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If it is intended as a requirements expression, it should be rewritten using one of the combinations defined in RFC 2119; otherwise it should not be all-uppercase. == The expression 'MAY NOT', while looking like RFC 2119 requirements text, is not defined in RFC 2119, and should not be used. Consider using 'MUST NOT' instead (if that is what you mean). Found 'MAY NOT' in this paragraph: When using a metric which is also influenced by other local policy, the operator should be careful not to create privilege upgrade vulnerabilities. E.g. if Local Pref is set depending on validity state, be careful that peer community signaling MAY NOT upgrade an invalid announcement to valid or better. -- The document date (May 3, 2011) is 4713 days in the past. Is this intentional? 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'I-D.ietf-sidr-arch') == Outdated reference: A later version (-09) exists of draft-ietf-sidr-repos-struct-07 == Outdated reference: A later version (-12) exists of draft-ietf-sidr-roa-format-10 == Outdated reference: A later version (-26) exists of draft-ietf-sidr-rpki-rtr-11 == Outdated reference: A later version (-10) exists of draft-ietf-sidr-pfx-validate-01 == Outdated reference: A later version (-16) exists of draft-ietf-sidr-ghostbusters-03 == Outdated reference: A later version (-08) exists of draft-ietf-sidr-ltamgmt-00 Summary: 1 error (**), 0 flaws (~~), 9 warnings (==), 2 comments (--). Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Network Working Group R. Bush 3 Internet-Draft Internet Initiative Japan 4 Intended status: BCP May 3, 2011 5 Expires: November 4, 2011 7 RPKI-Based Origin Validation Operation 8 draft-ietf-sidr-origin-ops-07 10 Abstract 12 Deployment of RPKI-based BGP origin validation has many operational 13 considerations. This document attempts to collect and present them. 14 It is expected to evolve as RPKI-based origin validation is deployed 15 and the dynamics are better understood. 17 Requirements Language 19 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", 20 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this 21 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 23 Status of this Memo 25 This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the 26 provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. 28 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 29 Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute 30 working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- 31 Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. 33 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 34 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 35 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 36 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 38 This Internet-Draft will expire on November 4, 2011. 40 Copyright Notice 42 Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the 43 document authors. All rights reserved. 45 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal 46 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents 47 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of 48 publication of this document. Please review these documents 49 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect 50 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must 51 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of 52 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as 53 described in the Simplified BSD License. 55 Table of Contents 57 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 58 2. Suggested Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 59 3. RPKI Distribution and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 60 4. Within a Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 61 5. Routing Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 62 6. Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 63 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 64 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 65 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 66 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 67 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 68 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 69 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 71 1. Introduction 73 RPKI-based origin validation relies on widespread propagation of the 74 Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) [I-D.ietf-sidr-arch]. How 75 the RPKI is distributed and maintained globally is a serious concern 76 from many aspects. 78 The global RPKI is in very initial stages of deployment, there is no 79 root trust anchor, initial testing is being done by the IANA and some 80 RIRs, and there is a technical testbed. It is thought that origin 81 validation based on the RPKI will be deployed incrementally over the 82 next year to five years. 84 Origin validation only need be done by an AS's border routers and is 85 designed so that it can be used to protect announcements which are 86 originated by large providers, upstreams and downstreams, and by 87 small stub/enterprise/edge routers. 