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Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Network Working Group R. Bush 3 Internet-Draft IIJ & Arrcus 4 Intended status: Standards Track M. Candela 5 Expires: October 21, 2021 NTT 6 W. Kumari 7 Google 8 R. Housley 9 Vigil Security 10 April 19, 2021 12 Finding and Using Geofeed Data 13 draft-ietf-opsawg-finding-geofeeds-06 15 Abstract 17 This document describes how to find and authenticate geofeed data. 19 Status of This Memo 21 This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the 22 provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. 24 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 25 Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute 26 working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- 27 Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. 29 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 30 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 31 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 32 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 34 This Internet-Draft will expire on October 21, 2021. 36 Copyright Notice 38 Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the 39 document authors. All rights reserved. 41 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal 42 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents 43 (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of 44 publication of this document. Please review these documents 45 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect 46 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must 47 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of 48 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as 49 described in the Simplified BSD License. 51 Table of Contents 53 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 54 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 55 2. Geofeed Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 56 3. inetnum: Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 57 4. Authenticating Geofeed Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 58 5. Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 59 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 60 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 61 8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 62 9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 63 9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 64 9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 65 Appendix A. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 66 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 68 1. Introduction 70 Providers of Internet content and other services may wish to 71 customize those services based on the geographic location of the user 72 of the service. This is often done using the source IP address used 73 to contact the service. Also, infrastructure and other services 74 might wish to publish the locale of their services. [RFC8805] 75 defines geofeed, a syntax to associate geographic locales with IP 76 addresses. But it does not specify how to find the relevant geofeed 77 data given an IP address. 79 This document specifies how to augment the Routing Policy 80 Specification Language (RPSL) [RFC4012] inetnum: class to refer 81 specifically to geofeed data CSV files, and how to prudently use 82 them. In all places inetnum: is used, inet6num: should also be 83 assumed [RFC4012]. 85 The reader may find [INETNUM] and [INET6NUM] informative, and 86 certainly more verbose, descriptions of the inetnum: database 87 classes. 89 An optional, utterly awesome but slightly complex, means for 90 authenticating geofeed data is also defined. 92 1.1. Requirements Language 94 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", 95 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and 96 "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 97 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all 98 capitals, as shown here. 100 2. Geofeed Files 102 Geofeed files are described in [RFC8805]. They provide a facility 103 for an IP address resource 'owner' to associate those IP addresses to 104 geographic locale(s). 106 Content providers and other parties who wish to locate an IP address 107 to a geographic locale need to find the relevant geofeed data. In 108 Section 3 this document specifies how to find the relevant [RFC8805] 109 geofeed file given an IP address. 111 Geofeed data for large providers with significant horizontal scale 112 and high granularity can be quite large. The size of a file can be 113 even larger if an unsigned geofeed file combines data for many 114 prefixes, dual IPv4/IPv6 spaces are represented, etc. 116 [RFC8805] geofeed data may reveal the approximate location of an IP 117 address, which might in turn reveal the approximate location of an 118 individual user. Unfortunately, [RFC8805] provides no privacy 119 guidance on avoiding or ameliorating possible damage due to this 120 exposure of the user. In publishing pointers to geofeed files as 121 described in this document the operator should be aware of this 122 exposure in geofeed data and be cautious. All the privacy 123 considerations of [RFC8805] Section 4 apply to this document. 