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Checking references for intended status: Proposed Standard ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- (See RFCs 3967 and 4897 for information about using normative references to lower-maturity documents in RFCs) == Missing Reference: '65 66' is mentioned on line 168, but not defined == Missing Reference: '105 101' is mentioned on line 194, but not defined == Missing Reference: '116 102' is mentioned on line 194, but not defined -- Looks like a reference, but probably isn't: '33' on line 194 -- Possible downref: Non-RFC (?) normative reference: ref. 'ISO18004' Summary: 0 errors (**), 0 flaws (~~), 4 warnings (==), 3 comments (--). Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Network Working Group P. Faltstrom 3 Internet-Draft Netnod 4 Intended status: Standards Track F. Ljunggren 5 Expires: December 16, 2021 Kirei 6 D. van Gulik 7 Webweaving 8 June 14, 2021 10 The Base45 Data Encoding 11 draft-faltstrom-base45-06 13 Abstract 15 This document describes the Base45 encoding scheme which is built 16 upon the Base64, Base32 and Base16 encoding schemes. 18 Status of This Memo 20 This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the 21 provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. 23 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 24 Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute 25 working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- 26 Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. 28 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 29 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 30 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 31 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 33 This Internet-Draft will expire on December 16, 2021. 35 Copyright Notice 37 Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the 38 document authors. All rights reserved. 40 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal 41 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents 42 (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of 43 publication of this document. Please review these documents 44 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect 45 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must 46 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of 47 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as 48 described in the Simplified BSD License. 50 Table of Contents 52 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 53 2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 54 3. Interpretation of Encoded Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 55 4. The Base45 Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 56 4.1. When to use Base45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 57 4.2. The alphabet used in Base45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 58 4.3. Encoding examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 59 4.4. Decoding examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 60 5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 61 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 62 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 63 8. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 64 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 66 1. Introduction 68 A QR-code is used to encode text as a graphical image. Depending on 69 the characters used in the text various encoding options for a QR- 70 code exists, e.g. Numeric, Alphanumeric and Byte mode. Even in Byte 71 mode a typical QR-code reader tries to interpret a byte sequence as 72 an UTF-8 or ISO/IEC 8859-1 encoded text. Thus QR-codes cannot be 73 used to encode arbitrary binary data directly. Such data has to be 74 converted into an appropriate text before that text could be encoded 75 as a QR-code. Compared to already established Base64, Base32 and 76 Base16 encoding schemes, that are described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648], 77 the Base45 scheme described in this document offer a more compact QR- 78 code encoding. 80 One important difference from those and Base45 is the key table and 81 that the padding with '=' is not required. 83 2. Conventions Used in This Document 85 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", 86 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this 87 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 89 3. Interpretation of Encoded Data 91 Encoded data is to be interpreted as described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648] 92 with the exception that a different alphabet is selected. 94 4. The Base45 Encoding 96 A 45-character subset of US-ASCII is used; the 45 characters usable 97 in a QR code in Alphanumeric mode. Base45 encodes 2 bytes in 3 98 characters, compared to Base64, which encodes 3 bytes in 4 99 characters. 101 For encoding two bytes [a, b] MUST be interpreted as a number n in 102 base 256, i.e. as an unsigned integer over 16 bits so that the number 103 n = (a*256) + b. 105 This number n is converted to base 45 [c, d, e] so that n = c + 106 (d*45) + (e*45*45). Note the order of c, d an e which are chosen so 107 that the left-most [c] is the least significant. 109 The values c, d and e are then looked up in Table 1 to produce a 110 three character string. The process is reversed when decoding. 112 For encoding a single byte [a], it MUST be interpreted as a base 256 113 number, i.e. as an unsigned integer over 8 bit. That integer MUST be 114 converted to base 45 [c d] so that a = c + (45*d). The values c and 115 d are then looked up in Table 1 to produce a two character string. 117 A byte string [a b c d ... x y z] with arbitrary content and 118 arbitrary length MUST be encoded as follows: From left to right pairs 119 of bytes are encoded as described above. If the number of bytes is 120 even, then the encoded form is a string with a length which is evenly 121 divisible by 3. If the number of bytes is odd, then the last 122 (rightmost) byte is encoded on two characters as described above. 124 For decoding a Base45 encoded string the inverse operations are 125 performed. 127 4.1. When to use Base45 129 If binary data is to be stored in a QR-Code one possible way is to 130 use the Alphanumeric mode that uses 11 bits for 2 characters as 131 defined in section 7.3.4 in ISO/IEC 18004:2015 [ISO18004]. The ECI 132 mode indicator for this encoding is 0010. 