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'HEVC' ** Obsolete normative reference: RFC 4566 (Obsoleted by RFC 8866) == Outdated reference: A later version (-11) exists of draft-ietf-avtcore-rtp-multi-stream-05 == Outdated reference: A later version (-54) exists of draft-ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation-02 == Outdated reference: A later version (-08) exists of draft-ietf-avtext-rtp-grouping-taxonomy-02 -- Obsolete informational reference (is this intentional?): RFC 2326 (Obsoleted by RFC 7826) -- Obsolete informational reference (is this intentional?): RFC 5117 (Obsoleted by RFC 7667) Summary: 1 error (**), 0 flaws (~~), 6 warnings (==), 5 comments (--). Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Network Working Group Y.-K. Wang 2 Internet Draft Qualcomm 3 Intended status: Standards track Y. Sanchez 4 Expires: October 2015 T. Schierl 5 Fraunhofer HHI 6 S. Wenger 7 Vidyo 8 M. M. Hannuksela 9 Nokia 10 April 10, 2015 12 RTP Payload Format for High Efficiency Video Coding 13 draft-ietf-payload-rtp-h265-08.txt 15 Abstract 17 This memo describes an RTP payload format for the video coding 18 standard ITU-T Recommendation H.265 and ISO/IEC International 19 Standard 23008-2, both also known as High Efficiency Video Coding 20 (HEVC) and developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video 21 Coding (JCT-VC). The RTP payload format allows for packetization 22 of one or more Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) units in each RTP 23 packet payload, as well as fragmentation of a NAL unit into 24 multiple RTP packets. Furthermore, it supports transmission of 25 an HEVC bitstream over a single as well as multiple RTP streams. 26 When multiple RTP streams are used, a single or multiple 27 transports may be utilized. The payload format has wide 28 applicability in videoconferencing, Internet video streaming, and 29 high bit-rate entertainment-quality video, among others. 31 Status of this Memo 33 This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with 34 the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. 36 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 37 Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that 38 other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- 39 Drafts. 41 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six 42 months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other 43 documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- 44 Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work 45 in progress." 47 The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at 48 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. 50 The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at 51 http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. 53 This Internet-Draft will expire on October 10, 2015. 55 Copyright and License Notice 57 Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the 58 document authors. All rights reserved. 60 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal 61 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents 62 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of 63 publication of this document. Please review these documents 64 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with 65 respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this 66 document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in 67 Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided 68 without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. 70 Table of Contents 72 Abstract.........................................................1 73 Status of this Memo..............................................1 74 Table of Contents................................................3 75 1 Introduction...................................................5 76 1.1 Overview of the HEVC Codec................................5 77 1.1.1 Coding-Tool Features.................................5 78 1.1.2 Systems and Transport Interfaces.....................7 79 1.1.3 Parallel Processing Support.........................14 80 1.1.4 NAL Unit Header.....................................16 81 1.2 Overview of the Payload Format...........................18 82 2 Conventions...................................................18 83 3 Definitions and Abbreviations.................................19 84 3.1 Definitions..............................................19 85 3.1.1 Definitions from the HEVC Specification.............19 86 3.1.2 Definitions Specific to This Memo...................21 87 3.2 Abbreviations............................................23 88 4 RTP Payload Format............................................25 89 4.1 RTP Header Usage.........................................25 90 4.2 Payload Header Usage.....................................27 91 4.3 Payload Structures.......................................27 92 4.4 Transmission Modes.......................................28 93 4.5 Decoding Order Number....................................29 94 4.6 Single NAL Unit Packets..................................31 95 4.7 Aggregation Packets (APs)................................32 96 4.8 Fragmentation Units (FUs)................................37 97 4.9 PACI packets.............................................40 98 4.9.1 Reasons for the PACI rules (informative)............43 99 4.9.2 PACI extensions (Informative).......................44 100 4.10 Temporal Scalability Control Information................45 101 5 Packetization Rules...........................................47 102 6 De-packetization Process......................................48 103 7 Payload Format Parameters.....................................51 104 7.1 Media Type Registration..................................51 105 7.2 SDP Parameters...........................................77 106 7.2.1 Mapping of Payload Type Parameters to SDP...........77 107 7.2.2 Usage with SDP Offer/Answer Model...................78 108 7.2.3 Usage in Declarative Session Descriptions...........87 109 7.2.4 Parameter Sets Considerations.......................89 110 7.2.5 Dependency Signaling in Multi-Stream Mode...........89 111 8 Use with Feedback Messages....................................89 112 8.1 Picture Loss Indication (PLI)............................90 113 8.2 Slice Loss Indication (SLI)..............................91 114 8.3 Reference Picture Selection Indication (RPSI)............92 115 8.4 Full Intra Request (FIR).................................93 116 9 Security Considerations.......................................93 117 10 Congestion Control...........................................94 118 11 IANA Consideration...........................................96 119 12 Acknowledgements.............................................96 120 13 References...................................................96 121 13.1 Normative References....................................96 122 13.2 Informative References..................................98 123 14 Authors' Addresses..........................................100 125 1 Introduction 127 1.1 Overview of the HEVC Codec 129 High Efficiency Video Coding [HEVC], formally known as ITU-T 130 Recommendation H.265 and ISO/IEC International Standard 23008-2 131 was ratified by ITU-T in April 2013 and reportedly provides 132 significant coding efficiency gains over H.264 [H.264]. 134 As both H.264 [H.264] and its RTP payload format [RFC6184] are 135 widely deployed and generally known in the relevant implementer 136 communities, frequently only the differences between those two 137 specifications are highlighted in non-normative, explanatory 138 parts of this memo. Basic familiarity with both specifications 139 is assumed for those parts. However, the normative parts of this 140 memo do not require study of H.264 or its RTP payload format. 142 H.264 and HEVC share a similar hybrid video codec design. 143 Conceptually, both technologies include a video coding layer 144 (VCL), which is often used to refer to the coding-tool features, 145 and a network abstraction layer (NAL), which is often used to 146 refer to the systems and transport interface aspects of the 147 codecs. 149 1.1.1 Coding-Tool Features 151 Similarly to earlier hybrid-video-coding-based standards, 152 including H.264, the following basic video coding design is 153 employed by HEVC. A prediction signal is first formed either by 154 intra or motion compensated prediction, and the residual (the 155 difference between the original and the prediction) is then 156 coded. The gains in coding efficiency are achieved by 157 redesigning and improving almost all parts of the codec over 158 earlier designs. In addition, HEVC includes several tools to 159 make the implementation on parallel architectures easier. Below 160 is a summary of HEVC coding-tool features. 162 Quad-tree block and transform structure 164 One of the major tools that contribute significantly to the 165 coding efficiency of HEVC is the usage of flexible coding blocks 166 and transforms, which are defined in a hierarchical quad-tree 167 manner. Unlike H.264, where the basic coding block is a 168 macroblock of fixed size 16x16, HEVC defines a Coding Tree Unit 169 (CTU) of a maximum size of 64x64. Each CTU can be divided into 170 smaller units in a hierarchical quad-tree manner and can 171 represent smaller blocks down to size 4x4. Similarly, the 172 transforms used in HEVC can have different sizes, starting from 173 4x4 and going up to 32x32. Utilizing large blocks and transforms 174 contribute to the major gain of HEVC, especially at high 175 resolutions. 177 Entropy coding 179 HEVC uses a single entropy coding engine, which is based on 180 Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), whereas H.264 181 uses two distinct entropy coding engines. CABAC in HEVC shares 182 many similarities with CABAC of H.264, but contains several 183 improvements. Those include improvements in coding efficiency 184 and lowered implementation complexity, especially for parallel 185 architectures. 187 In-loop filtering 189 H.264 includes an in-loop adaptive deblocking filter, where the 190 blocking artifacts around the transform edges in the 191 reconstructed picture are smoothed to improve the picture quality 192 and compression efficiency. In HEVC, a similar deblocking filter 193 is employed but with somewhat lower complexity. In addition, 194 pictures undergo a subsequent filtering operation called Sample 195 Adaptive Offset (SAO), which is a new design element in HEVC. 196 SAO basically adds a pixel-level offset in an adaptive manner and 197 usually acts as a de-ringing filter. It is observed that SAO 198 improves the picture quality, especially around sharp edges 199 contributing substantially to visual quality improvements of 200 HEVC. 202 Motion prediction and coding 204 There have been a number of improvements in this area that are 205 summarized as follows. The first category is motion merge and 206 advanced motion vector prediction (AMVP) modes. The motion 207 information of a prediction block can be inferred from the 208 spatially or temporally neighboring blocks. This is similar to 209 the DIRECT mode in H.264 but includes new aspects to incorporate 210 the flexible quad-tree structure and methods to improve the 211 parallel implementations. In addition, the motion vector 212 predictor can be signaled for improved efficiency. The second 213 category is high-precision interpolation. The interpolation 214 filter length is increased to 8-tap from 6-tap, which improves 215 the coding efficiency but also comes with increased complexity. 216 In addition, the interpolation filter is defined with higher 217 precision without any intermediate rounding operations to further 218 improve the coding efficiency. 220 Intra prediction and intra coding 222 Compared to 8 intra prediction modes in H.264, HEVC supports 223 angular intra prediction with 33 directions. This increased 224 flexibility improves both objective coding efficiency and visual 225 quality as the edges can be better predicted and ringing 226 artifacts around the edges can be reduced. In addition, the 227 reference samples are adaptively smoothed based on the prediction 228 direction. To avoid contouring artifacts a new interpolative 229 prediction generation is included to improve the visual quality. 230 Furthermore, discrete sine transform (DST) is utilized instead of 231 traditional discrete cosine transform (DCT) for 4x4 intra 232 transform blocks. 234 Other coding-tool features 236 HEVC includes some tools for lossless coding and efficient screen 237 content coding, such as skipping the transform for certain 238 blocks. These tools are particularly useful for example when 239 streaming the user-interface of a mobile device to a large 240 display. 242 1.1.2 Systems and Transport Interfaces 244 HEVC inherited the basic systems and transport interfaces 245 designs, such as the NAL-unit-based syntax structure, the 246 hierarchical syntax and data unit structure from sequence-level 247 parameter sets, multi-picture-level or picture-level parameter 248 sets, slice-level header parameters, lower-level parameters, the 249 supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message mechanism, the 250 hypothetical reference decoder (HRD) based video buffering model, 251 and so on. In the following, a list of differences in these 252 aspects compared to H.264 is summarized. 254 Video parameter set 256 A new type of parameter set, called video parameter set (VPS), 257 was introduced. For the first (2013) version of [HEVC], the 258 video parameter set NAL unit is required to be available prior to 259 its activation, while the information contained in the video 260 parameter set is not necessary for operation of the decoding 261 process. For future HEVC extensions, such as the 3D or scalable 262 extensions, the video parameter set is expected to include 263 information necessary for operation of the decoding process, e.g. 264 decoding dependency or information for reference picture set 265 construction of enhancement layers. The VPS provides a "big 266 picture" of a bitstream, including what types of operation points 267 are provided, the profile, tier, and level of the operation 268 points, and some other high-level properties of the bitstream 269 that can be used as the basis for session negotiation and content 270 selection, etc. (see section 7.1). 272 Profile, tier and level 274 The profile, tier and level syntax structure that can be included 275 in both VPS and sequence parameter set (SPS) includes 12 bytes of 276 data to describe the entire bitstream (including all temporally 277 scalable layers, which are referred to as sub-layers in the HEVC 278 specification), and can optionally include more profile, tier and 279 level information pertaining to individual temporally scalable 280 layers. The profile indicator indicates the "best viewed as" 281 profile when the bitstream conforms to multiple profiles, similar 282 to the major brand concept in the ISO base media file format 283 (ISOBMFF) [ISOBMFF] and file formats derived based on ISOBMFF, 284 such as the 3GPP file format [3GPPFF]. The profile, tier and 285 level syntax structure also includes the indications of whether 286 the bitstream is free of frame-packed content, whether the 287 bitstream is free of interlaced source content and free of field 288 pictures, i.e. contains only frame pictures of progressive 289 source, such that clients/players with no support of post- 290 processing functionalities for handling of frame-packed or 291 interlaced source content or field pictures can reject those 292 bitstreams. 294 Bitstream and elementary stream 296 HEVC includes a definition of an elementary stream, which is new 297 compared to H.264. An elementary stream consists of a sequence 298 of one or more bitstreams. An elementary stream that consists of 299 two or more bitstreams has typically been formed by splicing 300 together two or more bitstreams (or parts thereof). When an 301 elementary stream contains more than one bitstream, the last NAL 302 unit of the last access unit of a bitstream (except the last 303 bitstream in the elementary stream) must contain an end of 304 bitstream NAL unit and the first access unit of the subsequent 305 bitstream must be an intra random access point (IRAP) access 306 unit. This IRAP access unit may be a clean random access (CRA), 307 broken link access (BLA), or instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) 308 access unit. 310 Random access support 312 HEVC includes signaling in NAL unit header, through NAL unit 313 types, of IRAP pictures beyond IDR pictures. Three types of IRAP 314 pictures, namely IDR, CRA and BLA pictures are supported, wherein 315 IDR pictures are conventionally referred to as closed group-of- 316 pictures (closed-GOP) random access points, and CRA and BLA 317 pictures are those conventionally referred to as open-GOP random 318 access points. BLA pictures usually originate from splicing of 319 two bitstreams or part thereof at a CRA picture, e.g. during 320 stream switching. To enable better systems usage of IRAP 321 pictures, altogether six different NAL units are defined to 322 signal the properties of the IRAP pictures, which can be used to 323 better match the stream access point (SAP) types as defined in 324 the ISOBMFF [ISOBMFF], which are utilized for random access 325 support in both 3GP-DASH [3GPDASH] and MPEG DASH [MPEGDASH]. 