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2 Network Working Group J. Reschke
3 Internet-Draft greenbytes
4 Obsoletes: 5987 (if approved) December 10, 2012
5 Intended status: Standards Track
6 Expires: June 13, 2013
8 Indicating Character Encoding and Language for HTTP Header Field
9 Parameters
10 draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-06
12 Abstract
14 By default, message header field parameters in Hypertext Transfer
15 Protocol (HTTP) messages cannot carry characters outside the ISO-
16 8859-1 character set. RFC 2231 defines an encoding mechanism for use
17 in Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) headers. This
18 document specifies an encoding suitable for use in HTTP header fields
19 that is compatible with a profile of the encoding defined in RFC
20 2231.
22 Editorial Note (To be removed by RFC Editor before publication)
24 Distribution of this document is unlimited. Although this is not a
25 work item of the HTTPbis Working Group, comments should be sent to
26 the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) mailing list at
27 ietf-http-wg@w3.org [1], which may be joined by sending a message
28 with subject "subscribe" to ietf-http-wg-request@w3.org [2].
30 Discussions of the HTTPbis Working Group are archived at
31 .
33 XML versions, latest edits, diffs, and the issues list for this
34 document are available from
35 . A
36 collection of test cases is available at
37 .
39 Status of This Memo
41 This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
42 provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
44 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
45 Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
46 working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
47 Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
49 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
50 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
51 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
52 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
54 This Internet-Draft will expire on June 13, 2013.
56 Copyright Notice
58 Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
59 document authors. All rights reserved.
61 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
62 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
63 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
64 publication of this document. Please review these documents
65 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
66 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
67 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
68 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
69 described in the Simplified BSD License.
71 Table of Contents
73 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
74 2. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
75 3. Comparison to RFC 2231 and Definition of the Encoding . . . . 4
76 3.1. Parameter Continuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
77 3.2. Parameter Value Character Encoding and Language
78 Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
79 3.2.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
80 3.2.2. Historical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
81 3.2.3. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
82 3.3. Language Specification in Encoded Words . . . . . . . . . 8
83 4. Guidelines for Usage in HTTP Header Field Definitions . . . . 9
84 4.1. When to Use the Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
85 4.2. Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
86 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
87 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
88 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
89 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
90 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
91 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
92 Appendix A. Changes from RFC 5987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
93 Appendix B. Implementation Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
94 Appendix C. Change Log (to be removed by RFC Editor before
95 publication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
96 C.1. Since RFC5987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
97 C.2. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
98 C.3. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
99 C.4. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
100 C.5. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
101 C.6. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-04 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
102 C.7. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-05 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
103 Appendix D. Open issues (to be removed by RFC Editor prior to
104 publication) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
105 D.1. edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
106 D.2. httpbis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
108 1. Introduction
110 By default, message header field parameters in HTTP ([RFC2616])
111 messages cannot carry characters outside the ISO-8859-1 coded
112 character set ([ISO-8859-1]). RFC 2231 ([RFC2231]) defines an
113 encoding mechanism for use in MIME headers. This document specifies
114 an encoding suitable for use in HTTP header fields that is compatible
115 with a profile of the encoding defined in RFC 2231.
117 This document obsoletes [RFC5987] and moves it to "historic" status;
118 the changes are summarized in Appendix A.
120 Note: in the remainder of this document, RFC 2231 is only
121 referenced for the purpose of explaining the choice of features
122 that were adopted; they are therefore purely informative.
124 Note: this encoding does not apply to message payloads transmitted
125 over HTTP, such as when using the media type "multipart/form-data"
126 ([RFC2388]).
128 2. Notational Conventions
130 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
131 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
132 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
134 This specification uses the ABNF (Augmented Backus-Naur Form)
135 notation defined in [RFC5234]. The following core rules are included
136 by reference, as defined in [RFC5234], Appendix B.1: ALPHA (letters),
137 DIGIT (decimal 0-9), HEXDIG (hexadecimal 0-9/A-F/a-f), and LWSP
138 (linear whitespace).