125 This document also suggests optional signature, which authenticates 126 the data when present, for geofeed files to provide stronger 127 authenticity to the data. 129 3. inetnum: Class 131 The Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL), [RFC4012] used by 132 the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) specifies the inetnum: 133 database class. Each of these objects describes an IP address range 134 and its attributes. The inetnum: objects form a hierarchy ordered on 135 the address space. 137 Ideally, RPSL would be augmented to define a new RPSL geofeed: 138 attribute in the inetnum: class. Until such time, this document 139 defines the syntax of a Geofeed remarks: attribute which contains an 140 HTTPS URL of a geofeed file. The format of the inetnum: geofeed 141 attribute MUST be as in this example, "remarks: Geofeed" followed by 142 a URL which will vary, but MUST refer only to a single [RFC8805] 143 geofeed file. 145 inetnum: 192.0.2.0/24 # example 146 remarks: Geofeed https://example.com/geofeed.csv 148 While we leave global agreement of RPSL modification to the relevant 149 parties, we specify that a proper geofeed: attribute in the inetnum: 150 class be simply "geofeed: " followed by a URL which will vary, but 151 MUST refer only to a [RFC8805] geofeed file. 153 inetnum: 192.0.2.0/24 # example 154 geofeed: https://example.com/geofeed.csv 156 Until all producers of inetnum:s, i.e. the RIRs, state that they have 157 migrated to supporting a geofeed: attribute, consumers looking at 158 inetnum:s to find geofeed URLs MUST be able to consume both the 159 remarks: and geofeed: forms. This not only implies that the RIRs 160 support the geofeed: attribute, but that all registrants have 161 migrated any inetnum:s from remarks: use to geofeed:s. 163 Any particular inetnum: object MUST have at most, one geofeed 164 reference, whether a remarks: or a proper geofeed: attribute when it 165 is implemented. If there is more than one, all are ignored. 167 If a geofeed CSV file describes multiple disjoint ranges of IP 168 address space, there are likely to be geofeed references from 169 multiple inetnum: objects. 171 As inetnum: objects form a hierarchy, Geofeed references SHOULD be at 172 the lowest applicable inetnum: object covering the relevant prefixes 173 in the referenced geofeed file. When fetching, the most specific 174 inetnum: object with a geofeed reference MUST be used. 176 When geofeed references are provided by multiple inetnum: objects 177 which have identical address ranges, then the geofeed reference on 178 the inetnum: with the most recent last-modified: attribute SHOULD be 179 preferred. 181 It is significant that geofeed data may have finer granularity than 182 the inetnum: which refers to them. I.e. an INETNUM object for a 183 prefix P could refer to a geofeed file in which P has been sub- 184 divided into one or more longer prefixes. 186 Currently, the registry data published by ARIN is not the same RPSL 187 as the other registries; therefore, when fetching from ARIN via FTP 189 [RFC0959], whois [RFC3912], RDAP [RFC7482], or whatever, the 190 "NetRange" attribute/key MUST be treated as "inetnum" and the 191 "Comment" attribute MUST be treated as "remarks". 193 4. Authenticating Geofeed Data 195 The question arises of whether a particular [RFC8805] geofeed data 196 set is valid, i.e. authorized by the 'owner' of the IP address space 197 and is authoritative in some sense. The inetnum: which points to the 198 [RFC8805] geofeed file provides some assurance. Unfortunately the 199 RPSL in many repositories is weakly authenticated at best. An 200 approach where RPSL was signed a la [RFC7909] would be good, except 201 it would have to be deployed by all RPSL registries, and there is a 202 fair number of them. 204 An optional authenticator MAY be appended to a [RFC8805] geofeed 205 file. It is a digest of the main body of the file signed by the 206 private key of the relevant Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI, 207 see [RFC6481]) certificate for the covering address range. One needs 208 a format that bundles the relevant RPKI certificate with the 209 signature and the digest of the geofeed text. 211 The canonicalization procedure converts the data from its internal 212 character representation to the UTF-8 [RFC3629] character encoding, 213 and the sequence MUST be used to denote the end of a line of 214 text. Trailing space characters MUST NOT appear on a line of text. 215 That is, the space or tab characters must not be followed by the 216 sequence. Thus, a blank line is represented solely by the 217 sequence. Other