326 Pictures following an IRAP picture in decoding order and 327 preceding the IRAP picture in output order are referred to as 328 leading pictures associated with the IRAP picture. There are two 329 types of leading pictures, namely random access decodable leading 330 (RADL) pictures and random access skipped leading (RASL) 331 pictures. RADL pictures are decodable when the decoding started 332 at the associated IRAP picture, and RASL pictures are not 333 decodable when the decoding started at the associated IRAP 334 picture and are usually discarded. HEVC provides mechanisms to 335 enable the specification of conformance of bitstreams with RASL 336 pictures being discarded, thus to provide a standard-compliant 337 way to enable systems components to discard RASL pictures when 338 needed. 340 Temporal scalability support 342 HEVC includes an improved support of temporal scalability, by 343 inclusion of the signaling of TemporalId in the NAL unit header, 344 the restriction that pictures of a particular temporal sub-layer 345 cannot be used for inter prediction reference by pictures of a 346 lower temporal sub-layer, the sub-bitstream extraction process, 347 and the requirement that each sub-bitstream extraction output be 348 a conforming bitstream. Media-aware network elements (MANEs) can 349 utilize the TemporalId in the NAL unit header for stream 350 adaptation purposes based on temporal scalability. 352 Temporal sub-layer switching support 354 HEVC specifies, through NAL unit types present in the NAL unit 355 header, the signaling of temporal sub-layer access (TSA) and 356 stepwise temporal sub-layer access (STSA). A TSA picture and 357 pictures following the TSA picture in decoding order do not use 358 pictures prior to the TSA picture in decoding order with 359 TemporalId greater than or equal to that of the TSA picture for 360 inter prediction reference. A TSA picture enables up-switching, 361 at the TSA picture, to the sub-layer containing the TSA picture 362 or any higher sub-layer, from the immediately lower sub-layer. 363 An STSA picture does not use pictures with the same TemporalId as 364 the STSA picture for inter prediction reference. Pictures 365 following an STSA picture in decoding order with the same 366 TemporalId as the STSA picture do not use pictures prior to the 367 STSA picture in decoding order with the same TemporalId as the 368 STSA picture for inter prediction reference. An STSA picture 369 enables up-switching, at the STSA picture, to the sub-layer 370 containing the STSA picture, from the immediately lower sub- 371 layer. 373 Sub-layer reference or non-reference pictures 375 The concept and signaling of reference/non-reference pictures in 376 HEVC are different from H.264. In H.264, if a picture may be 377 used by any other picture for inter prediction reference, it is a 378 reference picture; otherwise it is a non-reference picture, and 379 this is signaled by two bits in the NAL unit header. In HEVC, a 380 picture is called a reference picture only when it is marked as 381 "used for reference". In addition, the concept of sub-layer 382 reference picture was introduced. If a picture may be used by 383 another other picture with the same TemporalId for inter 384 prediction reference, it is a sub-layer reference picture; 385 otherwise it is a sub-layer non-reference picture. Whether a 386 picture is a sub-layer reference picture or sub-layer non- 387 reference picture is signaled through NAL unit type values. 389 Extensibility 391 Besides the TemporalId in the NAL unit header, HEVC also includes 392 the signaling of a six-bit layer ID in the NAL unit header, which 393 must be equal to 0 for a single-layer bitstream. Extension 394 mechanisms have been included in VPS, SPS, PPS, SEI NAL unit, 395 slice headers, and so on. All these extension mechanisms enable 396 future extensions in a backward compatible manner, such that 397 bitstreams encoded according to potential future HEVC extensions 398 can be fed to then-legacy decoders (e.g. HEVC version 1 decoders) 399 and the then-legacy decoders can decode and output the base layer 400 bitstream. 402 Bitstream extraction 404 HEVC includes a bitstream extraction process as an integral part 405 of the overall decoding process, as well as specification of the 406 use of the bitstream extraction process in description of 407 bitstream conformance tests as part of the hypothetical reference 408 decoder (HRD) specification. 410 Reference picture management 412 The reference picture management of HEVC, including reference 413 picture marking and removal from the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 414 as well as reference picture list construction (RPLC), differs 415 from that of H.264. Instead of the sliding window plus adaptive 416 memory management control operation (MMCO) based reference 417 picture marking mechanism in H.264, HEVC specifies a reference 418 picture set (RPS) based reference picture management and marking 419 mechanism, and the RPLC is consequently based on the RPS 420 mechanism. A reference picture set consists of a set of 421 reference pictures associated with a picture, consisting of all 422 reference pictures that are prior to the associated picture in 423 decoding order, that may be used for inter prediction of the 424 associated picture or any picture following the associated 425 picture in decoding order. The reference picture set consists of 426 five lists of reference pictures; RefPicSetStCurrBefore, 427 RefPicSetStCurrAfter, RefPicSetStFoll, RefPicSetLtCurr and 428 RefPicSetLtFoll. RefPicSetStCurrBefore, RefPicSetStCurrAfter and 429 RefPicSetLtCurr contain all reference pictures that may be used 430 in inter prediction of the current picture and that may be used 431 in inter prediction of one or more of the pictures following the 432 current picture in decoding order. RefPicSetStFoll and 433 RefPicSetLtFoll consist of all reference pictures that are not 434 used in inter prediction of the current picture but may be used 435 in inter prediction of one or more of the pictures following the 436 current picture in decoding order. RPS provides an "intra-coded" 437 signaling of the DPB status, instead of an "inter-coded" 438 signaling, mainly for improved error resilience. The RPLC 439 process in HEVC is based on the RPS, by signaling an index to an 440 RPS subset for each reference index; this process is simpler than 441 the RPLC process in H.264. 443 Ultra low delay support 445 HEVC specifies a sub-picture-level HRD operation, for support of 446 the so-called ultra-low delay. The mechanism specifies a 447 standard-compliant way to enable delay reduction below one 448 picture interval. Sub-picture-level coded picture buffer (CPB) 449 and DPB parameters may be signaled, and utilization of these 450 information for the derivation of CPB timing (wherein the CPB 451 removal time corresponds to decoding time) and DPB output timing 452 (display time) is specified. Decoders are allowed to operate the 453 HRD at the conventional access-unit-level, even when the sub- 454 picture-level HRD parameters are present. 456 New SEI messages 458 HEVC inherits many H.264 SEI messages with changes in syntax 459 and/or semantics making them applicable to HEVC. Additionally, 460 there are a few new SEI messages reviewed briefly in the 461 following paragraphs. 463 The display orientation SEI message informs the decoder of a 464 transformation that is recommended to be applied to the cropped 465 decoded picture prior to display, such that the pictures can be 466 properly displayed, e.g. in an upside-up manner. 468 The structure of pictures SEI message provides information on the 469 NAL unit types, picture order count values, and prediction 470 dependencies of a sequence of pictures. The SEI message can be 471 used for example for concluding what impact a lost picture has on 472 other pictures. 474 The decoded picture hash SEI message provides a checksum derived 475 from the sample values of a decoded picture. It can be used for 476 detecting whether a picture was correctly received and decoded. 478 The active parameter sets SEI message includes the IDs of the 479 active video parameter set and the active sequence parameter set 480 and can be used to activate VPSs and SPSs. In addition, the SEI 481 message includes the following indications: 1) An indication of 482 whether "full random accessibility" is supported (when supported, 483 all parameter sets needed for decoding of the remaining of the 484 bitstream when random accessing from the beginning of the current 485 coded video sequence by completely discarding all access units 486 earlier in decoding order are present in the remaining bitstream 487 and all coded pictures in the remaining bitstream can be 488 correctly decoded); 2) An indication of whether there is no 489 parameter set within the current coded video sequence that 490 updates another parameter set of the same type preceding in 491 decoding order. An update of a parameter set refers to the use 492 of the same parameter set ID but with some other parameters 493 changed. If this property is true for all coded video sequences 494 in the bitstream, then all parameter sets can be sent out-of-band 495 before session start. 497 The decoding unit information SEI message provides coded picture 498 buffer removal delay information for a decoding unit. The 499 message can be used in very-low-delay buffering operations. 501 The region refresh information SEI message can be used together 502 with the recovery point SEI message (present in both H.264 and 503 HEVC) for improved support of gradual decoding refresh (GDR). 504 This supports random access from inter-coded pictures, wherein 505 complete pictures can be correctly decoded or recovered after an 506 indicated number of pictures in output/display order. 508 1.1.3 Parallel Processing Support 510 The reportedly significantly higher encoding computational demand 511 of HEVC over H.264, in conjunction with the ever increasing video 512 resolution (both spatially and temporally) required by the 513 market, led to the adoption of VCL coding tools specifically 514 targeted to allow for parallelization on the sub-picture level. 515 That is, parallelization occurs, at the minimum, at the 516 granularity of an integer number of CTUs. The targets for this 517 type of high-level parallelization are multicore CPUs and DSPs as 518 well as multiprocessor systems. In a system design, to be 519 useful, these tools require signaling support, which is provided 520 in Section 7 of this memo. This section provides a brief 521 overview of the tools available in [HEVC]. 523 Many of the tools incorporated in HEVC were designed keeping in 524 mind the potential parallel implementations in multi-core/multi- 525 processor architectures. Specifically, for parallelization, four 526 picture partition strategies are available. 528 Slices are segments of the bitstream that can be reconstructed 529 independently from other slices within the same picture (though 530 there may still be interdependencies through loop filtering 531 operations). Slices are the only tool that can be used for 532 parallelization that is also available, in virtually identical 533 form, in H.264. Slices based parallelization does not require 534 much inter-processor or inter-core communication (except for 535 inter-processor or inter-core data sharing for motion 536 compensation when decoding a predictively coded picture, which is 537 typically much heavier than inter-processor or inter-core data 538 sharing due to in-picture prediction), as slices are designed to 539 be independently decodable. However, for the same reason, slices 540 can require some coding overhead. Further, slices (in contrast 541 to some of the other tools mentioned below) also serve as the key 542 mechanism for bitstream partitioning to match Maximum Transfer 543 Unit (MTU) size requirements, due to the in-picture independence 544 of slices and the fact that each regular slice is encapsulated in 545 its own NAL unit. In many cases, the goal of parallelization and 546 the goal of MTU size matching can place contradicting demands to 547 the slice layout in a picture. The realization of this situation 548 led to the development of the more advanced tools mentioned 549 below. 551 Dependent slice segments allow for fragmentation of a coded slice 552 into fragments at CTU boundaries without breaking any in-picture 553 prediction mechanism. They are complementary to the 554 fragmentation mechanism described in this memo in that they need 555 the cooperation of the encoder. As a dependent slice segment 556 necessarily contains an integer number of CTUs, a decoder using 557 multiple cores operating on CTUs can process a dependent slice 558 segment without communicating parts of the slice segment's 559 bitstream to other cores. Fragmentation, as specified in this 560 memo, in contrast, does not guarantee that a fragment contains an 561 integer number of CTUs. 563 In wavefront parallel processing (WPP), the picture is 564 partitioned into rows of CTUs. Entropy decoding and prediction 565 are allowed to use data from CTUs in other partitions. Parallel 566 processing is possible through parallel decoding of CTU rows, 567 where the start of the decoding of a row is delayed by two CTUs, 568 so to ensure that data related to a CTU above and to the right of 569 the subject CTU is available before the subject CTU is being 570 decoded. Using this staggered start (which appears like a 571 wavefront when represented graphically), parallelization is 572 possible with up to as many processors/cores as the picture 573 contains CTU rows. 575 Because in-picture prediction between neighboring CTU rows within 576 a picture is allowed, the required inter-processor/inter-core 577 communication to enable in-picture prediction can be substantial. 578 The WPP partitioning does not result in the creation of more NAL 579 units compared to when it is not applied, thus WPP cannot be used 580 for MTU size matching, though slices can be used in combination 581 for that purpose. 583 Tiles define horizontal and vertical boundaries that partition a 584 picture into tile columns and rows. The scan order of CTUs is 585 changed to be local within a tile (in the order of a CTU raster 586 scan of a tile), before decoding the top-left CTU of the next 587 tile in the order of tile raster scan of a picture. Similar to 588 slices, tiles break in-picture prediction dependencies (including 589 entropy decoding dependencies). However, they do not need to be 590 included into individual NAL units (same as WPP in this regard), 591 hence tiles cannot be used for MTU size matching, though slices 592 can be used in combination for that purpose. Each tile can be 593 processed by one processor/core, and the inter-processor/inter- 594 core communication required for in-picture prediction between 595 processing units decoding neighboring tiles is limited to 596 conveying the shared slice header in cases a slice is spanning 597 more than one tile, and loop filtering related sharing of 598 reconstructed samples and metadata. Insofar, tiles are less 599 demanding in terms of inter-processor communication bandwidth 600 compared to WPP due to the in-picture independence between two 601 neighboring partitions. 603 1.1.4 NAL Unit Header 605 HEVC maintains the NAL unit concept of H.264 with modifications. 606 HEVC uses a two-byte NAL unit header, as shown in Figure 1. The 607 payload of a NAL unit refers to the NAL unit excluding the NAL 608 unit header. 610 +---------------+---------------+ 611 |0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7| 612 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 613 |F| Type | LayerId | TID | 614 +-------------+-----------------+ 616 Figure 1 The structure of HEVC NAL unit header 618 The semantics of the fields in the NAL unit header are as 619 specified in [HEVC] and described briefly below for convenience. 620 In addition to the name and size of each field, the corresponding 621 syntax element name in [HEVC] is also provided. 623 F: 1 bit 624 forbidden_zero_bit. Required to be zero in [HEVC]. HEVC 625 declares a value of 1 as a syntax violation. Note that the 626 inclusion of this bit in the NAL unit header is to enable 627 transport of HEVC video over MPEG-2 transport systems 628 (avoidance of start code emulations) [MPEG2S]. 630 Type: 6 bits 631 nal_unit_type. This field specifies the NAL unit type as 632 defined in Table 7-1 of [HEVC]. If the most significant bit 633 of this field of a NAL unit is equal to 0 (i.e. the value of 634 this field is less than 32), the NAL unit is a VCL NAL unit. 635 Otherwise, the NAL unit is a non-VCL NAL unit. For a 636 reference of all currently defined NAL unit types and their 637 semantics, please refer to Section 7.4.1 in [HEVC]. 