tape (Strapping) 1408 Watering hoses 1409 Bottle stoppers (Rubber) 1410 Carpet seam tape 1411 Ceramic insulators (Electrical) 1412 Cylinder joinings (seals) 1413 Drywall joint tape 1414 Electrical ceramic insulators 1415 Electrical insulating tape 1416 Fiberglass insulation (Residential) 1417 Insulating plaster 1418 Insulating tape (Electrical) 1419 Insulation (Residential fiberglass) 1420 Insulation for aircraft 1421 Insulators (Electrical ceramic) 1422 Joint tape (Drywall) 1423 Jointings (seals) (Cylinder) 1425 Class 018 Leather goods 1426 Alpenstocks 1427 Backpacks 1428 Bandoliers 1429 Billfolds 1430 Briefbags 1431 Briefcases 1432 Canes 1433 Daypacks 1434 Handbags 1435 Harnesses 1436 Haversacks 1437 Knapsacks 1438 Luggage 1439 Muzzles 1440 Parasols 1441 Pelts 1442 Pocketbooks 1443 Portmanteaus 1444 Pullmans 1445 Purses 1446 Reins 1447 Rucksacks 1448 Saddlery 1449 Saddles 1450 Satchels 1451 Suitcases 1452 Thongs 1453 Umbrellas 1454 Valises 1455 Wallets 1456 Whips 1457 Animal carriers 1458 Animal harnesses 1459 Animal leashes 1460 Athletic bags 1461 Attache cases 1462 Baby backpacks 1463 Backpacks (Baby) 1464 Bags (Athletic) 1465 Bags (Barrel) 1467 Class 019 Non-metallic building materials 1468 Alabaster 1469 Asphalt 1470 Balustrades 1471 Bricks 1472 Concrete 1473 Fiberboard 1474 Flagstones 1475 Granite 1476 Gravel 1477 Grout 1478 Hardboard 1479 Limestone 1480 Lumber 1481 Marble 1482 Mortars 1483 Pavers 1484 Pitch 1485 Planks 1486 Plaster 1487 Plywood 1488 Quartz 1489 Sand 1490 Shingles 1491 Skylights 1492 Slate 1493 Staircases 1494 Stones 1495 Asphalt (Bitumen) 1496 Asphalted felts 1497 Bitumen asphalt 1498 Blocks (Concrete) 1499 Blocks (Refractory) 1500 Booths (Telephone) 1501 Bricks (Fireplace) 1502 Bricks (Refractory) 1503 Cement (Hydraulic) 1504 Cement (Portland) 1505 Cement (Roofing) 1506 Cement mixes 1508 Class 020 Furniture and articles not otherwise classified 1509 Antlers 1510 Armchairs 1511 Bassinets 1512 Beds 1513 Beehives 1514 Benches 1515 Bookcases 1516 Cabinetwork 1517 Caskets 1518 Casks 1519 Chairs 1520 Coatstands 1521 Coffins 1522 Corks 1523 Cots 1524 Couches 1525 Credenzas 1526 Cribs 1527 Cupboards 1528 Cushions 1529 Desks 1530 Divans 1531 Drawers 1532 Flagpoles 1533 Footstools 1534 Furniture 1535 Hampers 1536 Ivory 1537 Lecterns 1538 Lockers 1539 Mannequins 1540 Mattresses 1541 Ottomans 1542 Pillowforms 1543 Pillows 1544 Plaques 1545 Playpens 1546 Settees 1547 Shelves 1548 Shelving 1550 Class 021 Housewares and glass 1551 Beverageware 1552 Bowls 1553 Brooms 1554 Buckets 1555 Buttonhooks 1556 Canteens 1557 Cauldrons 1558 Cups 1559 Decanters 1560 Epergnes 1561 Flasks 1562 Funnels 1563 Goblets 1564 Jugs 1565 Mops 1566 Mugs 1567 Pails 1568 Pitchers 1569 Plates 1570 Pots 1571 Saucepans 1572 Saucers 1573 Scoops 1574 Toothpicks 1575 Trivets 1576 Troughs 1577 Urns 1578 Vases 1579 Whisks 1580 Back scratchers 1581 Basins (Earthenware) 1582 Basins (Hand) 1583 Basins (Sugar) 1584 Basins (Wash) 1585 Basins (bowls) 1586 Baskets (Steamer) 1587 Baskets (Wastepaper) 1588 Basting spoons 1589 Bathtubs (Baby) 1591 Class 022 Cordage and fibers 1592 Clothesline 1593 Cord 1594 Cordage 1595 Fiberfill 1596 Hammocks 1597 Hemp 1598 Horsehair 1599 Jute 1600 Kapok 1601 Liber 1602 Linter 1603 Ropes 1604 Sails 1605 Sawdust 1606 String 1607 Tents 1608 Tow 1609 