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'18' on line 1890 looks like a reference Summary: 2 errors (**), 0 flaws (~~), 2 warnings (==), 35 comments (--). Run idnits with the --verbose option for more detailed information about the items above. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Sutton-Slevinski Collaboration S. Slevinski 3 Internet-Draft SignPuddle 4 Intended status: Informational November 09, 2014 5 Expires: May 13, 2015 7 The SignPuddle Standard for SignWriting Text 8 draft-slevinski-signwriting-text-04 10 Abstract 12 For concreteness, because the universal character set is not yet 13 universal, and because an international standard for the internet 14 community should be documented and stable, this I-D has been released 15 with the intention of producing an RFC to document the character use 16 and naming conventions of the SignWriting community on the Internet. 18 The SignWriting Script is an international standard for writing sign 19 languages by hand or with computers. From education to research, 20 from entertainment to religion, SignWriting has proven useful because 21 people are using it to write signed languages. The SignWriting 22 Script has two major families: Block Printing for the reader and 23 Handwriting for the writer. 25 Formal SignWriting uses ASCII strings to name logographic signs. The 26 mathematical names are explained with tokens and regular expression 27 patterns. Symbol keys reference the symbols of the International 28 SignWriting Alphabet 2010. Coordinates define X and Y number values 29 for 2-dimensional placement. Signs are written in a spatial SignBox, 30 where each symbol is positioned with a 2-dimension coordinate. For 31 sorting, each sign can have an optional temporal sequence of symbols 32 that is outside of the SignBox and the visible text. Completed signs 33 are written sequentially, interspersed with punctuation symbols, to 34 form sentences. 36 The query language of Formal SignWriting uses a similar lite markup 37 to define a variety of searching possibilities. The spatial SignBox 38 can be searched for symbols or ranges of symbols. For each symbol or 39 range, the search can specify if the symbol only needs to be found 40 somewhere in the SignBox, or if the symbol needs to be found near 41 certain coordinates. The temporal sequence can be searched for 42 starting symbols, written as a sequential list of symbols and ranges 43 of symbols. When searching the temporal sequence, the search results 44 will be limited to signs that start with a matching temporal 45 sequence. Each query string is transformed into one or more regular 46 expressions. The regular expressions are used to quickly search 47 large amounts of data. 49 For Unicode, there are several encodings which integrate. Formal 50 SignWriting is UTF-8. The Unicode 8 specification will include 51 characters to name the symbols of the International SignWriting 52 Alphabet 2010. There are 2 separate encodings in the Unicode Private 53 Use Area. The plane 15 encoding is isomorphic with Formal 54 SignWriting strings, using 3 characters for each symbol. The plane 55 16 encoding is focused on the symbols only, using 1 character for 56 each symbol. 58 Three appendices discuss additional topics to the standard. The 59 first discusses the Modern SignWriting theory and example document, 60 stable since January 12, 2012. The second discusses the symbol 61 encoding of the International SignWriting Alphabet 2010. The third 62 discusses the SignPuddle Standards: licences, infrastructure, and 63 compatibility. 65 This memo concretely defines a conceptual character encoding map for 66 the Internet community. It is published for reference, examination, 67 implementation, and evaluation. Distribution of this memo is 68 unlimited. 70 Status of This Memo 72 This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the 73 provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. 75 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering 76 Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute 77 working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- 78 Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. 80 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months 81 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any 82 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference 83 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." 85 This Internet-Draft will expire on May 13, 2015. 87 Copyright Notice 89 Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the 90 document authors. All rights reserved. 92 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal 93 Provisions Relating to IETF Documents 94 (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of 95 publication of this document. Please review these documents 96 carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect 97 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must 98 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of 99 the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as 100 described in the Simplified BSD License. 102 Table of Contents 104 1. SignWriting Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 105 1.1. 2-Dimensional Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 106 1.2. Punctuation and Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 107 1.3. Block Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 108 1.4. Handwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 109 2. Formal SignWriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 110 2.1. Symbol Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 111 2.2. Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 112 2.3. Spatial SignBox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 113 2.4. Temporal Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 114 2.5. Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 115 3. Query Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 116 3.1. Searching the Spatial Signbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 117 3.2. Searching the Temporal Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 118 3.3. Transformation to Regular Expression . . . . . . . . . . 24 119 4. SignWriting 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 120 4.1. TrueType Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 121 4.2. JavaScript Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 122 5. Unicode Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 123 5.1. UTF-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 124 5.2. Unicode 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 125 5.3. Private Use Area Plane 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 126 5.4. Private Use Area Plane 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 127 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 128 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 129 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 130 Appendix A. Modern SignWriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 131 Appendix B. ISWA 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 132 B.1. Grapheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 133 B.2. Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 134 B.3. Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 135 B.4. Combined Character Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 136 B.5. Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 137 Appendix C. SignPuddle Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 138 C.1. Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 139 C.2. Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 140 C.2.1. International SignWriting Alphabet 2010 . . . . . . . 39 141 C.2.2. SignPuddle Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 142 C.2.3. SignWriting Icon Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 143 C.2.4. SignWriting Asset Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 144 C.2.5. Wikimedia Incubator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 145 C.2.6. SignWriting Thin Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 146 C.3. Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 147 C.3.1. SignTyp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 148 C.3.2. SignWriter Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 149 C.3.3. DELEGS Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 150 C.3.4. SWift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 151 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 153 1. SignWriting Script 155 The SignWriting Script is the universal and complete solution for 156 written sign language. It has been applied to a wide and deep 157 international community of sign languages including: American Sign 158 Language, Arabian Sign Languages, Australian Sign Language, Bolivian 159 Sign Language, Brazilian Sign Language, British Sign Language, 160 Catalan Sign Language, Colombian Sign Language, Czech Sign Language, 161 Danish Sign Language, Dutch Sign Language, Ethiopian Sign Language, 162 Finnish Sign Language, Flemish Sign Language, French-Belgian Sign 163 Language, French Sign Language, German Sign Language, Greek Sign 164 Language, Irish Sign Language, Italian Sign Language, Japanese Sign 165 Language, Malawi Sign Language, Malaysian Sign Language, Maltese Sign 166 Language, Mexican Sign Language, Nepalese Sign Language, New Zealand 167 Sign Language, Nicaraguan Sign Language, Norwegian Sign Language, 168 Peruvian Sign Language, Philippines Sign Language, Polish Sign 169 Language, Portugese Sign Language, Quebec Sign Language, South 170 African Sign Language, Spanish Sign Language, Swedish Sign Language, 171 Swiss Sign Language, Taiwanese Sign Language, and Tunisian Sign 172 Language. 174 Sign language is vastly different than spoken language. Instead of 175 the sequential sounds of the voice, there is a 3 dimensional space 176 with simultaneous action. The SignWriting Script creates 177 2-dimensional writing that is visually icon and full of featural 178 information. This is true on the symbol level and on the sign level. 179 A symbol represents phonemic information and is full of featural 180 information to better understand the phonemes of the symbols. A sign 181 is a 2-dimensional arrangement of symbols and is full of featural 182 information to better understand the morphemes of the signs. 184 The SignWriting Script is an international standard for writing sign 185 languages by hand or with computers. From education to research, 186 from entertainment to religion, SignWriting has proven useful because 187 people are using it to write signed languages. 