140 This specification uses terminology defined in [RFC6365], namely:
141 "character encoding scheme" (below abbreviated to "character
142 encoding"), "charset" and "coded character set".
144 Note that this differs from RFC 2231, which uses the term "character
145 set" for "character encoding scheme".
147 3. Comparison to RFC 2231 and Definition of the Encoding
149 RFC 2231 defines several extensions to MIME. The sections below
150 discuss if and how they apply to HTTP header fields.
152 In short:
154 o Parameter Continuations aren't needed (Section 3.1),
155 o Character Encoding and Language Information are useful, therefore
156 a simple subset is specified (Section 3.2), and
158 o Language Specifications in Encoded Words aren't needed
159 (Section 3.3).
161 3.1. Parameter Continuations
163 Section 3 of [RFC2231] defines a mechanism that deals with the length
164 limitations that apply to MIME headers. These limitations do not
165 apply to HTTP ([RFC2616], Section 19.4.7).
167 Thus, parameter continuations are not part of the encoding defined by
168 this specification.
170 3.2. Parameter Value Character Encoding and Language Information
172 Section 4 of [RFC2231] specifies how to embed language information
173 into parameter values, and also how to encode non-ASCII characters,
174 dealing with restrictions both in MIME and HTTP header field
175 parameters.
177 However, RFC 2231 does not specify a mandatory-to-implement character
178 encoding, making it hard for senders to decide which encoding to use.
179 Thus, recipients implementing this specification MUST support the
180 "UTF-8" character encoding [RFC3629].
182 Furthermore, RFC 2231 allows the character encoding information to be
183 left out. The encoding defined by this specification does not allow
184 that.
186 3.2.1. Definition
188 The syntax for parameters is defined in Section 3.6 of [RFC2616]
189 (with RFC 2616 implied LWS translated to RFC 5234 LWSP):
191 parameter = attribute LWSP "=" LWSP value
193 attribute = token
194 value = token / quoted-string
196 quoted-string =
197 token =
199 In order to include character encoding and language information, this
200 specification modifies the RFC 2616 grammar to be:
202 parameter = reg-parameter / ext-parameter
204 reg-parameter = parmname LWSP "=" LWSP value
206 ext-parameter = parmname "*" LWSP "=" LWSP ext-value
208 parmname = 1*attr-char
210 ext-value = charset "'" [ language ] "'" value-chars
211 ; like RFC 2231's
212 ; (see [RFC2231], Section 7)
214 charset = "UTF-8" / mime-charset
216 mime-charset = 1*mime-charsetc
217 mime-charsetc = ALPHA / DIGIT
218 / "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&"
219 / "+" / "-" / "^" / "_" / "`"
220 / "{" / "}" / "~"
221 ; as in Section 2.3 of [RFC2978]
222 ; except that the single quote is not included
223 ; SHOULD be registered in the IANA charset registry
225 language =
227 value-chars = *( pct-encoded / attr-char )
229 pct-encoded = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
230 ; see [RFC3986], Section 2.1
232 attr-char = ALPHA / DIGIT
233 / "!" / "#" / "$" / "&" / "+" / "-" / "."
234 / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~"
235 ; token except ( "*" / "'" / "%" )
237 Thus, a parameter is either a regular parameter (reg-parameter), as
238 previously defined in Section 3.6 of [RFC2616], or an extended
239 parameter (ext-parameter).
241 Extended parameters are those where the left-hand side of the
242 assignment ends with an asterisk character.
244 The value part of an extended parameter (ext-value) is a token that
245 consists of three parts: the REQUIRED character encoding name
246 (charset), the OPTIONAL language information (language), and a
247 character sequence representing the actual value (value-chars),
248 separated by single quote characters. Note that both character
249 encoding names and language tags are restricted to the US-ASCII coded
250 character set, and are matched case-insensitively (see [RFC2978],
251 Section 2.3 and [RFC5646], Section 2.1.1).
253 Inside the value part, characters not contained in attr-char are
254 encoded into an octet sequence using the specified character
255 encoding. That octet sequence is then percent-encoded as specified
256 in Section 2.1 of [RFC3986].