Twine 1610 Acrylic fibers 1611 Animal hair 1612 Bags (Laundry) 1613 Baling twine 1614 Batting (Polyester) 1615 Brattice cloth 1616 Bungie cords 1617 Camel hair 1618 Canopies (Canvas) 1619 Canvas canopies 1620 Canvas tarpaulins 1621 Cloth (Brattice) 1622 Coconut fibers 1623 Commercial nets 1624 Cord (Macrame) 1625 Cord (Sash) 1626 Cords (Bungie) 1627 Cotton (Raw) 1628 Down (Eider) 1629 Down feathers 1630 Eiderdown (feathers) 1631 Esparto grass 1633 Class 023 Yarns and threads 1634 Thread 1635 Yarn 1636 Angora yarn 1637 Chenille yarn 1638 Coir thread 1639 Coir yarn 1640 Cotton (Spun) 1641 Cotton thread 1642 Cotton yarn 1643 Darning thread 1644 Darning yarn 1645 Eiderdown yarn 1646 Elastic thread 1647 Elastic yarn 1648 Embroidery floss 1649 Embroidery thread 1650 Embroidery yarn 1651 Fiberglass thread 1652 Floss (Embroidery) 1653 Hair yarn 1654 Hemp thread 1655 Hemp yarn 1656 Jute thread 1657 Jute yarn 1658 Knitting yarn 1659 Linen thread 1660 Linen yarn 1661 Plastic thread 1662 Rayon thread 1663 Rayon yarn 1664 Rubber thread 1665 Sail thread 1666 Sewing thread 1667 Sewing yarn 1668 Shoemaker's thread 1669 Silk (Spun) 1670 Silk thread 1671 Silk yarn 1672 Spun cotton 1673 Spun silk 1675 Class 024 Fabrics 1676 Afghans 1677 Brocade 1678 Buckram 1679 Calico 1680 Comforters 1681 Curtains 1682 Damask 1683 Dimity 1684 Draperies 1685 Duvets 1686 Flannel 1687 Frieze 1688 Fustian 1689 Handkerchiefs 1690 Linen 1691 Quilts 1692 Sackcloth 1693 Saris 1694 Shams 1695 Shrouds 1696 Taffeta 1697 Towels 1698 Tulle 1699 Velvet 1700 Washcloths 1701 Banners (Cloth) 1702 Barbecue mitts 1703 Bath linen 1704 Bed canopies 1705 Bed linen 1706 Bed pads 1707 Bed sheets 1708 Bed spreads 1709 Billiard cloth 1710 Bolting cloth 1711 Bumpers (Crib) 1712 Bunting (Cloth) 1713 Canopies (Bed) 1714 Canopies (Crib) 1715 Cascades (Fabric) 1717 Class 025 Clothing 1718 Aprons 1719 Ascots 1720 Babushkas 1721 Bandanas 1722 Bandeaux 1723 Bathrobes 1724 Beachwear 1725 Berets 1726 Bikinis 1727 Blazers 1728 Bloomers 1729 Blouses 1730 Blousons 1731 Boas 1732 Boleros 1733 Bonnets 1734 Booties 1735 Boots 1736 Bottoms 1737 Bras 1738 Brassieres 1739 Breeches 1740 Bustiers 1741 Caftans 1742 Camisoles 1743 Capes 1744 Cardigans 1745 Cassocks 1746 Chaps 1747 Chemises 1748 Clogs 1749 Coats 1750 Collars 1751 Corselets 1752 Coveralls 1753 Coverups 1754 Cravats 1755 Creepers 1756 Cuffs 1757 Culottes 1759 Class 026 Fancy goods 1760 Barrettes 1761 Braids 1762 Embroidery 1763 Eyelets 1764 Fringes 1765 Needles 1766 Passementerie 1767 Ribbons 1768 Thimbles 1769 Toupees 1770 Wigs 1771 Zippers 1772 Appliques (Fabric) 1773 Artificial flowers 1774 Artificial fruit 1775 Artificial garlands 1776 Artificial plants 1777 Bands (Hair) 1778 Basket clasps 1779 Baskets (Sewing) 1780 Belt clasps 1781 Bobbin lace 1782 Bows (Hair) 1783 Boxes (Sewing) 1784 Buckles (Clothing) 1785 Buckles (Hair) 1786 Buckles (Shoe) 1787 Buttons (Press) 1788 Buttons (Rivet) 1789 Buttons (Shirt) 1790 Campaign buttons 1791 Chenille (passementerie) 1792 Clasps (Basket) 1793 Clasps (Belt) 1794 Clothing buckles 1795 Collar stays 1796 Cosies (Tea) 1797 Covers (Toaster) 1798 Crochet hooks 1799 Curling pins 1801 Class 027 Floor coverings 1802 Carpets 1803 Rugs 1804 Wallpaper 1805 Artificial turf 1806 Carpet padding 1807 Carpet tiles 1808 Carpet underlining 