189 Initially developed in 1974, the script was written exclusively by 190 hand for 12 years. Since then the script has spread around the world 191 and continues to be written on paper and chalkboard. 193 In 1981, SignWriting Publishing rapidly evolved with Block Printing. 194 In 1986, computerization of the SignWriting Block Printing began. 195 The current symbol encoding of the ISWA 2010 has been stable since 196 the font release on October 20th, 2010. The larger character 197 encoding model has been stable since the initial release of Modern 198 SignWriting on January 12th, 2012. 200 The 2 families of the SignWriting Script are Handwriting for the 201 writer and Block Printing for the reader. Block Printing uses more 202 features and Handwriting often uses less. Block printing is used in 203 education, publishing, and is the basis of the computerized model. 205 1.1. 2-Dimensional Signs 207 A sign is a variably-size logographic word. It is a 2-dimensional 208 combination of symbols inside of a signbox with a tight bounding box 209 and an explicit center. The size of the signbox varies with the 210 symbols written inside. 212 Inside of a 2-dimensional signbox, the symbols are placed in a 213 freeform, 2-dimensional arrangement. This feature of the script 214 expresses spatial relation directly. 216 Writing based on vision uses two viewpoints: receptive and 217 expressive. The receptive viewpoint is based on the idea of 218 receiving an image. For the receptive viewpoint, the right hand of a 219 signer will be written on the left side of the signbox. When 220 SignWriting is used for transcription, the receptive view is most 221 often used. The related writing systems of DanceWriting and 222 MovementWriting normally use the receptive viewpoint. 224 The expressive viewpoint is based on the idea of expressing a 225 concept. For the expressive viewpoint, the right hand of a signer 226 will be written on the right side of the signbox. When SignWriting 227 is used for authorship, the expressive view is most often used. 229 The are two main writing planes: the front wall (Frontal Plane) and 230 the floor (Transverse Plane). The choice of writing plane can affect 231 the shape of the symbols, such as the fill pattern for the hand shape 232 palms or the tail for the movement arrows. 234 There are two perspectives: front and top. The front perspective is 235 a straight on view of/from the signer. The top perspective is a top- 236 down view of the signer. Usually, a sign will be written from a 237 single perspective. 239 1.2. Punctuation and Text 240 Logographic signs are mixed with punctuation to form text. 242 Punctuation is a single symbol and separates a series of signs into 243 structured sentences. A punctuation symbol is always used alone and 244 should not be used in a sign. Line breaks should not occur before 245 punctuation. 247 When written vertically, SignWriting can use 3 different lanes: left, 248 middle, and right. The middle lane is the default lane and 249 punctuation is always used in the middle lane. No matter the lane, 250 the center of a sign is aligned with the center of the lane. 252 For body weight shifts to one side or the other, the center of the 253 sign is aligned with a fixed horizontal offset from the middle lane 254 into either the left or right lane. 256 The left and right lanes are used to represent body weight shifts and 257 are represented by a horizontal offset from the middle lane. Body 258 weight shifts are important to the grammar of sign languages, used 259 for two different grammatical aspects: 1) role shifting during sign 260 language storytelling, and 2) spatial comparisons of two items under 261 discussion. One "role" or "item" is placed on the right side of the 262 body (right lane), and the other on the left side of the body (left 263 lane), and the weight shifts back and forth between the two, with the 264 narrator in the middle (middle lane). 266 1.3. Block Printing 268 Valerie Sutton writes, "SignWriting Printing is easy to read. It is 269 designed for the reader. The Printing can be written by hand as well 270 as by computer. If I am writing a letter to a friend in ASL, I write 271 the letter in SignWriting Printing, taking the time to make sure that 272 my handwritten-symbols are easy and clear to read. I try to write as 273 clearly as if I were using a computer. Of course it is slower, but 274 it is worth it, knowing that my friend will be able to read my 275 letter!" 277 With Block Printing, a sign is a cluster of several symbols arranged 278 in 2-dimensions space. Each symbol has a definite appearance and 279 understanding within an established symbol set. The exact form of 280 each symbol is structured, standardized, and highly featural. 282 Each symbol has two aspects. The first is the line that defines the 283 positive shape of the symbol. The second aspect is the fill (or 284 negative space) of the symbol that is sometimes used inside the lines 285 for palm facing, and inside some arrow heads and tails. Not every 286 symbol has fill. Fill matters when symbols overlap. The negative 287 space of the symbol on top will cover part of the symbol underneath. 289 The Block Printing family is aimed at the needs of the reader and the 290 publisher. The Block Printing family is ready to standardize with a 291 fully developed model. 293 1.4. Handwriting 295 Valerie Sutton writes, "SignWriting Handwriting is easier to write by 296 hand, than the Printing. It is designed for the writer. There are 297 several variations of Handwriting, and since most of the time, the 298 writer is only writing for private notes, some writers create their 299 own shortcuts that work just for them...and that is fine!" 301 The purpose is not to recreate the iconic symbols of the 302 International SignWriting Alphabet exactly by hand, but the purpose 303 is to enable the writer to quickly write notes on paper or 304 chalkboard. Handwriting often drops features of the SignWriting 305 Script for efficiency and speed. If too many features are dropped, 306 the writing may loose it's clarity over time as the writer is 307 distanced from the writing. This is common for Shorthand. 309 A popular form of SignWriting is cursive. It can be shared among a 310 groups of writers or it can be individualized and personal. Cursive 311 writing is designed to have fluid marks and a natural flow. Cursive 312 writing may use fewer features than the iconic symbols, but should be 313 related to an iconic symbol in appearance and meaning. Once 314 developed, this style of writing is great for taking notes in a 315 class. 317 Shorthand is a skill of the proficient writer [1]. In 1982, Sign 318 Language Stenographers could record sign language with SignWriting 319 Shorthand at normal signing speed [2]. Time tests proved practice 320 and special training were required. The marks they write are 321 personal style of quick and efficient strokes with a highly developed 322 reception to what signifies meaning. They understand the iconic 323 symbols of the SignWriting Script, but their marks are personal 324 reminders rather than a fully developed text. 326 The shorthand in and of itself is often an incomplete representation 327 of the gestures that were experienced. The shorthand writing can be 328 thought of as a short-term memory device. Often shorthand notes must 329 be revised and extended at a later time, the sooner the better. 331 2. Formal SignWriting 333 According to Wikipedia, "In mathematics, computer science, and 334 linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings of symbols that 335 may be constrained by rules that are specific to it." [3] 336 Formal SignWriting defines a formal language for the signed languages 337 of the world. Any sign of any sign language can be written as a 338 string of ASCII characters. 340 Formal SignWriting is a heuristic model. The first prototypes were 341 created in 2008. Through trial and error, the model was successively 342 refactored to reduce the complexity and the computation cost of the 343 implementations. The model has been optimized for common usage and 344 processing. The final model has been stable since January 12th, 345 2012. 347 The mathematical names of Formal SignWriting are plain text strings 348 of characters. These names are described with regular expressions. 349 Formal languages and regular expressions are used to solve 350 fundamental problems. 352 Regular Expression Basics 354 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 355 | Characters | Description | Example | 356 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 357 | * | Match a literal 0 or | ABC* matches AB, ABC, | 358 | | more times | ABCC, ... | 359 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 360 | + | Match a literal 1 or | ABC+ matches ABC, | 361 | | more times | ABCC, ABCCC, ... | 362 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 363 | ? | Match a literal 0 or 1 | ABC? matches AB or ABC | 364 | | times | | 365 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 366 | {#} | Match a literal "#" | AB{2} matches ABB | 367 | | times | | 368 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 369 | [ ] | Match any single | [ABC] matches A, B, or | 370 | | literal from a list | C | 371 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 372 | [ - ] | Match any single | [A-C] matches A, B, or | 373 | | literal in a range | C | 374 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 375 | ( ) | Creates a group for | A(BC)+ matches ABC, | 376 | | matching | ABCBC, ABCBCBC, ... | 377 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 378 | ( | ) | Matches one of several | (AB|BC|CD) will match | 379 | | alternatives | AB, BC, or CD | 380 +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------+ 382 Table 1 384 The Formal SignWriting encoding model makes explicit those features 385 which can be effectively and efficiently processed. The mathematical 386 names are structured with 11 different tokens. They can be grouped 387 in 4 layers: the 5 structural makers (A, B, L, M, R), the 3 base 388 symbol ranges (w, s, P), the 2 modifier indexes (i, o), and the 389 numbers (n). 