639 LayerId: 6 bits 640 nuh_layer_id. Required to be equal to zero in [HEVC]. It is 641 anticipated that in future scalable or 3D video coding 642 extensions of this specification, this syntax element will be 643 used to identify additional layers that may be present in the 644 coded video sequence, wherein a layer may be, e.g. a spatial 645 scalable layer, a quality scalable layer, a texture view, or a 646 depth view. 648 TID: 3 bits 649 nuh_temporal_id_plus1. This field specifies the temporal 650 identifier of the NAL unit plus 1. The value of TemporalId is 651 equal to TID minus 1. A TID value of 0 is illegal to ensure 652 that there is at least one bit in the NAL unit header equal to 653 1, so to enable independent considerations of start code 654 emulations in the NAL unit header and in the NAL unit payload 655 data. 657 1.2 Overview of the Payload Format 659 This payload format defines the following processes required for 660 transport of HEVC coded data over RTP [RFC3550]: 662 o Usage of RTP header with this payload format 664 o Packetization of HEVC coded NAL units into RTP packets using 665 three types of payload structures, namely single NAL unit 666 packet, aggregation packet, and fragment unit 668 o Transmission of HEVC NAL units of the same bitstream within a 669 single RTP stream or multiple RTP streams (within one or more 670 RTP sessions), where within an RTP stream transmission of NAL 671 units may be either non-interleaved (i.e. the transmission 672 order of NAL units is the same as their decoding order) or 673 interleaved (i.e. the transmission order of NAL units is 674 different from their decoding order) 676 o Media type parameters to be used with the Session Description 677 Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566] 679 o A payload header extension mechanism and data structures for 680 enhanced support of temporal scalability based on that 681 extension mechanism. 683 2 Conventions 685 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL 686 NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and 687 "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in 688 BCP 14, RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 690 In this document, these key words will appear with that 691 interpretation only when in ALL CAPS. Lower case uses of these 692 words are not to be interpreted as carrying the RFC 2119 693 significance. 695 This specification uses the notion of setting and clearing a bit 696 when bit fields are handled. Setting a bit is the same as 697 assigning that bit the value of 1 (On). Clearing a bit is the 698 same as assigning that bit the value of 0 (Off). 700 3 Definitions and Abbreviations 702 3.1 Definitions 704 This document uses the terms and definitions of [HEVC]. Section 705 3.1.1 lists relevant definitions copied from [HEVC] for 706 convenience. Section 3.1.2 provides definitions specific to this 707 memo. 709 3.1.1 Definitions from the HEVC Specification 711 access unit: A set of NAL units that are associated with each 712 other according to a specified classification rule, are 713 consecutive in decoding order, and contain exactly one coded 714 picture. 716 BLA access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is a 717 BLA picture. 719 BLA picture: An IRAP picture for which each VCL NAL unit has 720 nal_unit_type equal to BLA_W_LP, BLA_W_RADL, or BLA_N_LP. 722 coded video sequence: A sequence of access units that consists, 723 in decoding order, of an IRAP access unit with NoRaslOutputFlag 724 equal to 1, followed by zero or more access units that are not 725 IRAP access units with NoRaslOutputFlag equal to 1, including all 726 subsequent access units up to but not including any subsequent 727 access unit that is an IRAP access unit with NoRaslOutputFlag 728 equal to 1. 730 Informative note: An IRAP access unit may be an IDR access 731 unit, a BLA access unit, or a CRA access unit. The value of 732 NoRaslOutputFlag is equal to 1 for each IDR access unit, each 733 BLA access unit, and each CRA access unit that is the first 734 access unit in the bitstream in decoding order, is the first 735 access unit that follows an end of sequence NAL unit in 736 decoding order, or has HandleCraAsBlaFlag equal to 1. 738 CRA access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is a 739 CRA picture. 741 CRA picture: A RAP picture for which each VCL NAL unit has 742 nal_unit_type equal to CRA_NUT. 744 IDR access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is an 745 IDR picture. 747 IDR picture: A RAP picture for which each VCL NAL unit has 748 nal_unit_type equal to IDR_W_RADL or IDR_N_LP. 750 IRAP access unit: An access unit in which the coded picture is an 751 IRAP picture. 753 IRAP picture: A coded picture for which each VCL NAL unit has 754 nal_unit_type in the range of BLA_W_LP (16) to RSV_IRAP_VCL23 755 (23), inclusive. 757 layer: A set of VCL NAL units that all have a particular value of 758 nuh_layer_id and the associated non-VCL NAL units, or one of a 759 set of syntactical structures having a hierarchical relationship. 761 operation point: bitstream created from another bitstream by 762 operation of the sub-bitstream extraction process with the 763 another bitstream, a target highest TemporalId, and a target 764 layer identifier list as inputs. 766 random access: The act of starting the decoding process for a 767 bitstream at a point other than the beginning of the bitstream. 769 sub-layer: A temporal scalable layer of a temporal scalable 770 bitstream consisting of VCL NAL units with a particular value of 771 the TemporalId variable, and the associated non-VCL NAL units. 773 sub-layer representation: A subset of the bitstream consisting of 774 NAL units of a particular sub-layer and the lower sub-layers. 776 tile: A rectangular region of coding tree blocks within a 777 particular tile column and a particular tile row in a picture. 779 tile column: A rectangular region of coding tree blocks having a 780 height equal to the height of the picture and a width specified 781 by syntax elements in the picture parameter set. 783 tile row: A rectangular region of coding tree blocks having a 784 height specified by syntax elements in the picture parameter set 785 and a width equal to the width of the picture. 787 3.1.2 Definitions Specific to This Memo 789 dependee RTP stream: An RTP stream on which another RTP stream 790 depends. All RTP streams in an MRST or MRMT except for the 791 highest RTP stream are dependee RTP streams. 793 highest RTP stream: The RTP stream on which no other RTP stream 794 depends. The RTP stream in an SRST is the highest RTP stream. 796 media aware network element (MANE): A network element, such as a 797 middlebox, selective forwarding unit, or application layer 798 gateway that is capable of parsing certain aspects of the RTP 799 payload headers or the RTP payload and reacting to their 800 contents. 802 Informative note: The concept of a MANE goes beyond normal 803 routers or gateways in that a MANE has to be aware of the 804 signaling (e.g. to learn about the payload type mappings of 805 the media streams), and in that it has to be trusted when 806 working with SRTP. The advantage of using MANEs is that they 807 allow packets to be dropped according to the needs of the 808 media coding. For example, if a MANE has to drop packets due 809 to congestion on a certain link, it can identify and remove 810 those packets whose elimination produces the least adverse 811 effect on the user experience. After dropping packets, MANEs 812 must rewrite RTCP packets to match the changes to the RTP 813 stream as specified in Section 7 of [RFC3550]. 815 Media Transport: As used in the MRST, MRMT, and SRST definitions 816 below, Media Transport denotes the transport of packets over a 817 transport association identified by a 5-tuple (source address, 818 source port, destination address, destination port, transport 819 protocol). See also Section 2.1.13 of [I-D.ietf-avtext-rtp- 820 grouping-taxonomy]. 822 Multiple RTP streams on a Single Transport (MRST): Multiple RTP 823 streams carrying a single HEVC bitstream on a Single Transport. 824 See also section 3.5 of [I-D.ietf-avtext-rtp-grouping-taxonomy]. 826 Multiple RTP streams on Multiple Transports (MRMT): Multiple RTP 827 streams carrying a single HEVC bitstream on Multiple Transports. 828 See also Section 3.5 of [I-D.ietf-avtext-rtp-grouping-taxonomy]. 830 NAL unit decoding order: A NAL unit order that conforms to the 831 constraints on NAL unit order given in Section 7.4.2.4 in [HEVC]. 833 NAL unit output order: A NAL unit order in which NAL units of 834 different access units are in the output order of the decoded 835 pictures corresponding to the access units, as specified in 836 [HEVC], and in which NAL units within an access unit are in their 837 decoding order. 839 NAL-unit-like structure: A data structure that is similar to NAL 840 units in the sense that it also has a NAL unit header and a 841 payload, with a difference that the payload does not follow the 842 start code emulation prevention mechanism required for the NAL 843 unit syntax as specified in Section 7.3.1.1 of [HEVC]. Examples 844 NAL-unit-like structures defined in this memo are packet payloads 845 of AP, PACI, and FU packets. 847 NALU-time: The value that the RTP timestamp would have if the NAL 848 unit would be transported in its own RTP packet. 850 RTP stream: See [I-D.ietf-avtext-rtp-grouping-taxonomy]. Within 851 the scope of this memo, one RTP stream is utilized to transport 852 one or more temporal sub-layers. 854 Single RTP stream on a Single Transport (SRST): Single RTP 855 stream carrying a single HEVC bitstream on a Single (Media) 856 Transport. See also Section 3.5 of [I-D.ietf-avtext-rtp- 857 grouping-taxonomy]. 859 transmission order: The order of packets in ascending RTP 860 sequence number order (in modulo arithmetic). Within an 861 aggregation packet, the NAL unit transmission order is the same 862 as the order of appearance of NAL units in the packet. 864 3.2 Abbreviations 866 AP Aggregation Packet 868 BLA Broken Link Access 870 CRA Clean Random Access 872 CTB Coding Tree Block 874 CTU Coding Tree Unit 876 CVS Coded Video Sequence 878 DPH Decoded Picture Hash 880 FU Fragmentation Unit 882 GDR Gradual Decoding Refresh 884 HRD Hypothetical Reference Decoder 886 IDR Instantaneous Decoding Refresh 888 IRAP Intra Random Access Point 890 MANE Media Aware Network Element 891 MRMT Multiple RTP streams on Multiple Transports 893 MRST Multiple RTP streams on a Single Transport 895 MTU Maximum Transfer Unit 897 NAL Network Abstraction Layer 899 NALU Network Abstraction Layer Unit 901 PACI PAyload Content Information 903 PHES Payload Header Extension Structure 905 PPS Picture Parameter Set 907 RADL Random Access Decodable Leading (Picture) 909 RASL Random Access Skipped Leading (Picture) 911 RPS Reference Picture Set 913 SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information 915 SPS Sequence Parameter Set 917 SRST Single RTP stream on a Single Transport 919 STSA Step-wise Temporal Sub-layer Access 921 TSA Temporal Sub-layer Access 923 TCSI Temporal Scalability Control Information 925 VCL Video Coding Layer 927 VPS Video Parameter Set 929 4 RTP Payload Format 931 4.1 RTP Header Usage 933 The format of the RTP header is specified in [RFC3550] and 934 reprinted in Figure 2 for convenience. This payload format uses 935 the fields of the header in a manner consistent with that 936 specification. 938 The RTP payload (and the settings for some RTP header bits) for 939 aggregation packets and fragmentation units are specified in 940 Sections 4.7 and 4.8, respectively. 942 0 1 2 3 943 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 944 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 945 |V=2|P|X| CC |M| PT | sequence number | 946 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 947 | timestamp | 948 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 949 | synchronization source (SSRC) identifier | 950 +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+ 951 | contributing source (CSRC) identifiers | 952 | .... | 953 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 955 Figure 2 RTP header according to [RFC3550] 957 The RTP header information to be set according to this RTP 958 payload format is set as follows: 960 Marker bit (M): 1 bit 962 Set for the last packet, carried in the current RTP stream, of 963 the access unit, in line with the normal use of the M bit in 964 video formats, to allow an efficient playout buffer handling. 965 When MRST or MRMT is in use, if an access unit appears in 966 multiple RTP streams, the marker bit is set on each RTP 967 stream's last packet of the access unit. 969 Informative note: The content of a NAL unit does not tell 970 whether or not the NAL unit is the last NAL unit, in 971 decoding order, of an access unit. An RTP sender 972 implementation may obtain this information from the video 973 encoder. If, however, the implementation cannot obtain 974 this information directly from the encoder, e.g. when the 975 bitstream was pre-encoded, and also there is no timestamp 976 allocated for each NAL unit, then the sender implementation 977 can inspect subsequent NAL units in decoding order to 978 determine whether or not the NAL unit is the last NAL unit 979 of an access unit as follows. A NAL unit naluX is the last 980 NAL unit of an access unit if it is the last NAL unit of 981 the bitstream or the next VCL NAL unit naluY in decoding 982 order has the high-order bit of the first byte after its 983 NAL unit header equal to 1, and all NAL units between naluX 984 and naluY, when present, have nal_unit_type in the range of 985 32 to 35, inclusive, equal to 39, or in the ranges of 41 to 986 44, inclusive, or 48 to 55, inclusive. 988 Payload type (PT): 7 bits 990 The assignment of an RTP payload type for this new packet 991 format is outside the scope of this document and will not be 992 specified here. The assignment of a payload type has to be 993 performed either through the profile used or in a dynamic way. 995 Informative note: It is not required to use different 996 payload type values for different RTP streams in MRST or 997 MRMT. 999 Sequence number (SN): 16 bits 1001 Set and used in accordance with RFC 3550 [RFC3550]. 1003 Timestamp: 32 bits 1005 The RTP timestamp is set to the sampling timestamp of the 1006 content. A 90 kHz clock rate MUST be used. 1008 If the NAL unit has no timing properties of its own (e.g. 1009 parameter set and SEI NAL units), the RTP timestamp MUST be 1010 set to the RTP timestamp of the coded picture of the access 1011 unit in which the NAL unit (according to Section 7.4.2.4.4 of 1012 [HEVC]) is included. 1014 Receivers MUST use the RTP timestamp for the display process, 1015 even when the bitstream contains picture timing SEI messages 1016 or decoding unit information SEI messages as specified in 1017 [HEVC]. However, this does not mean that picture timing SEI 1018 messages in the bitstream should be discarded, as picture 1019 timing SEI messages may contain frame-field information that 1020 is important in appropriately rendering interlaced video. 1022 Synchronization source (SSRC): 32-bits 1024 Used to identify the source of the RTP packets. When using 1025 SRST, by definition a single SSRC is used for all parts of a 1026 single bitstream. In MRST or MRMT, different SSRCs are used 1027 for each RTP stream containing a subset of the sub-layers of 1028 the single (temporally scalable) bitstream. A receiver is 1029 required to correctly associate the set of SSRCs that are 1030 included parts of the same bitstream. 1032 Informative note: The term "bitstream" in this document is 1033 equivalent to the term "encoded stream" in [I-D.ietf- 1034 avtext-rtp-grouping-taxonomy]. 1036 4.2 Payload Header Usage 1038 The TID value indicates (among other things) the relative 1039 importance of an RTP packet, for example because NAL units 1040 belonging to higher temporal sub-layers are not used for the 1041 decoding of lower temporal sub-layers. A lower value of TID 1042 indicates a higher importance. More important NAL units MAY be 1043 better protected against transmission losses than less important 1044 NAL units. 1046 4.3 Payload Structures 1048 The first two bytes of the payload of an RTP packet are referred 1049 to as the payload header. The payload header consists of the 1050 same fields (F, Type, LayerId, and TID) as the NAL unit header as 1051 shown in section 1.1.4, irrespective of the type of the payload 1052 structure. 1054 Four different types of RTP packet payload structures are 1055 specified. A receiver can identify the type of an RTP packet 1056 payload through the Type field in the payload header. 1058 The four different payload structures are as follows: 1060 o Single NAL unit packet: Contains a single NAL unit in the 1061 payload, and the NAL unit header of the NAL unit also serves 1062 as the payload header. This payload structure is specified in 1063 section 4.6. 1065 o Aggregation packet (AP): Contains more than one NAL unit 1066 within one access unit. This payload structure is specified 1067 in section 4.7. 1069 o Fragmentation unit (FU): Contains a subset of a single NAL 1070 unit. This payload structure is specified in section 4.8. 1072 o PACI carrying RTP packet: Contains a payload header (that 1073 differs from other payload headers for efficiency), a Payload 1074 Header Extension Structure (PHES), and a PACI payload. This 1075 payload structure is specified in section 4.9. 1077 4.4 Transmission Modes 1079 This memo enables transmission of an HEVC bitstream over 1081 . a single RTP stream on a single Media Transport (SRST), 1082 . multiple RTP streams over a single Media Transport (MRST), 1083 or 1084 . multiple RTP streams over multiple Media Transports (MRMT). 1086 Informative Note: While this specification enables the use of 1087 MRST within the H.265 RTP payload, the signaling of MRST within 1088 SDP Offer/Answer is not fully specified at the time of this 1089 writing. See [RFC5576] and [RFC5583] for what is supported 1090 today as well as [I-D.ietf-avtcore-rtp-multi-stream] and [I- 1091 D.ietf-mmusic-sdp-bundle-negotiation]for future directions. 1093 When in MRMT, the dependency of one RTP stream on another RTP 1094 stream is typically indicated as specified in [RFC5583]. 