nonprintable characters, such as backspace, 218 are not expected. For robustness, any nonprintable characters MUST 219 NOT be changed by canonicalization. Trailing blank lines MUST NOT 220 appear at the end of the file. That is, the file must not end with 221 multiple consecutive sequences. Any end-of-file marker used 222 by an operating system is not considered to be part of the file 223 content. When present, such end-of-file markers MUST NOT be 224 processed by the digital signature algorithm. Borrowing detached 225 signatures from [RFC5485], after file canonicalization, the 226 Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC5652] would be used to create 227 a detached DER encoded signature which is then BASE64 encoded and 228 line wrapped to 72 or fewer characters. 230 The address range of the signing certificate MUST cover all prefixes 231 in the geofeed file it signs; and therefore must be covered by the 232 range of the inetnum:. 234 An address range A 'covers' address range B if the range of B is 235 identical to or a subset of A. 'Address range' is used here because 236 inetnum: objects and RPKI certificates need not align on CIDR prefix 237 boundaries, while those of the CSV lines in the geofeed file do. 239 As the signer specifies the covered RPKI resources relevant to the 240 signature, the RPKI certificate covering the inetnum: object's 241 address range is included in the [RFC5652] CMS SignedData 242 certificates field. 244 Identifying the private key associated with the certificate, and 245 getting the department with the Hardware Security Module (HSM) to 246 sign the CMS blob is left as an exercise for the implementor. On the 247 other hand, verifying the signature requires no complexity; the 248 certificate, which can be validated in the public RPKI, has the 249 needed public key. 251 The appendix MUST be 'hidden' as a series of "#" comments at the end 252 of the geofeed file. The following is a cryptographically incorrect, 253 albeit simple example. A correct and full example is in Appendix A. 255 # RPKI Signature: 192.0.2.0/24 256 # MIIGlwYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIGiDCCBoQCAQMxDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwDQYLKoZ 257 # IhvcNAQkQAS+gggSxMIIErTCCA5WgAwIBAgIUJ605QIPX8rW5m4Zwx3WyuW7hZu 258 ... 259 # imwYkXpiMxw44EZqDjl36MiWsRDLdgoijBBcGbibwyAfGeR46k5raZCGvxG+4xa 260 # O8PDTxTfIYwAnBjRBKAqAZ7yX5xHfm58jUXsZJ7Ileq1S7G6Kk= 261 # End Signature: 192.0.2.0/24 263 The signature does not cover the signature lines. 265 [I-D.spaghetti-sidrops-rpki-rsc] describes and provides code for a 266 Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) profile for a general purpose 267 listing of checksums (a 'checklist'), for use with the Resource 268 Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI). It provides usable, albeit 269 complex, code to sign geofeed files. 271 [I-D.ietf-sidrops-rpki-rta] describes a Cryptographic Message Syntax 272 (CMS) profile for a general purpose Resource Tagged Attestation (RTA) 273 based on the RPKI. While this is expected to become applicable in 274 the long run, for the purposes of this document, a self-signed root 275 trust anchor is used. 277 5. Operational Considerations 279 To create the needed inetnum: objects, an operator wishing to 280 register the location of their geofeed file needs to coordinate with 281 their RIR/NIR and/or any provider LIR which has assigned prefixes to 282 them. RIRs/NIRs provide means for assignees to create and maintain 283 inetnum: objects. They also provide means of [sub-]assigning IP 284 address resources and allowing the assignee to create whois data, 285 including inetnum: objects, and thereby referring to geofeed files. 287 The geofeed files SHOULD be published over and fetched using https 288 [RFC8446]. 290 When using data from a geofeed file, one MUST ignore data outside of 291 the referring inetnum: object's inetnum: attribute address range. 293 If and only if the geofeed file is not signed per Section 4, then 294 multiple inetnum: objects MAY refer to the same geofeed file, and the 295 consumer MUST use only geofeed lines where the prefix is covered by 296 the address range of the inetnum: object they have followed. 298 To minimize the load on RIR whois [RFC3912] services, use of the 299 RIR's FTP [RFC0959] services SHOULD be the preferred access. This 300 also provides bulk access instead of fetching with tweezers. 302 Currently, geolocation providers have bulk whois data access at all 303 the RIRs. An anonymized version of such data is openly available for 304 all RIRs except ARIN, which requires an authorization. However, for 305 users without such authorization the same result can be achieved with 306 extra RDAP effort. There is open source code to pass over such data 307 across all RIRs, collect all geofeed references, and process them 308 [geofeed-finder]. 