391 The Tokens of Formal SignWriting 393 +-------+-------------------------------+ 394 | Token | Description | 395 +-------+-------------------------------+ 396 | A | Sequence Marker | 397 +-------+-------------------------------+ 398 | B | SignBox Marker | 399 +-------+-------------------------------+ 400 | L | Left Lane Marker | 401 +-------+-------------------------------+ 402 | M | Middle Lane Marker | 403 +-------+-------------------------------+ 404 | R | Right Lane Marker | 405 +-------+-------------------------------+ 406 | w | Writing BaseSymbols | 407 +-------+-------------------------------+ 408 | s | Detailed Location BaseSymbols | 409 +-------+-------------------------------+ 410 | P | Punctuation BaseSymbols | 411 +-------+-------------------------------+ 412 | i | Fill Modifiers | 413 +-------+-------------------------------+ 414 | o | Rotation Modifiers | 415 +-------+-------------------------------+ 416 | n | Number from 250 to 749 | 417 +-------+-------------------------------+ 419 Table 2 421 These tokens are used in patterns to form written sign language. The 422 following token patterns fully describe the SignWriting Text 423 language. [4] 425 2.1. Symbol Keys 427 Symbol keys can be described with 3 tokens: base symbol, fill 428 modifier, and rotation modifier. 430 Symbol Key Tokens 431 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 432 | Token | Description | 433 | Pattern | | 434 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 435 | w | Writing BaseSymbols. | 436 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 437 | s | Detailed Location BaseSymbols. | 438 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 439 | P | Punctuation BaseSymbols. | 440 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 441 | i | Fill Modifiers. | 442 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 443 | o | Rotation Modifiers. | 444 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 445 | wio | A writing symbol as 3 tokens of writing base, fill | 446 | | modifier and rotation modifier. Writing symbols can | 447 | | be used in the spatial SignBox or the temporal | 448 | | sequence. | 449 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 450 | [ws]io | A writing symbol or a detailed location symbol as 3 | 451 | | tokens of base, fill modifier, and rotation | 452 | | modifier. Writing symbols and detail location | 453 | | symbols can be used in the temporal sequence. | 454 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 455 | Pio | A punctuation symbol as 3 tokens of punctuation | 456 | | base, fill modifier, and rotation modifier. | 457 | | Punctuation symbols divide signs into sentences. | 458 +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ 460 Table 3 462 Symbol keys are 6 characters long. The first character of a symbol 463 key is always "S". The next 3 characters identify the symbol base. 464 The last two characters identify the fill and rotation modifiers 465 respectively. 467 Symbol Key Definition 468 +--------------------------------+-----------------------+ 469 | Regular Expression | Description | 470 +--------------------------------+-----------------------+ 471 | S | Start of symbol key | 472 +--------------------------------+-----------------------+ 473 | [123][0-9a-f]{2} | Symbol key base | 474 +--------------------------------+-----------------------+ 475 | [0-5] | Fill modifier | 476 +--------------------------------+-----------------------+ 477 | [0-9a-f] | Rotation modifier | 478 +--------------------------------+-----------------------+ 479 | S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f] | Symbol key definition | 480 +--------------------------------+-----------------------+ 482 Table 4 484 Symbol keys can be divided between several types. Each type has a 485 starting and ending base value. 487 Symbol Key Type and Ranges 488 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 489 | Type | Start | End | Description | 490 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 491 | all symbols | 100 | 38b | All symbol keys occur in this | 492 | | | | range. | 493 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 494 | writing | 100 | 37e | Symbols that can be used in the | 495 | | | | spatial SignBox or the temporal | 496 | | | | sequence. | 497 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 498 | hand | 100 | 204 | Various handshapes | 499 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 500 | movement | 205 | 2f6 | Contact symbols, small finger | 501 | | | | movements, straight arrows, | 502 | | | | curved arrows and circles. | 503 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 504 | dynamic | 2f7 | 2fe | Dynamic symbols are used to give | 505 | | | | the "feeling" or "tempo" to | 506 | | | | movement. | 507 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 508 | head | 2ff | 36c | Symbols for the head and face. | 509 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 510 | hcenter | 2ff | 36c | Used to determine the horizontal | 511 | | | | center of a sign. Same as the | 512 | | | | head type. | 513 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 514 | vcenter | 2ff | 375 | Use to determine the vertical | 515 | | | | center of a sign. Includes the | 516 | | | | head an trunk types. | 517 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 518 | trunk | 36d | 375 | Symbols for torso movement, | 519 | | | | shoulders, and hips. | 520 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 521 | limb | 376 | 37e | Symbols for limbs and fingers. | 522 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 523 | location | 37f | 386 | Details location symbols can only | 524 | | | | be used in the temporal sequence. | 525 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 526 | punctuation | 387 | 38b | Punctual symbols are used to | 527 | | | | divide signs into sentences. | 528 +---------------+---------+-----+-----------------------------------+ 530 Table 5 532 2.2. Coordinates 534 Coordinates can be described with 2 tokens: number and number. These 535 numbers represent the X and Y coordinates respectively. 537 The number characters encode the ruler principle with characters. 538 The ruler principle is built in automatically for scripts written 539 sequentially in one dimension. The number characters are needed to 540 specify the spatial relationship between symbols. 542 Coordinate Tokens 544 +----------------+---------------------------------------------+ 545 | Token Patterns | Description | 546 +----------------+---------------------------------------------+ 547 | n | Number from 250 to 749 | 548 +----------------+---------------------------------------------+ 549 | nn | Coordinate with X and Y values as 2 numbers | 550 +----------------+---------------------------------------------+ 552 Table 6 554 There are 2 definitions for a coordinate. The more general 555 definition simply defines 3 numbers followed by an "x" followed by 3 556 more numbers. The more explicit definition correctly restricts the 557 number range from 250 to 749. The general coordinate definition is 558 adequate for processing. 560 Coordinate Definition 561 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 562 | Regular Expression | Descrip | 563 | | tion | 564 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 565 | [0-9]{3} | General | 566 | | 3 digit | 567 | | number | 568 | | definit | 569 | | ion. | 570 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 571 | [0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3} | General | 572 | | coordin | 573 | | ate def | 574 | | inition | 575 | | . | 576 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 577 | (2[5-9][0-9]|[3-6][0-9]{2}|7[0-4][0-9]) | Explici | 578 | | t | 579 | | number | 580 | | definit | 581 | | ion | 582 | | from | 583 | | 250 to | 584 | | 749. | 585 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 586 | (2[5-9][0-9]|[3-6][0-9]{2}|7[0-4][0-9])x(2[5-9][0-9]|[3 | Explici | 587 | -6][0-9]{2}|7[0-4][0-9]) | t coord | 588 | | inate d | 589 | | efiniti | 590 | | on | 591 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 593 Table 7 595 2.3. Spatial SignBox 597 The visual image of a logographic sign is a 2-dimension arrangement 598 of symbols inside of a signbox. Each signbox has a defined width, 599 height, and 2-dimensional center that can be calculated from the 600 plain text. 602 Each logographic sign exists on its own 2-dimensional signbox. Each 603 point on the signbox is identified with an X and a Y coordinate. 604 Each signbox has a defined center. Formal numbers range from 250 to 605 749. Informal number have no limit. 607 Y Axis 608 | 250 609 | 610 | 611 | 612 | 613 | 614 X Axis | 615 -----------+------------ 616 250 | 749 617 | 618 | 619 | 620 | 621 | 622 | 749 624 Symbols are placed on the signbox with coordinates that represent the 625 top-left of the symbol image. Symbol images may overlap. 627 The Spatial SignBox can be described with 8 tokens. 629 Spatial SignBox Tokens 630 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 631 | Token Pattern | Description | 632 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 633 | B | SignBox Marker | 634 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 635 | L | Left Lane Marker | 636 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 637 | M | Middle Lane Marker | 638 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 639 | R | Right Lane Marker | 640 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 641 | w | Writing BaseSymbols | 642 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 643 | i | Fill Modifiers | 644 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 645 | o | Rotation Modifiers | 646 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 647 | n | Number from 250 to 749 | 648 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 649 | wio | A writing symbol as 3 tokens of writing | 650 | | base, fill modifier and rotation modifier | 651 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 652 | nn | Coordinate with X and Y values as 2 numbers | 653 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 654 | wionn | A spatial symbol as 5 tokens, with 3 tokens | 655 | | for a writing symbol and 2 tokens for | 656 | | coordinates of top left placement | 657 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 658 | (wionn)* | Zero or more spatial symbols | 659 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 660 | Bnn(wionn)* | A signbox with a preprocessed maximum | 661 | | coordinate and a list of spatial symbols | 662 | | used for horizontal writing | 663 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 664 | [LMR] | A lane marker: either left, middle or | 665 | | right. | 666 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 667 | [LMR]nn(wionn)* | A signbox in either the left, middle, or | 668 | | right lane with a preprocessed maximum | 669 | | coordinate and a list of spatial symbols | 670 | | used for vertical writing | 671 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 673 Table 8 675 The Spatial SignBox is assigned to a lane, has a preprocessed maximum 676 coordinate and zero or more writing symbols with X and Y coordinates. 