1095 [RFC5583] can also be utilized to specify dependencies within 1096 MRST, but only if the RTP streams utilize distinct payload types. 1097 When an RTP stream A depends on another RTP stream B, the RTP 1098 stream B is referred to as a dependee RTP stream of the RTP 1099 stream A. 1101 SRST or MRST SHOULD be used for point-to-point unicast scenarios, 1102 while MRMT SHOULD be used for point-to-multipoint multicast 1103 scenarios where different receivers require different operation 1104 points of the same HEVC bitstream, to improve bandwidth utilizing 1105 efficiency. 1107 Informative note: A multicast may degrade to a unicast after 1108 all but one receivers have left (this is a justification of 1109 the first "SHOULD" instead of "MUST"), and there might be 1110 scenarios where MRMT is desirable but not possible e.g. when 1111 IP multicast is not deployed in certain network (this is a 1112 justification of the second "SHOULD" instead of "MUST"). 1114 The transmission mode is indicated by the tx-mode media parameter 1115 (see section 7.1). If tx-mode is equal to "SRST", SRST MUST be 1116 used. Otherwise, if tx-mode is equal to "MRST", MRST MUST be 1117 used. Otherwise (tx-mode is equal to "MRMT"), MRMT MUST be used. 1119 Informative note: When an RTP stream does not depend on other 1120 RTP streams, any of SRST, MRST and MRMT may be in use for the 1121 RTP stream. 1123 Receivers MUST support all of SRST, MRST, and MRMT. 1125 Informative note: The required support of MRMT by receivers 1126 does not imply that multicast must be supported by receivers. 1128 4.5 Decoding Order Number 1130 For each NAL unit, the variable AbsDon is derived, representing 1131 the decoding order number that is indicative of the NAL unit 1132 decoding order. 1134 Let NAL unit n be the n-th NAL unit in transmission order within 1135 an RTP stream. 1137 If sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for all the RTP streams 1138 carrying the HEVC bitstream, AbsDon[n], the value of AbsDon for 1139 NAL unit n, is derived as equal to n. 1141 Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the 1142 RTP streams), AbsDon[n] is derived as follows, where DON[n] is 1143 the value of the variable DON for NAL unit n: 1145 o If n is equal to 0 (i.e. NAL unit n is the very first NAL unit 1146 in transmission order), AbsDon[0] is set equal to DON[0]. 1148 o Otherwise (n is greater than 0), the following applies for 1149 derivation of AbsDon[n]: 1151 If DON[n] == DON[n-1], 1152 AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] 1154 If (DON[n] > DON[n-1] and DON[n] - DON[n-1] < 32768), 1155 AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] + DON[n] - DON[n-1] 1157 If (DON[n] < DON[n-1] and DON[n-1] - DON[n] >= 32768), 1158 AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] + 65536 - DON[n-1] + DON[n] 1160 If (DON[n] > DON[n-1] and DON[n] - DON[n-1] >= 32768), 1161 AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] - (DON[n-1] + 65536 - 1162 DON[n]) 1164 If (DON[n] < DON[n-1] and DON[n-1] - DON[n] < 32768), 1165 AbsDon[n] = AbsDon[n-1] - (DON[n-1] - DON[n]) 1167 For any two NAL units m and n, the following applies: 1169 o AbsDon[n] greater than AbsDon[m] indicates that NAL unit n 1170 follows NAL unit m in NAL unit decoding order. 1172 o When AbsDon[n] is equal to AbsDon[m], the NAL unit decoding 1173 order of the two NAL units can be in either order. 1175 o AbsDon[n] less than AbsDon[m] indicates that NAL unit n 1176 precedes NAL unit m in decoding order. 1178 When two consecutive NAL units in the NAL unit decoding order 1179 have different values of AbsDon, the value of AbsDon for the 1180 second NAL unit in decoding order MUST be greater than the value 1181 of AbsDon for the first NAL unit, and the absolute difference 1182 between the two AbsDon values MAY be greater than or equal to 1. 1184 Informative note: There are multiple reasons to allow for the 1185 absolute difference of the values of AbsDon for two 1186 consecutive NAL units in the NAL unit decoding order to be 1187 greater than one. An increment by one is not required, as at 1188 the time of associating values of AbsDon to NAL units, it may 1189 not be known whether all NAL units are to be delivered to the 1190 receiver. For example, a gateway may not forward VCL NAL 1191 units of higher sub-layers or some SEI NAL units when there is 1192 congestion in the network. In another example, the first 1193 intra-coded picture of a pre-encoded clip is transmitted in 1194 advance to ensure that it is readily available in the 1195 receiver, and when transmitting the first intra-coded picture, 1196 the originator does not exactly know how many NAL units will 1197 be encoded before the first intra-coded picture of the pre- 1198 encoded clip follows in decoding order. Thus, the values of 1199 AbsDon for the NAL units of the first intra-coded picture of 1200 the pre-encoded clip have to be estimated when they are 1201 transmitted, and gaps in values of AbsDon may occur. Another 1202 example is MRST or MRMT with sprop-max-don-diff greater than 1203 0, where the AbsDon values must indicate cross-layer decoding 1204 order for NAL units conveyed in all the RTP streams. 1206 4.6 Single NAL Unit Packets 1208 A single NAL unit packet contains exactly one NAL unit, and 1209 consists of a payload header (denoted as PayloadHdr), a 1210 conditional 16-bit DONL field (in network byte order), and the 1211 NAL unit payload data (the NAL unit excluding its NAL unit 1212 header) of the contained NAL unit, as shown in Figure 3. 1214 0 1 2 3 1215 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1216 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1217 | PayloadHdr | DONL (conditional) | 1218 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1219 | | 1220 | NAL unit payload data | 1221 | | 1222 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1223 | :...OPTIONAL RTP padding | 1224 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1226 Figure 3 The structure a single NAL unit packet 1228 The payload header SHOULD be an exact copy of the NAL unit header 1229 of the contained NAL unit. However, the Type (i.e. 1230 nal_unit_type) field MAY be changed, e.g. when it is desirable to 1231 handle a CRA picture to be a BLA picture [JCTVC-J0107]. 1233 The DONL field, when present, specifies the value of the 16 least 1234 significant bits of the decoding order number of the contained 1235 NAL unit. If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the 1236 RTP streams, the DONL field MUST be present, and the variable DON 1237 for the contained NAL unit is derived as equal to the value of 1238 the DONL field. Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for 1239 all the RTP streams), the DONL field MUST NOT be present. 1241 4.7 Aggregation Packets (APs) 1243 Aggregation packets (APs) are introduced to enable the reduction 1244 of packetization overhead for small NAL units, such as most of 1245 the non-VCL NAL units, which are often only a few octets in size. 1247 An AP aggregates NAL units within one access unit. Each NAL unit 1248 to be carried in an AP is encapsulated in an aggregation unit. 1249 NAL units aggregated in one AP are in NAL unit decoding order. 1251 An AP consists of a payload header (denoted as PayloadHdr) 1252 followed by two or more aggregation units, as shown in Figure 4. 1254 0 1 2 3 1255 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1256 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1257 | PayloadHdr (Type=48) | | 1258 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 1259 | | 1260 | two or more aggregation units | 1261 | | 1262 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1263 | :...OPTIONAL RTP padding | 1264 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1266 Figure 4 The structure of an aggregation packet 1268 The fields in the payload header are set as follows. The F bit 1269 MUST be equal to 0 if the F bit of each aggregated NAL unit is 1270 equal to zero; otherwise, it MUST be equal to 1. The Type field 1271 MUST be equal to 48. The value of LayerId MUST be equal to the 1272 lowest value of LayerId of all the aggregated NAL units. The 1273 value of TID MUST be the lowest value of TID of all the 1274 aggregated NAL units. 1276 Informative Note: All VCL NAL units in an AP have the same TID 1277 value since they belong to the same access unit. However, an 1278 AP may contain non-VCL NAL units for which the TID value in 1279 the NAL unit header may be different than the TID value of the 1280 VCL NAL units in the same AP. 1282 An AP MUST carry at least two aggregation units and can carry as 1283 many aggregation units as necessary; however, the total amount of 1284 data in an AP obviously MUST fit into an IP packet, and the size 1285 SHOULD be chosen so that the resulting IP packet is smaller than 1286 the MTU size so to avoid IP layer fragmentation. An AP MUST NOT 1287 contain Fragmentation Units (FUs) specified in section 4.8. APs 1288 MUST NOT be nested; i.e. an AP MUST NOT contain another AP. 1290 The first aggregation unit in an AP consists of a conditional 16- 1291 bit DONL field (in network byte order) followed by a 16-bit 1292 unsigned size information (in network byte order) that indicates 1293 the size of the NAL unit in bytes (excluding these two octets, 1294 but including the NAL unit header), followed by the NAL unit 1295 itself, including its NAL unit header, as shown in Figure 5. 1297 0 1 2 3 1298 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1299 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1300 : DONL (conditional) | NALU size | 1301 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1302 | NALU size | | 1303 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ NAL unit | 1304 | | 1305 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1306 | : 1307 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1309 Figure 5 The structure of the first aggregation unit in an AP 1311 The DONL field, when present, specifies the value of the 16 least 1312 significant bits of the decoding order number of the aggregated 1313 NAL unit. 1315 If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP 1316 streams, the DONL field MUST be present in an aggregation unit 1317 that is the first aggregation unit in an AP, and the variable DON 1318 for the aggregated NAL unit is derived as equal to the value of 1319 the DONL field. Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for 1320 all the RTP streams), the DONL field MUST NOT be present in an 1321 aggregation unit that is the first aggregation unit in an AP. 1323 An aggregation unit that is not the first aggregation unit in an 1324 AP consists of a conditional 8-bit DOND field followed by a 16- 1325 bit unsigned size information (in network byte order) that 1326 indicates the size of the NAL unit in bytes (excluding these two 1327 octets, but including the NAL unit header), followed by the NAL 1328 unit itself, including its NAL unit header, as shown in Figure 6. 1330 0 1 2 3 1331 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1332 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1333 : DOND (cond) | NALU size | 1334 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1335 | | 1336 | NAL unit | 1337 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1338 | : 1339 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1341 Figure 6 The structure of an aggregation unit that is not the 1342 first aggregation unit in an AP 1344 When present, the DOND field plus 1 specifies the difference 1345 between the decoding order number values of the current 1346 aggregated NAL unit and the preceding aggregated NAL unit in the 1347 same AP. 1349 If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP 1350 streams, the DOND field MUST be present in an aggregation unit 1351 that is not the first aggregation unit in an AP, and the variable 1352 DON for the aggregated NAL unit is derived as equal to the DON of 1353 the preceding aggregated NAL unit in the same AP plus the value 1354 of the DOND field plus 1 modulo 65536. Otherwise (sprop-max-don- 1355 diff is equal to 0 for all the RTP streams), the DOND field MUST 1356 NOT be present in an aggregation unit that is not the first 1357 aggregation unit in an AP, and in this case the transmission 1358 order and decoding order of NAL units carried in the AP are the 1359 same as the order the NAL units appear in the AP. 1361 Figure 7 presents an example of an AP that contains two 1362 aggregation units, labeled as 1 and 2 in the figure, without the 1363 DONL and DOND fields being present. 1365 0 1 2 3 1366 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1367 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1368 | RTP Header | 1369 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1370 | PayloadHdr (Type=48) | NALU 1 Size | 1371 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1372 | NALU 1 HDR | | 1373 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ NALU 1 Data | 1374 | . . . | 1375 | | 1376 + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1377 | . . . | NALU 2 Size | NALU 2 HDR | 1378 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1379 | NALU 2 HDR | | 1380 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ NALU 2 Data | 1381 | . . . | 1382 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1383 | :...OPTIONAL RTP padding | 1384 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1386 Figure 7 An example of an AP packet containing two aggregation 1387 units without the DONL and DOND fields 1389 Figure 8 presents an example of an AP that contains two 1390 aggregation units, labeled as 1 and 2 in the figure, with the 1391 DONL and DOND fields being present. 1393 0 1 2 3 1394 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1395 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1396 | RTP Header | 1397 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1398 | PayloadHdr (Type=48) | NALU 1 DONL | 1399 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1400 | NALU 1 Size | NALU 1 HDR | 1401 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1402 | | 1403 | NALU 1 Data . . . | 1404 | | 1405 + . . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1406 | | NALU 2 DOND | NALU 2 Size | 1407 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1408 | NALU 2 HDR | | 1409 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ NALU 2 Data | 1410 | | 1411 | . . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1412 | :...OPTIONAL RTP padding | 1413 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1415 Figure 8 An example of an AP containing two aggregation units 1416 with the DONL and DOND fields 1418 4.8 Fragmentation Units (FUs) 1420 Fragmentation units (FUs) are introduced to enable fragmenting a 1421 single NAL unit into multiple RTP packets, possibly without 1422 cooperation or knowledge of the HEVC encoder. A fragment of a NAL 1423 unit consists of an integer number of consecutive octets of that 1424 NAL unit. Fragments of the same NAL unit MUST be sent in consecutive 1425 order with ascending RTP sequence numbers (with no other RTP packets 1426 within the same RTP stream being sent between the first and last 1427 fragment). 1429 When a NAL unit is fragmented and conveyed within FUs, it is 1430 referred to as a fragmented NAL unit. APs MUST NOT be 1431 fragmented. FUs MUST NOT be nested; i.e. an FU MUST NOT contain 1432 a subset of another FU. 1434 The RTP timestamp of an RTP packet carrying an FU is set to the 1435 NALU-time of the fragmented NAL unit. 1437 An FU consists of a payload header (denoted as PayloadHdr), an FU 1438 header of one octet, a conditional 16-bit DONL field (in network 1439 byte order), and an FU payload, as shown in Figure 9. 1441 0 1 2 3 1442 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1443 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1444 | PayloadHdr (Type=49) | FU header | DONL (cond) | 1445 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-| 1446 | DONL (cond) | | 1447 |-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 1448 | FU payload | 1449 | | 1450 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1451 | :...OPTIONAL RTP padding | 1452 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1454 Figure 9 The structure of an FU 1456 The fields in the payload header are set as follows. The Type 1457 field MUST be equal to 49. The fields F, LayerId, and TID MUST 1458 be equal to the fields F, LayerId, and TID, respectively, of the 1459 fragmented NAL unit. 1461 The FU header consists of an S bit, an E bit, and a 6-bit FuType 1462 field, as shown in Figure 10. 1464 +---------------+ 1465 |0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7| 1466 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ 1467 |S|E| FuType | 1468 +---------------+ 1470 Figure 10 The structure of FU header 1472 The semantics of the FU header fields are as follows: 1473 S: 1 bit 1474 When set to one, the S bit indicates the start of a fragmented 1475 NAL unit i.e. the first byte of the FU payload is also the 1476 first byte of the payload of the fragmented NAL unit. When 1477 the FU payload is not the start of the fragmented NAL unit 1478 payload, the S bit MUST be set to zero. 1480 E: 1 bit 1481 When set to one, the E bit indicates the end of a fragmented 1482 NAL unit, i.e. the last byte of the payload is also the last 1483 byte of the fragmented NAL unit. When the FU payload is not 1484 the last fragment of a fragmented NAL unit, the E bit MUST be 1485 set to zero. 1487 FuType: 6 bits 1488 The field FuType MUST be equal to the field Type of the 1489 fragmented NAL unit. 1491 The DONL field, when present, specifies the value of the 16 least 1492 significant bits of the decoding order number of the fragmented 1493 NAL unit. 1495 If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP 1496 streams, and the S bit is equal to 1, the DONL field MUST be 1497 present in the FU, and the variable DON for the fragmented NAL 1498 unit is derived as equal to the value of the DONL field. 