258 Producers MUST use the "UTF-8" ([RFC3629]) character encoding.
259 Extension character encodings (mime-charset) are reserved for future
260 use.
262 Note: recipients should be prepared to handle encoding errors,
263 such as malformed or incomplete percent escape sequences, or non-
264 decodable octet sequences, in a robust manner. This specification
265 does not mandate any specific behavior, for instance, the
266 following strategies are all acceptable:
268 * ignoring the parameter,
270 * stripping a non-decodable octet sequence,
272 * substituting a non-decodable octet sequence by a replacement
273 character, such as the Unicode character U+FFFD (Replacement
274 Character).
276 3.2.2. Historical Notes
278 The RFC 2616 token production ([RFC2616], Section 2.2) differs from
279 the production used in RFC 2231 (imported from Section 5.1 of
280 [RFC2045]) in that curly braces ("{" and "}") are excluded. Thus,
281 these two characters are excluded from the attr-char production as
282 well.
284 The ABNF defined here differs from the one in Section
285 2.3 of [RFC2978] in that it does not allow the single quote character
286 (see also RFC Errata ID 1912 [Err1912]). In practice, no character
287 encoding names using that character have been registered at the time
288 of this writing.
290 For backwards compatibility with RFC 2231, the encoding defined by
291 this specification deviates from common parameter syntax in that the
292 quoted-string notation is not allowed. Implementations using generic
293 parser components might not be able to detect the use of quoted-
294 string notation and thus might accept that format, although invalid,
295 as well.
297 [RFC5987] did require support for ISO-8859-1, too; for compatibility
298 with legacy code, recipients are encouraged to support this encoding
299 as well.
301 3.2.3. Examples
303 Non-extended notation, using "token":
305 foo: bar; title=Economy
307 Non-extended notation, using "quoted-string":
309 foo: bar; title="US-$ rates"
311 Extended notation, using the Unicode character U+00A3 (POUND SIGN):
313 foo: bar; title*=utf-8'en'%C2%A3%20rates
315 Note: the Unicode pound sign character U+00A3 was encoded into the
316 octet sequence C2 A3 using the UTF-8 character encoding, then
317 percent-encoded. Also, note that the space character was encoded as
318 %20, as it is not contained in attr-char.
320 Extended notation, using the Unicode characters U+00A3 (POUND SIGN)
321 and U+20AC (EURO SIGN):
323 foo: bar; title*=UTF-8''%c2%a3%20and%20%e2%82%ac%20rates
325 Note: the Unicode pound sign character U+00A3 was encoded into the
326 octet sequence C2 A3 using the UTF-8 character encoding, then
327 percent-encoded. Likewise, the Unicode euro sign character U+20AC
328 was encoded into the octet sequence E2 82 AC, then percent-encoded.
329 Also note that HEXDIG allows both lowercase and uppercase characters,
330 so recipients must understand both, and that the language information
331 is optional, while the character encoding is not.
333 3.3. Language Specification in Encoded Words
335 Section 5 of [RFC2231] extends the encoding defined in [RFC2047] to
336 also support language specification in encoded words. Although the
337 HTTP/1.1 specification does refer to RFC 2047 ([RFC2616], Section
338 2.2), it's not clear to which header field exactly it applies, and
339 whether it is implemented in practice (see
340 for details).
342 Thus, this specification does not include this feature.
344 4. Guidelines for Usage in HTTP Header Field Definitions
346 Specifications of HTTP header fields that use the extensions defined
347 in Section 3.2 ought to clearly state that. A simple way to achieve
348 this is to normatively reference this specification, and to include
349 the ext-value production into the ABNF for that header field.
351 For instance:
353 foo-header = "foo" LWSP ":" LWSP token ";" LWSP title-param
354 title-param = "title" LWSP "=" LWSP value
355 / "title*" LWSP "=" LWSP ext-value
356 ext-value =
358 Note: The Parameter Value Continuation feature defined in Section
359 3 of [RFC2231] makes it impossible to have multiple instances of
360 extended parameters with identical parmname components, as the
361 processing of continuations would become ambiguous. Thus,
362 specifications using this extension are advised to disallow this
363 case for compatibility with RFC 2231.