678 Spatial SignBox Definition 680 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 681 | Regular Expression | Descrip | 682 | | tion | 683 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 684 | S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f] | Symbol | 685 | | key def | 686 | | inition | 687 | | . | 688 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 689 | [0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3} | Coordin | 690 | | ate def | 691 | | inition | 692 | | . | 693 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 694 | [BLMR]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f | SignBox | 695 | ][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})* | definit | 696 | | ion. | 697 +---------------------------------------------------------+---------+ 699 Table 9 701 2-dimensional space does not have a normative 1-dimensional order. 702 When symbols overlap, the relative order of the overlapping symbols 703 is important. Otherwise, the exact string order of the spatial 704 symbols is unpredictable. 706 2.4. Temporal Sequence 708 Signs are written in 2-dimensional space which does not have a 709 normative 1-dimensional order. Any 1-dimensional order of 710 2-dimensional space is subjective. Some 1-dimensional orders may be 711 canonical according to a particular theory, but there are a variety 712 of theories on setting a 1-dimensional order. 714 The temporal sequence describes a 1-dimensional order that is 715 separate from the spatial SignBox;; It does not order the 716 2-dimensional space directly. The temporal sequence is written as an 717 optional prefix to a spatial SignBox. The temporal sequence will 718 always use the symbols that are used in the spatial SignBox, but it 719 does not need to use all of them and it is not limited to only those 720 symbols. The temporal sequence is a list of writing symbols and/or 721 detailed location symbols that identify temporal order and additional 722 analysis. A valid sequence must contain at least one symbol and can 723 not contain punctuation. 725 The temporal sequence allows for sorting that is universally 726 supported through binary string comparison. 728 There are several theories on the best way to structure a temporal 729 sequence. The most productive is based on the SignSpelling Sequence 730 theory of Valerie Sutton. A temporal sequence is structured as a 731 series of starting handshapes followed by optional movements, 732 transitional handshapes, movement, and end handshapes. Only symbols 733 of type "hand" and "movement" should be used in this first section. 734 The last section of the temporal sequence should contain symbols of 735 of type "dynamic", "head", "trunk", and "limb". 737 Detailed location symbols of type "location" can be used in a 738 temporal sequence, but are rarely (if ever) needed for general 739 writing. 741 A temporal sequence can be described with 5 tokens. 743 Temporal Sequence Tokens 745 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 746 | Token Patterns | Description | 747 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 748 | A | Sequence Marker | 749 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 750 | w | Writing BaseSymbols | 751 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 752 | s | Detailed Location BaseSymbols | 753 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 754 | i | Fill Modifiers | 755 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 756 | o | Rotation Modifiers | 757 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 758 | (A([ws]io)+)? | An optional temporal sequence to be used as | 759 | | a prefix for a SignBox | 760 +---------------------+---------------------------------------------+ 762 Table 10 764 The temporal prefix starts with a sequence marker and includes an 765 ordered list of writing symbols and detailed locations. 767 Temporal Sequence Definition 768 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 769 | Regular Expression | Description | 770 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 771 | (A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f])+)? | An optional temporal | 772 | | sequence as a | 773 | | sequence marker | 774 | | followed by one or | 775 | | more symbols. | 776 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 778 Table 11 780 2.5. Sentences 782 General signs are written as a spatial SignBox of symbols in 783 2-dimensional space. Sortable signs include a temporal sequence as a 784 1-dimensional prefix to the spatial SignBox. 786 Signs are mixed with punctuation to form text. Punctuation is a 787 single symbol and separates a series of signs into structured 788 sentences. A punctuation symbol is always used alone and should not 789 be used in a sign. Line breaks should not occur before punctuation. 791 When written vertically, SignWriting can use 3 different lanes: left, 792 middle, and right. The middle lane is the default lane and 793 punctuation is always used in the middle lane. No matter the lane, 794 the center of a sign is aligned with the center of the lane. 796 For body weight shifts to one side or the other, the center of the 797 sign is aligned with a fixed horizontal offset from the middle lane 798 into either the left or right lane. 800 The left and right lanes are used to represent body weight shifts and 801 are represented by a horizontal offset from the middle lane. Body 802 weight shifts are important to the grammar of sign languages, used 803 for two different grammatical aspects: 1) role shifting during sign 804 language storytelling, and 2) spatial comparisons of two items under 805 discussion. One "role" or "item" is placed on the right side of the 806 body (right lane), and the other on the left side of the body (left 807 lane), and the weight shifts back and forth between the two, with the 808 narrator in the middle (middle lane). 810 Sentence Token Patterns 811 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 812 | Regular Expression | Description | 813 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 814 | Pionn | a punctuation symbol | 815 | | as a punctuation base | 816 | | symbol with a | 817 | | preprocessed minimum | 818 | | coordinate | 819 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 820 | (((A([ws]io)+)?Bnn(wionn)*)|Pionn)+ | a sign text for | 821 | | horizontal writing as | 822 | | a string of signboxes | 823 | | (with optional | 824 | | prefixes) and | 825 | | punctuation | 826 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 827 | (((A([ws]io)+)?[LMR]nn(wionn)*)|Pionn)+ | a sign text for | 828 | | vertical writing as a | 829 | | string of signboxes | 830 | | in lanes (with | 831 | | optional prefixes) | 832 | | and punctuation | 833 +-------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ 835 Table 12 837 Sentences mix signs with punctuation to form text. 839 Temporal Sequence Definition 840 +------------------------------------------------------------+------+ 841 | Regular Expression | Desc | 842 | | ript | 843 | | ion | 844 +------------------------------------------------------------+------+ 845 | S38[7-9ab][0-5][0-9a-f][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3} | Punc | 846 | | tuat | 847 | | ion | 848 | | defi | 849 | | niti | 850 | | on | 851 +------------------------------------------------------------+------+ 852 | ((A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f])+)?[BLMR]([0-9]{3}x[0-9 | Form | 853 | ]{3})(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})*|S3 | al S | 854 | 8[7-9ab][0-5][0-9a-f][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})( (A(S[123][0-9a-f] | ignW | 855 | {2}[0-5][0-9a-f])+)?[BLMR]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})(S[123][0-9a- | riti | 856 | f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})*| | ng | 857 | S38[7-9ab][0-5][0-9a-f][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})* | text | 858 | | defi | 859 | | niti | 860 | | on | 861 +------------------------------------------------------------+------+ 863 Table 13 865 3. Query Language 867 The query language is a lite ASCII markup similar to Formal 868 SignWriting. Any Formal SignWriting string can easily be converted 869 into a query string. The query string is a concise representation 870 for a much larger and detailed set of regular expressions. The 871 regular expressions can be used to quickly and accurately search 872 large files and databases containing Formal SignWriting. 874 A filter and repeat pattern of searching is used as a series of match 875 criteria. A file, database, or text input is searched using a 876 sequence of steps. Each step applies a single match criteria. 877 Matching results are collated and the next search criteria is 878 applied. The pattern of searching the previous results continues 879 until all regular expressions have been used. 881 There are two main sections of a query string. The first searches 882 the spatial signbox. The second searches the temporal sequence. 883 Both sections use the same definition for a symbol or a range. The 884 symbol search can match an exact symbol, or a set of related symbols. 885 For the fill and rotation modifiers, the "u" character is a wildcard. 886 The "u" stands for unknown and will match all values rather than a 887 specific character. The range search can match a range of base 888 symbols. The base symbol range consists of 2 values: the starting 889 base symbol and the ending base symbol. Every symbol between these 2 890 base symbols will be matched. 892 'Symbol Search' S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-fu] 894 'Range Search' R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2} 896 The full query string definition allows for the possibility of 897 searching the temporal sequence and the spatial signbox at the same 898 time. 900 'Query String' Q((A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-fu]|R[123][0-9a-f]{ 901 2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2})+)?T)?(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-fu]([0-9]{ 902 3}x[0-9]{3})?|R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2}([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3} 903 )?)*(V[0-9]+)? 905 3.1. Searching the Spatial Signbox 907 The spatial signbox is a list of symbols with 2-dimensional 908 placement. The query "Q" will find all signs regardless of the 909 symbols used or their placement. 