310 An entity fetching geofeed data using these mechanisms MUST NOT do 311 frequent real-time look-ups to prevent load on RPSL and geofeed 312 servers. [RFC8805] Section 3.4 suggests use of the [RFC7234] HTTP 313 Expires Caching Header to signal when geofeed data should be 314 refetched. As the data change very infrequently, in the absence of 315 such an HTTP Header signal, collectors MUST NOT fetch more frequently 316 than weekly. It would be polite not to fetch at magic times such as 317 midnight UTC, the first of the month, etc., because too many others 318 are likely to do the same. 320 6. Security Considerations 322 It is generally prudent for a consumer of geofeed data to also use 323 other sources to cross-validate the data. All of the Security 324 Considerations of [RFC8805] apply here as well. 326 As mentioned in Section 4, many RPSL repositories have weak if any 327 authentication. This allows spoofing of inetnum: objects pointing to 328 malicious geofeed files. Section 4 suggests an unfortunately complex 329 method for stronger authentication based on the RPKI. 331 If an inetnum: for a wide prefix (e.g. a /16) points to an RPKI- 332 signed geofeed file, a customer or attacker could publish an unsigned 333 equal or narrower (e.g. a /24) inetnum: in a whois registry which has 334 weak authorization. 336 The RPSL providers have had to throttle fetching from their servers 337 due to too-frequent queries. Usually they throttle by the querying 338 IP address or block. Similar defenses will likely need to be 339 deployed by geofeed file servers. 341 7. IANA Considerations 343 IANA is asked to register object identifiers for one content type in 344 the "SMI Security for S/MIME CMS Content Type 345 (1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1)" registry as follows: 347 Description OID Specification 348 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 349 id-ct-geofeedCSVwithCRLF 1.2.840.113549.1.9.16.1.47 [RFC-TBD] 351 8. Acknowledgments 353 Thanks to Rob Austein for CMS and detached signature clue. George 354 Michaelson for the first, and a substantial, external review. Erik 355 Kline who was too shy to agree to co-authorship. Additionally, we 356 express our gratitude to early implementors, including Menno 357 Schepers, Flavio Luciani, Eric Dugas, Job Snijders who provided 358 running code, and Kevin Pack. Also to geolocation providers that are 359 consuming geofeeds with this described solution, Jonathan Kosgei 360 (ipdata.co), Ben Dowling (ipinfo.io), and Pol Nisenblat 361 (bigdatacloud.com). For reviews, we thank Adrian Farrel, Antonio 362 Prado, Rob Wilton, and George Michaelson, the document shepherd. 364 9. References 366 9.1. Normative References 368 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate 369 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, 370 DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, 371 . 373 [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 374 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November 375 2003, . 377 [RFC4012] Blunk, L., Damas, J., Parent, F., and A. Robachevsky, 378 "Routing Policy Specification Language next generation 379 (RPSLng)", RFC 4012, DOI 10.17487/RFC4012, March 2005, 380 . 382 [RFC5485] Housley, R., "Digital Signatures on Internet-Draft 383 Documents", RFC 5485, DOI 10.17487/RFC5485, March 2009, 384 . 386 [RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70, 387 RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009, 388 . 390 [RFC6481] Huston, G., Loomans, R., and G. Michaelson, "A Profile for 391 Resource Certificate Repository Structure", RFC 6481, 392 DOI 10.17487/RFC6481, February 2012, 393 . 395 [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 396 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, 397 May 2017, . 399 [RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol 400 Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018, 401 . 403 [RFC8805] Kline, E., Duleba, K., Szamonek, Z., Moser, S., and W. 404 Kumari, "A Format for Self-Published IP Geolocation 405 Feeds", RFC 8805, DOI 10.17487/RFC8805, August 2020, 406 . 408 9.2. Informative References 410 [geofeed-finder] 411 Massimo Candela, "geofeed-finder", 412 . 414 [I-D.ietf-sidrops-rpki-rta] 415 Michaelson, G., Huston, G., Harrison, T., Bruijnzeels, T., 416 and M. Hoffmann, "A profile for Resource Tagged 417 Attestations (RTAs)", draft-ietf-sidrops-rpki-rta-00 (work 418 in progress), January 2021. 420 [I-D.spaghetti-sidrops-rpki-rsc] 421 Snijders, J., "RPKI Signed Checklists", draft-spaghetti- 422 sidrops-rpki-rsc-03 (work in progress), February 2021. 424 [INET6NUM] 425 RIPE, "Description of the INET6NUM Object", 426 . 431 [INETNUM] RIPE, "Description of the INETNUM Object", 432 . 437 [RFC0959] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol", 438 STD 9, RFC 959, DOI 10.17487/RFC0959, October 1985, 439 . 441 [RFC3912] Daigle, L., "WHOIS Protocol Specification", RFC 3912, 442 DOI 10.17487/RFC3912, September 2004, 443 . 