1809 Cork mats 1810 Mats (Cork) 1811 Mats (Door) 1812 Mats (Reed) 1813 Mats (Rubber) 1814 Mats (Straw) 1815 Padding (Carpet) 1816 Reed mats 1817 Rubber mats 1818 Turf (Artificial) 1819 Automobiles (Carpets for) 1820 Bath mats (Plastic) 1821 Bath mats (Rubber) 1822 Carpet underlay 1823 Carpets for automobiles 1824 Coverings (Plastic wall) 1825 Coverings (Vinyl wall) 1826 Door mats (Wooden) 1827 Exercise mats (Gymnasium) 1828 Gymnasium exercise mats 1829 Mats (Gymnasium exercise) 1830 Mats (Plastic bath) 1831 Mats (Rubber bath) 1832 Mats (Wooden door) 1833 Vinyl wall coverings 1834 Wall coverings (Plastic) 1835 Wall coverings (Vinyl) 1836 Door mats of textile 1837 Floor mats for vehicles 1838 Mats for vehicles (Floor) 1839 Mats of textile (Door) 1840 Vinyl floor coverings 1841 Coverings for floors (Hard surface) 1843 Class 028 Toys and sporting goods 1844 Pinatas 1845 Balloons 1846 Barbells 1847 Baseballs 1848 Basketballs 1849 Bobsleds 1850 Boomerangs 1851 Crossbows 1852 Darts 1853 Dice 1854 Discuses 1855 Dolls 1856 Dominoes 1857 Dumbbells 1858 Footballs 1859 Handballs 1860 Kites 1861 Marbles 1862 Netballs 1863 Paragliders 1864 Puppets 1865 Skateboards 1866 Skis 1867 Skittles 1868 Snorkels 1869 Spinning 1870 Surfboards 1871 Targets 1872 Volleyballs 1873 Waterskis 1874 Action figures 1875 Airplanes (Paper) 1876 Airplanes (Toy) 1877 Armor (Toy) 1878 Arrows (Archery) 1879 Arrows (toy) 1880 Athletic supporters 1881 Athletic tape 1882 Baby rattles 1883 Badminton rackets 1885 Class 029 Meats and processed foods 1886 Applesauce 1887 Aspic 1888 Bacon 1889 Beef 1890 Bologna 1891 Bouillon 1892 Butter 1893 Caviar 1894 Charcuterie 1895 Chicken 1896 Chowder 1897 Cream 1898 Eggs 1899 Escargot 1900 Gherkins 1901 Guacamole 1902 Ham 1903 Jams 1904 Jellies 1905 Jerky 1906 Kefir 1907 Lard 1908 Laver 1909 Lentils 1910 Liver 1911 Margarine 1912 Marmalade 1913 Meat 1914 Milk 1915 Mincemeat 1916 Omelets 1917 Pate' 1918 Piccalilli 1919 Pickles 1920 Pork 1921 Quenelles 1922 Raisins 1923 Rennet 1924 Salami 1925 Sardines 1927 Class 030 Staple foods 1928 Allspice 1929 Bagels 1930 Biscuits 1931 Bran 1932 Bread 1933 Brioches 1934 Brownies 1935 Buns 1936 Burritos 1937 Cakes 1938 Candy 1939 Capers 1940 Caramels 1941 Catsup 1942 Chalupas 1943 Cheesecake 1944 Chervil 1945 Chimichanga 1946 Chocolate 1947 Chutney 1948 Cinnamon 1949 Cloves 1950 Cocoa 1951 Coffee 1952 Cookies 1953 Couscous 1954 Crackers 1955 Crepes 1956 Crumpets 1957 Curry 1958 Custards 1959 Dough 1960 Doughnuts 1961 Dumplings 1962 eclairs 1963 Empanadas 1964 Enchiladas 1965 Fajitas 1966 Farina 1967 Flour 1969 Class 031 Natural agricultural products 1970 Hay 1971 Mulch 1972 Seedlings 1973 Sod 1974 Anchovies (Fresh) 1975 Anchovies (Raw) 1976 Anchovies (Unprocessed) 1977 Animal feed 1978 Animal foodstuffs 1979 Apples (Fresh) 1980 Apples (Raw) 1981 Apples (Unprocessed) 1982 Apricots (Fresh) 1983 Apricots (Raw) 1984 Apricots (Unprocessed) 1985 Artichokes (Fresh) 1986 Artichokes (Raw) 1987 Artichokes (Unprocessed) 1988 Asparagus (Fresh) 1989 Asparagus (Raw) 1990 Asparagus (Unprocessed) 1991 Avocados (Fresh) 1992 Avocados (Raw) 1993 Avocados (Unprocessed) 1994 Bark (Raw) 1995 Beans (Fresh) 1996 Beans (Raw) 1997 Beans (Unprocessed) 1998 Beets (Fresh) 1999 Beets (Raw) 2000 Beets (Unprocessed) 2001 Beverages (Pet) 2002 Bird seed 