1499 Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for all the RTP 1500 streams, or the S bit is equal to 0), the DONL field MUST NOT be 1501 present in the FU. 1503 A non-fragmented NAL unit MUST NOT be transmitted in one FU; i.e. 1504 the Start bit and End bit MUST NOT both be set to one in the same 1505 FU header. 1507 The FU payload consists of fragments of the payload of the 1508 fragmented NAL unit so that if the FU payloads of consecutive 1509 FUs, starting with an FU with the S bit equal to 1 and ending 1510 with an FU with the E bit equal to 1, are sequentially 1511 concatenated, the payload of the fragmented NAL unit can be 1512 reconstructed. The NAL unit header of the fragmented NAL unit is 1513 not included as such in the FU payload, but rather the 1514 information of the NAL unit header of the fragmented NAL unit is 1515 conveyed in F, LayerId, and TID fields of the FU payload headers 1516 of the FUs and the FuType field of the FU header of the FUs. An 1517 FU payload MUST NOT be empty. 1519 If an FU is lost, the receiver SHOULD discard all following 1520 fragmentation units in transmission order corresponding to the 1521 same fragmented NAL unit, unless the decoder in the receiver is 1522 known to be prepared to gracefully handle incomplete NAL units. 1524 A receiver in an endpoint or in a MANE MAY aggregate the first n- 1525 1 fragments of a NAL unit to an (incomplete) NAL unit, even if 1526 fragment n of that NAL unit is not received. In this case, the 1527 forbidden_zero_bit of the NAL unit MUST be set to one to indicate 1528 a syntax violation. 1530 4.9 PACI packets 1532 This section specifies the PACI packet structure. The basic 1533 payload header specified in this memo is intentionally limited to 1534 the 16 bits of the NAL unit header so to keep the packetization 1535 overhead to a minimum. However, cases have been identified where 1536 it is advisable to include control information in an easily 1537 accessible position in the packet header, despite the additional 1538 overhead. One such control information is the Temporal 1539 Scalability Control Information as specified in section 4.10 1540 below. PACI packets carry this and future, similar structures. 1542 The PACI packet structure is based on a payload header extension 1543 mechanism that is generic and extensible to carry payload header 1544 extensions. In this section, the focus lies on the use within 1545 this specification. Section 4.9.2 below provides guidance for 1546 the specification designers in how to employ the extension 1547 mechanism in future specifications. 1549 A PACI packet consists of a payload header (denoted as 1550 PayloadHdr), for which the structure follows what is described in 1551 section 4.3 above. The payload header is followed by the fields 1552 A, cType, PHSsize, F[0..2] and Y. 1554 Figure 11 shows a PACI packet in compliance with this memo; that 1555 is, without any extensions. 1557 0 1 2 3 1558 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1559 1 1560 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1561 +-+ 1562 | PayloadHdr (Type=50) |A| cType | PHSsize |F0..2|Y| 1563 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1564 +-+ 1565 | Payload Header Extension Structure (PHES) | 1567 |=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=| 1568 | | 1569 | PACI payload: NAL unit | 1570 | . . . | 1571 | | 1572 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1573 +-+ 1574 | :...OPTIONAL RTP padding | 1575 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1576 +- 1578 Figure 11 The structure of a PACI 1580 The fields in the payload header are set as follows. The F bit 1581 MUST be equal to 0. The Type field MUST be equal to 50. The 1582 value of LayerId MUST be a copy of the LayerId field of the PACI 1583 payload NAL unit or NAL-unit-like structure. The value of TID 1584 MUST be a copy of the TID field of the PACI payload NAL unit or 1585 NAL-unit-like structure. 1587 The semantics of other fields are as follows: 1589 A: 1 bit 1590 Copy of the F bit of the PACI payload NAL unit or NAL-unit- 1591 like structure. 1593 cType: 6 bits 1594 Copy of the Type field of the PACI payload NAL unit or NAL- 1595 unit-like structure. 1597 PHSsize: 5 bits 1598 Indicates the length of the PHES field. The value is limited 1599 to be less than or equal to 32 octets, to simplify encoder 1600 design for MTU size matching. 1602 F0 1603 This field equal to 1 specifies the presence of a temporal 1604 scalability support extension in the PHES. 1606 F1, F2 1607 MUST be 0, available for future extensions, see section 4.9.2. 1609 Y: 1 bit 1610 MUST be 0, available for future extensions, see section 4.9.2. 1612 PHES: variable number of octets 1613 A variable number of octets as indicated by the value of 1614 PHSsize. 1616 PACI Payload 1617 The single NAL unit packet or NAL-unit-like structure (such 1618 as: FU or AP) to be carried, not including the first two 1619 octets. 1621 Informative note: The first two octets of the NAL unit or 1622 NAL-unit-like structure carried in the PACI payload are not 1623 included in the PACI payload. Rather, the respective values 1624 are copied in locations of the PayloadHdr of the RTP 1625 packet. This design offers two advantages: first, the 1626 overall structure of the payload header is preserved, i.e. 1627 there is no special case of payload header structure that 1628 needs to be implemented for PACI. Second, no additional 1629 overhead is introduced. 1631 A PACI payload MAY be a single NAL unit, an FU, or an AP. 1632 PACIs MUST NOT be fragmented or aggregated. The following 1633 subsection documents the reasons for these design choices. 1635 4.9.1 Reasons for the PACI rules (informative) 1637 A PACI cannot be fragmented. If a PACI could be fragmented, and 1638 a fragment other than the first fragment would get lost, access 1639 to the information in the PACI would not be possible. Therefore, 1640 a PACI must not be fragmented. In other words, an FU must not 1641 carry (fragments of) a PACI. 1643 A PACI cannot be aggregated. Aggregation of PACIs is inadvisable 1644 from a compression viewpoint, as, in many cases, several to be 1645 aggregated NAL units would share identical PACI fields and values 1646 which would be carried redundantly for no reason. Most, if not 1647 all the practical effects of PACI aggregation can be achieved by 1648 aggregating NAL units and bundling them with a PACI (see below). 1649 Therefore, a PACI must not be aggregated. In other words, an AP 1650 must not contain a PACI. 1652 The payload of a PACI can be a fragment. Both middleboxes and 1653 sending systems with inflexible (often hardware-based) encoders 1654 occasionally find themselves in situations where a PACI and its 1655 headers, combined, are larger than the MTU size. In such a 1656 scenario, the middlebox or sender can fragment the NAL unit and 1657 encapsulate the fragment in a PACI. Doing so preserves the 1658 payload header extension information for all fragments, allowing 1659 downstream middleboxes and the receiver to take advantage of that 1660 information. Therefore, a sender may place a fragment into a 1661 PACI, and a receiver must be able to handle such a PACI. 1663 The payload of a PACI can be an aggregation NAL unit. HEVC 1664 bitstreams can contain unevenly sized and/or small (when compared 1665 to the MTU size) NAL units. In order to efficiently packetize 1666 such small NAL units, AP were introduced. The benefits of APs 1667 are independent from the need for a payload header extension. 1668 Therefore, a sender may place an AP into a PACI, and a receiver 1669 must be able to handle such a PACI. 1671 4.9.2 PACI extensions (Informative) 1673 This subsection includes recommendations for future specification 1674 designers on how to extent the PACI syntax to accommodate future 1675 extensions. Obviously, designers are free to specify whatever 1676 appears to be appropriate to them at the time of their design. 1677 However, a lot of thought has been invested into the extension 1678 mechanism described below, and we suggest that deviations from it 1679 warrant a good explanation. 1681 This memo defines only a single payload header extension (Temporal 1682 Scalability Control Information, described below in section 4.10), 1683 and, therefore, only the F0 bit carries semantics. F1 and F2 are 1684 already named (and not just marked as reserved, as a typical video 1685 spec designer would do). They are intended to signal two additional 1686 extensions. The Y bit allows to, recursively, add further F and Y 1687 bits to extend the mechanism beyond 3 possible payload header 1688 extensions. It is suggested to define a new packet type (using a 1689 different value for Type) when assigning the F1, F2, or Y bits 1690 different semantics than what is suggested below. 1692 When a Y bit is set, an 8 bit flag-extension is inserted after 1693 the Y bit. A flag-extension consists of 7 flags F[n..n+6], and 1694 another Y bit. 1696 The basic PACI header already includes F0, F1, and F2. 1697 Therefore, the Fx bits in the first flag-extensions are numbered 1698 F3, F4, ..., F9, the F bits in the second flag-extension are 1699 numbered F10, F11, ..., F16, and so forth. As a result, at least 1700 3 Fx bits are always in the PACI, but the number of Fx bits (and 1701 associated types of extensions), can be increased by setting the 1702 next Y bit and adding an octet of flag-extensions, carrying 7 1703 flags and another Y bit. The size of this list of flags is 1704 subject to the limits specified in section 4.9 (32 octets for all 1705 flag-extensions and the PHES information combined). 1707 Each of the F bits can indicate either the presence of 1708 information in the Payload Header Extension Structure (PHES), 1709 described below, or a given F bit can indicate a certain 1710 condition, without including additional information in the PHES. 1712 When a spec developer devises a new syntax that takes advantage 1713 of the PACI extension mechanism, he/she must follow the 1714 constraints listed below; otherwise the extension mechanism may 1715 break. 1717 1) The fields added for a particular Fx bit MUST be fixed in 1718 length and not depend on what other Fx bits are set (no 1719 parsing dependency). 1720 2) The Fx bits must be assigned in order. 1721 3) An implementation that supports the n-th Fn bit for any 1722 value of n must understand the syntax (though not 1723 necessarily the semantics) of the fields Fk (with k < n), so 1724 to be able to either use those bits when present, or at 1725 least be able to skip over them. 1727 4.10 Temporal Scalability Control Information 1729 This section describes the single payload header extension 1730 defined in this specification, known as Temporal Scalability 1731 Control Information (TSCI). If, in the future, additional 1732 payload header extensions become necessary, they could be 1733 specified in this section of an updated version of this document, 1734 or in their own documents. 1736 When F0 is set to 1 in a PACI, this specifies that the PHES field 1737 includes the TSCI fields TL0PICIDX, IrapPicID, S, and E as 1738 follows: 1740 0 1 2 3 1741 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1742 1 1743 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1744 +-+ 1745 | PayloadHdr (Type=50) |A| cType | PHSsize |F0..2|Y| 1746 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1747 +-+ 1748 | TL0PICIDX | IrapPicID |S|E| RES | | 1749 |-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | 1750 | .... | 1751 | PACI payload: NAL unit | 1752 | | 1753 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1754 +-+ 1755 | :...OPTIONAL RTP padding | 1756 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 1757 +-+ 1759 Figure 12 The structure of a PACI with a PHES containing a TSCI 1761 TL0PICIDX (8 bits) 1762 When present, the TL0PICIDX field MUST be set to equal to 1763 temporal_sub_layer_zero_idx as specified in Section D.3.22 of 1764 [H.265] for the access unit containing the NAL unit in the 1765 PACI. 1767 IrapPicID (8 bits) 1768 When present, the IrapPicID field MUST be set to equal to 1769 irap_pic_id as specified in Section D.3.22 of [H.265] for the 1770 access unit containing the NAL unit in the PACI. 1772 S (1 bit) 1773 The S bit MUST be set to 1 if any of the following conditions 1774 is true and MUST be set to 0 otherwise: 1775 o The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is the first VCL NAL 1776 unit, in decoding order, of a picture. 1778 o The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an AP and the NAL 1779 unit in the first contained aggregation unit is the first 1780 VCL NAL unit, in decoding order, of a picture. 1781 o The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an FU with its S 1782 bit equal to 1 and the FU payload containing a fragment of 1783 the first VCL NAL unit, in decoding order of a picture. 1785 E (1 bit) 1786 The E bit MUST be set to 1 if any of the following conditions 1787 is true and MUST be set to 0 otherwise: 1788 o The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is the last VCL NAL 1789 unit, in decoding order, of a picture. 1790 o The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an AP and the NAL 1791 unit in the last contained aggregation unit is the last VCL 1792 NAL unit, in decoding order, of a picture. 1793 o The NAL unit in the payload of the PACI is an FU with its E 1794 bit equal to 1 and the FU payload containing a fragment of 1795 the last VCL NAL unit, in decoding order of a picture. 1797 RES (6 bits) 1798 MUST be equal to 0. Reserved for future extensions. 1800 The value of PHSsize MUST be set to 3. Receivers MUST allow 1801 other values of the fields F0, F1, F2, Y, and PHSsize, and MUST 1802 ignore any additional fields, when present, than specified above 1803 in the PHES. 1805 5 Packetization Rules 1807 The following packetization rules apply: 1809 o If sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any of the RTP 1810 streams, the transmission order of NAL units carried in the RTP 1811 stream MAY be different than the NAL unit decoding order and the 1812 NAL unit output order. Otherwise (sprop-max-don-diff is equal 1813 to 0 for all the RTP streams), the transmission order of NAL 1814 units carried in the RTP stream MUST be the same as the NAL unit 1815 decoding order, and, when tx-mode is equal to "MRST" or "MRMT", 1816 MUST also be the same as the NAL unit output order. 1818 o A NAL unit of a small size SHOULD be encapsulated in an 1819 aggregation packet together with one or more other NAL units 1820 in order to avoid the unnecessary packetization overhead for 1821 small NAL units. For example, non-VCL NAL units such as 1822 access unit delimiters, parameter sets, or SEI NAL units are 1823 typically small and can often be aggregated with VCL NAL units 1824 without violating MTU size constraints. 1826 o Each non-VCL NAL unit SHOULD, when possible from an MTU size 1827 match viewpoint, be encapsulated in an aggregation packet 1828 together with its associated VCL NAL unit, as typically a non- 1829 VCL NAL unit would be meaningless without the associated VCL 1830 NAL unit being available. 1832 o For carrying exactly one NAL unit in an RTP packet, a single 1833 NAL unit packet MUST be used. 1835 6 De-packetization Process 1837 The general concept behind de-packetization is to get the NAL 1838 units out of the RTP packets in an RTP stream and all RTP streams 1839 the RTP stream depends on, if any, and pass them to the decoder 1840 in the NAL unit decoding order. 1842 The de-packetization process is implementation dependent. 1843 Therefore, the following description should be seen as an example 1844 of a suitable implementation. Other schemes may be used as well 1845 as long as the output for the same input is the same as the 1846 process described below. The output is the same when the set of 1847 output NAL units and their order are both identical. 1848 Optimizations relative to the described algorithms are possible. 1850 All normal RTP mechanisms related to buffer management apply. In 1851 particular, duplicated or outdated RTP packets (as indicated by 1852 the RTP sequences number and the RTP timestamp) are removed. To 1853 determine the exact time for decoding, factors such as a possible 1854 intentional delay to allow for proper inter-stream 1855 synchronization must be factored in. 1857 NAL units with NAL unit type values in the range of 0 to 47, 1858 inclusive may be passed to the decoder. NAL-unit-like structures 1859 with NAL unit type values in the range of 48 to 63, inclusive, 1860 MUST NOT be passed to the decoder. 