89 Origin validation has been designed to be deployed on current routers 90 without significant hardware upgrade. It should be used by everyone 91 from large backbones to small stub/entetprise/edge routers. 93 RPKI-based origin validation has been designed so that, with prudent 94 local routing policies, there is little risk that what is seen as 95 today's normal Internet routing is threatened by imprudent deployment 96 of the global RPKI, see Section 5. 98 2. Suggested Reading 100 It is assumed that the reader understands BGP, [RFC4271], the RPKI, 101 see [I-D.ietf-sidr-arch], the RPKI Repository Structure, see 102 [I-D.ietf-sidr-repos-struct], ROAs, see [I-D.ietf-sidr-roa-format], 103 the RPKI to Router Protocol, see [I-D.ietf-sidr-rpki-rtr], RPKI-based 104 Prefix Validation, see [I-D.ietf-sidr-pfx-validate], and Ghostbuster 105 Records, see [I-D.ietf-sidr-ghostbusters]. 107 3. RPKI Distribution and Maintenance 109 The RPKI is a distributed database containing certificates, CRLs, 110 manifests, ROAs, and Ghostbuster Records as described in 111 [I-D.ietf-sidr-repos-struct]. Policies and considerations for RPKI 112 object generation and maintenance are discussed elsewhere. 114 A local valid cache containing all RPKI data may be gathered from the 115 global distributed database using the rsync protocol and a validation 116 tool such as rcynic. 118 Validated caches may also be created and maintained from other 119 validated caches. Network operators SHOULD take maximum advantage of 120 this feature to minimize load on the global distributed RPKI 121 database. 123 As RPKI-based origin validation relies on the availability of RPKI 124 data, operators SHOULD locate caches close to routers that require 125 these data and services. A router can peer with one or more nearby 126 caches. 128 For redundancy, a router SHOULD peer with more than one cache at the 129 same time. Peering with two or more, at least one local and others 130 remote, is recommended. 132 If an operator trusts upstreams to carry their traffic, they SHOULD 133 also trust the RPKI data those upstreams cache, and SHOULD peer with 134 those caches. Note that this places an obligation on those upstreams 135 to maintain fresh and reliable caches. 137 A transit provider or a network with peers SHOULD validate origins in 138 announcements made by upstreams, downstreams, and peers. They still 139 SHOULD trust the caches provided by their upstreams. 141 Before issuing a ROA for a block, an operator MUST ensure that any 142 sub-allocations from that block which are announced by other ASs, 143 e.g. customers, have correct ROAs in play. Otherwise, issuing a ROA 144 for the super-block will cause the announcements of sub-allocations 145 with no ROAs to be Invalid. 147 An environment where private address space is announced in eBGP the 148 operator MAY have private RPKI objects which cover these private 149 spaces. This will require a trust anchor created and owned by that 150 environment, see [I-D.ietf-sidr-ltamgmt]. 152 Operators issuing ROAs may have customers announce their own prefixes 153 and ASs into global eBGP but who do not wish to go though the work to 154 manage the relevant certificates and ROAs. The operator SHOULD 155 provision the RPKI data for these customers just as they provision 156 many other things for them. 158 While a an operator using RPKI data MAY choose any frequency they 159 wish for ensuring they have a fresh RPKI cache, if they use RPKI data 160 as an input to operational routing decisions, they SHOULD ensure 161 local cache freshness at least every four to six hours. 163 4. Within a Network 165 Origin validation need only be done by edge routers in a network, 166 those which border other networks/ASs. 168 A validating router will use the result of origin validation to 169 influence local policy within its network, see Section 5. In 170 deployment this policy should fit into the AS's existing policy, 171 preferences, etc. This allows a network to incrementally deploy 172 validation capable border routers. 174 eBGP speakers which face more critical peers or up/downstreams would 175 be candidates for the earliest deployment. Validating more critical 176 received announcements should be considered in partial deployment. 178 5. Routing Policy 180 Origin validation based on the RPKI merely marks a received 181 announcement as having an origin which is Valid, NotFound, or 182 Invalid. See [I-D.ietf-sidr-pfx-validate]. How this is used in 183 routing SHOULD be specified by the operator's local policy. 185 Local policy using relative preference is suggested to manage the 186 uncertainty associated with a system in early deployment, applying 187 local policy to eliminate the threat of unroutability of prefixes due 188 to ill-advised certification policies and/or incorrect certification 189 data. E.g. until the community feels comfortable relying on RPKI 190 data, routing on Invalid origin validity, though at a low preference, 191 MAY occur. 