2003 Blueberries (Fresh) 2004 Blueberries (Raw) 2005 Blueberries (Unprocessed) 2006 Bulbs (Flower) 2007 Bushes (Live) 2008 Cabbage (Fresh) 2009 Cabbage (Raw) 2011 Class 032 Light beverages 2012 Ale 2013 Beer 2014 Lager 2015 Lemonade 2016 Stout 2017 Ale (Brunswick) 2018 Beer (Ginger) 2019 Beer (Malt) 2020 Beer (Pale) 2021 Beer wort 2022 Brunswick ale 2023 Cider (Sweet) 2024 Fruit drinks 2025 Fruit juices 2026 Fruit nectars 2027 Fruit punch 2028 Ginger ale 2029 Ginger beer 2030 Malt beer 2031 Malt wort 2032 Mineral water 2033 Must (unfermented) 2034 Nectars (Fruit) 2035 Porter (beer) 2036 Punch (Fruit) 2037 Quinine water 2038 Seltzer water 2039 Soda water 2040 Sports drinks 2041 Spring water 2042 Table water 2043 Water (Aerated) 2044 Water (Drinking) 2045 Water (Lithia) 2046 Water (Mineral) 2047 Water (Quinine) 2048 Water (Seltzer) 2049 Water (Soda) 2050 Water (Spring) 2051 Water (Table) 2053 Class 033 Wines and spirits 2054 Amontillado 2055 Anisette 2056 Arrack 2057 Calvados 2058 Champagne 2059 Cognac 2060 Cordials 2061 Gin 2062 Kirsch 2063 Liqueurs 2064 Mead 2065 Ouzo 2066 Rum 2067 Sangria 2068 Schnapps 2069 Sherry 2070 Tequila 2071 Vermouth 2072 Vodka 2073 Whiskey 2074 Aperitif wines 2075 Bitters (Alcoholic) 2076 Brandy spirits 2077 Cider (Hard) 2078 Cooking wine 2079 Curacao 2080 Herb liqueurs 2081 Liqueurs (Herb) 2082 Port wines 2083 Punch (Alcoholic) 2084 Punch (Wine) 2085 Spirits (Brandy) 2086 Wine (Aperitif) 2087 Wine (Cooking) 2088 Wine (Fruit) 2089 Wine punches 2090 Alcoholic cocktail (Prepared) 2091 Aperitif bitters (Alcoholic) 2092 Bitters (Alcoholic aperitif) 2093 Cocktail (Prepared alcoholic) 2095 Class 034 Smokers' articles 2096 Cigarettes 2097 Cigarillos 2098 Cigars 2099 Matches 2100 Snuff 2101 Tobacco 2102 Chewing tobacco 2103 Cigar cutters 2104 Cigarette papers 2105 Cutters (Cigar) 2106 Papers (Cigarette) 2107 Pipes (Smoking) 2108 Pouches (Tobacco) 2109 Smokeless tobacco 2110 Smoking tobacco 2111 Spittoons (Tobacco) 2112 Tobacco (Chewing) 2113 Tobacco (Smokeless) 2114 Tobacco (Smoking) 2115 Tobacco pouches 2116 Cigarette rolling papers 2117 Flints for lighters 2118 Herbs for smoking 2119 Papers (Cigarette rolling) 2120 Pipe cleaners (Smoking) 2121 Rolling papers (Cigarette) 2122 Ashtrays, not of precious metal 2123 Cigarettes (Pocket machines for rolling) 2124 Machines for rolling cigarettes (Pocket) 2125 Cases not of precious metal (Cigarette) 2126 Cigarette cases, not of precious metal 2127 Cigarette holders, not of precious metal 2128 Cigarette lighters not for land vehicles 2129 Cigarette lighters not of precious metal 2130 Holders not of precious metal (Cigarette) 2131 Lighters not for land vehicles (Cigarette) 2132 Lighters not of precious metal (Cigarette) 2133 Snuff boxes, not of precious metal 2134 Match boxes not of precious metal 2135 Match holders not of precious metal 2137 Services: 2139 Class 035 Advertising and business services 2140 Auctioneering 2141 Billing 2142 Bookkeeping 2143 Photocopying 2144 Stenography 2145 Telemarketing 2146 Typing 2147 Account auditing 2148 Accounting (Cost) 2149 Accounting services 2150 Advertising agencies 2151 Agencies (Employment) 2152 Agencies (Modeling) 2153 Analysis (Market) 2154 Appraisal (Business) 2155 Attorney referrals 2156 Auditing (Account) 2157 Auditing (Business) 2158 Business