1862 The receiver includes a receiver buffer, which is used to 1863 compensate for transmission delay jitter within individual RTP 1864 streams and across RTP streams, to reorder NAL units from 1865 transmission order to the NAL unit decoding order, and to recover 1866 the NAL unit decoding order in MRST or MRMT, when applicable. In 1867 this section, the receiver operation is described under the 1868 assumption that there is no transmission delay jitter within an 1869 RTP stream and across RTP streams. To make a difference from a 1870 practical receiver buffer that is also used for compensation of 1871 transmission delay jitter, the receiver buffer is here after 1872 called the de-packetization buffer in this section. Receivers 1873 should also prepare for transmission delay jitter; i.e. either 1874 reserve separate buffers for transmission delay jitter buffering 1875 and de-packetization buffering or use a receiver buffer for both 1876 transmission delay jitter and de-packetization. Moreover, 1877 receivers should take transmission delay jitter into account in 1878 the buffering operation; e.g. by additional initial buffering 1879 before starting of decoding and playback. 1881 When sprop-max-don-diff is equal to 0 for all the received RTP 1882 streams, the de-packetization buffer size is zero bytes and the 1883 process described in the remainder of this paragraph applies. 1884 When there is only one RTP stream received, the NAL units carried 1885 in the single RTP stream are directly passed to the decoder in 1886 their transmission order, which is identical to their decoding 1887 order. When there is more than one RTP stream received, the NAL 1888 units carried in the multiple RTP streams are passed to the 1889 decoder in their NTP timestamp order. When there are several NAL 1890 units of different RTP streams with the same NTP timestamp, the 1891 order to pass them to the decoder is their dependency order, 1892 where NAL units of a dependee RTP stream are passed to the 1893 decoder prior to the NAL units of the dependent RTP stream. When 1894 there are several NAL units of the same RTP stream with the same 1895 NTP timestamp, the order to pass them to the decoder is their 1896 transmission order. 1898 Informative note: The mapping between RTP and NTP 1899 timestamps is conveyed in RTCP SR packets. In addition, 1900 the mechanisms for faster media timestamp synchronization 1901 discussed in [RFC6051] may be used to speed up the 1902 acquisition of the RTP-to-wall-clock mapping. 1904 When sprop-max-don-diff is greater than 0 for any the received 1905 RTP streams, the process described in the remainder of this 1906 section applies. 1908 There are two buffering states in the receiver: initial buffering 1909 and buffering while playing. Initial buffering starts when the 1910 reception is initialized. After initial buffering, decoding and 1911 playback are started, and the buffering-while-playing mode is 1912 used. 1914 Regardless of the buffering state, the receiver stores incoming 1915 NAL units, in reception order, into the de-packetization buffer. 1916 NAL units carried in RTP packets are stored in the de- 1917 packetization buffer individually, and the value of AbsDon is 1918 calculated and stored for each NAL unit. When MRST or MRMT is in 1919 use, NAL units of all RTP streams of a bitstream are stored in 1920 the same de-packetization buffer. When NAL units carried in any 1921 two RTP streams are available to be placed into the de- 1922 packetization buffer, those NAL units carried in the RTP stream 1923 that is lower in the dependency tree are placed into the buffer 1924 first. For example, if RTP stream A depends on RTP stream B, 1925 then NAL units carried in RTP stream B are placed into the buffer 1926 first. 1928 Initial buffering lasts until condition A (the difference between 1929 the greatest and smallest AbsDon values of the NAL units in the 1930 de-packetization buffer is greater than or equal to the value of 1931 sprop-max-don-diff of the highest RTP stream) or condition B (the 1932 number of NAL units in the de-packetization buffer is greater 1933 than the value of sprop-depack-buf-nalus) is true. 1935 After initial buffering, whenever condition A or condition B is 1936 true, the following operation is repeatedly applied until both 1937 condition A and condition B become false: 1939 o The NAL unit in the de-packetization buffer with the smallest 1940 value of AbsDon is removed from the de-packetization buffer 1941 and passed to the decoder. 1943 When no more NAL units are flowing into the de-packetization 1944 buffer, all NAL units remaining in the de-packetization buffer 1945 are removed from the buffer and passed to the decoder in the 1946 order of increasing AbsDon values. 1948 7 Payload Format Parameters 1950 This section specifies the parameters that MAY be used to select 1951 optional features of the payload format and certain features or 1952 properties of the bitstream or the RTP stream. The parameters 1953 are specified here as part of the media type registration for the 1954 HEVC codec. A mapping of the parameters into the Session 1955 Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566] is also provided for 1956 applications that use SDP. Equivalent parameters could be 1957 defined elsewhere for use with control protocols that do not use 1958 SDP. 1960 7.1 Media Type Registration 1962 The media subtype for the HEVC codec is allocated from the IETF 1963 tree. 1965 The receiver MUST ignore any unrecognized parameter. 1967 Media Type name: video 1969 Media subtype name: H265 1971 Required parameters: none 1973 OPTIONAL parameters: 1975 profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile-compatibility- 1976 indicator, interop-constraints, and level-id: 1978 These parameters indicate the profile, tier, default level, 1979 and some constraints of the bitstream carried by the RTP 1980 stream and all RTP streams the RTP stream depends on, or a 1981 specific set of the profile, tier, default level, and some 1982 constraints the receiver supports. 1984 The profile and some constraints are indicated collectively 1985 by profile-space, profile-id, profile-compatibility- 1986 indicator, and interop-constraints. The profile specifies 1987 the subset of coding tools that may have been used to 1988 generate the bitstream or that the receiver supports. 1990 Informative note: There are 32 values of profile-id, and 1991 there are 32 flags in profile-compatibility-indicator, 1992 each flag corresponding to one value of profile-id. 1993 According to HEVC version 1 in [HEVC], when more than 1994 one of the 32 flags is set for a bitstream, the 1995 bitstream would comply with all the profiles 1996 corresponding to the set flags. However, in a draft of 1997 HEVC version 2 in [HEVC draft v2], subclause A.3.5, 19 1998 Format Range Extensions profiles have been specified, 1999 all using the same value of profile-id (4), 2000 differentiated by some of the 48 bits in interop- 2001 constraints - this (rather unexpected way of profile 2002 signalling) means that one of the 32 flags may 2003 correspond to multiple profiles. To be able to support 2004 whatever HEVC extension profile that might be specified 2005 and indicated using profile-space, profile-id, profile- 2006 compatibility-indicator, and interop-constraints in the 2007 future, it would be safe to require symmetric use of 2008 these parameters in SDP offer/answer unless recv-sub- 2009 layer-id is included in the SDP answer for choosing one 2010 of the sub-layers offered. 2012 The tier is indicated by tier-flag. The default level is 2013 indicated by level-id. The tier and the default level 2014 specify the limits on values of syntax elements or 2015 arithmetic combinations of values of syntax elements that 2016 are followed when generating the bitstream or that the 2017 receiver supports. 2019 A set of profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile- 2020 compatibility-indicator, interop-constraints, and level-id 2021 parameters ptlA is said to be consistent with another set 2022 of these parameters ptlB if any decoder that conforms to 2023 the profile, tier, level, and constraints indicated by ptlB 2024 can decode any bitstream that conforms to the profile, 2025 tier, level, and constraints indicated by ptlA. 2027 In SDP offer/answer, when the SDP answer does not include 2028 the recv-sub-layer-id parameter that is less than the 2029 sprop-sub-layer-id parameter in the SDP offer, the 2030 following applies: 2032 o The profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile- 2033 compatibility-indicator, and interop-constraints 2034 parameters MUST be used symmetrically, i.e. the value 2035 of each of these parameters in the offer MUST be the 2036 same as that in the answer, either explicitly 2037 signalled or implicitly inferred. 2038 o The level-id parameter is changeable as long as the 2039 highest level indicated by the answer is either equal 2040 to or lower than that in the offer. Note that the 2041 highest level is indicated by level-id and max-recv- 2042 level-id together. 2044 In SDP offer/answer, when the SDP answer does include the 2045 recv-sub-layer-id parameter that is less than the sprop- 2046 sub-layer-id parameter in the SDP offer, the set of 2047 profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile- 2048 compatibility-indicator, interop-constraints, and level-id 2049 parameters included in the answer MUST be consistent with 2050 that for the chosen sub-layer representation as indicated 2051 in the SDP offer, with the exception that the level-id 2052 parameter in the SDP answer is changable as long as the 2053 highest level indicated by the answer is either lower than 2054 or equal to that in the offer. 2056 More specifications of these parameters, including how they 2057 relate to the values of the profile, tier, and level syntax 2058 elements specified in [HEVC] are provided below. 2060 profile-space, profile-id: 2062 The value of profile-space MUST be in the range of 0 to 3, 2063 inclusive. The value of profile-id MUST be in the range of 2064 0 to 31, inclusive. 2066 When profile-space is not present, a value of 0 MUST be 2067 inferred. When profile-id is not present, a value of 1 2068 (i.e. the Main profile) MUST be inferred. 2070 When used to indicate properties of a bitstream, profile- 2071 space and profile-id are derived from the profile, tier, 2072 and level syntax elements in SPS or VPS NAL units as 2073 follows, where general_profile_space, general_profile_idc, 2074 sub_layer_profile_space[j], and sub_layer_profile_idc[j] 2075 are specified in [HEVC]: 2077 If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the 2078 following applies: 2080 o profile_space = general_profile_space 2081 o profile_id = general_profile_idc 2083 Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the 2084 following applies, with j being the value of the sprop- 2085 sub-layer-id parameter: 2087 o profile_space = sub_layer_profile_space[j] 2088 o profile_id = sub_layer_profile_idc[j] 2090 tier-flag, level-id: 2092 The value of tier-flag MUST be in the range of 0 to 1, 2093 inclusive. The value of level-id MUST be in the range of 0 2094 to 255, inclusive. 2096 If the tier-flag and level-id parameters are used to 2097 indicate properties of a bitstream, they indicate the tier 2098 and the highest level the bitstream complies with. 2100 If the tier-flag and level-id parameters are used for 2101 capability exchange, the following applies. If max-recv- 2102 level-id is not present, the default level defined by 2103 level-id indicates the highest level the codec wishes to 2104 support. Otherwise, max-recv-level-id indicates the 2105 highest level the codec supports for receiving. For either 2106 receiving or sending, all levels that are lower than the 2107 highest level supported MUST also be supported. 2109 If no tier-flag is present, a value of 0 MUST be inferred 2110 and if no level-id is present, a value of 93 (i.e. level 2111 3.1) MUST be inferred. 2113 When used to indicate properties of a bitstream, the tier- 2114 flag and level-id parameters are derived from the profile, 2115 tier, and level syntax elements in SPS or VPS NAL units as 2116 follows, where general_tier_flag, general_level_idc, 2117 sub_layer_tier_flag[j], and sub_layer_level_idc[j] are 2118 specified in [HEVC]: 2120 If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the 2121 following applies: 2123 o tier-flag = general_tier_flag 2124 o level-id = general_level_idc 2126 Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the 2127 following applies, with j being the value of the sprop- 2128 sub-layer-id parameter: 2130 o tier-flag = sub_layer_tier_flag[j] 2131 o level-id = sub_layer_level_idc[j] 2133 interop-constraints: 2135 A base16 [RFC4648] (hexadecimal) representation of six 2136 bytes of data, consisting of progressive_source_flag, 2137 interlaced_source_flag, non_packed_constraint_flag, 2138 frame_only_constraint_flag, and reserved_zero_44bits. 2140 If the interop-constraints parameter is not present, the 2141 following MUST be inferred: 2143 o progressive_source_flag = 1 2144 o interlaced_source_flag = 0 2145 o non_packed_constraint_flag = 1 2146 o frame_only_constraint_flag = 1 2147 o reserved_zero_44bits = 0 2149 When the interop-constraints parameter is used to indicate 2150 properties of a bitstream, the following applies, where 2151 general_progressive_source_flag, 2152 general_interlaced_source_flag, 2153 general_non_packed_constraint_flag, 2154 general_non_packed_constraint_flag, 2155 general_frame_only_constraint_flag, 2156 general_reserved_zero_44bits, 2157 sub_layer_progressive_source_flag[j], 2158 sub_layer_interlaced_source_flag[j], 2159 sub_layer_non_packed_constraint_flag[j], 2160 sub_layer_frame_only_constraint_flag[j], and 2161 sub_layer_reserved_zero_44bits[j] are specified in [HEVC]: 2163 If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the 2164 following applies: 2166 o progressive_source_flag = 2167 general_progressive_source_flag 2168 o interlaced_source_flag = 2169 general_interlaced_source_flag 2170 o non_packed_constraint_flag = 2171 general_non_packed_constraint_flag 2172 o frame_only_constraint_flag = 2173 general_frame_only_constraint_flag 2174 o reserved_zero_44bits = general_reserved_zero_44bits 2176 Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the 2177 following applies, with j being the value of the sprop- 2178 sub-layer-id parameter: 2180 o progressive_source_flag = 2181 sub_layer_progressive_source_flag[j] 2182 o interlaced_source_flag = 2183 sub_layer_interlaced_source_flag[j] 2185 o non_packed_constraint_flag = 2187 sub_layer_non_packed_constraint_flag[j] 2188 o frame_only_constraint_flag = 2190 sub_layer_frame_only_constraint_flag[j] 2191 o reserved_zero_44bits = 2192 sub_layer_reserved_zero_44bits[j] 2194 Using interop-constraints for capability exchange results 2195 in a requirement on any bitstream to be compliant with the 2196 interop-constraints. 2198 profile-compatibility-indicator: 2200 A base16 [RFC4648] representation of four bytes of data. 2202 When profile-compatibility-indicator is used to indicate 2203 properties of a bitstream, the following applies, where 2204 general_profile_compatibility_flag[j] and 2205 sub_layer_profile_compatibility_flag[i][j] are specified in 2206 [HEVC]: 2208 The profile-compatibility-indicator in this case 2209 indicates additional profiles to the profile defined by 2210 profile_space, profile_id, and interop-constraints the 2211 bitstream conforms to. A decoder that conforms to any 2212 of all the profiles the bitstream conforms to would be 2213 capable of decoding the bitstream. These additional 2214 profiles are defined by profile-space, each set bit of 2215 profile-compatibility-indicator, and interop- 2216 constraints. 2218 If the RTP stream is the highest RTP stream, the 2219 following applies for each value of j in the range of 0 2220 to 31, inclusive: 2222 o bit j of profile-compatibility-indicator = 2223 general_profile_compatibility_flag[j] 2225 Otherwise (the RTP stream is a dependee RTP stream), the 2226 following applies for i equal to sprop-sub-layer-id and 2227 for each value of j in the range of 0 to 31, inclusive: 2229 o bit j of profile-compatibility-indicator = 2230 sub_layer_profile_compatibility_flag[i][j] 2232 Using profile-compatibility-indicator for capability 2233 exchange results in a requirement on any bitstream to be 2234 compliant with the profile-compatibility-indicator. This 2235 is intended to handle cases where any future HEVC profile 2236 is defined as an intersection of two or more profiles. 2238 If this parameter is not present, this parameter defaults 2239 to the following: bit j, with j equal to profile-id, of 2240 profile-compatibility-indicator is inferred to be equal to 2241 1, and all other bits are inferred to be equal to 0. 2243 sprop-sub-layer-id: 2245 This parameter MAY be used to indicate the highest allowed 2246 value of TID in the bitstream. When not present, the value 2247 of sprop-sub-layer-id is inferred to be equal to 6. 2249 The value of sprop-sub-layer-id MUST be in the range of 0 2250 to 6, inclusive. 2252 recv-sub-layer-id: 2254 This parameter MAY be used to signal a receiver's choice of 2255 the offered or declared sub-layer representations in the 2256 sprop-vps. The value of recv-sub-layer-id indicates the 2257 TID of the highest sub-layer of the bitstream that a 2258 receiver supports. When not present, the value of recv- 2259 sub-layer-id is inferred to be equal to the value of the 2260 sprop-sub-layer-id parameter in the SDP offer. 2262 The value of recv-sub-layer-id MUST be in the range of 0 to 2263 6, inclusive. 2265 max-recv-level-id: 2267 This parameter MAY be used to indicate the highest level a 2268 receiver supports. The highest level the receiver supports 2269 is equal to the value of max-recv-level-id divided by 30. 