911 It is possible to specify one or more symbols (or ranges of symbols) 912 that must be included in the signbox to indicate a match. The order 913 of the symbols is not important. Each symbol (or range) can include 914 an optional coordinate. The coordinate is a restriction on the 915 match, such that a symbol must be used within a certain variance of 916 the coordinate to qualify as a match. 918 The variance is a number value, 0 or greater with a default value of 919 20. A variance of 0 will only find symbols used at an exact 920 coordinate. A variance of 5 will match the symbols used at a 921 coordinate, plus or minus 5 for both X and Y numbers. 923 'Symbol Search with Optional Coordinate' S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0 924 -9a-fu]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})? 926 'Range Search with Optional Coordinate' 927 R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2}([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})? 929 'Variance' (V[0-9]+)? 931 'Spatial Signbox Search Query' Q(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-fu]([0 932 -9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?|R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2}([0-9]{3}x[0-9 933 ]{3})?)*(V[0-9]+)? 935 Spatial Signbox Query Examples 937 +------------------------+------------------------------------------+ 938 | Query | Description | 939 +------------------------+------------------------------------------+ 940 | Q | All signs | 941 +------------------------+------------------------------------------+ 942 | QS100uu | Signs with the index handshape in the | 943 | | spatial order | 944 +------------------------+------------------------------------------+ 945 | QS100uu480x480 | Signs with the index handshape in the | 946 | | spatial order used near coordinate | 947 | | (480,480) | 948 +------------------------+------------------------------------------+ 949 | QS100uu480x480V0 | Signs with the index handshape in the | 950 | | spatial order used at the exact | 951 | | coordinate (480,480) | 952 +------------------------+------------------------------------------+ 953 | QS100uuR2fft36c | Signs with the index handshape and a | 954 | | symbol from the head & face range | 955 +------------------------+------------------------------------------+ 957 Table 14 959 3.2. Searching the Temporal Sequence 961 The temporal sequence is a list of symbol keys. The query "QT" will 962 find all signs that include a temporal sequence. 964 It is possible to specify the start of the temporal sequence by 965 identifying a series of symbols and/or ranges. The query will start 966 with an "QA" and end with a "T", such as "QA...T". Between the "QA" 967 and "T", a series of symbol searches and/or range searches will 968 specify the desired start of the temporal sequence. The order of the 969 symbols and ranges is important. 971 'Temporal Sequence Search Query' Q((A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-f 972 u]|R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2})+)?T)? 974 Temporal Sequence Query Examples 975 +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ 976 | Query | Description | 977 +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ 978 | QT | All signs that include the temporal | 979 | | sequence | 980 +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ 981 | QAS100uuT | Signs with a temporal sequence that | 982 | | starts with the index handshape | 983 +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ 984 | QAS100uuR100t204S20500T | Signs with a temporal sequence that | 985 | | starts with the index handshape, | 986 | | followed by any handshape, followed | 987 | | by the single contact | 988 +-----------------------------+-------------------------------------+ 990 Table 15 992 3.3. Transformation to Regular Expression 994 The conversion from Query String to Regular Expression has been fully 995 implemented in the SignWriting Icon Server. 997 The Query Language to regular expression generator uses the following 998 regular expression structures as building blocks. 1000 'Temporal Sequence Prefix' (A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f])+) 1002 'SignBox Prefix' [BLMR]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3}) 1004 'Spatial Symbols' (S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})* 1006 The Temporal Sequence Prefix is a structural marker followed by one 1007 or more symbols. For the query string "QT", the prefix is required. 1008 For the general "Q", the prefix is optional so "?" is appended to the 1009 Temporal Sequence Prefix regular expression. 1011 The SignBox Prefix is a combination of structural marker and 1012 preprocessed maximum coordinate. Every constructed regular 1013 expression will include the SignBox Prefix. 1015 The Spatial Symbols is zero or more symbol definitions and associated 1016 coordinates. The Spatial Symbols regular expression is used for 1017 every search. For both "Q" and "QT", it is the only symbol matching 1018 used. When searching for specific symbols and ranges, the general 1019 Spatial Symbols definition will sandwich the specific search 1020 definitions. 1022 Searching for number ranges with regular expressions requires a 1023 unique technique. This technique was described to the LinkedIn 1024 Regular Expression Experts at the end of 2011 [5]. Searching for 1025 number ranges in hexadecimal with regular expressions is slightly 1026 more complicated but uses the same solution. 1028 4. SignWriting 2010 1030 SignWriting 2010 is the modern implementation and international 1031 specification of the SignWriting script for the internet community 1032 that includes TrueType Fonts and a compact JavaScript library. 1034 4.1. TrueType Fonts 1036 The SignWriting 2010 TrueType fonts are available for download and 1037 installation. The fonts have been tailored for the SignWriting 2010 1038 JavaScript library. 1040 4.2. JavaScript Library 1042 The JavaScript library leverages the TrueType fonts without any 1043 additional requirements. The SignWriting 2010 JavaScript library is 1044 contained in a single file and can be included in any HTML page or 1045 JavaScript environment. 1047 5. Unicode Integration 1049 SignWriting Text is integrated with Unicode in a varieties of ways. 1050 The TrueType fonts of SignWriting 2010 are compatible with each of 1051 the varieties. 1053 5.1. UTF-8 1055 Formal SignWriting is based on ASCII, so it can be supported anywhere 1056 ASCII is supported. ASCII is a subset of UTF-8, with a one-to-one 1057 character correspondence. Anywhere UTF-8 is supported, the size of 1058 the Formal SignWriting strings is equal to the ASCII encoding of 8 1059 bits per character. With UTF-32, the size of the string is 4 times 1060 that of the ASCII encoding, requiring 32 bits for each character. 1062 The Formal SignWriting strings have an equivalent encoding on plane 1063 15 of the Private Use Area. 1065 5.2. Unicode 8 1067 The symbols of the International SignWriting Alphabet 2010 have been 1068 approved for Unicode 8, which will be released next year. Every 1069 symbol of the ISWA 2010 can be described with 1 to 3 characters. 1071 Due to the variable size of the symbol description, both sorting and 1072 searching have been compromised. The sorting issue has not been 1073 resolved. The searching issue either complicates the routines or 1074 makes it impossible to resolve ambiguity. It should be noted that a 1075 basic search and replace of symbol names will likely corrupt the 1076 text. 1078 5.3. Private Use Area Plane 15 1080 The Unicode PUA is a simple shift of the x-Binary-SignWriting coded 1081 character set. Each code is increased by decimal value 1,038,080 1082 which is FD700 in hex. 1084 5.4. Private Use Area Plane 16 1086 Every symbol of the ISWA 2010 can be described with a single 1087 character on plane 16 of the Private Use Area. A simple formula 1088 transforms a symbol key into a codepoint. 1090 6. IANA Considerations 1092 This section provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers 1093 Authority (IANA) regarding registration of values related to the code 1094 spaces of the Center for Sutton Movement Writing, in accordance with 1095 [RFC2978]. protocol, in accordance with BCP 26, [RFC2434]. 1097 See IANA: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2978.txt 1099 Conforms with RFC 2040. 1101 There are three name spaces for the Center for Sutton Movement 1102 Writing that require definition and extension: x-ISWA-2010, x-Binary- 1103 SignWriting, and x-Character-SignWriting 1105 SignWriting Text is an international standard with several coded 1106 character sets. These sets may require additional hand and mouth 1107 shapes. 1109 The following terms are used here with the meanings defined in BCP 1110 26: "name space", "assigned value", "registration". 1112 The following policies are used here with the meanings defined in BCP 1113 26: "Private Use", "First Come First Served", "Expert Review", 1114 "Specification Required", "IETF Consensus", "Standards Action". 1116 7. Security Considerations 1118 None. 1120 8. References 1122 Appendix A. Modern SignWriting 1124 This Internet Draft is in complete agreement with the theory and 1125 example workbook released on January 12th, 2012 called Modern 1126 SignWriting [6]. Modern SignWriting has example text and concretely 1127 defines the processes available. It fully documented the text 1128 encoding with regular expressions. 1130 The Formal SignWriting strings are exactly the same as they appear in 1131 the Modern SignWriting document. The query language is nearly the 1132 same, with a compatible improvement for searching the temporal 1133 sequence. 1135 Appendix B. ISWA 2010 1137 The ISWA 2010 is the abstract symbolset for the x-ISWA-2010 coded 1138 character set. The symbols are visually iconic, uniquely identified, 1139 and organized in a layered hierarchy (Appendix B.3). 1141 The x-ISWA-2010 is a 16-bit coded character used in the font software 1142 to access the symbol glyphs. 1144 The x-Binary-SignWriting is a 12-bit coded character set that does 1145 not directly encode the symbols of the ISWA 2010, but divides each 1146 symbol into a combination of 3 characters. The first character 1147 represents the base of the symbol. The next represents the fill of 1148 the symbol. The last character represents the rotation of the 1149 symbol. 