365 Note: This specification does not automatically assign a new
366 interpretration to parameter names ending in an asterisk. As
367 pointed out above, it's up to the specification for the non-
368 extended parameter to "opt in" to the syntax defined here. That
369 being said, some existing implementations are known to
370 automatically switch to the use of this notation when a parameter
371 name ends with an asterisk, thus using parameter names ending in
372 an asterisk for something else is likely to cause interoperability
373 problems.
375 4.1. When to Use the Extension
377 Section 4.2 of [RFC2277] requires that protocol elements containing
378 human-readable text are able to carry language information. Thus,
379 the ext-value production ought to be always used when the parameter
380 value is of textual nature and its language is known.
382 Furthermore, the extension ought to also be used whenever the
383 parameter value needs to carry characters not present in the US-ASCII
384 ([USASCII]) coded character set (note that it would be unacceptable
385 to define a new parameter that would be restricted to a subset of the
386 Unicode character set).
388 4.2. Error Handling
390 Header field specifications need to define whether multiple instances
391 of parameters with identical parmname components are allowed, and how
392 they should be processed. This specification suggests that a
393 parameter using the extended syntax takes precedence. This would
394 allow producers to use both formats without breaking recipients that
395 do not understand the extended syntax yet.
397 Example:
399 foo: bar; title="EURO exchange rates";
400 title*=utf-8''%e2%82%ac%20exchange%20rates
402 In this case, the sender provides an ASCII version of the title for
403 legacy recipients, but also includes an internationalized version for
404 recipients understanding this specification -- the latter obviously
405 ought to prefer the new syntax over the old one.
407 Note: at the time of this writing, many implementations failed to
408 ignore the form they do not understand, or prioritize the ASCII
409 form although the extended syntax was present.
411 5. Security Considerations
413 The format described in this document makes it possible to transport
414 non-ASCII characters, and thus enables character "spoofing"
415 scenarios, in which a displayed value appears to be something other
416 than it is.
418 Furthermore, there are known attack scenarios relating to decoding
419 UTF-8.
421 See Section 10 of [RFC3629] for more information on both topics.
423 In addition, the extension specified in this document makes it
424 possible to transport multiple language variants for a single
425 parameter, and such use might allow spoofing attacks, where different
426 language versions of the same parameter are not equivalent. Whether
427 this attack is useful as an attack depends on the parameter
428 specified.
430 6. IANA Considerations
432 There are no IANA Considerations related to this specification.
434 7. Acknowledgements
436 Thanks to Martin Duerst and Frank Ellermann for help figuring out
437 ABNF details, to Graham Klyne and Alexey Melnikov for general review,
438 to Chris Newman for pointing out an RFC 2231 incompatibility, and to
439 Benjamin Carlyle, Roar Lauritzsen, Eric Lawrence, and James Manger
440 for implementer's feedback.
442 8. References
444 8.1. Normative References
446 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
447 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
449 [RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
450 Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
451 Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
453 [RFC2978] Freed, N. and J. Postel, "IANA Charset Registration
454 Procedures", BCP 19, RFC 2978, October 2000.
456 [RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
457 10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
459 [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter,
460 "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax",
461 STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005.
463 [RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for
464 Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
465 January 2008.
467 [RFC5646] Phillips, A., Ed. and M. Davis, Ed., "Tags for
468 Identifying Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646,
469 September 2009.
471 [USASCII] American National Standards Institute, "Coded Character
472 Set -- 7-bit American Standard Code for Information
473 Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986.
475 8.2. Informative References
477 [Err1912] RFC Errata, "Errata ID 1912, RFC 2978",
478 .
480 [ISO-8859-1] International Organization for Standardization,
481 "Information technology -- 8-bit single-byte coded
482 graphic character sets -- Part 1: Latin alphabet No.
483 1", ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, 1998.
485 [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet
486 Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet
487 Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.