2271 The value of max-recv-level-id MUST be in the range of 0 2272 to 255, inclusive. 2274 When max-recv-level-id is not present, the value is 2275 inferred to be equal to level-id. 2277 max-recv-level-id MUST NOT be present when the highest 2278 level the receiver supports is not higher than the default 2279 level. 2281 tx-mode: 2283 This parameter indicates whether the transmission mode is 2284 SRST, MRST, or MRMT. 2286 The value of tx-mode MUST be equal to "SRST", "MRST" or 2287 "MRMT". When not present, the value of tx-mode is inferred 2288 to be equal to "SRST". 2290 If the value is equal to "MRST", MRST MUST be in use. 2291 Otherwise, if the value is equal to "MRMT", MRMT MUST be in 2292 use. Otherwise (the value is equal to "SRST"), SRST MUST be 2293 in use. 2295 The value of tx-mode MUST be equal to "MRST" for all RTP 2296 streams in an MRST. 2298 The value of tx-mode MUST be equal to "MRMT" for all RTP 2299 streams in an MRMT. 2301 sprop-vps: 2303 This parameter MAY be used to convey any video parameter 2304 set NAL unit of the bitstream for out-of-band transmission 2305 of video parameter sets. The parameter MAY also be used 2306 for capability exchange and to indicate sub-stream 2307 characteristics (i.e. properties of sub-layer 2308 representations as defined in [HEVC]). The value of the 2309 parameter is a comma-separated (',') list of base64 2310 [RFC4648] representations of the video parameter set NAL 2311 units as specified in Section 7.3.2.1 of [HEVC]. 2313 The sprop-vps parameter MAY contain one or more than one 2314 video parameter set NAL unit. However, all other video 2315 parameter sets contained in the sprop-vps parameter MUST be 2316 consistent with the first video parameter set in the sprop- 2317 vps parameter. A video parameter set vpsB is said to be 2318 consistent with another video parameter set vpsA if any 2319 decoder that conforms to the profile, tier, level, and 2320 constraints indicated by the 12 bytes of data starting from 2321 the syntax element general_profile_space to the syntax 2322 element general_level_id, inclusive, in the first 2323 profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in vpsA can decode 2324 any bitstream that conforms to the profile, tier, level, 2325 and constraints indicated by the 12 bytes of data starting 2326 from the syntax element general_profile_space to the syntax 2327 element general_level_id, inclusive, in the first 2328 profile_tier_level( ) syntax structure in vpsB. 2330 sprop-sps: 2332 This parameter MAY be used to convey sequence parameter set 2333 NAL units of the bitstream for out-of-band transmission of 2334 sequence parameter sets. The value of the parameter is a 2335 comma-separated (',') list of base64 [RFC4648] 2336 representations of the sequence parameter set NAL units as 2337 specified in Section 7.3.2.2 of [HEVC]. 2339 sprop-pps: 2341 This parameter MAY be used to convey picture parameter set 2342 NAL units of the bitstream for out-of-band transmission of 2343 picture parameter sets. The value of the parameter is a 2344 comma-separated (',') list of base64 [RFC4648] 2345 representations of the picture parameter set NAL units as 2346 specified in Section 7.3.2.3 of [HEVC]. 2348 sprop-sei: 2350 This parameter MAY be used to convey one or more SEI 2351 messages that describe bitstream characteristics. When 2352 present, a decoder can rely on the bitstream 2353 characteristics that are described in the SEI messages for 2354 the entire duration of the session, independently from the 2355 persistence scopes of the SEI messages as specified in 2356 [HEVC]. 2358 The value of the parameter is a comma-separated (',') list 2359 of base64 [RFC4648] representations of SEI NAL units as 2360 specified in Section 7.3.2.4 of [HEVC]. 2362 Informative note: Intentionally, no list of applicable 2363 or inapplicable SEI messages is specified here. 2364 Conveying certain SEI messages in sprop-sei may be 2365 sensible in some application scenarios and meaningless 2366 in others. However, a few examples are described below: 2368 1) In an environment where the bitstream was created 2369 from film-based source material, and no splicing is 2370 going to occur during the lifetime of the session, 2371 the film grain characteristics SEI message or the 2372 tone mapping information SEI message are likely 2373 meaningful, and sending them in sprop-sei rather than 2374 in the bitstream at each entry point may help saving 2375 bits and allows to configure the renderer only once, 2376 avoiding unwanted artifacts. 2377 2) The structure of pictures information SEI message in 2378 sprop-sei can be used to inform a decoder of 2379 information on the NAL unit types, picture order 2380 count values, and prediction dependencies of a 2381 sequence of pictures. Having such knowledge can be 2382 helpful for error recovery. 2383 3) Examples for SEI messages that would be meaningless 2384 to be conveyed in sprop-sei include the decoded 2385 picture hash SEI message (it is close to impossible 2386 that all decoded pictures have the same hash-tag), 2387 the display orientation SEI message when the device 2388 is a handheld device (as the display orientation may 2389 change when the handheld device is turned around), or 2390 the filler payload SEI message (as there is no point 2391 in just having more bits in SDP). 2393 max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max-br, max-tr, max-tc: 2395 These parameters MAY be used to signal the capabilities of 2396 a receiver implementation. These parameters MUST NOT be 2397 used for any other purpose. The highest level (specified 2398 by max-recv-level-id) MUST be such that the receiver is 2399 fully capable of supporting. max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, 2400 max-dpb, max-br, max-tr, and max-tc MAY be used to indicate 2401 capabilities of the receiver that extend the required 2402 capabilities of the highest level, as specified below. 2404 When more than one parameter from the set (max-lsr, max- 2405 lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max-br, max-tr, max-tc) is present, 2406 the receiver MUST support all signaled capabilities 2407 simultaneously. For example, if both max-lsr and max-br 2408 are present, the highest level with the extension of both 2409 the picture rate and bitrate is supported. That is, the 2410 receiver is able to decode bitstreams in which the luma 2411 sample rate is up to max-lsr (inclusive), the bitrate is up 2412 to max-br (inclusive), the coded picture buffer size is 2413 derived as specified in the semantics of the max-br 2414 parameter below, and the other properties comply with the 2415 highest level specified by max-recv-level-id. 2417 Informative note: When the OPTIONAL media type 2418 parameters are used to signal the properties of a 2419 bitstream, and max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max- 2420 br, max-tr, and max-tc are not present, the values of 2421 profile-space, tier-flag, profile-id, profile- 2422 compatibility-indicator, interop-constraints, and level- 2423 id must always be such that the bitstream complies fully 2424 with the specified profile, tier, and level. 2426 max-lsr: 2427 The value of max-lsr is an integer indicating the maximum 2428 processing rate in units of luma samples per second. The 2429 max-lsr parameter signals that the receiver is capable of 2430 decoding video at a higher rate than is required by the 2431 highest level. 2433 When max-lsr is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to 2434 decode bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with 2435 the exception that the MaxLumaSR value in Table A-2 of 2436 [HEVC] for the highest level is replaced with the value of 2437 max-lsr. Senders MAY use this knowledge to send pictures 2438 of a given size at a higher picture rate than is indicated 2439 in the highest level. 2441 When not present, the value of max-lsr is inferred to be 2442 equal to the value of MaxLumaSR given in Table A-2 of 2443 [HEVC] for the highest level. 2445 The value of max-lsr MUST be in the range of MaxLumaSR to 2446 16 * MaxLumaSR, inclusive, where MaxLumaSR is given in 2447 Table A-2 of [HEVC] for the highest level. 2449 max-lps: 2450 The value of max-lps is an integer indicating the maximum 2451 picture size in units of luma samples. The max-lps 2452 parameter signals that the receiver is capable of decoding 2453 larger picture sizes than are required by the highest 2454 level. When max-lps is signaled, the receiver MUST be able 2455 to decode bitstreams that conform to the highest level, 2456 with the exception that the MaxLumaPS value in Table A-1 of 2457 [HEVC] for the highest level is replaced with the value of 2458 max-lps. Senders MAY use this knowledge to send larger 2459 pictures at a proportionally lower picture rate than is 2460 indicated in the highest level. 2462 When not present, the value of max-lps is inferred to be 2463 equal to the value of MaxLumaPS given in Table A-1 of 2464 [HEVC] for the highest level. 2466 The value of max-lps MUST be in the range of MaxLumaPS to 2467 16 * MaxLumaPS, inclusive, where MaxLumaPS is given in 2468 Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the highest level. 2470 max-cpb: 2471 The value of max-cpb is an integer indicating the maximum 2472 coded picture buffer size in units of CpbBrVclFactor bits 2473 for the VCL HRD parameters and in units of CpbBrNalFactor 2474 bits for the NAL HRD parameters, where CpbBrVclFactor and 2475 CpbBrNalFactor are defined in Section A.4 of [HEVC]. The 2476 max-cpb parameter signals that the receiver has more memory 2477 than the minimum amount of coded picture buffer memory 2478 required by the highest level. When max-cpb is signaled, 2479 the receiver MUST be able to decode bitstreams that conform 2480 to the highest level, with the exception that the MaxCPB 2481 value in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the highest level is 2482 replaced with the value of max-cpb. Senders MAY use this 2483 knowledge to construct coded bitstreams with greater 2484 variation of bitrate than can be achieved with the MaxCPB 2485 value in Table A-1 of [HEVC]. 2487 When not present, the value of max-cpb is inferred to be 2488 equal to the value of MaxCPB given in Table A-1 of [HEVC] 2489 for the highest level. 2491 The value of max-cpb MUST be in the range of MaxCPB to 2492 16 * MaxCPB, inclusive, where MaxLumaCPB is given in Table 2493 A-1 of [HEVC] for the highest level. 2495 Informative note: The coded picture buffer is used in 2496 the hypothetical reference decoder (Annex C of HEVC). 2497 The use of the hypothetical reference decoder is 2498 recommended in HEVC encoders to verify that the produced 2499 bitstream conforms to the standard and to control the 2500 output bitrate. Thus, the coded picture buffer is 2501 conceptually independent of any other potential buffers 2502 in the receiver, including de-packetization and de- 2503 jitter buffers. The coded picture buffer need not be 2504 implemented in decoders as specified in Annex C of HEVC, 2505 but rather standard-compliant decoders can have any 2506 buffering arrangements provided that they can decode 2507 standard-compliant bitstreams. Thus, in practice, the 2508 input buffer for a video decoder can be integrated with 2509 de-packetization and de-jitter buffers of the receiver. 2511 max-dpb: 2512 The value of max-dpb is an integer indicating the maximum 2513 decoded picture buffer size in units decoded pictures at 2514 the MaxLumaPS for the highest level, i.e. the number of 2515 decoded pictures at the maximum picture size defined by the 2516 highest level. The value of max-dpb MUST be in the range 2517 of 1 to 16, respectively. The max-dpb parameter signals 2518 that the receiver has more memory than the minimum amount 2519 of decoded picture buffer memory required by default, which 2520 is MaxDpbPicBuf as defined in [HEVC] (equal to 6). When 2521 max-dpb is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to decode 2522 bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with the 2523 exception that the MaxDpbPicBuff value defined in [HEVC] as 2524 6 is replaced with the value of max-dpb. Consequently, a 2525 receiver that signals max-dpb MUST be capable of storing 2526 the following number of decoded pictures (MaxDpbSize) in 2527 its decoded picture buffer: 2529 if( PicSizeInSamplesY <= ( MaxLumaPS >> 2 ) ) 2530 MaxDpbSize = Min( 4 * max-dpb, 16 ) 2531 else if ( PicSizeInSamplesY <= ( MaxLumaPS >> 1 ) ) 2532 MaxDpbSize = Min( 2 * max-dpb, 16 ) 2533 else if ( PicSizeInSamplesY <= ( ( 3 * MaxLumaPS ) >> 2 2534 ) ) 2535 MaxDpbSize = Min( (4 * max-dpb) / 3, 16 ) 2536 else 2537 MaxDpbSize = max-dpb 2539 Wherein MaxLumaPS given in Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the 2540 highest level and PicSizeInSamplesY is the current size of 2541 each decoded picture in units of luma samples as defined in 2542 [HEVC]. 2544 The value of max-dpb MUST be greater than or equal to the 2545 value of MaxDpbPicBuf (i.e. 6) as defined in [HEVC]. 2546 Senders MAY use this knowledge to construct coded 2547 bitstreams with improved compression. 2549 When not present, the value of max-dpb is inferred to be 2550 equal to the value of MaxDpbPicBuf (i.e. 6) as defined in 2551 [HEVC]. 2553 Informative note: This parameter was added primarily to 2554 complement a similar codepoint in the ITU-T 2555 Recommendation H.245, so as to facilitate signaling 2556 gateway designs. The decoded picture buffer stores 2557 reconstructed samples. There is no relationship between 2558 the size of the decoded picture buffer and the buffers 2559 used in RTP, especially de-packetization and de-jitter 2560 buffers. 2562 max-br: 2563 The value of max-br is an integer indicating the maximum 2564 video bitrate in units of CpbBrVclFactor bits per second 2565 for the VCL HRD parameters and in units of CpbBrNalFactor 2566 bits per second for the NAL HRD parameters, where 2567 CpbBrVclFactor and CpbBrNalFactor are defined in Section 2568 A.4 of [HEVC]. 2570 The max-br parameter signals that the video decoder of the 2571 receiver is capable of decoding video at a higher bitrate 2572 than is required by the highest level. 2574 When max-br is signaled, the video codec of the receiver 2575 MUST be able to decode bitstreams that conform to the 2576 highest level, with the following exceptions in the limits 2577 specified by the highest level: 2579 o The value of max-br replaces the MaxBR value in Table A- 2580 2 of [HEVC] for the highest level. 2581 o When the max-cpb parameter is not present, the result of 2582 the following formula replaces the value of MaxCPB in 2583 Table A-1 of [HEVC]: 2585 (MaxCPB of the highest level) * max-br / (MaxBR of 2586 the highest level) 2588 For example, if a receiver signals capability for Main 2589 profile Level 2 with max-br equal to 2000, this indicates a 2590 maximum video bitrate of 2000 kbits/sec for VCL HRD 2591 parameters, a maximum video bitrate of 2200 kbits/sec for 2592 NAL HRD parameters, and a CPB size of 2000000 bits (2000000 2593 / 1500000 * 1500000). 2595 Senders MAY use this knowledge to send higher bitrate video 2596 as allowed in the level definition of Annex A of HEVC to 2597 achieve improved video quality. 2599 When not present, the value of max-br is inferred to be 2600 equal to the value of MaxBR given in Table A-2 of [HEVC] 2601 for the highest level. 2603 The value of max-br MUST be in the range of MaxBR to 2604 16 * MaxBR, inclusive, where MaxBR is given in Table A-2 of 2605 [HEVC] for the highest level. 2607 Informative note: This parameter was added primarily to 2608 complement a similar codepoint in the ITU-T 2609 Recommendation H.245, so as to facilitate signaling 2610 gateway designs. The assumption that the network is 2611 capable of handling such bitrates at any given time 2612 cannot be made from the value of this parameter. In 2613 particular, no conclusion can be drawn that the signaled 2614 bitrate is possible under congestion control 2615 constraints. 2617 max-tr: 2618 The value of max-tr is an integer indication the maximum 2619 number of tile rows. The max-tr parameter signals that the 2620 receiver is capable of decoding video with a larger number 2621 of tile rows than the value allowed by the highest level. 2623 When max-tr is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to 2624 decode bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with 2625 the exception that the MaxTileRows value in Table A-1 of 2626 [HEVC] for the highest level is replaced with the value of 2627 max-tr. 2629 Senders MAY use this knowledge to send pictures utilizing a 2630 larger number of tile rows than the value allowed by the 2631 highest level. 2633 When not present, the value of max-tr is inferred to be 2634 equal to the value of MaxTileRows given in Table A-1 of 2635 [HEVC] for the highest level. 2637 The value of max-tr MUST be in the range of MaxTileRows to 2638 16 * MaxTileRows, inclusive, where MaxTileRows is given in 2639 Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the highest level. 2641 max-tc: 2642 The value of max-tc is an integer indication the maximum 2643 number of tile columns. The max-tc parameter signals that 2644 the receiver is capable of decoding video with a larger 2645 number of tile columns than the value allowed by the 2646 highest level. 2648 When max-tc is signaled, the receiver MUST be able to 2649 decode bitstreams that conform to the highest level, with 2650 the exception that the MaxTileCols value in Table A-1 of 2651 [HEVC] for the highest level is replaced with the value of 2652 max-tc. 2654 Senders MAY use this knowledge to send pictures utilizing a 2655 larger number of tile columns than the value allowed by the 2656 highest level. 