1151 B.1. Grapheme 1153 The grapheme is the fundamental unit of writing for the SignWriting 1154 script. Many graphemes of SignWriting are visually iconic. The main 1155 writing graphemes of SignWriting represent a visual conception: 1156 either hands, movement, dynamics, timing, head, face, trunk, or limb. 1157 The body concept is a combination of trunk and limb. The specific 1158 size and shape of each grapheme is designed to balance and complement 1159 other graphemes. 1161 The writing graphemes are extensive and specifically organized for 1162 written sign language and sign gestures. The writing graphemes do 1163 not include the specific graphemes of DanceWriting or the general 1164 graphemes of MovementWriting. 1166 The writing graphemes are used in clusters. A cluster is a spatial 1167 grouping of graphemes written as a single unit. The graphemes can 1168 overlap and obscure graphemes underneath. A cluster can represents a 1169 sign of a sign language or a visual performance of a sign gesture. 1171 Detailed location graphemes are separate from the main writing 1172 graphemes. Detailed location graphemes are used individually or 1173 sequentially. They represent isolated analysis that is written 1174 outside the cluster. 1176 Punctuation graphemes are used when writing sentences. They are used 1177 individually, between clusters. 1179 When written by hand, lines are drawn to form each grapheme. 1180 Different styles draw different types of lines: either for personal 1181 taste, speed, or quality. The main types of handwriting are formal, 1182 cursive, and shorthand. Formal handwriting, equivalent to block 1183 printing, includes defined lines for all grapheme features, specific 1184 palm facings for hand shapes, and detailed arrow heads and tails. 1185 Cursive handwriting is more fluid and less detailed. Handwriting for 1186 personal use can omit palm facings, generalize arrows, and other 1187 liberties of personal consumption. Shorthand is a further reduction 1188 of detail, written for speed. Shorthand is a memory aid to a written 1189 record and should be rewritten soon after the notes were taken. 1191 Understanding the ratios of size and shape for the graphemes improves 1192 hand writing. SignWriting was an exclusively handwritten script for 1193 7 years before publishing formalized the Block Printing model. 1195 B.2. Symbol 1197 There are 37,811 symbols, each with a unique ID. A symbol ID is a 1198 sequence of six formatted numbers of increasing detail. The first 1199 dashed number defines the category (11). The first two dashed 1200 numbers define the group (11-22). The first four dashed numbers 1201 define a base (11-22-333-44). The fifth number represents the fill 1202 (55). The sixth number represents the rotation (66). A symbol ID is 1203 a combination of base ID with a valid fill and a valid rotation. A 1204 symbol ID has the format "nn-nn-nnn-nn-nn-nn", where each "n" is a 1205 digit from 0 to 9. 1207 The fill modifier can best be understood through the palm facing of 1208 the hand graphemes. The palm facing is based on planes. The 1209 SignWriting script uses two planes: the Front Wall (Frontal Plane) 1210 and the Floor (Transverse Plane). There are 6 palm facings. The 1211 first three palm facings are parallel with the Front Wall. The 1212 second three palm facings are parallel with the Floor. The reader 1213 can view the signer from different viewpoints (expressive or 1214 receptive) and can view the hands from different perspectives (front 1215 or top), but no matter what the viewpoint or perspective, the first 1216 three Fills represent the palm facing parallel to the Front Wall and 1217 the second three Fills represent the palm facing parallel to the 1218 Floor. 1220 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1221 | Fill | Indicator | Meaning | 1222 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1223 | 01 | grapheme with white palm | reader sees palm of hand | 1224 | | | parallel Front Wall | 1225 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1226 | 02 | grapheme with half black | reader sees side of hand | 1227 | | palm | parallel Front Wall | 1228 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1229 | 03 | grapheme with black palm | reader sees back of hand | 1230 | | | parallel Front Wall | 1231 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1232 | 04 | grapheme with white palm | reader sees palm of hand | 1233 | | and broken line | parallel Floor | 1234 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1235 | 05 | grapheme with half black | reader sees side of hand | 1236 | | palm and broken line | parallel Floor | 1237 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1238 | 06 | grapheme with black palm | reader sees palm of hand | 1239 | | and broken line | parallel Floor | 1240 +--------+-----------------------------+----------------------------+ 1242 Table 16 1244 The fill modifier is redefined for the movement arrows of category 2. 1246 +-------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1247 | Fill | Indicator | Meaning | 1248 +-------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1249 | 01 | a grapheme with a | movement of the right hand | 1250 | | black arrow head | | 1251 +-------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1252 | 02 | a grapheme with a | movement of the left hand | 1253 | | white arrow head | | 1254 +-------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1255 | 03 | a grapheme with a | spatial overlapping of movement | 1256 | | thin, unconnected | arrows for the left and right | 1257 | | arrow head | hands when they move as a unit | 1258 +-------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1259 | 04 | Irregular arrow stems | building blocks for complex | 1260 | | | movement | 1261 +-------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------+ 1263 Table 17 1265 The rest of the other bases use a fill modifier for grouping and 1266 visual organization that is meaningful only for a particular base 1267 symbol or small set. 1269 The rotation modifier can best be understood through the hand 1270 symbols. The first 8 rotations progress 45 degrees counter 1271 clockwise. The last 8 rotations are a mirror of the first 8 and 1272 progress 45 degrees clockwise. Zero (0) degrees is understood to 1273 point to the top of the grapheme. 1275 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1276 | Rotation | Direction | Degrees from top | 1277 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1278 | 01 | Counter Clockwise | 0 | 1279 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1280 | 02 | Counter Clockwise | 45 | 1281 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1282 | 03 | Counter Clockwise | 90 | 1283 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1284 | 04 | Counter Clockwise | 135 | 1285 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1286 | 05 | Counter Clockwise | 180 | 1287 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1288 | 06 | Counter Clockwise | 225 | 1289 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1290 | 07 | Counter Clockwise | 270 | 1291 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1292 | 08 | Counter Clockwise | 315 | 1293 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1294 | 09 | Clockwise | 0 | 1295 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1296 | 10 | Clockwise | 45 | 1297 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1298 | 11 | Clockwise | 90 | 1299 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1300 | 12 | Clockwise | 135 | 1301 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1302 | 13 | Clockwise | 180 | 1303 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1304 | 14 | Clockwise | 225 | 1305 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1306 | 15 | Clockwise | 270 | 1307 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1308 | 16 | Clockwise | 315 | 1309 +----------+-------------------+------------------+ 1311 Table 18 1313 B.3. Hierarchy 1315 The symbols of the ISWA 2010 are placed in a layered hierarchy for 1316 organization and access. There are 4 levels to the ISWA 2010 1317 hierarchy: category, group, base, and symbol. 1319 There are 7 categories. The first number of the symbol ID identifies 1320 the category. The first 5 categories contain writing symbols for use 1321 in clusters: 1) Hands, 2) Movement, 3) Dynamics & Timing, 4) Head & 1322 Face, and 5) Body. The Body category can be broken into 2 1323 subcategories: 5.1) Trunk and 5.2) Limb. 1325 The 6th category is Detailed Location that contains symbols used 1326 alone or in sequence, always outside the cluster. The 7th category 1327 is Punctuation that contains symbols used between clusters for text. 1329 The 7 Categories of the ISWA 2010 1331 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1332 | Cat | Purpose | Name | Description | 1333 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1334 | 1 | Writing | Hands | Handshapes from over 40 Sign | 1335 | | | | Languages are placed in 10 | 1336 | | | | groups based on the numbers | 1337 | | | | 1-10 in American Sign | 1338 | | | | Language. | 1339 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1340 | 2 | Writing | Movement | Contact symbols, small finger | 1341 | | | | movements, straight arrows, | 1342 | | | | curved arrows and circles are | 1343 | | | | placed into 10 groups based | 1344 | | | | on planes: The Front Wall | 1345 | | | | Plane includes movement that | 1346 | | | | is "parallel to the front | 1347 | | | | wall" and the Floor Plane | 1348 | | | | includes movement that is | 1349 | | | | "parallel to the floor". | 1350 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1351 | 3 | Writing | Dynamics & | Dynamics Symbols are used to | 1352 | | | Timing | give the "feeling" or "tempo" | 1353 | | | | to movement. They provide | 1354 | | | | emphasis on a movement or | 1355 | | | | expression, and combined with | 1356 | | | | Punctuation Symbols become | 1357 | | | | the equivalent to Exclamation | 1358 | | | | Points. The Tension Symbol, | 1359 | | | | combined with Contact | 1360 | | | | Symbols, provides the feeling | 1361 | | | | of "pressure", and combined | 1362 | | | | with facial expressions can | 1363 | | | | place emphasis or added | 1364 | | | | feeling to an expression. | 1365 | | | | Timing symbols are used to | 1366 | | | | show alternating or | 1367 | | | | simultaneous movement. | 1368 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1369 | 4 | Writing | Head & Face | Starting with the head and | 1370 | | | | then from the top of the face | 1371 | | | | and moving down. | 1372 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1373 | 5 | Writing | Body | Torso movement, shoulders, | 1374 | | | | hips, and the limbs are used | 1375 | | | | in Sign Languages as a part | 1376 | | | | of grammar, especially when | 1377 | | | | describing conversations | 1378 | | | | between people, called Role | 1379 | | | | Shifting, or making spatial | 1380 | | | | comparisons between items on | 1381 | | | | the left and items on the | 1382 | | | | right. | 1383 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1384 | 6 | Detailed | Detailed | Detailed Location symbols | 1385 | | Location | Location | used are used alone or in | 1386 | | | | sequence outside of the | 1387 | | | | cluster. They may be useful | 1388 | | | | for sorting large | 1389 | | | | dictionaries, refining | 1390 | | | | animation, simplifying | 1391 | | | | translation between scripts | 1392 | | | | and notation systems, and for | 1393 | | | | detailed analysis of location | 1394 | | | | sometimes needed in | 1395 | | | | linguistic research. | 1396 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1397 | 7 | Punctuation | Punctuation | Punctuation symbols are used | 1398 | | | | when writing complete | 1399 | | | | sentences or documents in | 1400 | | | | SignWriting. | 1401 +-------+-------------+-------------+-------------------------------+ 1403 Table 19 1405 There are 30 groups. The first 2 dashed numbers in the symbol ID 1406 identify the group. The 30 groups can be divided into 3 sets of 10. 