appraisals 2159 Business auditing 2160 Business consultation 2161 Business information 2162 Business investigations 2163 Business management 2164 Business networking 2165 Business planning 2166 Business relocation 2167 Business research 2168 Business supervision 2169 Buying clubs 2170 Career placement 2171 Clerical services 2172 Clubs (Buying) 2173 Commodity quotations 2174 Consultation (Business) 2175 Consultation (Demographic) 2176 Consultation (Tax) 2177 Copyright management 2178 Cost accounting 2179 Demographic consultation 2181 Class 036 Insurance and financial services 2182 Banking 2183 Actuarial services 2184 Administration (Insurance) 2185 Annuity underwriting 2186 Appraisal (Coin) 2187 Appraisal (Jewelry) 2188 Appraisal (Numismatic) 2189 Appraisal (Stamp) 2190 Art brokerage 2191 Bail bonding 2192 Banking (Mortgage) 2193 Betting services 2194 Bonding (Bail) 2195 Bonding services 2196 Brokerage (Art) 2197 Brokerage (Business) 2198 Brokerage (Commodity) 2199 Brokerage (Customs) 2200 Brokerage (Insurance) 2201 Brokerage (Investment) 2202 Brokerage (Mortgage) 2203 Brokerage (Pawn) 2204 Brokerage (Security) 2205 Brokerage (Stock) 2206 Brokerage (Yacht) 2207 Business brokerage 2208 Cash management 2209 Check cashing 2210 Check processing 2211 Check verification 2212 Coin appraisal 2213 Collection agencies 2214 Commodity brokerage 2215 Commodity exchange 2216 Consultation (Insurance) 2217 Consultation (Investment) 2218 Credit agencies 2219 Credit bureaus 2220 Credit unions 2221 Customs brokerage 2223 Class 037 Construction and repair services 2224 Asphalting 2225 Bricklaying 2226 Countersinking 2227 Disinfecting 2228 Fumigating 2229 Plastering 2230 Pumicing 2231 Riveting 2232 Rustproofing 2233 Tinkering 2234 Asbestos removal 2235 Automobile cleaning 2236 Automobile detailing 2237 Automobile greasing 2238 Automobile lubrication 2239 Automobile painting 2240 Automobile pinstriping 2241 Automobile polishing 2242 Automobile washing 2243 Automotive refinishing 2244 Balancing (Tire) 2245 Building demolition 2246 Building inspection 2247 Cabinet repair 2248 Car cleaning 2249 Car washing 2250 Carpet cleaning 2251 Chimney sweeping 2252 Cleaning (Automobile) 2253 Cleaning (Car) 2254 Cleaning (Carpet) 2255 Cleaning (Diaper) 2256 Cleaning (Rug) 2257 Cleaning (Textile) 2258 Clock repair 2259 Cloth ironing 2260 Cloth laundering 2261 Cloth laundry 2262 Cloth pressing 2263 Cloth washing 2265 Class 038 Communication services 2266 Teleprinting 2267 Audio broadcasting 2268 Audio teleconferencing 2269 Broadcasting (Audio) 2270 Broadcasting (Radio) 2271 Broadcasting (Television) 2272 Broadcasting (Video) 2273 Communication (Radio) 2274 Communication (Telephone) 2275 Facsimile transmission 2276 Paging services 2277 Radio broadcasting 2278 Radio communication 2279 Teleconferencing (Audio) 2280 Teleconferencing (Video) 2281 Telegram transmission 2282 Telegraph services 2283 Telematic services 2284 Teletext services 2285 Television broadcasting 2286 Transmission (Facsimile) 2287 Transmission (Telegram) 2288 Video broadcasting 2289 Video teleconferencing 2290 Videotext services 2291 Broadcasting (Cable radio) 2292 Broadcasting (Cable television) 2293 Broadcasting (Subscription television) 2294 Cable radio broadcasting 2295 Cable radio transmission 2296 Cable television