2658 When not present, the value of max-tc is inferred to be 2659 equal to the value of MaxTileCols given in Table A-1 of 2660 [HEVC] for the highest level. 2662 The value of max-tc MUST be in the range of MaxTileCols to 2663 16 * MaxTileCols, inclusive, where MaxTileCols is given in 2664 Table A-1 of [HEVC] for the highest level. 2666 max-fps: 2668 The value of max-fps is an integer indicating the maximum 2669 picture rate in units of pictures per 100 seconds that can 2670 be effectively processed by the receiver. The max-fps 2671 parameter MAY be used to signal that the receiver has a 2672 constraint in that it is not capable of processing video 2673 effectively at the full picture rate that is implied by the 2674 highest level and, when present, one or more of the 2675 parameters max-lsr, max-lps, and max-br. 2677 The value of max-fps is not necessarily the picture rate at 2678 which the maximum picture size can be sent, it constitutes 2679 a constraint on maximum picture rate for all resolutions. 2681 Informative note: The max-fps parameter is semantically 2682 different from max-lsr, max-lps, max-cpb, max-dpb, max- 2683 br, max-tr, and max-tc in that max-fps is used to signal 2684 a constraint, lowering the maximum picture rate from 2685 what is implied by other parameters. 2687 The encoder MUST use a picture rate equal to or less than 2688 this value. In cases where the max-fps parameter is absent 2689 the encoder is free to choose any picture rate according to 2690 the highest level and any signaled optional parameters. 2692 The value of max-fps MUST be smaller than or equal to the 2693 full picture rate that is implied by the highest level and, 2694 when present, one or more of the parameters max-lsr, max- 2695 lps, and max-br. 2697 sprop-max-don-diff: 2699 If tx-mode is equal to "SRST" and there is no NAL unit 2700 naluA that is followed in transmission order by any NAL 2701 unit preceding naluA in decoding order (i.e. the 2702 transmission order of the NAL units is the same as the 2703 decoding order), the value of this parameter MUST be equal 2704 to 0. 2706 Otherwise, if tx-mode is equal to "MRST" or "MRMT", the 2707 decoding order of the NAL units of all the RTP streams is 2708 the same as the NAL unit transmission order and the NAL 2709 unit output order, the value of this parameter MUST be 2710 equal to either 0 or 1. 2712 Otherwise, if tx-mode is equal to "MRST" or "MRMT" and the 2713 decoding order of the NAL units of all the RTP streams is 2714 the same as the NAL unit transmission order but not the 2715 same as the NAL unit output order, the value of this 2716 parameter MUST be equal to 1. 2718 Otherwise, this parameter specifies the maximum absolute 2719 difference between the decoding order number (i.e., AbsDon) 2720 values of any two NAL units naluA and naluB, where naluA 2721 follows naluB in decoding order and precedes naluB in 2722 transmission order. 2724 The value of sprop-max-don-diff MUST be an integer in the 2725 range of 0 to 32767, inclusive. 2727 When not present, the value of sprop-max-don-diff is 2728 inferred to be equal to 0. 2730 sprop-depack-buf-nalus: 2732 This parameter specifies the maximum number of NAL units 2733 that precede a NAL unit in transmission order and follow 2734 the NAL unit in decoding order. 2736 The value of sprop-depack-buf-nalus MUST be an integer in 2737 the range of 0 to 32767, inclusive. 2739 When not present, the value of sprop-depack-buf-nalus is 2740 inferred to be equal to 0. 2742 When sprop-max-don-diff is present and greater than 0, this 2743 parameter MUST be present and the value MUST be greater 2744 than 0. 2746 sprop-depack-buf-bytes: 2748 This parameter signals the required size of the de- 2749 packetization buffer in units of bytes. The value of the 2750 parameter MUST be greater than or equal to the maximum 2751 buffer occupancy (in units of bytes) of the de- 2752 packetization buffer as specified in section 6. 2754 The value of sprop-depack-buf-bytes MUST be an integer in 2755 the range of 0 to 4294967295, inclusive. 2757 When sprop-max-don-diff is present and greater than 0, this 2758 parameter MUST be present and the value MUST be greater 2759 than 0. When not present, the value of sprop-depack-buf- 2760 bytes is inferred to be equal to 0. 2762 Informative note: The value of sprop-depack-buf-bytes 2763 indicates the required size of the de-packetization 2764 buffer only. When network jitter can occur, an 2765 appropriately sized jitter buffer has to be available as 2766 well. 2768 depack-buf-cap: 2770 This parameter signals the capabilities of a receiver 2771 implementation and indicates the amount of de-packetization 2772 buffer space in units of bytes that the receiver has 2773 available for reconstructing the NAL unit decoding order 2774 from NAL units carried in one or more RTP streams. A 2775 receiver is able to handle any RTP stream, and all RTP 2776 streams the RTP stream depends on, when present, for which 2777 the value of the sprop-depack-buf-bytes parameter is 2778 smaller than or equal to this parameter. 2780 When not present, the value of depack-buf-cap is inferred 2781 to be equal to 4294967295. The value of depack-buf-cap 2782 MUST be an integer in the range of 1 to 4294967295, 2783 inclusive. 2785 Informative note: depack-buf-cap indicates the maximum 2786 possible size of the de-packetization buffer of the 2787 receiver only. When network jitter can occur, an 2788 appropriately sized jitter buffer has to be available as 2789 well. 2791 sprop-segmentation-id: 2793 This parameter MAY be used to signal the segmentation tools 2794 present in the bitstream and that can be used for 2795 parallelization. The value of sprop-segmentation-id MUST 2796 be an integer in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive. When not 2797 present, the value of sprop-segmentation-id is inferred to 2798 be equal to 0. 2800 When sprop-segmentation-id is equal to 0, no information 2801 about the segmentation tools is provided. When sprop- 2802 segmentation-id is equal to 1, it indicates that slices are 2803 present in the bitstream. When sprop-segmentation-id is 2804 equal to 2, it indicates that tiles are present in the 2805 bitstream. When sprop-segmentation-id is equal to 3, it 2806 indicates that WPP is used in the bitstream. 2808 sprop-spatial-segmentation-idc: 2810 A base16 [RFC4648] representation of the syntax element 2811 min_spatial_segmentation_idc as specified in [HEVC]. This 2812 parameter MAY be used to describe parallelization 2813 capabilities of the bitstream. 2815 dec-parallel-cap: 2817 This parameter MAY be used to indicate the decoder's 2818 additional decoding capabilities given the presence of 2819 tools enabling parallel decoding, such as slices, tiles, 2820 and WPP, in the bitstream. The decoding capability of the 2821 decoder may vary with the setting of the parallel decoding 2822 tools present in the bitstream, e.g. the size of the tiles 2823 that are present in a bitstream. Therefore, multiple 2824 capability points may be provided, each indicating the 2825 minimum required decoding capability that is associated 2826 with a parallelism requirement, which is a requirement on 2827 the bitstream that enables parallel decoding. 2829 Each capability point is defined as a combination of 1) a 2830 parallelism requirement, 2) a profile (determined by 2831 profile-space and profile-id), 3) a highest level, and 4) a 2832 maximum processing rate, a maximum picture size, and a 2833 maximum video bitrate that may be equal to or greater than 2834 that determined by the highest level. The parameter's 2835 syntax in ABNF [RFC5234] is as follows: 2837 dec-parallel-cap = "dec-parallel-cap={" cap-point *("," 2838 cap-point) "}" 2840 cap-point = ("w" / "t") ":" spatial-seg-idc 1*(";" 2841 cap-parameter) 2843 spatial-seg-idc = 1*4DIGIT ; (1-4095) 2845 cap-parameter = tier-flag / level-id / max-lsr 2846 / max-lps / max-br 2848 tier-flag = "tier-flag" EQ ("0" / "1") 2850 level-id = "level-id" EQ 1*3DIGIT ; (0-255) 2852 max-lsr = "max-lsr" EQ 1*20DIGIT ; (0- 2853 18,446,744,073,709,551,615) 2855 max-lps = "max-lps" EQ 1*10DIGIT ; (0-4,294,967,295) 2857 max-br = "max-br" EQ 1*20DIGIT ; (0- 2858 18,446,744,073,709,551,615) 2860 EQ = "=" 2862 The set of capability points expressed by the dec-parallel- 2863 cap parameter is enclosed in a pair of curly braces ("{}"). 2864 Each set of two consecutive capability points is separated 2865 by a comma (','). Within each capability point, each set 2866 of two consecutive parameters, and when present, their 2867 values, is separated by a semicolon (';'). 2869 The profile of all capability points is determined by 2870 profile-space and profile-id that are outside the dec- 2871 parallel-cap parameter. 2873 Each capability point starts with an indication of the 2874 parallelism requirement, which consists of a parallel tool 2875 type, which may be equal to 'w' or 't', and a decimal value 2876 of the spatial-seg-idc parameter. When the type is 'w', 2877 the capability point is valid only for H.265 bitstreams 2878 with WPP in use, i.e. entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag 2879 equal to 1. When the type is 't', the capability point is 2880 valid only for H.265 bitstreams with WPP not in use (i.e. 2881 entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag equal to 0). The 2882 capability-point is valid only for H.265 bitstreams with 2883 min_spatial_segmentation_idc equal to or greater than 2884 spatial-seg-idc. 2886 After the parallelism requirement indication, each 2887 capability point continues with one or more pairs of 2888 parameter and value in any order for any of the following 2889 parameters: 2891 o tier-flag 2892 o level-id 2893 o max-lsr 2894 o max-lps 2895 o max-br 2897 At most one occurrence of each of the above five parameters 2898 is allowed within each capability point. 2900 The values of dec-parallel-cap.tier-flag and dec-parallel- 2901 cap.level-id for a capability point indicate the highest 2902 level of the capability point. The values of dec-parallel- 2903 cap.max-lsr, dec-parallel-cap.max-lps, and dec-parallel- 2904 cap.max-br for a capability point indicate the maximum 2905 processing rate in units of luma samples per second, the 2906 maximum picture size in units of luma samples, and the 2907 maximum video bitrate (in units of CpbBrVclFactor bits per 2908 second for the VCL HRD parameters and in units of 2909 CpbBrNalFactor bits per second for the NAL HRD parameters 2910 where CpbBrVclFactor and CpbBrNalFactor are defined in 2911 Section A.4 of [HEVC]). 2913 When not present, the value of dec-parallel-cap.tier-flag 2914 is inferred to be equal to the value of tier-flag outside 2915 the dec-parallel-cap parameter. When not present, the 2916 value of dec-parallel-cap.level-id is inferred to be equal 2917 to the value of max-recv-level-id outside the dec-parallel- 2918 cap parameter. When not present, the value of dec- 2919 parallel-cap.max-lsr, dec-parallel-cap.max-lps, or dec- 2920 parallel-cap.max-br is inferred to be equal to the value of 2921 max-lsr, max-lps, or max-br, respectively, outside the dec- 2922 parallel-cap parameter. 2924 The general decoding capability, expressed by the set of 2925 parameters outside of dec-parallel-cap, is defined as the 2926 capability point that is determined by the following 2927 combination of parameters: 1) the parallelism requirement 2928 corresponding to the value of sprop-segmentation-id equal 2929 to 0 for a bitstream, 2) the profile determined by profile- 2930 space, profile-id, profile-compatibility-indicator, and 2931 interop-constraints, 3) the tier and the highest level 2932 determined by tier-flag and max-recv-level-id, and 4) the 2933 maximum processing rate, the maximum picture size, and the 2934 maximum video bitrate determined by the highest level. The 2935 general decoding capability MUST NOT be included as one of 2936 the set of capability points in the dec-parallel-cap 2937 parameter. 2939 For example, the following parameters express the general 2940 decoding capability of 720p30 (Level 3.1) plus an 2941 additional decoding capability of 1080p30 (Level 4) given 2942 that the spatially largest tile or slice used in the 2943 bitstream is equal to or less than 1/3 of the picture size: 2945 a=fmtp:98 level-id=93;dec-parallel-cap={t:8;level- 2946 id=120} 2948 For another example, the following parameters express an 2949 additional decoding capability of 1080p30, using dec- 2950 parallel-cap.max-lsr and dec-parallel-cap.max-lps, given 2951 that WPP is used in the bitstream: 2953 a=fmtp:98 level-id=93;dec-parallel-cap={w:8; 2954 max-lsr=62668800;max-lps=2088960} 2956 Informative note: When min_spatial_segmentation_idc is 2957 present in a bitstream and WPP is not used, [HEVC] 2958 specifies that there is no slice or no tile in the 2959 bitstream containing more than 4 * PicSizeInSamplesY / 2960 ( min_spatial_segmentation_idc + 4 ) luma samples. 2962 include-dph: 2964 This parameter is used to indicate the capability and 2965 preference to utilize or include decoded picture hash (DPH) 2966 SEI messages (See Section D.3.19 of [HEVC]) in the 2967 bitstream. DPH SEI messages can be used to detect picture 2968 corruption so the receiver can request picture repair, see 2969 Section 8. The value is a comma separated list of hash 2970 types that is supported or requested to be used, each hash 2971 type provided as an unsigned integer value (0-255), with 2972 the hash types listed from most preferred to the least 2973 preferred. Example: "include-dph=0,2", which indicates the 2974 capability for MD5 (most preferred) and Checksum (less 2975 preferred). If the parameter is not included or the value 2976 contains no hash types, then no capability to utilize DPH 2977 SEI messages is assumed. Note that DPH SEI messages MAY 2978 still be included in the bitstream even when there is no 2979 declaration of capability to use them, as in general SEI 2980 messages do not affect the normative decoding process and 2981 decoders are allowed to ignore SEI messages. 2983 Encoding considerations: 2985 This type is only defined for transfer via RTP (RFC 3550). 2987 Security considerations: 2989 See Section 9 of RFC XXXX. 2991 Public specification: 2993 Please refer to Section 13 of RFC XXXX. 2995 Additional information: None 2997 File extensions: none 2999 Macintosh file type code: none 3001 Object identifier or OID: none 3003 Person & email address to contact for further information: 3005 Ye-Kui Wang (yekuiw@qti.qualcomm.com). 3007 Intended usage: COMMON 3009 Author: See Section 14 of RFC XXXX. 3011 Change controller: 3013 IETF Audio/Video Transport Payloads working group delegated 3014 from the IESG. 3016 7.2 SDP Parameters 3018 The receiver MUST ignore any parameter unspecified in this memo. 3020 7.2.1 Mapping of Payload Type Parameters to SDP 3022 The media type video/H265 string is mapped to fields in the 3023 Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566] as follows: 3025 o The media name in the "m=" line of SDP MUST be video. 3027 o The encoding name in the "a=rtpmap" line of SDP MUST be H265 3028 (the media subtype). 3030 o The clock rate in the "a=rtpmap" line MUST be 90000. 3032 o The OPTIONAL parameters "profile-space", "profile-id", "tier- 3033 flag", "level-id", "interop-constraints", "profile- 3034 compatibility-indicator", "sprop-sub-layer-id", "recv-sub- 3035 layer-id", "max-recv-level-id", "tx-mode", "max-lsr", "max- 3036 lps", "max-cpb", "max-dpb", "max-br", "max-tr", "max-tc", 3037 "max-fps", "sprop-max-don-diff", "sprop-depack-buf-nalus", 3038 "sprop-depack-buf-bytes", "depack-buf-cap", "sprop- 3039 segmentation-id", "sprop-spatial-segmentation-idc", "dec- 3040 parallel-cap", and "include-dph", when present, MUST be 3041 included in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP. This parameter is 3042 expressed as a media type string, in the form of a semicolon 3043 separated list of parameter=value pairs. 3045 o The OPTIONAL parameters "sprop-vps", "sprop-sps", and "sprop- 3046 pps", when present, MUST be included in the "a=fmtp" line of 3047 SDP or conveyed using the "fmtp" source attribute as specified 3048 in section 6.3 of [RFC5576]. For a particular media format 3049 (i.e. RTP payload type), "sprop-vps" "sprop-sps", or "sprop- 3050 pps" MUST NOT be both included in the "a=fmtp" line of SDP and 3051 conveyed using the "fmtp" source attribute. When included in 3052 the "a=fmtp" line of SDP, these parameters are expressed as a 3053 media type string, in the form of a semicolon separated list 3054 of parameter=value pairs. When conveyed in the "a=fmtp" line 3055 of SDP for a particular payload type, the parameters "sprop- 3056 vps", "sprop-sps", and "sprop-pps" MUST be applied to each 3057 SSRC with the payload type. When conveyed using the "fmtp" 3058 source attribute, these parameters are only associated with 3059 the given source and payload type as parts of the "fmtp" 3060 source attribute. 3062 Informative note: Conveyance of "sprop-vps", "sprop-sps", 3063 and "sprop-pps" using the "fmtp" source attribute allows 3064 for out-of-band transport of parameter sets in topologies 3065 like Topo-Video-switch-MCU as specified in [RFC5117]. 3067 An example of media representation in SDP is as follows: 3069 m=video 49170 RTP/AVP 98 3070 a=rtpmap:98 H265/90000 3071 a=fmtp:98 profile-id=1; 3072 sprop-vps=