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'RFC1035' on line 428 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'NAMEPREP' on line 430 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'RACE' on line 432 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'BRACE' on line 434 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'LACE' on line 437 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'UTF6' on line 439 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'DUDE' on line 441 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'AMCACEM' on line 444 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'AltDUDE' on line 446 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'AMCACEO' on line 448 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'AMCACER' on line 450 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'AMCACEV' on line 452 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'AMCACEW' on line 454 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'MACE' on line 456 looks like a reference -- Missing reference section? 'MDNKIT' on line 458 looks like a reference Summary: 6 errors (**), 0 flaws (~~), 2 warnings (==), 18 comments (--). Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Internet Draft Yoshiro Yoneya 2 draft-ietf-idn-ace-eval-jp-00.txt JPNIC 3 Jun 26, 2000 4 Expires Dec 26, 2001 6 Evaluation of various ACEs with existing Japanese Domain Names 8 Status of this memo 10 This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with 11 all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. 13 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 14 Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that 15 other groups may also distribute working documents as 16 Internet-Drafts. 18 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six 19 months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents 20 at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 21 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 23 The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at 24 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt 26 The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at 27 http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. 29 Abstract 31 The ACE (ASCII Compatible Encoding) Design Team in IDN Working Group 32 is working on choosing a good ACE proposal. To prompt the ACE Design 33 Team work, this document explains about result of applying various 34 ACEs to existing Japanese Domain Names, proposes evaluation criteria, 35 and considers which ACE is appropriate to Japanese Domain Names. 37 1. Evaluation data outline 39 The sample data of this evaluation was over 50000 existing Japanese 40 Domain names under JP ccTLD that were registered during 22 Feb 2001 41 to 23 Mar 2001. 43 The Japanese Domain Names involves a lot of following names that are 44 familiar to Japanese. 46 - Company names 47 - Registered names 48 - University names 49 - Personal names 51 The Japanese Domain Name consists from combination one or more 52 Japanese Characters defined in [JPCHAR] and zero or more LDH 53 (Letters, Digits, Hyphens) defined in [RFC1035]. Number of 54 characters of the Japanese Domain Name are 1 through 15 due to 55 restriction of JP ccTLD registration regulation. The Japanese 56 Domain Names are normalized according to [NAMEPREP] and [JPCHAR] at 57 the registration time. Following graph shows distribution of number 58 of characters of sample data. 60 N 15|** 61 u 14|*** 62 m 13|**** 63 b 12|****** 64 e 11|******* 65 r 10|************ 66 9|************** 67 o 8|********************** 68 f 7|************************* 69 6|******************************** 70 c 5|******************************** 71 h 4|************************************************ 72 a 3|*************************** 73 r 2|********************** 74 s 1|** 75 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 76 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (x1000) 77 Number of Japanese Domain Names 79 Applied ACEs are RACE-03 [RACE], BRACE-00 [BRACE], LACE-01 [LACE], 80 UTF-6-00 [UTF6], DUDE-02 [DUDE], AMC-ACE-M-00 [AMCACEM], AltDUDE-01 81 [AltDUDE], AMC-ACE-O-00 [AMCACEO], AMC-ACE-R-01 [AMCACER], 82 AMC-ACE-V-00 [AMCACEV], AMC-ACE-W-00 [AMCACEW] and MACE-00 [MACE]. 