broadcasting 2297 Cable television transmission 2298 Cellular telephone services 2299 Communication (Mobile radio) 2300 Communication (Telegram transmission and) 2301 Communication by telegram 2302 Electronic mail services 2303 Mail services (Electronic) 2304 Mobile radio communication 2305 Network conferencing services 2307 Class 039 Transportation and storage services 2308 Air transportation 2309 Airplane chartering 2310 Airport services 2311 Ambulance transport 2312 Automobile salvage 2313 Barge transport 2314 Boat chartering 2315 Boat cruises 2316 Boat storage 2317 Boathouse services 2318 Bridge operation 2319 Brokerage (Freight) 2320 Brokerage (Ship) 2321 Brokerage (Transport) 2322 Bus chartering 2323 Car parking 2324 Cargo handling 2325 Cargo unloading 2326 Chauffeur services 2327 Clubs (Travel) 2328 Courier services 2329 Cruises (Boat) 2330 Delivery (Document) 2331 Delivery (Food) 2332 Delivery (Message) 2333 Delivery (Parcel) 2334 Delivery (Pizza) 2335 Drayage services 2336 Food delivery 2337 Forwarding (Freight) 2338 Freight brokerage 2339 Freight forwarding 2340 Fur storage 2341 Furniture moving 2342 Furniture storage 2343 Handling (Cargo) 2344 Hauling (Truck) 2345 Lighterage services 2346 Limousine services 2347 Marina services 2349 Class 040 Material treatment services 2350 Blacksmithing 2351 Boilermaking 2352 Bookbinding 2353 Coppersmithing 2354 Dressmaking 2355 Electroplating 2356 Embroidering 2357 Engraving 2358 Galvanizing 2359 Gilding 2360 Grinding 2361 Metallizing 2362 Photofinishing 2363 Photogravure 2364 Recycling 2365 Silversmithing 2366 Smithing 2367 Soldering 2368 Tailoring 2369 Tanning 2370 Taxidermy 2371 Welding 2372 Woodworking 2373 Air deodorizing 2374 Air freshening 2375 Air purification 2376 Alteration (Clothing) 2377 Blasting (Sand) 2378 Blowing (Glass) 2379 Cabinet making 2380 Cadmium plating 2381 Canning (Food) 2382 Casting (Die) 2383 Casting (Jewelry) 2384 Casting (Metal) 2385 Ceramic glazing 2386 Chromium plating 2387 Clothing alteration 2388 Crushing (Fruit) 2389 Demineralization (Water) 2391 Class 041 Education and entertainment services 2392 Casinos 2393 Discotheques 2394 Gymnasiums 2395 Libraries 2396 Museums 2397 Planetariums 2398 Zoos 2399 Amusement arcades 2400 Amusement centers 2401 Amusement parks 2402 Animal exhibitions 2403 Arcades (Amusement) 2404 Ballet schools 2405 Bookmobile services 2406 Botanical gardens 2407 Bowling alleys 2408 Camps (Recreational) 2409 Camps (Sport) 2410 Camps (Summer) 2411 Cinema studios 2412 Cinema theaters 2413 Clubs (Country) 2414 Clubs (Fan) 2415 Clubs (Health) 2416 Clubs (Yacht) 2417 Correspondence schools 2418 Country clubs 2419 Dance schools 2420 Dance studios 2421 Demonstrations (Educational) 2422 Dinner theaters 2423 Dog races 2424 Dog shows 2425 Educational demonstrations 2426 Educational research 2427 Educational testing 2428 Exhibitions (Animal) 2429 Fan clubs 2430 Figure salons 2431 Gardens (Botanical) 2433 Class 042 Miscellaneous services 2434 Arbitration 2435 Barbershops 2436 Blueprinting 2437 Bottling 2438 Cabarets 2439 Cafes 2440 Cafeterias 2441 Catering 2442 Chaperoning 2443 Cremation 2444 Delicatessens 2445 Dentistry 2446 Drafting 2447 Engineering 2448 Guardianship 2449 Hospices 2450 Hospitals 2451 Hostels 2452 Hotels 2453 Keypunching 2454 Locksmithing 2455 