1407 The first ten are hands, category 1. The second ten are movements, 1408 category 2. The third ten are categories 3 thru 7. In order, 1 1409 group for the Dynamics & Timing category, 1 for Head, 4 for Face, 1 1410 for Trunk, 1 for Limb, 1 for Detailed Location, and 1 for 1411 Punctuation. 1413 The 30 groups with symbol ID segment. 1415 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1416 | First Set | Second Set | Third Set | 1417 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1418 | 01-01 Index | 02-01 Contact | 03-01 Dynamics & | 1419 | | | Timing | 1420 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1421 | 01-02 Index | 02-02 Finger | 04-01 Head | 1422 | Middle | Movement | | 1423 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1424 | 01-03 Index | 02-03 Straight Wall | 04-02 Brow Eyes | 1425 | Middle Thumb | Plane | Eyegaze | 1426 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1427 | 01-04 Four | 02-04 Straight | 04-03 Cheeks Ears Nose | 1428 | Fingers | Diagonal Plane | Breath | 1429 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1430 | 01-05 Five | 02-05 Straight Floor | 04-04 Mouth Lips | 1431 | Fingers | Plane | | 1432 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1433 | 01-06 Baby Finger | 02-06 Curves | 04-05 Tongue Teeth | 1434 | | Parallel Wall Plane | Chin Neck | 1435 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1436 | 01-07 Ring Finger | 02-07 Curves Hit | 05-01 Trunk | 1437 | | Wall Plane | | 1438 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1439 | 01-08 Middle | 02-08 Curves Hit | 05-02 Limbs | 1440 | Finger | Floor Plane | | 1441 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1442 | 01-09 Index Thumb | 02-09 Curves | 06-01 Detailed | 1443 | | Parallel Floor Plane | Location | 1444 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1445 | 01-10 Thumb | 02-10 Circles | 07-01 Punctuation | 1446 +-------------------+----------------------+------------------------+ 1448 Table 20 1450 There are 652 bases. The first 4 dashed numbers of a symbol ID 1451 identify the base. The 652 bases are divided between the 30 groups. 1452 For each group, there are less than 60 bases. The bases are often 1453 displayed in columns of 10. 1455 Each base can have up to 96 symbols. All 6 dashed numbers of the 1456 symbol ID are required to identify a symbol. Each symbol is a 1457 combination of a base, fill, and rotation. The fill is identified by 1458 the 5th number of the symbol ID with possible values from 01 to 06. 1459 The rotation is identified by the 6th number of the symbol ID with 1460 possible values from 01 to 16. 1462 B.4. Combined Character Sequence 1464 Each symbol of the ISWA 2010 can be expressed with a combination of 3 1465 characters. The first character represents the base of the symbol. 1466 The next character represents the fill of the symbol. The last 1467 character represents the rotation of the symbol. 1469 There are three forms the fill and rotation can use to represent 1470 their value: a hexadecimal key, an x-Binary-SignWriting character, or 1471 an x-Character-SignWriting character. 1473 The x-Binary-SignWriting coded character set uses a 12-bit encoding. 1474 Code points in this set use a "B+" prefix along with the 3 1475 hexadecimal digits that represent the value. 1477 The x-Character-SignWriting coded character set uses the Private Use 1478 Area of Unicode. These code points occur on plane 15. Code points 1479 in this set use a "U+" prefix along with the 5 hexadecimal digits 1480 that represent the value. 1482 The fill value ranges from 1 to 6. The fill key is 1 less than the 1483 value and ranges from 0 to 5. 1485 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1486 | Fill Value | Key | x-Binary-SignWriting | x-Character-SignWriting | 1487 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1488 | 1 | 0 | B+110 | U+FD810 | 1489 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1490 | 2 | 1 | B+111 | U+FD812 | 1491 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1492 | 3 | 2 | B+112 | U+FD812 | 1493 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1494 | 4 | 3 | B+113 | U+FD813 | 1495 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1496 | 5 | 4 | B+114 | U+FD814 | 1497 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1498 | 6 | 5 | B+115 | U+FD815 | 1499 +------------+-----+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1501 Table 21 1503 The rotation value ranges from 1 to 16. The rotation key is written 1504 in hexadecimal and is equal to 1 less than the value and ranges from 1505 "0" to "f". 1507 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1508 | Rotation | Key | x-Binary-SignWriting | x-Character-SignWriting | 1509 | Value | | | | 1510 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1511 | 1 | 0 | B+120 | U+FD820 | 1512 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1513 | 2 | 1 | B+121 | U+FD821 | 1514 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1515 | 3 | 2 | B+122 | U+FD822 | 1516 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1517 | 4 | 3 | B+123 | U+FD823 | 1518 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1519 | 5 | 4 | B+124 | U+FD824 | 1520 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1521 | 6 | 5 | B+125 | U+FD825 | 1522 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1523 | 7 | 6 | B+126 | U+FD826 | 1524 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1525 | 8 | 7 | B+127 | U+FD827 | 1526 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1527 | 9 | 8 | B+128 | U+FD828 | 1528 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1529 | 10 | 9 | B+129 | U+FD829 | 1530 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1531 | 11 | a | B+12A | U+FD82A | 1532 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1533 | 12 | b | B+12B | U+FD82B | 1534 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1535 | 13 | c | B+12C | U+FD82C | 1536 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1537 | 14 | d | B+12D | U+FD82D | 1538 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1539 | 15 | e | B+12E | U+FD82E | 1540 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1541 | 16 | f | B+12F | U+FD82F | 1542 +----------+-------+----------------------+-------------------------+ 1544 Table 22 1546 Further, a 16 bit symbol code from the x-ISWA-2010 exists for each of 1547 the valid combined character sequences. This relationship can be 1548 stated as (symbol code = ((base code - 256) * 96) + ((fill value - 1) 1549 * 16) + rotation value). The first symbol code is 1 and the last 1550 valid symbol code is 62,504. 1552 The first symbol has an ID of "01-01-001-01-01-01" and a symbol code 1553 of 1. 1555 Symbol code 1 = symbol key S10000 = B+130, B+110, B+120 = U+FD830, 1556 U+FD810, U+FD820. 1558 Symbol code 1 = ( ( hexdec('100') - 256 ) * 96 ) + ( ( 1559 fill_value(1) - 1 ) * 16 ) + rotation_value(1). 1561 Symbol code 1 = ( ( 256 - 256 ) * 96 ) + ( ( 1 - 1 ) * 16 ) + 1. 1563 Symbol code 1 = ( 0 * 96 ) + ( 0 * 16 ) + 1. 1565 Symbol code 1 = 1. 1567 B.5. Validity 1569 Although there are 6 possible fills and 16 possible rotations, not 1570 every combination of base, fill, and rotation is valid. Each base 1571 has a set of valid fills and a set of valid rotation. These validity 1572 sets contain one or more values from the defined range. 1574 For each value, the inclusion in the validity set can be expressed 1575 with a value of "0" or "1". For fill values, lining up the digit 1576 from left to right, will result in a string 6 digits long. The value 1577 of the 6 digit number is 2 ^ (value -1). 1579 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1580 | Fill Value | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Binary | Power of 2 | 1581 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1582 | 1 | X | | | | | | 100000 | 1 | 1583 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1584 | 2 | | X | | | | | 010000 | 2 | 1585 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1586 | 3 | | | X | | | | 001000 | 4 | 1587 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1588 | 4 | | | | X | | | 000100 | 8 | 1589 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1590 | 5 | | | | | X | | 000010 | 16 | 1591 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1592 | 6 | | | | | | X | 000001 | 32 | 1593 +------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1594 Table 23 1596 The value of any fill validity set is equal to the sum of the power 1597 of 2 for each fill value in the set. The empty set is invalid and 1598 has a sum of zero (0). The full set of all possible fills has a sum 1599 of 63. 1601 +---------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1602 | Fill Set | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Binary | Power of 2 | 1603 +---------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1604 | {} | | | | | | | 000000 | 0 | 1605 +---------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1606 | {1,2,3,4,5,6} | X | X | X | X | X | X | 111111 | 63 | 1607 +---------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+--------+------------+ 1609 Table 24 1611 Each base has a defined validity set for fills. The "Fills" column 1612 in the "Bases" section. 