83 JPNIC's mDNkit-2.2 [MDNKIT] will provide implementation of all of 84 them. Of course, current version of mDNkit, mDNkit-2.1, provides 85 most of them. This evaluation was done with mDNkit-2.2 snapshot. 87 The process for creating evaluation data was following. 89 1) Applies Japanese Domain Names to each ACE and measures 90 conversion time. 91 2) Extracts ACE signature from resulting string. 92 3) Compares resulting string length with original Japanese 93 Domain Name string length. 94 4) Calculates statistical values. 96 2. Result of each ACE 98 In this section, CHARS indicates original Japanese Domain Name 99 string length (by means of characters), MAX and MIN indicates worst 100 and best case of resulting string length (by means of octets) 101 respectively, MEAN indicates mean of resulting string length, VAR 102 indicates variance of resulting string length and SLOPE indicates 103 slope of regression line of MAX, MIN and MEAN. 105 2.1 RACE 107 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 108 MAX 5 8 12 15 18 21 24 28 109 MIN 4 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 110 MEAN 4.01 7.63 9.80 12.06 13.73 16.23 17.53 21.81 111 VAR 0.01 0.96 6.14 11.86 15.58 19.73 28.47 41.14 113 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 114 MAX 31 34 37 40 44 47 50 3.21 115 MIN 16 18 20 21 23 24 26 1.59 116 MEAN 23.71 27.14 29.10 32.27 34.72 37.36 39.71 2.53 117 VAR 54.12 60.27 69.14 82.95 103.23 122.69 138.72 119 2.2 BRACE 121 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 122 MAX 4 7 10 14 17 20 23 26 123 MIN 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 14 124 MEAN 4.00 6.78 8.62 11.32 12.66 14.34 15.62 18.86 125 VAR 0.00 0.36 2.11 7.55 9.06 13.75 19.04 24.83 127 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 128 MAX 30 33 36 39 42 46 49 3.21 129 MIN 15 16 17 19 21 22 24 1.40 130 MEAN 20.27 23.31 24.16 26.72 27.62 29.72 30.84 1.93 131 VAR 32.43 40.05 42.54 54.13 48.78 57.94 47.31 133 2.3 LACE 135 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 136 MAX 5 8 12 15 18 21 24 28 137 MIN 5 7 8 10 12 13 15 16 138 MEAN 5.00 7.88 10.25 12.85 14.72 16.52 18.27 21.74 139 VAR 0.00 0.11 3.94 5.90 8.39 13.91 15.86 30.83 141 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 142 MAX 31 34 37 40 44 47 50 3.21 143 MIN 18 20 21 23 24 26 28 1.61 144 MEAN 23.58 26.55 27.99 31.01 32.29 34.83 35.74 2.23 145 VAR 33.45 36.77 46.60 51.81 63.82 69.28 60.90 147 2.4 UTF6 149 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 150 MAX 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 151 MIN 4 6 6 10 13 14 16 18 152 MEAN 4.00 7.86 10.64 13.86 16.18 19.20 21.45 25.79 153 VAR 0.00 0.14 2.23 6.05 11.77 19.51 27.94 40.51 155 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 156 MAX 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 4.00 157 MIN 21 22 25 27 29 31 33 2.12 158 MEAN 28.66 32.73 35.25 39.46 42.24 45.75 48.20 3.17 159 VAR 53.18 66.86 84.41 98.58 120.62 141.40 170.42 161 2.5 DUDE 163 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 164 MAX 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 165 MIN 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 14 166 MEAN 4.00 7.57 9.75 12.69 14.01 16.45 18.22 21.94 167 VAR 0.00 0.57 3.82 7.93 10.31 15.55 18.58 29.66 169 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 170 MAX 36 40 44 48 52 56 58 3.95 171 MIN 15 17 19 20 23 25 28 1.70 172 MEAN 23.55 26.67 28.15 30.96 32.38 34.71 35.91 2.29 173 VAR 30.62 41.07 41.05 47.99 45.43 49.33 36.39 175 2.6 AMC-ACE-M 177 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 178 MAX 4 8 12 15 18 21 24 27 179 MIN 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 180 MEAN 4.00 7.57 9.30 11.71 13.04 15.17 16.78 19.83 181 VAR 0.00 0.58 3.05 5.47 6.69 9.36 11.06 16.02 183 