Manicuring 2456 Mapping 2457 Massage 2458 Mediation 2459 Motels 2460 Pharmacies 2461 Printing 2462 Restaurants 2463 Sanitariums 2464 Supermarkets 2465 Tattooing 2466 Typesetting 2467 Typography 2468 Undertaking 2469 Videotaping 2470 Accident investigations 2471 Adoption agencies 2472 Adoption placement 2473 Aerial photography 2475 Appendix B: Appreciations of the Situation 2477 This is a kind of document used by the military to teach junior off- 2478 icers ``to use their heads for more than hatracks''. Writing 2479 appreciations is taught as a means of clarifying one's thoughts about 2480 difficult problems. 2482 An appreciation has /in +2 2483 a single aim, stated without the use of ``and'' or ``or'', 2484 limitations, which may constrain the problem, 2485 factors, each of which affects at least one course of action, 2486 courses of action, each of which is affected by some or all of the 2487 factors, and 2488 a conclusion. 2490 All courses are annotated with the names of the factors which affect 2491 them. 2493 Readers are encouraged to look for missing relevant factors, missing 2494 courses of action, factors which are not used by any (or some) of the 2495 courses and courses which do not follow from the factors which sup- 2496 posedly affect them. 2498 References 2500 [AGMON] 2501 Agmon, Jonathan , Stacey Halpern and David Pauker, `` What's In A 2502 Name?'', Chapter 6, ``The Problem And Criteria For A Solution'', a 2503 publication of the Georgetown University Law Center, 2504 http://www.law.georgetown.edu/lc/internic/domain1.html. 2506 [DENNINGER] 2507 Denninger, Karl, ``TOP LEVEL DOMAIN DELEGATION DRAFT'', 2508 ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet-drafts/draft-denninger-itld- 2509 admin-00.txt 2511 [HIGGS] 2512 Higgs, Simon, ``Top Level Domain Classification and Categoriza- 2513 tion'', ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet-drafts/draft-higgs- 2514 tld-cat-02.txt 2516 [MASEK] 2517 Masek, Jan, ``New Registries assignment, new iTLD formats and 2518 implementation of International Top Level Domains", 2519 ftp://ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-masek-itld-admin-00.txt 2521 [POSTEL] 2522 Postel, Jon, ``New Registries and the Delegation of International 2523 Top Level Domains'', ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet- 2524 drafts/draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01.txt 2526 [USPTO] 2527 Definitive terms from the Trademark Acceptable Identification of 2528 Goods and Services Manual are searchable at 2529 http://www.uspto.gov/cgi-bin/goods-services.pl?NNN, where NNN is 2530 the search string. 2532 Thanks 2534 The author wishes to thank Arron Leonard, Greg Woods, Carl Oppedahl, 2535 Kent Crispin, Dan Busarow, Vince Wolodkin, Kathryn Kleiman and Simon 2536 Higgs for their insights and spirited criticisms, with special thanks 2537 to John R. Levine, who pointed out significant problems with using 2538 generics and categories within TLDs and so inadvertently triggered 2539 this paper. All the errors and omissions, however, are the author's. 2541 ``I can see so far because I stand upon the shoulders of Giants''. 2543 Author's Address 2545 David Collier-Brown 2547 Email: davecb@hobbes.ss.org 2548 Home: (416) 223-8968 2549 Http: //java.science.yorku.ca/~davecb