489 [RFC2047] Moore, K., "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
490 Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for
491 Non-ASCII Text", RFC 2047, November 1996.
493 [RFC2231] Freed, N. and K. Moore, "MIME Parameter Value and
494 Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and
495 Continuations", RFC 2231, November 1997.
497 [RFC2277] Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and
498 Languages", BCP 18, RFC 2277, January 1998.
500 [RFC2388] Masinter, L., "Returning Values from Forms: multipart/
501 form-data", RFC 2388, August 1998.
503 [RFC5987] Reschke, J., "Character Set and Language Encoding for
504 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Header Field
505 Parameters", RFC 5987, August 2010.
507 [RFC5988] Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 5988, October 2010.
509 [RFC6266] Reschke, J., "Use of the Content-Disposition Header
510 Field in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)",
511 RFC 6266, June 2011.
513 [RFC6365] Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, "Terminology Used in
514 Internationalization in the IETF", BCP 166, RFC 6365,
515 September 2011.
517 URIs
519 [1]
521 [2]
523 Appendix A. Changes from RFC 5987
525 This section summarizes the changes compared to [RFC5987]:
527 o The document title was changed to "Indicating Character Encoding
528 and Language for HTTP Header Field Parameters".
530 o The requirement to support the "ISO-8859-1" encoding was removed.
532 Appendix B. Implementation Report
534 The encoding defined in this document currently is used for two
535 different HTTP header fields:
537 o "Content-Disposition", defined in [RFC6266], and
539 o "Link", defined in [RFC5988].
541 As the encoding is a profile/clarification of the one defined in
542 [RFC2231] in 1997, many user agents already supported it for use in
543 "Content-Disposition" when [RFC5987] got published.
545 Since the publication of [RFC5987], two more popular desktop user
546 agents have added support for this encoding; see for details.
548 At this time, only one major desktop user agent (Safari) does not
549 support it.
551 Note that the implementation in Internet Explorer 9 does not support
552 the ISO-8859-1 character encoding; this document revision
553 acknowledges that UTF-8 is sufficient for expressing all code points,
554 and removes the requirement to support ISO-8859-1.
556 The "Link" header field, on the other hand, was only recently
557 specified in [RFC5988]. At the time of this writing, no shipping
558 User Agent except Firefox supported the "title*" parameter (starting
559 with release 15).
561 Appendix C. Change Log (to be removed by RFC Editor before publication)
563 C.1. Since RFC5987
565 Only editorial changes for the purpose of starting the revision
566 process (obs5987).
568 C.2. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-00
570 Resolved issues "iso-8859-1" and "title" (title simplified). Added
571 and resolved issue "historic5987".
573 C.3. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-01
575 Added issues "httpbis", "parmsyntax", "terminology" and
576 "valuesyntax". Closed issue "impls".
578 C.4. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-02
580 Resolved issue "terminology".
582 C.5. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-03
584 In Section 3.2, pull historical notes into a separate subsection.
585 Resolved issues "valuesyntax" and "parmsyntax".
587 C.6. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-04
589 Update status of Firefox support in HTTP Link Header field.
591 C.7. Since draft-reschke-rfc5987bis-05
593 Update status of Firefox support in HTTP Link Header field.
595 Appendix D. Open issues (to be removed by RFC Editor prior to
596 publication)
598 D.1. edit
600 Type: edit
602 julian.reschke@greenbytes.de (2011-04-15): Umbrella issue for
603 editorial fixes/enhancements.
605 D.2. httpbis
607 Type: edit
609 julian.reschke@greenbytes.de (2011-09-17): The document refers
610 normatively to RFC 2616. Should it continue to do so, or should we
611 wait for HTTPbis? This may affect edge case in the ABNF, such as the
612 definition of linear white space or the characters allowed in
613 "token".
615 Author's Address
617 Julian F. Reschke
618 greenbytes GmbH
619 Hafenweg 16
620 Muenster, NW 48155
621 Germany
623 EMail: julian.reschke@greenbytes.de
624 URI: http://greenbytes.de/tech/webdav/