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 184 MAX 30 33 36 38 42 44 47 3.01 185 MIN 15 17 18 20 22 23 26 1.58 186 MEAN 21.40 24.06 25.64 28.08 29.49 31.68 33.08 2.05 187 VAR 17.30 21.74 23.11 26.29 26.49 29.50 24.81 189 2.7 AltDUDE 191 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 192 MAX 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 193 MIN 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 14 194 MEAN 4.00 7.57 9.75 12.69 14.01 16.45 18.22 21.94 195 VAR 0.00 0.57 3.82 7.93 10.31 15.55 18.58 29.66 197 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 198 MAX 36 40 44 48 52 56 58 3.95 199 MIN 15 17 19 20 23 25 28 1.70 200 MEAN 23.55 26.67 28.15 30.96 32.38 34.71 35.91 2.29 201 VAR 30.62 41.07 41.05 47.99 45.43 49.33 36.39 203 2.8 AMC-ACE-O 205 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 206 MAX 4 8 12 16 20 24 27 31 207 MIN 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 208 MEAN 4.00 7.58 9.62 12.33 13.59 15.81 17.46 20.94 209 VAR 0.00 0.55 3.76 7.75 9.82 14.57 17.65 27.78 211 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 212 MAX 35 39 42 46 50 53 57 3.77 213 MIN 15 17 18 20 22 23 26 1.58 214 MEAN 22.37 25.32 26.73 29.29 30.49 32.74 33.74 2.12 215 VAR 28.73 37.75 37.60 43.39 40.41 44.92 36.04 217 2.9 AMC-ACE-R 219 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 220 MAX 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 221 MIN 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 222 MEAN 4.00 7.58 9.79 12.74 14.28 16.69 18.49 22.28 223 VAR 0.00 0.55 3.92 8.38 11.49 16.94 21.65 33.06 225 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 226 MAX 36 40 44 48 52 56 59 3.98 227 MIN 15 17 18 20 22 23 27 1.60 228 MEAN 23.93 27.08 28.61 31.47 32.68 34.98 36.14 2.31 229 VAR 36.33 45.99 48.35 57.62 54.90 60.44 48.34 231 2.10 AMC-ACE-V 233 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 234 MAX 4 8 11 15 18 20 24 26 235 MIN 4 6 7 8 9 12 13 15 236 MEAN 4.00 6.89 9.10 11.63 13.41 15.64 17.52 20.47 237 VAR 0.00 0.12 1.10 2.24 3.25 4.69 5.99 9.20 239 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 240 MAX 29 32 36 38 41 44 46 2.98 241 MIN 15 17 18 21 23 25 28 1.62 242 MEAN 22.23 24.88 26.62 29.02 30.66 32.77 34.33 2.17 243 VAR 10.35 13.30 14.15 17.08 16.36 17.98 14.11 245 2.11 AMC-ACE-W 247 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 248 MAX 4 8 11 15 18 21 25 28 249 MIN 4 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 250 MEAN 4.00 6.89 9.07 11.60 13.32 15.52 17.37 20.37 251 VAR 0.00 0.12 1.27 2.62 4.06 5.85 7.36 10.89 253 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 254 MAX 32 33 36 38 42 44 46 3.01 255 MIN 15 17 18 20 23 25 29 1.64 256 MEAN 22.14 24.77 26.46 28.92 30.60 32.77 34.29 2.17 257 VAR 12.42 15.74 16.64 19.59 19.37 21.07 16.14 259 2.12 MACE 261 CHARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 262 MAX 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 263 MIN 4 6 7 8 9 11 13 15 264 MEAN 4.00 6.98 9.43 11.97 13.86 16.08 17.96 20.85 265 VAR 0.00 0.02 0.51 1.48 2.75 4.35 5.80 8.66 267 CHARS 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SLOPE 268 MAX 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 3.00 269 MIN 15 17 19 21 24 25 29 1.68 270 MEAN 22.67 25.26 26.98 29.36 31.16 33.29 34.78 2.19 271 VAR 10.16 13.20 13.97 16.65 17.02 18.12 13.97 273 2.13 Conversion Time 275 Conversion time (by means of seconds) was measured by converting all 276 sample data at once on the same machine and the same condition 277 (without another load). 279 To From 280 AltDUDE 1.98 2.41 281 DUDE 1.99 2.43 282 MACE 2.03 2.58 283 RACE 2.08 2.57 284 AMC-ACE-W 2.08 2.60 285 UTF-6 2.11 2.71 286 LACE 2.12 2.89 287 AMC-ACE-R 2.22 2.85 288 BRACE 2.23 2.87 289 AMC-ACE-M 2.89 3.47 290 AMC-ACE-V 3.49 5.36 291 AMC-ACE-O 4.86 5.42 293 3. Consideration about results 295 3.1 MAX 297 Following is a compiled graph of each ACE's MAX value of each CHARS. 