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Summary: 9 errors (**), 1 flaw (~~), 4 warnings (==), 1 comment (--). Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 INTERNET-DRAFT Reserved TLDs 2 Expires November 1998 4 Reserved Top Level DNS Names 5 -------- --- ----- --- ----- 7 Donald E. Eastlake 3rd 8 Aliza R. Panitz 10 Status of This Document 12 This draft is file name draft-ietf-dnsind-test-tlds-12.txt. 13 Distribution of this document is unlimited. Comments should be sent 14 to the DNS mailing list or to the 15 authors. 17 This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working 18 documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, 19 and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute 20 working documents as Internet-Drafts. 22 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six 23 months. Internet-Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by 24 other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet- 25 Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a 26 ``working draft'' or ``work in progress.'' 28 To view the entire list of current Internet-Drafts, please check the 29 "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow 30 Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), ftp.nordu.net (Northern 31 Europe), ftp.nis.garr.it (Southern Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific 32 Rim), ftp.ietf.org (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). 34 Abstract 36 To reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion, a few top level 37 domain names are reserved for use in private testing, as examples in 38 documentation, and the like. In addition, a few second level domain 39 names reserved for use as examples are documented. 41 Table of Contents 43 Status of This Document....................................1 45 Abstract...................................................2 46 Table of Contents..........................................2 48 1. Introduction............................................3 49 2. TLDs for Testing, & Documentation Examples..............3 50 3. Reserved Example Second Level Domain Names..............4 51 4. IANA Considerations.....................................4 52 5. Security Considerations.................................4 54 References.................................................5 55 Authors Addresses..........................................5 56 Expiration and File Name...................................5 58 1. Introduction 60 The global Internet Domain Name System is documented in [RFC 1034, 61 1035, 1591] and numerous additional Requests for Comment. It defines 62 a tree of names starting with root, ".", immediately below which are 63 top level domain names such as ".com" and ".us". Below top level 64 domain names there are normally additional levels of names. 66 2. TLDs for Testing, & Documentation Examples 68 There is a need for top level domain (TLD) names that can be used for 69 creating names which, without fear of conflicts with current or 70 future actual TLD names in the global DNS, can be used for private 71 testing of existing DNS related code, examples in documentation, DNS 72 related experimentation, invalid DNS names, or other similar uses. 74 For example, without guidance, a site might set up some local 75 additional unused top level domains for testing of its local DNS code 76 and configuration. Later, these TLDs might come into actual use on 77 the global Internet. As a result, local attempts to reference the 78 real data in these zones could be thwarted by the local test 79 versions. Or test or example code might be written that accesses a 80 TLD that is in use with the thought that the test code would only be 81 run in a restricted testbed net or the example never actually run. 82 Later, the test code could escape from the testbed or the example be 83 actually coded and run on the Internet. Depending on the nature of 84 the test or example, it might be best for it to be referencing a TLD 85 permanently reserved for such purposes. 87 To safely satisfy these needs, four domain names are reserved as 88 listed and described below. 90 .test 91 .example 92 .invalid 93 .localhost 95 ".test" is recommended for use in testing of current or new DNS 96 related code. 98 ".example" is recommended for use in documentation or as 99 examples. 101 ".invalid" is intended for use in online construction of domain 102 names that are sure to be invalid and which it is obvious at a glance 103 are invalid. 105 The ".localhost" TLD has traditionally been statically defined 107 in host DNS implementations as having an A record pointing to the 108 loop back IP address and is reserved for such use. Any other use 109 would conflict with widely deployed code which assumes this use. 111 3. Reserved Example Second Level Domain Names 113 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) also currently has the 114 following second level domain names reserved which can be used as 115 examples. 117 example.com 118 example.net 119 example.org 121 4. IANA Considerations 123 IANA has stated that it does not object to the top level domain 124 reservations in this document. 126 5. Security Considerations 128 Confusion and conflict can be caused by the use of a current or 129 future top level domain name in experimentation or testing, as an 130 example in documentation, to indicate invalid names, or as a synonym 131 for the loop back address. Test and experimental software can escape 132 and end up being run against the global operational DNS. Even 133 examples used "only" in documentation can end up being coded and 134 released or cause conflicts due to later real use and the possible 135 acquisition of intellectual property rights in such "example" names. 137 The reservation of several top level domain names for these purposes 138 will minimize such confusion and conflict. 140 References 142 RFC 1034 - P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - concepts and facilities", 143 11/01/1987. 145 RFC 1035 - P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - implementation and 146 specification", 11/01/1987. 148 RFC 1591 - J. Postel, "Domain Name System Structure and Delegation", 149 03/03/1994. 151 Authors Addresses 153 Donald E. Eastlake 3rd 154 IBM 155 318 Acton Street 156 Carlisle, MA 01741 USA 158 Telephone: +1 978-287-4877 159 +1 914-784-7913 160 FAX: +1 978-371-7148 161 email: dee3@us.ibm.com 163 Aliza R. Panitz 164 500 Stamford Dr. No. 310 165 Newark, DE 19711 USA 167 Telephone: +1 302-738-1554 168 email: buglady@fuschia.net 170 Expiration and File Name 172 This draft expires May 1999. 174 Its file name is draft-ietf-dnsind-test-tlds-12.txt.