134 If the data is to be sent via some other transport, a transport 135 encoding suitable for that transport should be used instead of 136 Base45. It is not recommended to first encode data in Base45 and 137 then encode the resulting string in for example Base64 if the data is 138 to be sent via email. Instead the Base45 encoding should be removed, 139 and the data itself should be encoded in Base64. 141 4.2. The alphabet used in Base45 143 The Alphanumeric mode is defined to use 45 characters as specified in 144 this alphabet. 146 Table 1: The Base45 Alphabet 148 Value Encoding Value Encoding Value Encoding Value Encoding 149 00 0 12 C 24 O 36 Space 150 01 1 13 D 25 P 37 $ 151 02 2 14 E 26 Q 38 % 152 03 3 15 F 27 R 39 * 153 04 4 16 G 28 S 40 + 154 05 5 17 H 29 T 41 - 155 06 6 18 I 30 U 42 . 156 07 7 19 J 31 V 43 / 157 08 8 20 K 32 W 44 : 158 09 9 21 L 33 X 159 10 A 22 M 34 Y 160 11 B 23 N 35 Z 162 4.3. Encoding examples 164 It should be noted that although the examples are all text, Base45 is 165 an encoding for binary data where each octet can have any value 166 0-255. 168 Encoding example 1: The string "AB" is the byte sequence [65 66]. 169 The 16 bit value is 65 * 256 + 66 = 16706. 16706 equals 11 + 45 * 11 170 + 45 * 45 * 8 so the sequence in base 45 is [11 11 8]. By looking up 171 these values in the Table 1 we get the encoded string "BB8". 173 Encoding example 2: The string "Hello!!" as ASCII is the byte 174 sequence [72 101 108 108 111 33 33]. If we look at each 16 bit 175 value, it is [18533 27756 28449 33]. Note the 33 for the last byte. 176 When looking at the values modulo 45, we get [[38 6 9] [36 31 13] [9 177 2 14] [33 0]] where the last byte is represented by two. By looking 178 up these values in the Table 1 we get the encoded string "%69 179 VD92EX0". 181 Encoding example 3: The string "base-45" as ASCII is the byte 182 sequence [98 97 115 101 45 52 53]. If we look at each 16 bit value, 183 it is [25185 29541 11572 53]. Note the 53 for the last byte. When 184 looking at the values modulo 45, we get [[30 19 12] [21 26 14] [7 32 185 5] [8 1]] where the last byte is represented by two. By looking up 186 these values in the Table 1 we get the encoded string "UJCLQE7W581". 188 4.4. Decoding examples 190 Decoding example 1: The string "QED8WEX0" represents, when looked up 191 in Table 1, the values [26 14 13 8 32 14 33 0]. We arrange at the 192 numbers in chunks of three, except last which can be two, and get 193 [[26 14 13] [8 32 14] [33 0]]. In base 45 we get [26981 29798 33] 194 where the bytes are [[105 101] [116 102] [33]]. If we look at the 195 ascii values we get the string "ietf!". 197 5. IANA Considerations 199 There are no considerations for IANA in this document. 201 6. Security Considerations 203 When implementing encoding and decoding it is important to be very 204 careful so that buffer overflow or similar does not occur. This of 205 course includes the calculations for modulo 45 and lookup in the 206 table of characters (Table 1). A decoder also must be robust 207 regarding input, including proper handling of any octet value 0-255, 208 including the NUL character (ASCII 0). 210 It should be noted that Base64 and some other encodings pad the 211 string so that the encoding starts with an aligned number of 212 characters, Base45 specifically avoids padding. Because of this, 213 special care has to be taken when odd number of octets are to be 214 encoded, which results not in N*3 characters, but (N-1)*3+2 215 characters in the encoded string and similarly, at decoding, when the 216 number of encoded characters are not evenly divisible by 3. 218 Base encodings use a specific, reduced alphabet to encode binary 219 data. Non-alphabet characters could exist within base-encoded data, 220 caused by data corruption or by design. Non-alphabet characters may 221 be exploited as a "covert channel", where non-protocol data can be 222 sent for nefarious purposes. Non-alphabet characters might also be 223 sent in order to exploit implementation errors leading to, e.g., 224 buffer overflow attacks. 226 Implementations MUST reject the encoded data if it contains 227 characters outside the base alphabet (in Table 1) when interpreting 228 base-encoded data. 230 Even though a Base45 encoded string contains only characters from the 231 alphabet in Table 1 the following case has to be considered: The 232 string "FGW" represents 65535 (FFFF in base 16), which is a valid 233 encoding. The string "GGW" would represent 65536 (10000 in base 16), 234 which is represented by more than 16 bit. 236 Implementations MUST reject the encoded data if it contains a triplet 237 of characters which, when decoded, result in an unsigned integer 238 which is greater then 65535 (ffff in base 16). 240 It should be noted that the resulting string after encoding to Base45 241 might include non-URL-safe characters so if the URL including the 242 Base45 encoded data have to be URL safe, one have to use %-encoding. 244 7. Acknowledgements 246 The authors thank Alan Barrett, Alfred Fiedler, Tomas Harreveld, 247 Joakim Jardenberg, Christian Landgren, Anders Lowinger, Mans Nilsson, 248 Jakob Schlyter, Peter Teufl and Gaby Whitehead for the feedback. 249 Also everyone that have been working with Base64 over a long period 250 of years and have proven the implementions are stable. 252 8. Normative References 254 [ISO18004] 255 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31, "ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information 256 technology - Automatic identification and data capture 257 techniques - QR Code bar code symbology specification", 258 ISO/IEC 259 18004:2015 https://www.iso.org/standard/62021.html, 260 February 2015. 262 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate 263 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, 264 DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, 265 . 267 [RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data 268 Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006, 269 . 271 Authors' Addresses 273 Patrik Faltstrom 274 Netnod 276 Email: paf@netnod.se 278 Fredrik Ljunggren 279 Kirei 281 Email: fredrik@kirei.se 282 Dirk-Willem van Gulik 283 Webweaving 285 Email: dirkx@webweaving.org