445 [RFC7234] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke, 446 Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching", 447 RFC 7234, DOI 10.17487/RFC7234, June 2014, 448 . 450 [RFC7482] Newton, A. and S. Hollenbeck, "Registration Data Access 451 Protocol (RDAP) Query Format", RFC 7482, 452 DOI 10.17487/RFC7482, March 2015, 453 . 455 [RFC7909] Kisteleki, R. and B. Haberman, "Securing Routing Policy 456 Specification Language (RPSL) Objects with Resource Public 457 Key Infrastructure (RPKI) Signatures", RFC 7909, 458 DOI 10.17487/RFC7909, June 2016, 459 . 461 Appendix A. Example 463 This appendix provides an example, including a trust anchor, a CA 464 certificate subordinate to the trust anchor, an end-entity 465 certificate subordinate to the CA for signing the geofeed, and a 466 detached signature. 468 The trust anchor is represented by a self-signed certificate. As 469 usual in the RPKI, the trust anchor has authority over all IPv4 470 address blocks, all IPv6 address blocks, and all AS numbers. 472 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- 473 MIIEPjCCAyagAwIBAgIUPsUFJ4e/7pKZ6E14aBdkbYzms1gwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL 474 BQAwFTETMBEGA1UEAxMKZXhhbXBsZS10YTAeFw0yMDA5MDMxODU0NTRaFw0zMDA5 475 MDExODU0NTRaMBUxEzARBgNVBAMTCmV4YW1wbGUtdGEwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEB 476 AQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCelMmMDCGBhqn/a3VrNAoKMr1HVLKxGoG7VF/13HZJ 477 0twObUZlh3Jz+XeD+kNAURhELWTrsgdTkQQfqinqOuRemxTl55+x7nLpe5nmwaBH 478 XqqDOHubmkbAGanGcm6T/rD9KNk1Z46Uc2p7UYu0fwNO0mo0aqFL2FSyvzZwziNe 479 g7ELYZ4a3LvGn81JfP/JvM6pgtoMNuee5RV6TWaz7LV304ICj8Bhphy/HFpOA1rb 480 O9gs8CUMgqz+RroAIa8cV8gbF/fPCz9Ofl7Gdmib679JxxFrW4wRJ0nMJgJmsZXq 481 jaVc0g7ORc+eIAcHw7Uroc6h7Y7lGjOkDZF75j0mLQa3AgMBAAGjggGEMIIBgDAd 482 BgNVHQ4EFgQU3hNEuwvUGNCHY1TBatcUR03pNdYwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAU3hNEuwvU 483 GNCHY1TBatcUR03pNdYwDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYw 484 GAYDVR0gAQH/BA4wDDAKBggrBgEFBQcOAjCBuQYIKwYBBQUHAQsEgawwgakwPgYI 485 KwYBBQUHMAqGMnJzeW5jOi8vcnBraS5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9yZXBvc2l0b3J5L2V4 486 YW1wbGUtdGEubWZ0MDUGCCsGAQUFBzANhilodHRwczovL3JyZHAuZXhhbXBsZS5u 487 ZXQvbm90aWZpY2F0aW9uLnhtbDAwBggrBgEFBQcwBYYkcnN5bmM6Ly9ycGtpLmV4 488 YW1wbGUubmV0L3JlcG9zaXRvcnkvMCcGCCsGAQUFBwEHAQH/BBgwFjAJBAIAATAD 489 AwEAMAkEAgACMAMDAQAwHgYIKwYBBQUHAQgEEjAQoA4wDDAKAgEAAgUA/////zAN 490 BgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAgZFQ0Sf3CI5Hwev61AUWHYOFniy69PuDTq+WnhDe 491 xX5rpjSDRrs5L756KSKJcaOJ36lzO45lfOPSY9fH6x30pnipaqRA7t5rApky24jH 492 cSUA9iRednzxhVyGjWKnfAKyNo2MYfaOAT0db1GjyLKbOADI9FowtHBUu+60ykcM 493 Quz66XrzxtmxlrRcAnbv/HtV17qOd4my6q5yjTPR1dmYN9oR/2ChlXtGE6uQVguA 494 rvNZ5CwiJ1TgGGTB7T8ORHwWU6dGTc0jk2rESAaikmLi1roZSNC21fckhapEit1a 495 x8CyiVxjcVc5e0AmS1rJfL6LIfwmtive/N/eBtIM92HkBA== 496 -----END CERTIFICATE----- 498 The CA certificate is issued by the trust anchor. This certificate 499 grants authority over one IPv4 address block (192.0.2.0/24) and two 500 AS numbers (64496 and 64497). 502 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- 503 MIIFBzCCA++gAwIBAgIUcyCzS10hdfG65kbRq7toQAvRDKowDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL 504 BQAwFTETMBEGA1UEAxMKZXhhbXBsZS10YTAeFw0yMDA5MDMxOTAyMTlaFw0yMTA5 505 MDMxOTAyMTlaMDMxMTAvBgNVBAMTKDNBQ0UyQ0VGNEZCMjFCN0QxMUUzRTE4NEVG 506 QzFFMjk3QjM3Nzg2NDIwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDc 507 zz1qwTxC2ocw5rqp8ktm2XyYkl8riBVuqlXwfefTxsR2YFpgz9vkYUd5Az9EVEG7 508 6wGIyZbtmhK63eEeaqbKz2GHub467498BXeVrYysO+YuIGgCEYKznNDZ4j5aaDbo 509 j5+4/z0Qvv6HEsxQd0f8br6lKJwgeRM6+fm7796HNPB0aqD7Zj9NRCLXjbB0DCgJ 510 liH6rXMKR86ofgll9V2mRjesvhdKYgkGbOif9rvxVpLJ/6zdru5CE9yeuJZ59l+n 511 YH/r6PzdJ4Q7yKrJX8qD6A60j4+biaU4MQ72KpsjhQNTTqF/HRwi0N54GDaknEwE 512 TnJQHgLJDYqww9yKWtjjAgMBAAGjggIvMIICKzAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUOs4s70+yG30R 513 4+GE78Hil7N3hkIwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAU3hNEuwvUGNCHY1TBatcUR03pNdYwDwYD 514 VR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYwGAYDVR0gAQH/BA4wDDAKBggr 515 BgEFBQcOAjBhBgNVHR8EWjBYMFagVKBShlByc3luYzovL3Jwa2kuZXhhbXBsZS5u 516 ZXQvcmVwb3NpdG9yeS8zQUNFMkNFRjRGQjIxQjdEMTFFM0UxODRFRkMxRTI5N0Iz 517 Nzc4NjQyLmNybDBOBggrBgEFBQcBAQRCMEAwPgYIKwYBBQUHMAKGMnJzeW5jOi8v 518 cnBraS5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9yZXBvc2l0b3J5L2V4YW1wbGUtdGEuY2VyMIG5Bggr 519 BgEFBQcBCwSBrDCBqTA+BggrBgEFBQcwCoYycnN5bmM6Ly9ycGtpLmV4YW1wbGUu 520 bmV0L3JlcG9zaXRvcnkvZXhhbXBsZS1jYS5tZnQwNQYIKwYBBQUHMA2GKWh0dHBz 521 Oi8vcnJkcC5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9ub3RpZmljYXRpb24ueG1sMDAGCCsGAQUFBzAF 522 hiRyc3luYzovL3Jwa2kuZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQvcmVwb3NpdG9yeS8wHwYIKwYBBQUH 523 AQcBAf8EEDAOMAwEAgABMAYDBADAAAIwHgYIKwYBBQUHAQgEEjAQoA4wDDAKAgMA 524 +/ACAwD78TANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAnLu+d1ZsUTiX3YWGueTHIalW4ad0 525 Kupi7pYMV2nXbxNGmdJMol9BkzVz9tj55ReMghUU4YLm/ICYe4fz5e0T8o9s/vIm 526 cGS29+WoGuiznMitpvbS/379gaMezk6KpqjH6Brw6meMqy09phmcmvm3x3WTmx09 527 mLlQneMptwk8qSYcnMUmGLJs+cVqmkOa3sWRdw8WrGu6QqYtQz3HFZQojF06YzEq 528 V/dBdCFdEOwTfVl2n2XqhoJl/oEBdC4uu2G0qRk3+WVs+uwVHP0Ttsbt7TzFgZfY 529 yxqvOg6QoldxZVZmHHncKmETu/BqCDGJot9may31ukrx34Bu+XFMVihm0w== 530 -----END CERTIFICATE----- 532 The end-entity certificate is issued by the CA. This certificate 533 grants signature authority for one IPv4 address block (192.0.2.0/24). 