299 AMC-ACE-V| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2.98 300 MACE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.00 301 AMC-ACE-W| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9A B C D E F 3.01 302 AMC-ACE-M| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.01 303 BRACE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.21 304 LACE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.21 305 RACE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.21 306 AMC-ACE-O| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.77 307 AltDUDE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.95 308 DUDE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.95 309 AMC-ACE-R| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.98 310 UTF-6| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 4.00 311 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 312 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 314 X-axis is resulting string length, Y-axis is ACE name and letter in 315 graph is number of characters in domain name. A-Z represents 10-15 316 respectively. Rightmost decimal represents slope of regression line. 318 3.2 MIN 320 Following is a compiled graph of each ACE's MIN value of each CHARS. 322 BRACE| 12 345 67 89AB C DE F 1.40 323 AMC-ACE-M| 12345 6 7 89 AB C DE F 1.58 324 AMC-ACE-O| 12345 6 7 89 AB C DE F 1.58 325 RACE| 12 34 5 67 89 A BC DE F 1.59 326 AMC-ACE-R| 12345 6 7 89 AB C DE F 1.60 327 LACE| 1 23 4 56 78 9 AB CD E F 1.61 328 AMC-ACE-V| 1 2345 67 9 AB C D E F 1.62 329 AMC-ACE-W| 1 2345 6 789 AB C D E F 1.64 330 MACE| 1 2345 6 7 9 A B C DE F 1.68 331 AltDUDE| 123456 7 89 A BC D E F 1.70 332 DUDE| 123456 7 89 A BC D E F 1.70 333 UTF-6| 1 3 4 56 7 8 9A B C D E F 2.12 334 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 335 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 337 X-axis is resulting string length, Y-axis is ACE name and letter in 338 graph is number of characters in domain name. A-Z represents 10-15 339 respectively. Rightmost decimal represents slope of regression line. 341 3.3 MEAN 343 Following is a compiled graph of each ACE's MEAN value of each CHARS. 345 BRACE| 1 2 3 45 67 8 9 AB CD EF 1.93 346 AMC-ACE-M| 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 AB CD E F 2.05 347 AMC-ACE-O| 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 AB CD EF 2.12 348 AMC-ACE-W| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 2.17 349 AMC-ACE-V| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B CD E F 2.17 350 MACE| 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 AB C D EF 2.19 351 LACE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AB CD EF 2.23 352 AltDUDE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D EF 2.29 353 DUDE| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D EF 2.29 354 AMC-ACE-R| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 AB CD E F 2.31 355 RACE| 1 2 3 45 67 8 9 A B C D E F 2.53 356 UTF-6| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 3.17 357 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 358 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 360 X-axis is resulting string length, Y-axis is ACE name and letter in 361 graph is number of characters in domain name. A-Z represents 10-15 362 respectively. Rightmost decimal represents slope of regression line. 364 3.4 VAR 366 Following is a compiled graph of each ACE's VAR value of each CHARS. 368 MACE|24 56 7 89 AF DE 369 AMC-ACE-V|2345 67 89 AF DCE 370 AMC-ACE-W|23 45 67 89 FB DCE 371 AMC-ACE-M|12 3 4 5 6 7 89 AB FD E 372 AMC-ACE-O|12 3 4 5 6 7 89 F B D C E 373 AltDUDE|12 3 4 5 6 7 89 F B D CE 374 DUDE|12 3 4 5 6 7 89 F B D CE 375 BRACE|2 3 45 6 7 8 9 A B F DCE 376 LACE|2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B CFE 377 AMC-ACE-R|12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A F E 378 RACE|12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9ABC D E F 379 UTF-6|2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AB C D E F 380 ++----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 381 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 100 150 383 X-axis is value of variance, Y-axis is ACE name and letter in graph 384 is number of characters in domain name. A-Z represents 10-15 385 respectively. Note that scale of X-axis over 50 is 10 times large. 