193 As origin validation will be rolled out incrementally, coverage will 194 be incomplete for a long time. Therefore, routing on NotFound 195 validity state SHOULD be done for a long time. As the transition 196 moves forward, the number of BGP announcements with validation state 197 NotFound should decrease. Hence an operator's policy SHOULD NOT be 198 overly strict, preferring Valid announcements, attaching a lower 199 preference to, but still using, NotFound announcements, and dropping 200 or giving very low preference to Invalid announcements. 202 Some may choose to use the large Local-Preference hammer. Others 203 might choose to let AS-Path rule and set their internal metric, which 204 comes after AS-Path in the BGP decision process. 206 When using a metric which is also influenced by other local policy, 207 the operator should be careful not to create privilege upgrade 208 vulnerabilities. E.g. if Local Pref is set depending on validity 209 state, be careful that peer community signaling MAY NOT upgrade an 210 invalid announcement to valid or better. 212 Announcements with Valid origins SHOULD be preferred over those with 213 NotFound or Invalid origins, if the latter are accepted at all. 215 Announcements with NotFound origins SHOULD be preferred over those 216 with Invalid origins. 218 Announcements with Invalid origins MAY be used, but SHOULD be less 219 preferred than those with Valid or NotFound. 221 6. Notes 223 Like the DNS, the global RPKI presents only a loosely consistent 224 view, depending on timing, updating, fetching, etc. Thus, one cache 225 or router may have different data about a particular prefix than 226 another cache or router. There is no 'fix' for this, it is the 227 nature of distributed data with distributed caches. 229 There is some uncertainty about the origin AS of aggregates and what, 230 if any, ROA can be used. The long range solution to this is the 231 deprecation of AS-SETs, see [I-D.wkumari-deprecate-as-sets]. 233 Operators which manage certificates SHOULD have RPKI Ghostbuster 234 Records (see [I-D.ietf-sidr-ghostbusters]), signed indirectly by End 235 Entity certificates, for those certificates on which others' routing 236 depends for certificate and/or ROA validation. 238 7. Security Considerations 240 As the BGP origin is not signed, origin validation is open to 241 malicious spoofing. It is only designed to deal with inadvertent 242 mis-advertisement. 244 Origin validation does not address the problem of AS-Path validation. 245 Therefore paths are open to manipulation, either malicious or 246 accidental. 248 The data plane may not follow the control plane. 250 Be aware of the class of privilege escalation issues discussed in 251 Section 5 above. 253 8. IANA Considerations 255 This document has no IANA Considerations. 257 9. Acknowledgments 259 The author wishes to thank Rob Austein, Steve Bellovin, Pradosh 260 Mohapatra, Chris Morrow, Sandy Murphy, Keyur Patel, Heather and Jason 261 Schiller, John Scudder, Maureen Stillman, and Dave Ward. 263 10. References 265 10.1. Normative References 267 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate 268 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 270 [I-D.ietf-sidr-arch] 271 Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support 272 Secure Internet Routing", draft-ietf-sidr-arch-12 (work in 273 progress), February 2011. 275 [I-D.ietf-sidr-repos-struct] 276 Huston, G., Loomans, R., and G. Michaelson, "A Profile for 277 Resource Certificate Repository Structure", 278 draft-ietf-sidr-repos-struct-07 (work in progress), 279 February 2011. 281 [I-D.ietf-sidr-roa-format] 282 Lepinski, M., Kent, S., and D. Kong, "A Profile for Route 283 Origin Authorizations (ROAs)", 284 draft-ietf-sidr-roa-format-10 (work in progress), 285 February 2011. 287 [I-D.ietf-sidr-rpki-rtr] 288 Bush, R. and R. Austein, "The RPKI/Router Protocol", 289 draft-ietf-sidr-rpki-rtr-11 (work in progress), 290 March 2011. 292 [I-D.ietf-sidr-pfx-validate] 293 Mohapatra, P., Scudder, J., Ward, D., Bush, R., and R. 294 Austein, "BGP Prefix Origin Validation", 295 draft-ietf-sidr-pfx-validate-01 (work in progress), 296 February 2011. 298 [I-D.ietf-sidr-ghostbusters] 299 Bush, R., "The RPKI Ghostbusters Record", 300 draft-ietf-sidr-ghostbusters-03 (work in progress), 301 March 2011. 303 [I-D.ietf-sidr-ltamgmt] 304 Kent, S. and M. Reynolds, "Local Trust Anchor Management 305 for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure", 306 draft-ietf-sidr-ltamgmt-00 (work in progress), 307 November 2010. 309 10.2. Informative References 311 [RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway 312 Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006. 314 [I-D.wkumari-deprecate-as-sets] 315 Kumari, W., "Deprecation of BGP AS_SET, AS_CONFED_SET.", 316 draft-wkumari-deprecate-as-sets-01 (work in progress), 317 September 2010. 319 Author's Address 321 Randy Bush 322 Internet Initiative Japan 323 5147 Crystal Springs 324 Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110 325 US 327 Phone: +1 206 780 0431 x1 328 Email: randy@psg.com