534 Signature authority for AS numbers is not needed for geofeed data 535 signatures, so no AS numbers are included in the certificate. 537 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- 538 MIIErTCCA5WgAwIBAgIUJ605QIPX8rW5m4Zwx3WyuW7hZuMwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL 539 BQAwMzExMC8GA1UEAxMoM0FDRTJDRUY0RkIyMUI3RDExRTNFMTg0RUZDMUUyOTdC 540 Mzc3ODY0MjAeFw0yMDA5MDMxOTA1MTdaFw0yMTA2MzAxOTA1MTdaMDMxMTAvBgNV 541 BAMTKDkxNDY1MkEzQkQ1MUMxNDQyNjAxOTg4ODlGNUM0NUFCRjA1M0ExODcwggEi 542 MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCycTQrOb/qB2W3i3Ki8PhA/DEW 543 yii2TgGo9pgCwO9lsIRI6Zb/k+aSiWWP9kSczlcQgtPCVwr62hTQZCIowBN0BL0c 544 K0/5k1imJdi5qdM3nvKswM8CnoR11vB8pQFwruZmr5xphXRvE+mzuJVLgu2V1upm 545 BXuWloeymudh6WWJ+GDjwPXO3RiXBejBrOFNXhaFLe08y4DPfr/S/tXJOBm7QzQp 546 tmbPLYtGfprYu45liFFqqP94UeLpISfXd36AKGzqTFCcc3EW9l5UFE1MFLlnoEog 547 qtoLoKABt0IkOFGKeC/EgeaBdWLe469ddC9rQft5w6g6cmxG+aYDdIEB34zrAgMB 548 AAGjggG3MIIBszAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUkUZSo71RwUQmAZiIn1xFq/BToYcwHwYDVR0j 549 BBgwFoAUOs4s70+yG30R4+GE78Hil7N3hkIwDAYDVR0TAQH/BAIwADAOBgNVHQ8B 550 Af8EBAMCB4AwGAYDVR0gAQH/BA4wDDAKBggrBgEFBQcOAjBhBgNVHR8EWjBYMFag 551 VKBShlByc3luYzovL3Jwa2kuZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQvcmVwb3NpdG9yeS8zQUNFMkNF 552 RjRGQjIxQjdEMTFFM0UxODRFRkMxRTI5N0IzNzc4NjQyLmNybDBsBggrBgEFBQcB 553 AQRgMF4wXAYIKwYBBQUHMAKGUHJzeW5jOi8vcnBraS5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9yZXBv 554 c2l0b3J5LzNBQ0UyQ0VGNEZCMjFCN0QxMUUzRTE4NEVGQzFFMjk3QjM3Nzg2NDIu 555 Y2VyMCEGCCsGAQUFBwEHAQH/BBIwEDAGBAIAAQUAMAYEAgACBQAwRQYIKwYBBQUH 556 AQsEOTA3MDUGCCsGAQUFBzANhilodHRwczovL3JyZHAuZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQvbm90 557 aWZpY2F0aW9uLnhtbDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEABR2T0qT2V1ZlsZjj+yHP 558 TArIVBECZFSCdP+bJTse85TqYiblMsNS9yEu2SNbaZMNLuSSiAffYooh4nIYq/Rh 559 6+xGs1n427JZUokoeLtY0UUb2fIsua9JFo8YGTnpqDMGe+xnpbJ0SCSoBlJCIj+b 560 +YS8WXjEHt2KW6wyA/BcNS8adS2pEUwC2cs/WcwzgbttnkcnG7/wkrQ3oqzpC1ar 561 Kelyz7PGIIXJGy9nF8C3/aaaEpHd7UgIyvXYuCY/lqWTm97jDxgGIYGC7660mtfO 562 MkB8YF6kUU+td2dDQsMztcOxbzqiGnicmeJfBwG2li6O0vorW4d5iIOTKpQyqfh4 563 5Q== 564 -----END CERTIFICATE----- 566 The end-entity certificate is displayed below in detail. For 567 brevity, the other two certificates are not. 569 0 1197: SEQUENCE { 570 4 917: SEQUENCE { 571 8 3: [0] { 572 10 1: INTEGER 2 573 : } 574 13 20: INTEGER 27AD394083D7F2B5B99B8670C775B2B96EE166E3 575 35 13: SEQUENCE { 576 37 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER 577 : sha256WithRSAEncryption (1 2 840 113549 1 1 11) 578 48 0: NULL 579 : } 580 50 51: SEQUENCE { 581 52 49: SET { 582 54 47: SEQUENCE { 583 56 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3) 584 61 40: PrintableString 585 : '3ACE2CEF4FB21B7D11E3E184EFC1E297B3778642' 586 : } 587 : } 588 : } 589 103 30: SEQUENCE { 590 105 13: UTCTime 03/09/2020 19:05:17 GMT 591 120 13: UTCTime 30/06/2021 19:05:17 GMT 592 : } 593 135 51: SEQUENCE { 594 137 49: SET { 595 139 47: SEQUENCE { 596 141 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3) 597 146 40: PrintableString 598 : '914652A3BD51C144260198889F5C45ABF053A187' 599 : } 600 : } 601 : } 602 188 290: SEQUENCE { 603 192 13: SEQUENCE { 604 194 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER rsaEncryption 605 : (1 2 840 113549 1 1 1) 606 205 0: NULL 607 : } 608 207 271: BIT STRING, encapsulates { 609 212 266: SEQUENCE { 610 216 257: INTEGER 611 : 00 B2 71 34 2B 39 BF EA 07 65 B7 8B 72 A2 F0 F8 612 : 40 FC 31 16 CA 28 B6 4E 01 A8 F6 98 02 C0 EF 65 613 : B0 84 48 E9 96 FF 93 E6 92 89 65 8F F6 44 9C CE 614 : 57 10 82 D3 C2 57 0A FA DA 14 D0 64 22 28 C0 13 615 : 74 04 BD 1C 2B 4F F9 93 58 A6 25 D8 B9 A9 D3 37 616 : 9E F2 AC C0 CF 02 9E 84 75 D6 F0 7C A5 01 70 AE 617 : E6 66 AF 9C 69 85 74 6F 13 E9 B3 B8 95 4B 82 ED 618 : 95 D6 EA 66 05 7B 96 96 87 B2 9A E7 61 E9 65 89 619 : F8 60 E3 C0 F5 CE DD 18 97 05 E8 C1 AC E1 4D 5E 620 : 16 85 2D ED 3C CB 80 CF 7E BF D2 FE D5 C9 38 19 621 : BB 43 34 29 B6 66 CF 2D 8B 46 7E 9A D8 BB 8E 65 622 : 88 51 6A A8 FF 78 51 E2 E9 21 27 D7 77 7E 80 28 623 : 6C EA 4C 50 9C 73 71 16 F6 5E 54 14 4D 4C 14 B9 624 : 67 A0 4A 20 AA DA 0B A0 A0 01 B7 42 24 38 51 8A 625 : 78 2F C4 81 E6 81 75 62 DE E3 AF 5D 74 2F 6B 41 626 : FB 79 C3 A8 3A 72 6C 46 F9 A6 03 74 81 01 DF 8C 627 : EB 628 477 3: INTEGER 65537 629 : } 630 : } 631 : } 632 482 439: [3] { 633 486 435: SEQUENCE { 634 490 29: SEQUENCE { 635 492 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14) 