1614 The rotation validity sets have a larger range than the fills. The 1615 possible rotation values range from 1 to 16. The power of 2 numbers 1616 are 16-bit. 1618 +-------+--------+------------+ 1619 | Value | Binary | Power of 2 | 1620 +-------+--------+------------+ 1621 | 1 | 2^0 | 1 | 1622 +-------+--------+------------+ 1623 | 2 | 2^1 | 2 | 1624 +-------+--------+------------+ 1625 | 3 | 2^2 | 4 | 1626 +-------+--------+------------+ 1627 | 4 | 2^3 | 8 | 1628 +-------+--------+------------+ 1629 | 5 | 2^4 | 16 | 1630 +-------+--------+------------+ 1631 | 6 | 2^5 | 32 | 1632 +-------+--------+------------+ 1633 | 7 | 2^6 | 64 | 1634 +-------+--------+------------+ 1635 | 8 | 2^7 | 128 | 1636 +-------+--------+------------+ 1637 | 9 | 2^8 | 256 | 1638 +-------+--------+------------+ 1639 | 10 | 2^9 | 512 | 1640 +-------+--------+------------+ 1641 | 11 | 2^10 | 1024 | 1642 +-------+--------+------------+ 1643 | 12 | 2^11 | 2048 | 1644 +-------+--------+------------+ 1645 | 13 | 2^12 | 4096 | 1646 +-------+--------+------------+ 1647 | 14 | 2^13 | 8192 | 1648 +-------+--------+------------+ 1649 | 15 | 2^14 | 16384 | 1650 +-------+--------+------------+ 1651 | 16 | 2^15 | 32768 | 1652 +-------+--------+------------+ 1654 Table 25 1656 The value of a rotation validity set is the summation of the power of 1657 2 numbers. The minimum summation is 1. The largest possible 1658 summation is 65,535 where all 16 rotations are valid. 1660 Each base has a defined validity set for rotations. The "Rotations" 1661 column in the "Bases" section. 1663 Interestingly enough, there are only 12 possible validity sets in the 1664 ISWA 2010. 1666 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1667 | Sum | Binary | Set | 1668 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1669 | 1 | 100000 | {1} | 1670 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1671 | 2 | 010000 | {2} | 1672 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1673 | 3 | 110000 | {1, 2} | 1674 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1675 | 7 | 111000 | {1, 2, 3} | 1676 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1677 | 15 | 111100 | {1, 2, 3, 4} | 1678 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1679 | 31 | 111110 | {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} | 1680 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1681 | 63 | 111111 | {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} | 1682 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1683 | 187 | 11011101 | {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8} | 1684 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1685 | 255 | 11111111 | {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} | 1686 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1687 | 511 | 1111111110000000 | {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} | 1688 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1689 | 48059 | 1101110111011101 | {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, | 1690 | | | 12, 13, 14, 16} | 1691 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1692 | 65535 | 1111111111111111 | {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, | 1693 | | | 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16} | 1694 +---------+--------------------------+------------------------------+ 1696 Table 26 1698 Appendix C. SignPuddle Standard 1700 The SignPuddle Standard for SignWriting text has been stable since 1701 January 12th, 2012. 1703 C.1. Licenses 1705 The font software is available under SIL's Open Font License. 1707 The reference material is licensed under Creative Commons 1708 attribution, share alike (by-sa). 1710 The current open source projects are licensed under the GPL 2 for 1711 MediaWiki and GPL 3 for the general software on Github. Any 1712 contributions to the open source code must agree to a possible 1713 relicense in the future under a BSD like license. 1715 After the financial issues [7] of the Center for Sutton Movement 1716 Writing have been addressed, the open source projects will relicensed 1717 under a more open and free BSD-like license, such as the MIT License. 1719 C.2. Infrastructure 1721 C.2.1. International SignWriting Alphabet 2010 1723 The International SignWriting Alphabet 2010 (ISWA 2010) Font 1724 Reference [8] is a product of the collaboration between SignWriting 1725 inventor, Valerie Sutton, and SignWriting encoder Stephen E Slevinski 1726 Jr. Special thanks to Adam Frost's excellent work on the SVG 1727 refinement and more. 1729 The ISWA 2010 fonts have been stable since their initial release on 1730 October 20th, 2010. 1732 Valerie Sutton 1734 o hand crafted and organized 30K plus individual glyphs 1736 o created a 2 dimension PNG of 3 colors for each 1737 o named each individual glyph with 6 degrees of significance 1739 o font name: ISWA 2010 Sutton 1741 Steve Slevinski 1743 o counted and numbered the glyphs 1745 o created mathematical names 1747 o analyzed PNGs for line and fill 1749 o refactored glyphs - font name: ISWA 2010 PNG Standard 1751 o extended glyphs - font names: ISWA 2010 PNG Inverse, Shadow, 1752 Colorized 1754 o traced glyphs - font names: ISWA 2010 SVG Line Trace, Shaddow 1755 Trace, Smooth, and Angular 1757 o refactored and extended Adam's SVG work - font name: ISWA 2010 SVG 1758 Refinement 1760 Adam Frost 1762 o manually traced each and every glyph that could not be 1763 automatically rotated 1765 o font name: ISWA 2010 SVG Refinement 1767 o physically performed and photographed every hand shape 1769 o font name: ISWA 2010 Hand Photo 1771 o consulted with Valerie in places of ambiguity 1773 o found the Facial Irregularity, documented in the ISWA 2010 Errata 1775 C.2.2. SignPuddle Online 1777 SignPuddle Online [9] is the current home of the international 1778 community of online writers of the SignWriting Script. Online tools 1779 make it possible to create SignWriting dictionaries and documents 1780 directly on the web. Each collection is freely available as a small 1781 XML file [10]. Dozens of sign languages from around the world are 1782 represented. Each language can have several collections of 1783 SignWriting. 1785 C.2.3. SignWriting Icon Server 1787 The SignWriting Icon Server is the current generation SignWriting 1788 server code for SVG, PNG, and other image formats. The image 1789 creation is stable and fully implemented. The API is a proof of 1790 concept with only an initial level of support. 1792 The main server is available on Wikimedia Labs [11] for all 1793 SignWriting projects. 1795 A backup server is available on SignBank [12]. 1797 Each SignWriting Icon Server provides the SignWriting Thin Viewer as 1798 a site script and as a bookmark. 1800 Additional SignWriting Icon Servers can be created directly from the 1801 GitHub source. 1803 C.2.4. SignWriting Asset Provider 1805 The SignWriting Asset Provider is the next generation SignWriting 1806 server code for SVG creation and data processing. Symbols and signs 1807 can be accessed with a simple syntax. Data from SignPuddle Online 1808 can be queried with an API and returns JSON data. 1810 Coming soon... 1812 C.2.5. Wikimedia Incubator 1814 The SignWriting Script has been enabled on Wikimedia Incubator using 1815 the SignWriting Gadget. 1817 C.2.6. SignWriting Thin Viewer 1819 The SignWriting Thin Viewer uses JavaScript to wrap the sign names 1820 with basic HTML and CSS to fully supports the grammar of written ASL. 1821 This script can be applied to any modern browser through a site 1822 script or initiated within a browser using a bookmark. 1824 C.3. Compatibility 1826 SignTyp, SignWriter Studio, the DELEGS Editor, SWift, and more. 1828 C.3.1. SignTyp 1830 This standard is being integrated with the SignTyp linguistic coding 1831 system developed by Rachel Channon through an NSF grant. 1833 Notation Systems [13] by Harry van der Hulst and Rachel Channon. 1835 Why dynamic features? [14] by Harry van der Hulst and Rachel 1836 Channon. 1838 Transcription systems as input to coding systems: SignWriting & 1839 SignTyp [15] by Charles Butler and Rachel Channon. 1841 C.3.2. SignWriter Studio 1843 SignWriter Studio [16] is a Windows-only compatible application by 1844 Jonathan Duncan. It has an alternate symbol selection technique. 1845 According to Valerie Sutton, it illustrates a unique insight into the 1846 hand shapes of the ISWA. 1848 Jonathan Duncan writes: 1850 SignWriter Studio has 4 ways to get the basic symbol base, and 3 1851 ways to modify the selected base. 1853 1) Select the base symbol from a complete list of base symbols 1854 organized in a tree view 2) Search for a hand symbol in hand 1855 search section by hand feature. 3) Select a symbol already 1856 present in the signbox. 4) Select a symbol from a Favorites 1857 section. 1859 Then one of three chooser to define the fill and rotation will 1860 become available. 1)The hand chooser. 2)The arrow chooser. 1861 3)The general chooser. 1863 The Hand chooser is to quickly find the symbol for a certain, 1864 hand, plain(wall or floor), palm facing and rotation. The Hand 1865 Chooser also extends add a fourth palm facing to logically show 1866 all possible symbols in their most common uses. This chooser 1867 resembles the instruction manual explaining the use of hand 1868 shapes. 1870 The Arrow Chooser is to quickly find arrows for a certain hand, 1871 plain(wall or floor) and rotation.This chooser resembles the 1872 instruction manual explaining the use of arrows. 1874 The General Chooser is for symbols for which the two previous 1875 chooser do not work well and gives a grouped list of symbols for 1876 the base group. 1878 C.3.3. DELEGS Online 1880 The DELEGS Editor [17] from the University of Hamburg and C1 WPS GmbH 1881 in Germany is designed for Deaf Education. It is a tool for writing 1882 translation texts between spoken and signed languages. 1884 Spoken language text is used to display horizontal SignWriting Text 1885 from left to right. The spoken language can appear beneath the sign 1886 or it can be hidden. 1888 C.3.4. SWift 1890 SWift is a SignWriting improved fast transcriber [18] from Claudia 1891 Savina Bianchini, Fabrizio Borgia, and Maria De Marsico. SWift is 1892 under active development. The design "guides and simplifies the 1893 editing process". 1895 SWift uses an alternate symbol hierarchy than the ISWA 2010. A 1896 conversion library is planned in the future to support Formal 1897 SignWriting strings. 1899 Author's Address 1901 Stephen E Slevinski Jr 1902 SignPuddle 1904 Email: slevin@signpuddle.net