387 3.5 Consideration 389 Regarding to the result of each ACE, It could be said: 391 - MIN (best case) is not significant. It is small enough. 392 - Conversion time is significant. Difference between fastest 393 and slowest is double. 394 - MAX (worst case) is significant. It reflects maximum number 395 of characters in domain name label. Many of Japanese company 396 or organization names exceeds 15 characters. From the 397 Japanese point of view, ACE should allow more than 15 398 characters. 399 - MEAN (average) is significant. It reflects efficiency of the 400 ACE. 401 - VAR (variance) is significant. It also reflects efficiency of 402 the ACE. End users easily can estimate resulting length of 403 conversion. 405 In other words, ACE with smaller slope of regression line of MAX and 406 MEAN, faster in conversion and smaller in VAR is effective. 408 Therefore, following could be additional criteria for evaluating 409 ACEs in a certain language. 411 1) Length of resulting string (by means of octets) is shorter 412 than another ACEs in MAX (worst case). 413 2) Value of resulting string (by means of octets) is smaller 414 than another ACEs in MEAN (average). 415 3) Seconds of conversion is faster than other ACEs. 416 4) Value of variance of resulting string length in each number 417 of characters. 419 4. Conclusion 421 For Japanese Domain Names, by criteria described above, MACE or 422 AMC-ACE-W is preferable. 424 5. References 426 [JPCHAR] "Japanese characters in multilingual domain name labels", 427 draft-ietf-idn-jpchar-01.txt, Mar 2001, Y Yoneya, Y Morishita 428 [RFC1035] "DOMAIN NAMES - IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION", 429 RFC1034, Nov 1987, P. Mockapetris 430 [NAMEPREP] "Preparation of Internationalized Host Names", 431 draft-ietf-idn-nameprep-03.txt, Feb 2001, P Hoffman, M Blanchet 432 [RACE] "RACE: Row-based ASCII Compatible Encoding for IDN", 433 draft-ietf-idn-race-03.txt, Nov 2000, P Hoffman 434 [BRACE] "BRACE: Bi-mode Row-based ASCII-Compatible Encoding for IDN 435 version 0.1.2" 436 draft-ietf-idn-brace-00.txti, Sep 2000, A Costello 437 [LACE] "LACE: Length-based ASCII Compatible Encoding for IDN" 438 draft-ietf-idn-lace-01.txt, Jan 2001, M Davis, P Hoffman 439 [UTF6] "UTF-6 - Yet Another ASCII-Compatible Encoding for IDN" 440 draft-ietf-idn-utf6-00, Nov 2000, M Welter, B Spolarich 441 [DUDE] "Differential Unicode Domain Encoding (DUDE)" 442 draft-ietf-idn-dude-02.txt, Jun 2001, M Welter, B Spolarich, 443 A Costello 444 [AMCACEM] "AMC-ACE-M version 0.1.0" 445 draft-ietf-idn-amc-ace-m-00.txt, Feb 2001, A Costello 446 [AltDUDE] "AltDUDE version 0.0.2" 447 draft-ietf-idn-altdude-00.txt, Mar 2001, A Costello 448 [AMCACEO] "AMC-ACE-O version 0.0.3" 449 draft-ietf-idn-amc-ace-o-00.txt, Mar 2001, A Costello 450 [AMCACER] "AMC-ACE-R version 0.2.1" 451 draft-ietf-idn-amc-ace-r-01.txt, May 2001, A Costello 452 [AMCACEV] "AMC-ACE-V version 0.1.0" 453 draft-ietf-idn-amc-ace-v-00.txt, May 2001, A Costello 454 [AMCACEW] "AMC-ACE-W version 0.1.0" 455 draft-ietf-idn-amc-ace-w-00.txt, May 2001, A Costello 456 [MACE] "MACE: Modal ASCII Compatible Encoding for IDN" 457 draft-ietf-idn-mace-00.txt, Jun 2001, M Ishisone, Y Yoneya 458 [MDNKIT] "Multilingual Domain Name tool Kit", 459 http://www.nic.ad.jp/jp/research/idn/mdnkit/download/ 461 6. Acknowledgements 463 Japan Registry Service Co., Ltd. provided really registered Japanese 464 Domain Names. 465 JPNIC mDNkit development team provided me new ACE implementation 466 swiftly when it was published as Internet Draft. 467 Tomoyuki Hasei created fundamental tools and data for evaluation. 468 JPNIC IDN-TF members gave me a lot of advices. 470 7. Author's Address 472 Yoshiro Yoneya 473 Japan Network Information Center 474 Fuundo Bldg 1F, 1-2 Kanda-ogawamachi 475 Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0052, Japan 476 yone@nic.ad.jp