636 497 22: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 637 499 20: OCTET STRING 638 : 91 46 52 A3 BD 51 C1 44 26 01 98 88 9F 5C 45 AB 639 : F0 53 A1 87 640 : } 641 : } 642 521 31: SEQUENCE { 643 523 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 35) 644 528 24: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 645 530 22: SEQUENCE { 646 532 20: [0] 647 : 3A CE 2C EF 4F B2 1B 7D 11 E3 E1 84 EF C1 E2 97 648 : B3 77 86 42 649 : } 650 : } 651 : } 652 554 12: SEQUENCE { 653 556 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER basicConstraints (2 5 29 19) 654 561 1: BOOLEAN TRUE 655 564 2: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 656 566 0: SEQUENCE {} 657 : } 658 : } 659 568 14: SEQUENCE { 660 570 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15) 661 575 1: BOOLEAN TRUE 662 578 4: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 663 580 2: BIT STRING 7 unused bits 664 : '1'B (bit 0) 665 : } 666 : } 667 584 24: SEQUENCE { 668 586 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER certificatePolicies (2 5 29 32) 669 591 1: BOOLEAN TRUE 670 594 14: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 671 596 12: SEQUENCE { 672 598 10: SEQUENCE { 673 600 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER 674 : resourceCertificatePolicy (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 14 2) 675 : } 676 : } 677 : } 678 : } 679 610 97: SEQUENCE { 680 612 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER cRLDistributionPoints (2 5 29 31) 681 617 90: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 682 619 88: SEQUENCE { 683 621 86: SEQUENCE { 684 623 84: [0] { 685 625 82: [0] { 686 627 80: [6] 687 : 'rsync://rpki.example.net/repository/3ACE2CEF4F' 688 : 'B21B7D11E3E184EFC1E297B3778642.crl' 689 : } 690 : } 691 : } 692 : } 693 : } 694 : } 695 709 108: SEQUENCE { 696 711 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityInfoAccess 697 : (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 1 1) 698 721 96: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 699 723 94: SEQUENCE { 700 725 92: SEQUENCE { 701 727 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER caIssuers (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 48 2) 702 737 80: [6] 703 : 'rsync://rpki.example.net/repository/3ACE2CEF4F' 704 : 'B21B7D11E3E184EFC1E297B3778642.cer' 705 : } 706 : } 707 : } 708 : } 709 819 33: SEQUENCE { 710 821 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER ipAddrBlocks (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 1 7) 711 831 1: BOOLEAN TRUE 712 834 18: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 713 836 16: SEQUENCE { 714 838 6: SEQUENCE { 715 840 2: OCTET STRING 00 01 716 844 0: NULL 717 : } 718 846 6: SEQUENCE { 719 848 2: OCTET STRING 00 02 720 852 0: NULL 721 : } 722 : } 723 : } 724 : } 725 854 69: SEQUENCE { 726 856 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectInfoAccess 727 : (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 1 11) 728 866 57: OCTET STRING, encapsulates { 729 868 55: SEQUENCE { 730 870 53: SEQUENCE { 731 872 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER '1 3 6 1 5 5 7 48 13' 732 882 41: [6] 733 : 'https://rrdp.example.net/notification.xml' 734 : } 735 : } 736 : } 737 : } 738 : } 739 : } 740 : } 741 925 13: SEQUENCE { 742 927 9: OBJECT IDENTIFIER sha256WithRSAEncryption 743 : (1 2 840 113549 1 1 11) 744 938 0: NULL 745 : } 746 940 257: BIT STRING 747 : 05 1D 93 D2 A4 F6 57 56 65 B1 98 E3 FB 21 CF 4C 748 : 0A C8 54 11 02 64 54 82 74 FF 9B 25 3B 1E F3 94 749 : EA 62 26 E5 32 C3 52 F7 21 2E D9 23 5B 69 93 0D 750 : 2E E4 92 88 07 DF 62 8A 21 E2 72 18 AB F4 61 EB 751 : EC 46 B3 59 F8 DB B2 59 52 89 28 78 BB 58 D1 45 752 : 1B D9 F2 2C B9 AF 49 16 8F 18 19 39 E9 A8 33 06 753 : 7B EC 67 A5 B2 74 48 24 A8 06 52 42 22 3F 9B F9 754 : 84 BC 59 78 C4 1E DD 8A 5B AC 32 03 F0 5C 35 2F 755 : 1A 75 2D A9 11 4C 02 D9 CB 3F 59 CC 33 81 BB 6D 756 : 9E 47 27 1B BF F0 92 B4 37 A2 AC E9 0B 56 AB 29 757 : E9 72 CF B3 C6 20 85 C9 1B 2F 67 17 C0 B7 FD A6 758 : 9A 12 91 DD ED 48 08 CA F5 D8 B8 26 3F 96 A5 93 759 : 9B DE E3 0F 18 06 21 81 82 EF AE B4 9A D7 CE 32 760 : 40 7C 60 5E A4 51 4F AD 77 67 43 42 C3 33 B5 C3 761 : B1 6F 3A A2 1A 78 9C 99 E2 5F 07 01 B6 96 2E 8E 762 : D2 FA 2B 5B 87 79 88 83 93 2A 94 32 A9 F8 78 E5 763 : } 765 To allow reproduction of the signature results, the end-entity 766 private key is provided. For brevity, the other two private keys are 767 not. 769 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 770 MIIEpQIBAAKCAQEAsnE0Kzm/6gdlt4tyovD4QPwxFsootk4BqPaYAsDvZbCESOmW 771 /5Pmkollj/ZEnM5XEILTwlcK+toU0GQiKMATdAS9HCtP+ZNYpiXYuanTN57yrMDP 772 Ap6EddbwfKUBcK7mZq+caYV0bxPps7iVS4LtldbqZgV7lpaHsprnYellifhg48D1 773 zt0YlwXowazhTV4WhS3tPMuAz36/0v7VyTgZu0M0KbZmzy2LRn6a2LuOZYhRaqj/ 774 eFHi6SEn13d+gChs6kxQnHNxFvZeVBRNTBS5Z6BKIKraC6CgAbdCJDhRingvxIHm 775 gXVi3uOvXXQva0H7ecOoOnJsRvmmA3SBAd+M6wIDAQABAoIBAQCyB0FeMuKm8bRo 776 18aKjFGSPEoZi53srIz5bvUgIi92TBLez7ZnzL6Iym26oJ+5th+lCHGO/dqlhXio 777 pI50C5Yc9TFbblb/ECOsuCuuqKFjZ8CD3GVsHozXKJeMM+/o5YZXQrORj6UnwT0z 778 ol/JE5pIGUCIgsXX6tz9s5BP3lUAvVQHsv6+vEVKLxQ3wj/1vIL8O/CN036EV0GJ 779 mpkwmygPjfECT9wbWo0yn3jxJb36+M/QjjUP28oNIVn/IKoPZRXnqchEbuuCJ651 780 IsaFSqtiThm4WZtvCH/IDq+6/dcMucmTjIRcYwW7fdHfjplllVPve9c/OmpWEQvF 781 t3ArWUt5AoGBANs4764yHxo4mctLIE7G7l/tf9bP4KKUiYw4R4ByEocuqMC4yhmt 782 MPCfOFLOQet71OWCkjP2L/7EKUe9yx7G5KmxAHY6jOjvcRkvGsl6lWFOsQ8p126M 783 Y9hmGzMOjtsdhAiMmOWKzjvm4WqfMgghQe+PnjjSVkgTt+7BxpIuGBAvAoGBANBg 784 26FF5cDLpixOd3Za1YXsOgguwCaw3Plvi7vUZRpa/zBMELEtyOebfakkIRWNm07l 785 nE+lAZwxm+29PTD0nqCFE91teyzjnQaLO5kkAdJiFuVV3icLOGo399FrnJbKensm 786 FGSli+3KxQhCNIJJfgWzq4bE0ioAMjdGbYXzIYQFAoGBAM6tuDJ36KDU+hIS6wu6 787 O2TPSfZhF/zPo3pCWQ78/QDb+Zdw4IEiqoBA7F4NPVLg9Y/H8UTx9r/veqe7hPOo 788 Ok7NpIzSmKTHkc5XfZ60Zn9OLFoKbaQ40a1kXoJdWEu2YROaUlAe9F6/Rog6PHYz 789 vLE5qscRbu0XQhLkN+z7bg5bAoGBAKDsbDEb/dbqbyaAYpmwhH2sdRSkphg7Niwc 790 DNm9qWa1J6Zw1+M87I6Q8naRREuU1IAVqqWHVLr/ROBQ6NTJ1Uc5/qFeT2XXUgkf 791 taMKv61tuyjZK3sTmznMh0HfzUpWjEhWnCEuB+ZYVdmO52ZGw2A75RdrILL2+9Dc 792 PvDXVubRAoGAdqXeSWoLxuzZXzl8rsaKrQsTYaXnOWaZieU1SL5vVe8nK257UDqZ 793 E3ng2j5XPTUWli+aNGFEJGRoNtcQvO60O/sFZUhu52sqq9mWVYZNh1TB5aP8X+pV 794 iFcZOLUvQEcN6PA+YQK5FU11rAI1M0Gm5RDnVnUl0L2xfCYxb7FzV6Y= 795 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY----- 797 Signing of "192.0.2.0/24,US,WA,Seattle," (terminated by CR and LF), 798 yields the following detached CMS signature. 800 # RPKI Signature: 192.0.2.0/24 801 # MIIGlwYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIGiDCCBoQCAQMxDTALBglghkgBZQMEAgEwDQYLKoZ 802 # IhvcNAQkQAS+gggSxMIIErTCCA5WgAwIBAgIUJ605QIPX8rW5m4Zwx3WyuW7hZu 803 # MwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwMzExMC8GA1UEAxMoM0FDRTJDRUY0RkIyMUI3RDExR 804 # TNFMTg0RUZDMUUyOTdCMzc3ODY0MjAeFw0yMDA5MDMxOTA1MTdaFw0yMTA2MzAx 805 # OTA1MTdaMDMxMTAvBgNVBAMTKDkxNDY1MkEzQkQ1MUMxNDQyNjAxOTg4ODlGNUM 806 # 0NUFCRjA1M0ExODcwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQCycT 807 # QrOb/qB2W3i3Ki8PhA/DEWyii2TgGo9pgCwO9lsIRI6Zb/k+aSiWWP9kSczlcQg 808 # tPCVwr62hTQZCIowBN0BL0cK0/5k1imJdi5qdM3nvKswM8CnoR11vB8pQFwruZm 809 # r5xphXRvE+mzuJVLgu2V1upmBXuWloeymudh6WWJ+GDjwPXO3RiXBejBrOFNXha 810 # FLe08y4DPfr/S/tXJOBm7QzQptmbPLYtGfprYu45liFFqqP94UeLpISfXd36AKG 811 # zqTFCcc3EW9l5UFE1MFLlnoEogqtoLoKABt0IkOFGKeC/EgeaBdWLe469ddC9rQ 812 # ft5w6g6cmxG+aYDdIEB34zrAgMBAAGjggG3MIIBszAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUkUZSo71R 813 # wUQmAZiIn1xFq/BToYcwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUOs4s70+yG30R4+GE78Hil7N3hkI 814 # wDAYDVR0TAQH/BAIwADAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCB4AwGAYDVR0gAQH/BA4wDDAKBg 815 # grBgEFBQcOAjBhBgNVHR8EWjBYMFagVKBShlByc3luYzovL3Jwa2kuZXhhbXBsZ 816 # S5uZXQvcmVwb3NpdG9yeS8zQUNFMkNFRjRGQjIxQjdEMTFFM0UxODRFRkMxRTI5 817 # N0IzNzc4NjQyLmNybDBsBggrBgEFBQcBAQRgMF4wXAYIKwYBBQUHMAKGUHJzeW5 818 # jOi8vcnBraS5leGFtcGxlLm5ldC9yZXBvc2l0b3J5LzNBQ0UyQ0VGNEZCMjFCN0 819 # QxMUUzRTE4NEVGQzFFMjk3QjM3Nzg2NDIuY2VyMCEGCCsGAQUFBwEHAQH/BBIwE 820 # DAGBAIAAQUAMAYEAgACBQAwRQYIKwYBBQUHAQsEOTA3MDUGCCsGAQUFBzANhilo 821 # dHRwczovL3JyZHAuZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQvbm90aWZpY2F0aW9uLnhtbDANBgkqhki 822 # G9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEABR2T0qT2V1ZlsZjj+yHPTArIVBECZFSCdP+bJTse85TqYi 823 # blMsNS9yEu2SNbaZMNLuSSiAffYooh4nIYq/Rh6+xGs1n427JZUokoeLtY0UUb2 824 # fIsua9JFo8YGTnpqDMGe+xnpbJ0SCSoBlJCIj+b+YS8WXjEHt2KW6wyA/BcNS8a 825 # dS2pEUwC2cs/WcwzgbttnkcnG7/wkrQ3oqzpC1arKelyz7PGIIXJGy9nF8C3/aa 826 # aEpHd7UgIyvXYuCY/lqWTm97jDxgGIYGC7660mtfOMkB8YF6kUU+td2dDQsMztc 827 # OxbzqiGnicmeJfBwG2li6O0vorW4d5iIOTKpQyqfh45TGCAaowggGmAgEDgBSRR 828 # lKjvVHBRCYBmIifXEWr8FOhhzALBglghkgBZQMEAgGgazAaBgkqhkiG9w0BCQMx 829 # DQYLKoZIhvcNAQkQAS8wHAYJKoZIhvcNAQkFMQ8XDTIwMDkxMzE4NDUxMFowLwY 830 # JKoZIhvcNAQkEMSIEICvi8p5S8ckg2wTRhDBQzGijjyqs5T6I+4VtBHypfcEWMA 831 # 0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUABIIBAHUrA4PaJG42BD3hpF8U0usnV3Dg5NQh97SfyKTk7 832 # YHhhwu/936gkmAew8ODRTCddMvMObWkjj7/XeR+WKffaTF1EAdZ1L6REV+GlV91 833 # cYnFkT9ldn4wHQnNNncfAehk5PClYUUQ0gqjdJT1hdaolT83b3ttekyYIiwPmHE 834 # xRaNkSvKenlNqcriaaf3rbQy9dc2d1KxrL2429n134ICqjKeRnHkXXrCWDmyv/3 835 # imwYkXpiMxw44EZqDjl36MiWsRDLdgoijBBcGbibwyAfGeR46k5raZCGvxG+4xa 836 # O8PDTxTfIYwAnBjRBKAqAZ7yX5xHfm58jUXsZJ7Ileq1S7G6Kk= 837 # End Signature: 192.0.2.0/24 839 Authors' Addresses 841 Randy Bush 842 IIJ & Arrcus 843 5147 Crystal Springs 844 Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110 845 United States of America 847 Email: randy@psg.com 848 Massimo Candela 849 NTT 850 Siriusdreef 70-72 851 Hoofddorp 2132 WT 852 Netherlands 854 Email: massimo@ntt.net 856 Warren Kumari 857 Google 858 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway 859 Mountain View, CA 94043 860 US 862 Email: warren@kumari.net 864 Russ Housley 865 Vigil Security, LLC 866 516 Dranesville Road 867 Herndon, VA 20170 868 USA 870 Email: housley@vigilsec.com